قط

1 قَطَّــهُ, aor. ـُ (S, M,) inf. n. قَطٌّ, (M, K,) He cut it, in a general sense: (M, K:) or he cut it, meaning a hard thing, such as a حُقّة [or box], (Lth, M, K,) and the like, (M,) in a good form, or fashion, like as a man cuts a reed upon a bone; (Lth;) and ↓ تَــقْطِــيطٌ, also, [inf. n. of قطّــطهُ,] signifies the cutting a حُقَّة, (K, TA,) and making it even: (TA:) or قَطَّــهُ signifies he cut it breadthwise, across, or crosswise; (S, M, O, K;) he so separated it; (Kh, S;) opposed to قَدَّهُ, (S, TA,) which signifies he cut it in halves lengthwise, like as one cuts a strap or thong: (TA:) and ↓ اقتطّهُ signifies the same. (M, K. *) You say, قَطَّ القَلَمَ, (S, Msb,) aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (Msb,) He nibbed the reed for writing; cut off its head breadthwise, across, or crosswise. (S, * Msb.) And قَطَّ البَيْطَارُ حَافِرَ الدَّابَّةِ The farrier pared, and made even, the hoof of the beast of carriage. (TA.) A2: قَطــطَ الشَّعَرُ, (S, M, K,) with the reduplication made manifest, (S, M,) and قَطَّ, aor. ـَ (M, Msb, K,) and, of the latter, يَــقُطُّ also, [contr. to the general rule,] (Msb,) inf. n., of the former, قَطٌّ, (M, TA,) which is extr., (M,) and of the latter, (M, TA,) قَطَــطٌ and قَطَــاطَةٌ, (M, K,) The hair was, or became, [frizzled, or] very crisp, very curly, or much twisted, and contracted: (S, * Msb:) or like that of the زَنْجِىّ: (Msb:) or crisp, curly, or twisted, and contracted, and short. (M, K.) A3: قَطَّ السِّعْرُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (S, K,) with kesr, (S, TA,) or يَــقُطُّ, (M, Msb,) the verb being co-ordinate to قَتَلَ, [contr. to the general rule,] (Msb) inf. n. قَطٌّ (S, M, Msb, K) and قُطُــوطٌ; (M, K;) as also قُطَّ, with damm; (Fr, K;) The price was, or became, dear, (S, M, Msb, K,) and high: (Msb:) Sh thought this explanation to be wrong, and the meaning to be the price flagged; but Az says, that in this he was mistaken. (TA.) b2: قَطَّ اللّٰهُ السِّعْرَ God made the price to be, or become, dear. (Fr. TA.) 2 قَطَّّ see 1, first sentence.7 انــقطّ quasi-pass. of قَطَّــهُ as explained in the first sentence of this art.; It was, or became, cut; &c.; and so ↓ اقتطّ. (M, TA.) 8 إِقْتَطَ3َ see 1, first sentence: and see also 7.

R. Q. 1 قَطْقَطَــتِ السَّمَآءُ The sky let fall rain, (Az, S, M,) or hail, (M,) such as is termed قِطْقِطٌ: (Az, S, M:) or the sky rained. (K.) قَطْ, signifying حَسْبُ, [explained in exs. here following,] (Lth, S, M, Msb, Mughnee, K,) i. e., (S,) denoting the being satisfied, or content, (Sb, S, M, Msb,) with a thing, (Msb,) is thus written, with fet-h to the ق, and with the ط quiescent, (Sb, S, M, Msb, * Mughnee,) like عَنْ; (K;) and also, (Sb, M, K,) sometimes, (Sb, M,) ↓ قَطٍ, (Sb, M, K,) with tenween, mejroor; (K;) and ↓ قَطِــى [distinguished from قَطِــى in the next sentence]; (Sb, M, K;) but the term “ mejroor ” is here used contr. to the rules of grammar, as it denotes that قط is decl., whereas it is not. (MF.) It is used as a prefixed noun: you say, قَطْــكَ هٰذَا الشَّىْءُ Thy sufficiency [meaning sufficient for thee] is this thing; syn. حَسْبُكَ; (Lth, S, Mughnee; *) and like it is قَدْ: (Lth:) and you also say, using it as a prefixed n., قَطْــنِى My sufficiency; syn. حَسْبِى; (Lth, S, * Mughnee;) like قَدْنِى; introducing ن, (Lth, S, TA,) as in عَنِّى and مِنِّى and لَدُنِّى, contr. to rule, for the reason which has been explained in treating of قَدْ, (S, TA,) to preserve the original quiescence of the ط; (Mughnee;) and قَطِــى; (S, Msb, Mughnee;) and ↓ قَطِ; (S;) and ↓ قَطَــاطِ, (S, M, K,) like قَطَــامِ, (S, K,) indecl.; (M;) as signifying حَسْبِى: (S, M, Msb, Mughnee, K:) and, as is said in the Moo'ab, قَطْ عَبْدِ اللّٰهِ دِرْهَمٌ The sufficiency of 'Abd-Allah is a dirhem; [and the like is said by Lth and in the Mughnee;] pausing upon the ط, and making قط to govern a gen. case [as it does virtually in the preceding instances]; and the Basrees say, that this is the right mode, as meaning the like of حَسْبُ زَيْدٍ

دِرْهَمٌ and كَفْىَ زَيْدٍ دِرْهَمٌ: (K:) or some say قَطْ, with jezm; and some say ↓ قَطُ, making it inded. with damm for its termination; each governing what follows it in the gen. case. (M.) b2: It is also a verbal noun, signifying يَكْفِى [It suffices, or will suffice; or it is, or will be, sufficient]; and when this is the case, you say, قَطْــنِى, (Mughnee, K,) like as you say, يَكْفِينِى [It suffices me, or will suffice me]; (Mughnee;) or كَفَانِى [which means, emphatically, it suffices me], accord. to the Koofees; (Lth;) which is also allowable when قَطْ is equivalent to حَسْبُ [as we have observed above]: (Mughnee:) and you say also, قَطْــكَ, meaning كَفَاكَ [emphatically It suffices thee]: and قَطِــى, meaning كَفَانِى [emphatically It suffices me]: (K:) so in the copies of the K; [in the CK, erroneously, قَطَّــنِى;] but [it seems that it should be قَطْــنِى; for] it is said in the Mughnee and its Expositions, that in this last case the addition of the ن is indispensable: (MF:) and some say, قَطْ عَبْدَ اللّٰهِ دِرْهَمٌ [A dirhem suffices, or will suffice, 'Abd-Allah (in the CK, erroneously, قَطُّ)]; making it to govern the accus. case [as it does virtually in preceding instances]: and some add ن, saying, عَبْدَ اللّٰهِ دِرْهَمٌ ↓ قَطْــنُ [meaning the same]: (Lth, K:) [hence,] some say, that [قَطْــن in] قَطْــنِى is a word originally thus formed without any augmentation, like [حَسْب in] حَسْبِى; (M;) [but J says,] if the ن in قَطْــنِى belonged to the root of the word, they had said قَطْــنُكَ, which is not known. (S.) b3: It is also syn. with حَسْبُ in the phrase مَا رَأَيْتُهُ إِلَّا مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً فَــقَطٌ [I have not seen him, or it, save once, and that was a thing sufficient or that was enough]: (S, Msb: *) or, as is said in the Mutowwel, قَطْ in فَــقَطْ is a verbal noun, meaning abstain thou [from further questioning, or the like], as though it were the complement of a condition suppressed [such as “ the case being so ”]: or, as is said in the Mesáïl of Ibn-Es-Seed, the ف is properly prefixed because the meaning is and I was satisfied, or content, therewith; so that the ف is a conjunction: (from a marginal note in a copy of the Mughnee:) [it therefore virtually signifies and no more; or only; and thus it may often be rendered: and this explains what here follows:] when قَط is used to denote paucity, (M, K,) which is said by El-Hareeree, in the Durrah, to be only in negative phrases, (MF,) it is [written قَطْ,] with jezm, (M, K,) and without teshdeed: (M:) you say, مَا عِنْدَكَ إِلَّا هٰذَا قَطْ [which may be rendered Thou hast not save this only]: but when it is followed by a conjunctive ا, it is with kesr; [as in the saying,] مَا عَلِمْتُ إِلَّا هٰذَا قَطِ اليَوْمَ [virtually mean-ing I knew not, or, emphatically, know not, save this only, to-day]: (K:) and also, (K,) when thus using it, (M,) you say, مَا لَهُ إِلَّا عَشَرَةٌ قَطْ يَافَتَى [likewise virtually meaning He has not save ten only, O young man], without teshdeed, and with jezm; and ↓ قَطِّ, with teshdeed and khafd; (Lh, M, K;) the kesreh of the latter, in a case of this kind, being to distinguish the قَطّ which denotes [paucity of] number from قَطُّ, which denotes time. (Lth.) A2: See also قَطُّ, first sentence.

قُطْ: see قَطُّ.

قَطُ: see قَطْ: A2: and see also قَطُّ.

قَطِ: see قَطْ.

قُطُ: see قَطُّ.

قَطٍ: see قَطْ.

قَطَّ: see قَطُّ.

قَطُّ is an adv. noun, (Mughnee,) [generally] denoting time, (S, M, Mughnee,) or past time, (Msb, K,) used to include all past time; (Lth, Mughnee;) as also ↓ قُطُّ, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) the former vowel being assimilated to the latter; (S, Mughnee;) and ↓ قَطُ, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) and ↓ قُطُ; (S, Mughnee, * K;) and some say ↓ قَطْ, (S, Mughnee,) whence قَطُ is formed, by making its termination similar to that of the primary form قَطُّ, to show its origin; (S, M;) or this would be better than قَطُ; (M;) and ↓ قُطْ, (S, M, Mughnee, *) like مُذْ, which is rare: (S, M:) of all these, the first is the most chaste: (Mughnee:) when time is meant by it, it is always with refa, without tenween: (K:) or one says also ↓ قَطِّ, (M, Mughnee, K,) with kesr and teshdeed to the ط, (M, K,) accord. to IAar; (M;) and ↓ قَطَّ, with fet-h and teshdeed to the ط; (M, * K;) as well as with damm to the ط without teshdeed. (K [in some copies of which is here added, “and with refa to the ط; ” to which is further added in the CK, “without teshdeed: ” but I find two copies without any addition of this redundant kind: for by “ refa ” is here meant, as in a former instance, “damm; ”

though improperly, as the word is indecl.]) Yousay, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ قَطُّ &c. [I have not seen him, or it, ever, or hitherto]; (S, M, K;) and مَا فَعَلْتُهُ قَطَّ [I have not done it ever, or hitherto]; (Msb, Mughnee;) i. e., in the time that is past; (Msb, K;) or in what has been cut off of my life; (Mughnee, K;) its derivation being from قَطَــطْتُ meaning “ I cut; ” for the past is cut off from the present and the future; and it is indecl. because it implies the meaning of مُذْ and إِلَى; its meaning being مُذْ أَنْ خُلِقْتُ إِلَى الآنَ [since my being created until now]; and with a vowel for its termination to prevent the occurrence of two quiescent letters together; (Mughnee;) and it is with refa [meaning damm for its termination] because it is like قَبْلُ and بَعْدُ: (Lth:) accord. to Ks, (S,) قَطُّ is a contraction of قَطَــطُ: (S, M:) Sb says, that it denotes الإِنْتِهَآء; [app. meaning that it signifies abstain thou from further questioning, or the like; for El-Hareeree says, in the Durrah, that قَطُّ and قَطْ both signify the same as حَسْبُ;] and that it is indecl., with damm for its termination, like حَسْبُ. (M.) You say also, مَا فَعَلْتُ هٰذَا قَطْ وَلَا قَطُّ [app. meaning I have not done this alone, nor ever]: (K, TA: [in the CK قَطُّ ولا قُطُ, but]) the former قط is with jezm to the ط, and the latter is with teshdeed and damm to the ط. (TA.) And يَا فَتَى ↓ مَا زَالَ عَلَى هٰذَا مُذْ قُطَّ [He, or it, has not ceased to be after this manner during all past time, O young man]; with damm to the ق, and with teshdeed. (Lh, M.) It is used only in negative phrases relating to past time; the saying of the vulgar لَا أَفْعَلُهُ قَطُّ [meaning I will not do it ever] being incorrect; (Mughnee, K; [in the CK قَطُ]) for with respect to the future you say عَوْضُ (TA) [or أَبَدًا]: or it is mostly so used, accord. to Ibn-Málik: (MF:) but it occurs after an affirmative phrase in places in El-Bukháree, (K,) in his Saheeh; (TA;) for ex., أَطْوَلُ صَلَاةٍ صَلَّيْتُهَا قَطُّ [The longest prayer which I have prayed ever]: and in the Sunan of Aboo-Dawood; تَوَضَّأَ ثَلَاثًا قَطُّ [He performed the وُضُوْء three times ever]: and Ibn-Málik asserts it to be right, and says that it is one of the things which have been unperceived by many of the grammarians: (K:) El-Karmánee, however, interprets these instances as though they were negative. (TA.) قَطِّ: see قَطْ, near the end of the paragraph: A2: and see also قَطُّ, in the first sentence.

قُطُّ: see قَطُّ, in two places.

شَعَرٌ قَطٌّ, and ↓ قَطَــطٌ, (M, Msb, K,) and ↓ قَطِــطٌ, (TA,) Crisp, curly, or twisted and contracted, and short, hair: (M, K:) or hair that is very crisp, very curly, or much twisted and contracted: or, accord. to the T, ↓ قَطَــطٌ meanshair of the زَنْجِىّ: (Msb:) or you say, ↓ جَعْدٌ قَطَــطٌ, meaning very crisp, very curly, or much twisted and contracted. (S.) b2: رَجُلٌ قَطٌّ, and ↓ قَطَــطٌ, (Msb,) or رَجُلٌ قَطُّ الشَّعَرِ, and ↓ قَطَــطُ الشَّعَرِ, (S, M, K,) A man whose hair is crisp, curly, or twisted and contracted, and short: (M, K:) or whose hair is very crisp, very curly, or much twisted and contracted; (S, * Msb;) as also ↓ قِطَــاطٌ: (K: accord. to some copies; but accord. to other copies, as a pl. in this sense: [the reading of the latter is more probably correct, and is that of the TA:]) or beautifully crisp or curly or twisted and contracted: (TA:) the pl. [of قَطٌّ] is أَــقْطَــاطٌ [a pl. of pauc.] and قَطُّــونَ and قِطَــاطٌ; and [of ↓ قَطَــطٌ] قَطَــطُونَ: (M, K:) the epithet applied to a woman is قَطَّــةٌ, and ↓ قَطَــطٌ without ة. (M, Msb.) A2: See also ↓ قَاطٌّ.

قِطٌّ A slice cut off (شَقِيقَةٌ), of a melon or other thing. (A, TA.) b2: (tropical:) A portion, share, or lot, (M, A, Msb, K,) of gifts, (A, TA,) &c. (TA.) Hence the saying in the Kur, [xxxviii. 15,] رَبَّنَا عَجِّلْ لَنَا قِطَّــنَا قَبْلَ يَوْمِ الحِسَابِ (tropical:) [O our Lord, hasten to us our portion before the day of reckoning]: accord. to some, our portion of punishment: but accord. to Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr, it means, of Paradise. (TA.) b3: (assumed tropical:) A writing; (Fr, S, Msb;) [such as that of a man's works;] and hence, accord. to Fr, the words of the Kur cited above; those words being said in derision: (TA:) or a writing of reckoning: (M, K:) or a written obligation: (M:) or it signifies also a written obligation binding one to give a gift or present; (S, K, TA;) and hence the saying in the Kur cited above: (S:) pl. قُطُــوطٌ: (S, M, Msb, K:) which Az explains as meaning gifts, and stipends; so called because they were issued written in the form of notes and statements of obligation upon cut pieces of paper or the like. (TA.) b4: (assumed tropical:) An hour, or a portion, (سَاعَة,) of the night. (M, K.) You say مَضَى قِطٌّ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ (assumed tropical:) [An hour, or a portion, of the night passed]. (Th, M.) A2: A male cat: (S, M, Msb, K:) the female is called قِطَّــةٌ: (Lth, S, M, Msb:) Kr disallowed this latter; and IDrd says, I do not think it to be genuine Arabic; (M;) but to this it is objected that it occurs in traditions: (MF:) the pl. is قِطَــاطٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and قِطَــطَةٌ, (M, K,) or قِطَــطٌ. (Msb.) قَطَــطٌ: see قَطٌّ, throughout.

قَطِــطٌ: see قَطٌّ.

قِطَّــةٌ [A mode, or manner, of cutting a thing, such as the extremity of the nib of a writingreed]: see an ex. voce سِنٌّ (near the end of the paragraph).

قَطْــنُ: see قَطْ.

قَطِــى: see قَطْ.

قَطَــاطِ: see قَطْ.

قِطَــاطٌ: see قَطٌّ.

قَطَّــاطٌ A خَرَّاط [q. v.] who makes [the small boxes of wood or the like called] حُقَق [pl. of حُقَّة]. (S, O, K.) [See 1, first sentence.]

قِطْقِطٌ Small rain; (M, K;) resembling شَذْر [q. v.]: (M:) or the smallest of rain; the next above which is termed رَذَادٌ; the next above this, طَشٌّ; [but see this last term;] the next above this, بَغْشٌ; and the next above this, غَبْيَةٌ: (Az, S:) or rain falling continuously, in large drops: (Lth, K:) or hail: (K:) or small hail, (M, O, K,) which is imagined to be hail or rain. (O.) سعْرٌ قَاطٌّ A dear price; as also ↓ مَــقْطُــوطٌ, (M, K,) and ↓ قَطٌّ, (K,) and ↓ قَاطِطٌ. (IAar, K.) You say, وَرَدْنَا أَرْضًا قَاطًّا سِعْرُهَا We arrived at a land of dear prices. (S, TA.) قَاطِطٌ: see قَاطٌّ.

مَــقَطٌّ [in the CK erroneously مِــقَطّ] The place of ending of the extremities of the ribs of a horse: (M, K:) or the extremity of the rib, projecting over the belly: (K in art. شرسف:) or the place of ending of the ribs of a horse: (TA:) مَقَاطُّ [is the pl., signifying, as explained in the S, in art. شرسف, the extremities of the ribs, projecting over the belly: or it] signifies the two extremities of the belly of a horse, whereof one is at the sternum (القَصّ), and the other at the pubes. (En-Nadr.) مِــقَطَّــةٌ The thing upon which the reed for writing is nibbed; (S;) [generally made of bone or ivory;] a small bone upon which the writer nibs his reeds for writing; (K;) a small bone which is found with the sellers of paper, upon which they cut the extremities of the reeds for writing. (Lth.) مَــقْطُــوطٌ: see قَاطّ.

سَمَآءٌ مُــقَطْقِطَــةٌ A sky letting fall rain such as is called قِطْقِطٌ. (Az, S.)

قسط

1 قَسَطَ, (S, M, &c.,) aor. ـِ (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. قُسُوطٌ (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K) and قَسْطٌ, (Mgh, Msb, K,) He declined, or deviated, from the right course; acted unjustly, wrongfully, injuriously, or tyrannically. (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K.) A2: See also 4, in two places: A3: and see 2.2 قسّطهُ, (IAar, M, TA,) inf. n. تَقْسِيطٌ, (IAar, TA,) He distributed it; or dispersed it. (IAar, M, TA.) It is implied in the K that the verb in this sense is ↓ قَسَطَ, of three letters [only, without teshdeed]. (TA.) You say, قسّط المَالَ بِيْنَهُمْ He distributed the property among them. (TA.) And قسّط الخَرَاجَ عَلَيْهِمْ He assigned the several portions which each one of them should pay of the [tax called] خراج: (TA:) or قسّط الخَرَاجَ, inf. n. as above, signifies he assessed, or apportioned, the خراج (Mgh, Msb) with equity and equality, (Mgh,) to be paid at certain times. (Msb.) b2: قسّط عَلَى عِيَالِهِ النَّفَقَةَ, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (K,) He was niggardly, or parsimonious, towards his household in expenditure. (K, * TA.) 4 اقسط, (S, M, Mgh, Msb,) inf. n. إِقْسَاطٌ, (Mgh, K,) He acted equitably, or justly, (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) in his judgment or the like; (M, TA;) as also, (Msb, K,) accord. to IKtt, (Msb,) ↓ قَسَطَ, aor. ـِ (Msb, K) and قَسُطَ, (K,) but the former of these aor. ., as well as the former verb, is the more known, (TA,) inf. n. قَسْطٌ, (Msb, TA,) or قِسْطٌ [q. v. infra]; (M, K;) or إِقْسَاطٌ is only in division: (TA:) thus the latter of these two verbs is made to have two contr. significations: (Msb, TA:) in the former of them, accord. to some, the أ has a privative effect, [so that the verb properly signifies he did away with, or put away, injustice, or the like,] as [it has in اشكاه] in the phrase شَكَى إِليَسْهِ فَأَشْكَاهُ [he complained to him and he made his complaint to cease]. (TA.) It is said in the Kur, [iv. 3,] وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا فِى اليَتَامَى [And if ye fear lest ye should not act equitably with respect to the orphans]: (Mgh:) or, accord. to one reading, ↓ تَقْسُطُوا, with damm to the س. (TA.) And you say also, أَقْسَطْتُ بَيْنَهُمْ [I acted equitably between them], and إِلَيْهِمْ [towards them]. (TA.) 5 تَقَسَّطُوا الشَّىْءِ بَيْنَهُمْ They divided the thing among themselves (Lth, S, * M [in which last بينهم is omitted] and O, L, K) equitably, (M, O,) or equitably and equally, (L,) or with equality. (Lth, K.) You say also, المَالَ بَيْنَهُمْ ↓ إِقْتَسَطُوا They divided the property among themselves; (TK;) إِقْتِسَاطٌ being syn. with إِقْتِسَامٌ. (K.) 8 إِقْتَسَطَ see 5.

قُسْطٌ a dial. var. of كُسْطٌ, or, accord. to Yaakoob, the ق is a substitute [for ك]; (M;) said by IF to be Arabic; (Msb;) [Costus; so in the present day;] a certain substance, (AA, Msb,) or perfume, (Mgh,) or wood, (M,) or a certain Indian wood, and also Arabian, (K,) with which one fumigates; (AA, M, Mgh, Msb;) well known; (Msb;) also called كُسْطٌ and كُشْطٌ (AA) and قُشْطٌ: (TA in art. قشط:) or a wood which is brought from India, and which is put into the substances used for fumigating, and into medicine: (Lth:) or a certain drug of the sea: (S:) [it is said in the S and TA, voce حِنْزَابٌ, that the carrot of the (جَزَرُ البَحْرِ) is called قُسْطٌ:] in a trad., القُسْطُ البَحْرِىُّ [or قُسْط of the sea] is mentioned as one of the best of remedies: and in another trad., قُسْط is coupled by the conjunction و with أَظْفَار, or, accord. to one relation thereof, is prefixed to the latter word, governing it in the gen. case: and IAth says, that it is a sort of perfume: but some say that it is aloes-wood (عُود, q. v.): [see also ظَفَارِىٌّ:] and others, a well-known drug, of sweet odour, with which women and infants are fumigated: (TA:) it is diuretic, beneficial to the liver in a high degree, and for the colic, and for worms, and the quartan fever, as a beverage; and for rheum, and defluxions, and pestilence, when the patient is fumigated therewith; and for the [leprous-like disorder called] بَهَق, and the [discolouration of the face termed] كَلَف, when applied as a liniment; (K;) and it confines the bowels, expels wind, strengthens the stomach and heart, occasions pleasurable sensation, is an ingredient in many sorts of perfume, and is the best of perfumes in odour when one fumigates therewith. (TA.) قِسْطٌ Equity; justice: (S, * M, Mgh, Msb, K: *) [an inf. n. having no proper verb, or] a subst. from أَقْسَطَ. (Mgh, Msb.) A2: Equitable; just: (S, * M, K:) an inf. n. used as an epithet, like its syn. عَدْلٌ; (M, K;) and [therefore] applied alike to a sing. n. [and to a dual] and to a pl.: (K:) you say مِيزَانٌ قِسْطٌ an equitable, or a just, balance; and مِيزَانَانِ قِسْطٌ; and, agreeably with the usage of the Kur, xxi. 48, مَوَازِينُ قِسْطٌ. (M.) A3: A portion, share, or lot; (S, M, Msb, K;) of a thing; (K;) and pertaining to a person: (TA:) pl. أَقْسَاطٌ. (Msb.) You say, وَفَّاهُ قِسْطَهُ He gave him in full his portion, share, or lot. (TA.) And أَخَذَ كُلٌّ مِنَ الشُّرَكَآءِ قِسْطَهُ Every one of the partners took his portion, or share. (TA.) b2: A portion, or piece. (So accord. to an explanation of the pl., أَقْسَاطٌ, in the TA.) b3: The means of subsistence: (K:) or the portion thereof which is the share of every created being. (TA.) يَخْفِضُ القِسْطَ وَيَرْفَعُهُ, said of God, in a trad., has been explained as meaning He maketh the portion of the means of subsistence which is the share of any created being little, and maketh it much. (TA.) [See, below, another meaning which is assigned to it in this instance; and see also art. خفض.] b4: A quantity, (K, TA,) of water only; or any quantity, of water and of other things. (TA.) b5: A measure with which corn is measured, (S, Mgh, K,) which holds (K) half of a صَاع; (S, Mgh, K;) six thereof making a فَرْقَ: (S:) accord. to Mbr, four hundred and eighty-one dirhems. (TA.) Sometimes it is used for performing the ablution termed وُضُوْء: and hence it is said in a trad., إِنَّ النِّسَآءَ مِنْ أَسْفَهِ السُّفَهَآءِ

إِلَّا صَاحِبَةَ القِسْطِ وَالسِّرَاجِ; (K;) the قِسْط being here the vessel in which the وضوء is performed; (TA;) the meaning app. being, [Women are of the most lightwitted of the lightwitted,] except she who serves her husband, and assists him to perform the وضوء, [so I render تُوَضِّئُهُ,] and takes care of the vessel which he uses for that purpose, and stands at his head with the lamp: (K:) or who performs his affairs with respect to his وضوء and his lamp. (Nh.) b6: A [mug of the kind called]

كُوز; (M, K;) so called by the people of the great towns: (M:) now applied to one with which olive-oil is measured. (TA.) b7: A balance, or weighing-instrument. (K.) Some say that this is its meaning in the phrase mentioned above, يَخْفِضُ القِسْطَ وَيَرْفَعُهُ He depresseth the balance, and raiseth it: alluding to the means of subsistence which He decrees. (TA.) قَاسِطٌ Declining, or deviating, from the right course; acting unjustly, wrongfully, injuriously, or tyrannically: pl. قَاسِطُونَ (S, M, Mgh, TA) and قُسَّاطٌ. (TA.) You say, هُوَ قَاسِطٌ غَيْرُ مُقْسِطٍ He is declining, or deviating, from the right course; &c.: not acting equitably, or justly. (TA.) And it is said in the Kur, [lxxii. 15,] أَمَّا الْقَاسِطُونَ فَكَانُوا لِجَهَنَّمَ حَطَبًا [As for the deviators from the right course, they shall be fuel for hell]. (S, M, Mgh.) [See also عَادِلٌ.] b2: القَاسِطُونَ is also specially applied to The party of Mo'áwiyeh; (Mgh;) the people of Siffeen. (TA.) b3: [and it has the contr. meaning, i. e. Acting equitably, or justly. See, again, عَادِلٌ.]

أَقْسَطُ More [and most] equitable, just, or right: occurring in the Kur, ii. 282, and xxxiii. 5: (TA:) formed from the triliteral verb [قَسَطَ], not from the quadriliteral [أَقْسَطَ], as some assert it to be, holding it anomalous. (MF.) تَقْسِيطٌ The register in which is written a man's portion, or share, (قِسْط,) of property &c: a subst., like تَمْتِينٌ. (TA.) مُقْسِطٌ Acting equitably, or justly. (S, M.) It is said in the Kur, [v. 46, and xlix. 9, and lx. 8,] إِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ المُقْسِطِينَ [God loveth those who act equitably, or justly]. (S, M.) b2: المُقْسِطُ is one of the names of God, meaning The Equitable. (TA.)

علم الخط
هو: معرفة كيفية تصوير اللفظ بحروف هجائه إلى أسماء الحروف إذا قصد بها المسمى هو في بإحداكم رحيم معين فإنما يكتب هذه الصورة جعفر لأنه سماها خطا ولفظا ولذلك قال الخليل لما سألهم: كيف تنطقون بالجيم جعفر؟ فقالوا: جيم إنما نطقتم بالاسم ولم تنطقوا بالمسؤول عنه والجواب: جه لأنه المسمى فإن سمي به مسمى آخر كتب كغيرها نحو ياسين وحاميم يس وحم هذا ما ذكروه في تعريفه والغرض والغاية ظاهران لكنهم أطنبوا في بيان أحوال الخط وأنواعه ونحن نذكر خلاصة ما ذكروا في فصول.
فصل في فضل الخط
اعلم أن الله - سبحانه وتعالى - أضاف تعليم الخط إلى نفسه وامتن به على عباده في قوله: علم بالقلم وناهيك بذلك شرفاً.
وقال عبد الله بن عباس: الخط لسان اليد قيل: ما من أمر إلا والكتابة موكل به مدبر له ومعبر عنه وبه ظهرت خاصة النوع الإنساني من القوة إلى الفعل وامتاز به عن سائر الحيوانات.
وقيل: الخط أفضل من اللفظ لأن اللفظ يفهم الحاضر فــقط والخط يفهم الحاضر والغائب وفضائله كثيرة معروفة.
فصل في وجه الحاجة إليه
اعلم أن فائدة التخاطب لما لم تتبين إلا بالألفاظ وأحوالها وكان ضبط أحوالها مما اعتنى العلماء كان ضبط أحوال ما يدل على الألفاظ أيضا ما يعتني بشأنه وهو الخطوط والنقوش الدالة على الألفاظ فبحثوا عن أحوال الكتابة الثابتة نقوشها على وجه كل زمان وحركاتها وسكناتها ونــقطــها وشكلها وضوابطها من شداتها ومداتها وعن تركيبها وتسطيرها لينتقل منها الناظرون إلى الألفاظ والحروف ومنها إلى المعاني الحاصلة في الأذهان.
فصل في كيفية وضعه وأنواعه
قيل: أول من وضع الخط آدم عليه السلام كتبه في طين وطبخه ليبقى بعد الطوفان وقيل: إدريس وعن ابن عباس أن أول من وضع الخط العربي ثلاثة رجال من بولان قبيلة من طي نزلوا مدينة الأنبار فأولهم: مراز وضع الصور وثانيهم: أسلم وصل وفصل وثالثهم: عامر وضع الأعجام ثم انتشر.
وقيل: أول من اخترعه ستة أشخاص من طلسم أسماؤهم: أبجد هوز حطي كلمن سعفص قرشت فوضعوا الكتابة والخط وما شذ من أسمائهم من الحروف وألحقوها ويروى: أنها أسماء ملوك مدين.
وفي السيرة لابن هاشم: أن أول من كتب الخط العربي حمير بن سبأ.
قال السهيلي في التعريف والأعلام والأصح ما رويناه من طريق ابن عبد البر يرفعه إلى النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - قال: "أول من كتب بالعربية إسماعيل عليه السلام".
قال أبو الخير: واعلم أن جميع كتابات الأمم اثنتا عشرة كتابة: بالعربية والحميرية واليونانية والفارسية والسريانية والعبرانية والرومية والقبطية والبرية والأندلسية والهندية والصينية.
فخمس منها اضمحلت وذهب من يعرفها وهي: الحميرية واليونانية والقبطية والأندلسية والبريرية.
وثلاثة بقي استعمالها في بلادها وعدم من يعرفها في بلاد الإسلام وهي: الرومية والهندية والصينية.
وبقيت أربع هي المستعملات في بلاد الإسلام هي: العربية والفارسية والسريانية والعبرانية.
أقول: في كلامه بحث من وجوه: أما أولاً: فلأن الحصر في العدد المذكور غير صحيح إذ الأقلام المتداولة بين الأمم الآن أكثر من ذلك سوى المنقرضة فإن من نظر في كتب القدماء المدونة باللغة اليونانية والقبطية وكتب أصحاب الحرف الذين بينوا فيها أنواع الأقلام والخطوط علم صحة ما قلنا وهذا الحصر يبنى عن قلة الإطلاع.
وأما ثانيا: فلأن قوله خمس منها اضمحلت ليس بصحيح أيضا لأن اليونانية مستعملة في خواص الملة النصرانية أعني: أهل أقاديميا المشهورة الواقعة في بلاد إسبانيا وفرنسا ونمسه وهي مماليك كثيرة واليونانية أصل علومهم وكتبهم.
وأما ثالثا: فلأن قوله وعدم من يعرفها في بلاد الإسلام وهي الرومية كلام سقيم أيضا إذ من يعرف الرومية في بلاد الإسلام أكثر من أن يحصى وينبغي أن يعلم أن الرومية المستعملة في زماننا منحرفة من اليونانية بتحريف قليل وأما القلم المستعمل بين كفرة الروم فغير القلم اليوناني.
وأما رابعا: فلأن جعله السريانية والعبرانية من المستعملات في بلاد الإسلام ليس كما ينبغي لأن السرياني خط قديم بل هو أقدم الخطوط منسوب إلى سوريا وهي البلاد الشامية وأهلها منقرضون فلم يبق منهم أثر ثبت في التواريخ والعمرانية المستعملة فيما بين اليهود وهي مأخذ اللغة العربية وخطها. والعبراني يشبه العربي في اللفظ والخط مشابهة قليلة.
فصل
واعلم: أن جميع الأقلام مرتب على ترتيب أبجد إلا القلم العربي وجميعها منفصل إلا العربي والسرياني والمغولي واليوناني والرومية والقبطية من اليسار إلى اليمين والعبرانية والسريانية والعربية من اليمين إلى اليسار وكذا التركية والفارسية.
الخط السرياني:
ثلاثة أنواع: المفتوح المحقق ويسمى: أسطريحالا وهو أجلها والشكل المدور ويقال له: الخط الثقيل ويسمى أسكولينا وهو أحسنها والخط الشرطاوي يكتبون به الترسل والسرياني أصل النبطي.
الخط العبراني:
أول من كتب به عامر بن شالح وهو مشتق من السرياني وإنما لقب بذلك حيث عبر إبراهيم الفرات يريد الشام وزعمت اليهود والنصارى لا خلاف بينهم أن الكتابة العبرانية في لوحين من حجارة و: أن الله - سبحانه وتعالى - دفع ذلك إليه.
الخط الرومي:
وهو أربعة وعشرون حرفا كما ذكرنا في المقدمة ولهم قلم يعرف ب المسميا ولا نظير له عندنا فإن الحرف الواحد منه يدل على معان وقد ذكره جالينوس في ثابت كتبه.
الخط الصيني:
خط لا يمكن تعلمه في زمان قليل لأنه يتعب كاتبه الماهر فيه ولا يمكن للخفيف اليد أن يكتب به في اليوم أكثر من ورقتين أو ثلاثة وبه يكتبون كتب ديانتهم وعلومهم ولهم كتابة يقال لها كتابة المجموع وهو أن كل كلمة تكتب بثلاثة أحرف أو أكثر في صورة واحدة ولكل كلام طويل شكل من الحروف يأتي علم المعاني الكثيرة فإذا أرادوا أن يكتبوا ما يكتب في مائة ورقة كتبوه في صفحة واحدة بهذا القلم.
الخط المانوي:
مستخرج من الفارسي والسرياني استخرجه ماني كما أن مذهبه مركب من المجوسية والنصرانية وحروفه زائدة على حروف العربي وهذا القلم يكتب به قدماء أهل ما رواء النهر كتب شرائعهم وللمرقنونية قلم يختصون به.
الخط الهندي والسندي:
هو أقلام عدة يقال أن لهم نحو مائتي قلم بعضهم يكتب بالأرقام التسعة على معنى أبجد وينــقطــون تحته نــقطــتين أو ثلاثا.
الخط الزنجي والحبشي:
على ندرة لهم قلم حروفه متصلة كحروف الحميري يبتدئ من الشمال إلى اليمين يفرقون بين كل اسم منها بثلاث نــقط.
الخط العربي:
في غاية تعويج إلى يمنة اليد وقال ابن إسحاق أول خطوط العربية: الخط المكي وبعده المدني ثم البصري ثم الكوفي وأما المكي والمدني ففي شكله انضجاع يسير قال الكندي: لا أعلم كتابة يحتمل منها تحليل حروفها وتدقيقها ما تحتمل الكتابة العربية ويمكن فيها سرعة ما لا يمكن في غيرها من الكتابات.
فصل في أهل الخط العربي:
قال ابن اسحق: أول من كتب المصاحف في الصدر الأول ويوصف بحسن الخط خالد بن أبي الهياج وكان سعد نصبه لكتب المصاحف والشعر والأخبار للوليد بن عبد الملك وكان الخط العربي حينئذ هو المعروف الآن بالكوفي ومنه استنبطت الأقلام كما في شرح العقيلة.
ومن كتاب المصاحف: خشنام البصري والمهدي الكوفي وكانا في أيام الرشيد
ومنهم أبو حدى وكان يكتب المصاحف في أيام المعتصم من كبار الكوفيين وحذاقهم.
وأول من كتب في أيام بني أمية: قطــبة وقد استخرج الأقلام الأربعة واشتق بعضها من بعض وكان أكتب الناس.
ثم كان بعده الضحاك بن عجلان الكاتب في أول خلافة بني العباس فزاد على قطــبة.
ثم كان إسحاق بن حماد في خلافة المنصور والمهدي وله عدة تلامذة كتبوا الخطوط الأصلية الموزونة وهي اثنا عشر قلما: قلم الجليل قلم السجلات قلم الديباج قلم أسطورمار الكبير قلم الثلاثين قلم الزنبور قلم المفتح قلم الحرم قلم المدامرات قلم العهود قلم القصص قلم الحرفاج فحين ظهر الهاشميون حدث خط يسمى العراقي وهو المحقق ولم يزل يزيد حتى انتهى الأمر إلى المأمون فأخذ كتابه بتجويد خطوطهم وظهر رجل يعرف بالأحوال المحرر فتكلم على رسومه وقوانينه وجعله أنواعاً.
ثم ظهر قلم المرضع وقلم النساخ وقلم الرياسي اختراع ذي الرياستين: الفضل بن سهل وقلم الرقاع وقلم غبار الحلية.
ثم كان إسحاق بن إبراهيم التميمي المكنى بأبي الحسن معلم المقتدر وأولاده أكتب أهل زمانه وله رسالة في الخط اسماها تحفة الوامق.
ومن الوزراء الكتاب: أبو علي محمد بن علي بن مقلة المتوفى سنة ثمان وعشرين وثلاثمائة وهو أول من كتب الخط البديع ثم ظهر صاحب الخط البديع علي بن هلال المعروف بابن البواب المتوفى سنة ثلاث عشرة وأربعمائة ولم يوجد في المتقدمين من كتب مثله ولا قاربه وإن كان ابن مقلة أول من نقل هذه الطريقة من خط الكوفيين وأبرزها في هذه الصورة وله بذلك فضيلة السبق وخطه أيضا في نهاية الحسن لكن ابن البواب هذب طريقته ونقحها وكساها حلاوة وبهجة وكان شيخه في الكتابة محمد بن أسد الكاتب.
ثم ظهر أبو الدر ياقوت بن عبد الله الرومي الحموي المتوفى سنة ست وعشرين وستمائة.
ثم ظهر أبو المجد ياقوت بن عبد الله الرومي المستعصمي المتوفى سنة ثمان وتسعين وستمائة وهو الذي سار ذكره في الآفاق واعترفوا بالعجز عن مداناة رتبته.
ثم اشتهرت الأقلام الستة بين المتأخرين وهي: الثلث والنسخ والتعليق والريحان والمحقق والرقاع.
ومن الماهرين في هذه الأنواع: ابن مقلة وابن البواب وياقوت وعبد الله أرغون وعبد الله الصيرفي ويحيى الصوفي والشيخ أحمد السهروردي ومبارك شاه السيوفي ومبارك شاه الــقطــب وأسد الله الكرماني.
ومن المشهورين في البلاد الرومية: حمد الله بن الشيخ الأماسي وابنه دده جلبي والجلال والجمال وأحمد القرة الحصاري وتلميذه حسن وعبد الله القريمي وغيرهم من النساخين
ثم ظهر قلم التعليق والديواني والدشتي وكان ممن اشتهر بالتعليق سلطان علي المشهدي ومير علي ومير عماد وفي الديواني تاج وغيرهم مدون في غير هذا المحل مفصلا ولسنا نخوض بذكرهم لأن غرضنا بيان علم الخط.
وأما أبو الخير فأورد في الشعبة الأولى من مفتاح السعادة علوم متعلقة بكيفية الصناعة الخطية فنذكرها إجمالا في فصل
فمما ذكره:
أولا: علم أدوات الخط من القلم وطريق بريها وأحوال الشق والــقط ومن الدواة والمداد والكاغد. فأقول هذه الأمور من أحوال علم الخط فلا وجه لإفراده ولو كان مثل ذلك علما لكان الأمر عسيراً.
وذكر ابن البواب نظم فيه قصيدة رائية بليغة استقصى فيها أدوات الكتابة ولياقوت رسالة فيه أيضا ومنها علم قوانين الكتابة: أي معرفة كيفية نقص صور الحروف البسائط وكيف يوضع القلم ومن أي جانب يبتدئ في الكتابة وكيف يسهل تصوير تلك الحروف.
ومن المصنفات فيه: الباب الواحد من كتاب صبح الأعشى وما ذلك إلا علم الخط.
ومنها علم تحسين الحروف وتقدم في باب التاء وهو أيضا من قبيل تكثير السواد قال: ومبنى هذا الفن الاستحسانات الناشئة من مقتضى الطباع السليمة بحسب الألف والعادة والمزاج بل بحسب كل شخص وغير ذلك مما يؤثر في استحسان الصور واستقباحها ولهذا يتنوع هذا العلم بحسب قوم وقوم ولهذا لا يكاد يوجد خطان متماثلان من كل الوجوه.
أقول ما ذكره في الاستحسان مسلم لكن تنوعه ليس بمتفرع عليه وعدم وجدان الخطين المتماثلين لا يترتب على الاستحسان بل هو أمر عادي قريب إلى الجبلي كسائر أخلاق الكاتب وشمائله وفيه سر إلهي لا يطلع عليه إلا الأفراد.
ومنها علم كيفية تولد الخطوط عن أصولها بالاختصار والزيادة وغير ذلك من أنواع التغيرات بحسب قوم وقوم وبحسب أغراض معلومة في فنه وحداق الخطاطين صنفوا فيها رسائل كثيرة سيما كتاب صبح الأعشى فإن فيه كفاية في هذا الباب لكن هو أيضا من هذا القبيل.
ومنها علم ترتيب حروف التهجي بهذا الترتيب المعهود فيما بيننا واشتراك بعضها ببعض في صورة الخط وإزالة التباسها بالنــقط واختلاف تلك النــقط وتقدم ذكره في باء التاء
ولابن جني والجزي1 رسالة في هذا الباب أما ترتيب الحروف فهو من أحوال علم الحروف وإعجامها من أحوال علم الخط.
ذكر النــقط والإعجام في الإسلام
اعلم أن الصدر الأول أخذ القرآن والحديث من أفواه الرجال بالتلقين ثم لما كثر أهل الإسلام اضطروا إلى وضع النــقط والإعجام فقيل: أول من وضع النــقط مراد والإعجام عامر وقيل: الحجاج وقيل: أبو الأسود الدؤلي بتلقين علي كرم الله وجهه إلا أن الظاهر أنهما موضوعان مع الحروف إذ يبعدان الحروف مع تشابه صورها كانت عرية عن النــقط إلى حين نــقط المصحف وقد روي أن الصحابة جردوا المصحف من كل شيء حتى النــقط ولو لم توجد في زمانهم لما يصح التجريد منها.
وذكر ابن خلكان في ترجمة الحجاج أنه حكم أبو أحمد العسكري في كتاب التصحيف أن الناس مكثوا يقرؤون في مصحف عثمان - رضي الله عنه - نيفا وأربعين سنة إلى أيام عبد الملك بن مروان ثم كثر التصحيف وانتشر بالعراق ففزع الحجاج إلى كتابه وسألهم أن يضعوا لهذه الحروف المشتبهة علامات. فيقال: أن نصر بن عاصم وقيل: يحيى بن يعمر قام بذلك فوضع النــقط وكان معه ذلك أيضا يقع التصحيف فأحدثوا الإعجام انتهى.
واعلم أن النــقط والإعجام في زماننا واجبات في المصحف وأما في غير المصحف فعند خوف اللبس واجبان البتة لأنهما ما وضعا إلا لإزالته وأما مع أمن اللبس فتركه أولى سيما إذا كان المكتوب إليه أهلا.
وقد حكي أنه عرض على عبد الله بن طاهر خط بعض الكتاب فقال: ما أحسنه لولا أكثر شونيزة.
ويقال: كثرة النــقط في الكتاب سوء الظن بالمكتوب إليه.
وقد يقع بالنــقط ضرر كما حكي أن جعفر المتوكل كتب إلى بعض عماله: أن أخص من قبلك من الذميين وعرفنا بمبلغ عددهم فوقع على الحاء نــقطــة فجمع العامل من كان في عمله منهم وخصاهم فماتوا غير رجلين إلا في حروف لا يحتمل غيرها كصورة الياء والنون والقاف والفاء المفردات وفيها أيضا مخير.
ثم أورد في الشعبة الثانية علوما متعلقة بإملاء الحروف المفردة وهي أيضا كالأولى.
فمنها: علم تركيب أشكال بسائط الحروف من حيث حسنها فكما أن للحروف حسنا حال بساطتها فكذلك لها حسن مخصوص حال تركيبها من تناسب الشكل ومباديها أمور استحسانية ترجع إلى رعاية النسبة الطبيعية في الأشكال وله استمداد من الهندسيات
وذلك الحسن نوعان: حسن التشكيل في الحروف يكون بخمسة:
أولها: التوفية: وهي أن يوفى كل حرف قسمته من الأقدار في الطول والقصر والرقة والغلظة.
والثاني: الإتمام: وهو أن يعطى كل حرف قسمته من الأقدار في الطول والقصر والغلظة.
والثالث: الانكباب والاستلقاء.
والرابع: الإشباع.
والخامس: الإرسال: وهو أن يرسل يده بسرعة.
وحسن الوضع في الكلمات وهي ستة:
الترصيف: وهو وصل حرف إلى حرف.
والتأليف: وهو جمع حرف غير متصل.
والتسطير: وهو إضافة كلمة إلى كلمة.
والتفصيل: وهو مواقع المدات المستحسنة ومراعات فواصل الكلام وحسن التدبير في قطــع كلمة واحدة بوقوعها إلى آخر السطر وفصل الكلمة التامة ووصلها بأن يكتب بعضها في آخر السطر وبعضها في أوله
ومنها علم إملاء الخط العربي: أي الأحوال العارضة لنقوش الخطوط العربية لا من حيث حسنها بل من حيث دلالتها على الألفاظ وهو أيضا من قبيل تكثير السواد.
ومنها علم خط المصحف: على ما اصطلح عليه الصحابة عند جمع القرآن الكريم على ما اختاره زيد بن ثابت ويسمى الاصطلاح السلفي أيضا
وهذا العلم وإن كان من فروع علم الخط من حيث كونه باحثا عن نوع من الخط لكن بحث عنه صاحب مدينة العلوم في علوم تتعلق بالقرآن الكريم وإنما تعرضنا له هنا تتميما للأقسام.
وفيه العقيلة الرائية للشاطبي.
ومنها علم خط العروض: وهو ما اصطلح عليه أهل العروض في تــقطــيع الشعر واعتمادهم في ذلك على ما يقع في السمع دون المعنى المعبثة به في صنعة العروض إنما هو اللفظ لأنهم يريدون به عدد الحروف التي يقوم بها الوزن متحركا وساكنا فيكتبون التنوين نونا ساكنة ولا يراعون حذفها في الوقف ويكتبون الحرف المدغم بحرفين ويحذفون اللام مما يدغم فيه في الحرف الذي بعده كالرحمان والذاهب والضارب ويعتمدون في الحروف على أجزاء التفاعيل ويــقطــعون حروف الكلم بحسب قطــعها كما في قول الشاعر:
ستبدي لك الأيام ما كنت جاهلا ... ويأتيك بالأخبار من لم تزود فيكتبون على هذه الصورة:
ستبدي لكلايا مما كن تجاهلا ... ويأتي كبلا خبار منلم تزودي
قال في الكشاف: وقد اتفقت في خط المصحف أشياء خارجة عن القياس ثم ما دعا ذلك بضير ولا نقصان لاستقامة اللفظ وبقاء الخط وكان اتباع خط المصحف سنة لا تخالف.
وقال ابن درستوري في كتاب الكتاب: خطان لا يقاسان خط المصحف لأنه سنة وخط العروض لأنه يثبت فيه ما أثبته اللفظ ويســقط عنه ما أســقطــه هذا خلاصة ما ذكروه في علم الخط1 ومتفرعاته.
وأما الكتب المصنفة فيه فقد سبق ذكر بعض الرسائل وما عداها نادر جدا سوى أوراق ومختصرات كأرجوزة عون الدين.

ربك

1 رَبَكَهُ, (S, K,) [like لَبَكَهُ,] aor. ـُ inf. n. رَبْكٌ, (S, TA,) He mixed, or mingled, it. (S, K.) b2: Also, (K,) aor. as above, (TA,) and so the inf. n., (S, TA,) He made it good, or qualified it properly, namely, ثَرِيد [i. e. crumbled, or broken, bread, moistened with broth], (S, K, TA,) and mixed it with some other thing. (TA.) b3: and رَبَكَ رَبِيكَةً, (K, TA,) [and رَبَكَ alone,] aor. and inf. n. as above, (TA,) He made ربيكة [q. v.]. (K.) غَرْثَانُ فَارْبُكُوا لَهُ [He is hungry, therefore make ye ربيكة for him], (S, K,) or, as IDrd relates it, فِابْكُلُوا لَهُ [i. e., “therefore mix ye بَكَالَة (a certain food) for him ”], (TA,) is a prov.; (S, K;) the origin of which was this: (S:) a certain Arab of the desert, (S, K,) said in the O to be Ibn-Lisán-el-Hommarah, (TA,) came to his family, or wife, (S, K,) from a journey, (TA,) and was congratulated with the annunciation that a boy was born to him: whereupon he said, “ What shall I do with him? Shall I eat him or shall I drink him? ” so his wife said, غَرْثَانُ فَارْبُكُوا لَهُ: and when he was satiated, he said, “ How are the infant and his mother? ” (S, K:) the saying means, “he is hungry, therefore prepare ye for him food, that his hunger may be allayed, and then congratulate him with the annunciation of the birth of the child: ” and IDrd says that it is applied to the case of him whose anxiety has departed and who has become unoccupied so that he may attend to other things. (TA.) b4: And رَبَكَ فُلَانًا, (Lth, K,) inf. n. as above, (Lth, TA,) He threw such a one into mire. (Lth, K.) A2: رَبِكَ: see 8.8 ارتبك It was, or became, mixed, or mingled. (S, K.) b2: He (a man) stuck fast in mire. (Lth, K, * TA.) And (tropical:) He (an animal of the chase) struggled in the snare. (K, TA.) b3: (tropical:) He (a man, TA) was, or became, in the condition of one whose affair, or case, is confused to him; as also ↓ رَبِكَ, aor. ـَ (K, TA,) inf. n. رَبَكٌ. (TA.) And ارتبك فِى الأَمْرِ (assumed tropical:) He (a man) was, or became, entangled in the affair, and could hardly, or not at all, escape from it. (S.) And ارتبك فِى الهَلَكَاتِ (tropical:) He fell into cases of perdition, and could hardly, or not at all, escape from them. (TA from a trad. of 'Alee.) b4: ارتبك فِى كَلَامِهِ (tropical:) He reiterated in his speech, by reason of an impediment, or inability to say what he would; syn. تَتَعْتَعَ. (K, TA.) 11 ارباكّ رَأْيُهُ عَلَيْهِ, (K, * TA,) inf. n. اِرْبِيكَاكٌ, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) His opinion, or judgment, was, or became, confused to him. (Ibn-'Abbád, K, TA.) b2: and ارباكّ عَنِ الأَمْرِ (assumed tropical:) He (a man) paused, or stopped, from the affair. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) رَبِكٌ (assumed tropical:) A man (IDrd) weak in art, artifice, cunning, ingenuity, or skill, in the management of affairs: (IDrd, K:) a possessive epithet. (IDrd.) رُبَكٌ and ↓ رِبَكٌّ and ↓ رَبِيكٌ (assumed tropical:) A man in a state of confusion in respect of his affair, or case: (K:) the last is a possessive epithet. (TA.) رِبَكُّ: see what next precedes.

رَبُوكُ Dates kneaded with clarified butter and [the preparation of dried curd called] أَــقِط, after which it is eaten. (Sgh, TA.) [See also رَبِيكَةُ.]

رَبِيكٌ: see the next paragraph: b2: and see also رُبَكٌ.

رَبِيكَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ رَبِيكٌ (K) Dates with clarified butter and [the preparation of dried curd called] أَــقِط, (S, K,) kneaded together, and then eaten; [like رَبُوكٌ, as explained above;] and, as ISk says, sometimes water is poured upon it, and it is drunk: or, he adds, accord. to Ghaneeyeh Umm-El-Homáris, أَــقِط and dates and clarified butter, made soft, not like what is called حَيْس: (S:) or (accord. to Ed-Dubeyreeyeh, S) flour and أَــقِط (S, K) ground, and then (S) mixed with clarified butter (S, K) and رُبّ [or inspissated juice]: (S:) or dates and أَــقِط (K, TA) kneaded without clarified butter: (TA:) or inspissated juice (رُبّ, K, TA) mixed (TA) with flour or سَوِيق [i. e. meal of parched barley]: (K, TA:) or a cooked compound of dates and wheat. (K.) b2: Also the former word, A portion of fresh butter from which the milk will not separate, (Sgh, K,) so that it is mixed [therewith]. (Sgh.) b3: And Water mixed with mud. (Sgh, K.) b4: [Hence,] رَمَاهُ بِالرَّبِيكَةِ i. e. (assumed tropical:) [He accused him of] a thing that stuck fast upon him. (TA.)

قد

1 قَدَّهُ, aor. ـُ (S, M, O, L, Msb,) inf. n. قَدٌّ; (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K;) and ↓ قدّدهُ, (M, L,) [but this app. has an intensive signification, or denotes repetition of the action, or its relation to several objects,] inf. n. تَقْدِيدٌ; (L, K;) and ↓ اقتدّهُ, (M, L,) inf. n. اِقْتِدَادٌ; (K;) He cut it in an enlongated form; or lengthwise: (IDrd, M, L, K:) or slit, split, clave, rent, or divided, it, (namely, a thong, &c., S, O, L, and a garment, or piece of cloth, L,) lengthwise: (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K:) and he cut it off entirely: (M, L, K:) or he cut it, or cut it off, in an absolute sense: (TA:) he cut it, namely, a skin: and he rent it, namely, a garment, or piece of cloth, or the like. (L.) One says, ضَرَبَهُ بِالسَّيْفِ فَقَدَّهُ بِنِصْفَيْنِ [He smote him with the sword and clave him in halves,] (L, Msb, *) or قَدَّهُ نِصْفَيْنِ. (A.) And قَدَّ القَلَمَ وَــقَطَّــهُ [He slit the writing-reed, and nibbed it, or cut off its point breadthwise, or crosswise]: (A, TA:) [for] قَطَّــهُ is opposed to قَدَّهُ: (S and TA in art. قط:) and both of these verbs occur in a trad. describing 'Alee's different modes of cutting [with the sword] when contracting himself and when stretching himself up. (TA.) b2: And [hence] قَدَّ, (S, M, A, L,) inf. n. قَدٌّ, (M, L, K,) (tropical:) He clave, cut through by journeying, or passed through, the desert, (S, M, A, O, L, K,) and the night. (M, L) b3: and قَدَّ بِهِ الطَّرِيقُ, (so in a copy of the M,) or قَدَّتْهُ الطَّرِيقُ, (so in the L and TA,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (M, L, TA,) i. q. قَطَــعَهُ (M) or قَطَــعَتْهُ (L, TA) (tropical:) [The road cut him off, app. from his companions, or from the object of his journey: compare قَطَــعَ بِهِ and قُطِــعَ بِهِ]. b4: And قَدَّ الكَلَامَ, (M, L,) inf. n. as above, (M, L, K,) i. q. قَطَــعَهُ (M, L, K *) and شَقَّهُ (M, L) [both of which explanations may here mean, as قَطَــعَ الكَلَامَ generally does, (assumed tropical:) He cut short, or broke off, the speech; or ceased from speaking: or both may here mean, as قَطَــعَ الكَلَامَ sometimes does, he articulated speech, or the speech: compare this latter rendering with an explanation of شَقَّقَ الكَلَامَ]. b5: [قَدَّهُ also signifies He cut it out, or shaped it, in any manner, whether lengthwise or otherwise; like قَتَّهُ: see this latter, and a verse cited as an ex. of its inf. n.: and see also a saying near the end of the first paragraph of art. فرى. Hence] قُدَّ فُلَانٌ قَدَّ السَّيْفِ [Such a one was shaped with the shaping of the sword] means (tropical:) such a one was made goodly, or beautiful, in respect of التَّــقْطِــيع [i. e. conformation, or proportion, &c., like as is the sword]. (S, O, L, TA.) [See also قَدٌّ, below.] b6: And قُدّ means also (assumed tropical:) He suffered a pain [app. what may be termed a cutting pain] in the belly, called قُدَاد. (M, L, K.) 2 قَدَّّ see 1, first sentence. b2: [Hence,] قدّد, (as implied in the L,) or قدّد اللَّحْمَ, (A, O, *) inf. n. تَقْدِيدٌ, (O, L,) He made قَدِيد [i. e. he cut flesh-meat into strips, or oblong pieces, and spread them in the sun, or salted them and spread them in the sun, to dry]. (L.) A2: قدّد عَلَيهِ, said of a garment, It fitted him, or suited him, in size and length. (L, from a trad.) 4 اقدّ عَلَيْهِ, said of food, (assumed tropical:) It occasioned him a pain in the belly, termed قُدَاد. (IKtt, TA.) 5 تَقَدَّّ see 7. b2: تقدّد said of a garment, or piece of cloth, It was, or became, much slit or rent. or ragged, or tattered, (O, K, TA,) and old and worn out. (TA.) b3: And, said of flesh-meat, quasi-pass. of 2, [i. e. It was, or became, cut into strips, or oblong pieces, and spread in the sun, or salted and spread in the sun, and so dried.]. (O.) b4: And, said of a company of men (قَوْمٌ), It became separated (S, M, O, L, K) into قِدَد [or parties, &c., pl. of قِدَّةٌ, q. v.]. (M, L.) b5: Also, said of a thing, (TA,) [perhaps from the same v. said of flesh-meat,] It was, or became, dry; or it dried, or dried up. (K, TA.) b6: And تقدّدت said of a she-camel, She became somewhat lean (O, K) after having been fat: (O:) or she became fat, (TA,) or began to become fat, after having been lean. (K, TA.) 7 انقدّ, (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K,) and ↓ تقدّد, (M, L, K,) [but the latter app. has an intensive signification, or is said of a number of things,] the former said of a skin, and of a garment, or piece of cloth, (A,) not said of aught except some such thing as a bag for travelling-provisions and for goods or utensils &c., and such as clothing, (O,) It became cut in an elongated form; or lengthwise: (L, K:) or became slit, split, cloven, rent, or divided, lengthwise: (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K:) or became cut off entirely: (M, L, K:) or became cut, or cut off. (TA.) 8 إِقْتَدَ3َ see 1, first sentence. b2: اقتدّ الأُمُورَ means (tropical:) He considered the affairs, forcasting their issues, or results, and discriminated them: (S, O, K:) or he devised the affairs, and considered what would be their issues, or results. (M.) 10 استقدّ (tropical:) It contained, or continued in one manner, or state. (Ibn-'Abbád, A, O, K,) لَهُ to him. (A.) And (assumed tropical:) It (an affair, TA) was, or became, uniform, or even in its tenour. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K, TA.) And استقدّت الإِبِلُ (assumed tropical:) The camels went on undeviatingly, in one course, way, or manner: (O, K:) so says AA. (O.) قَدْ is a noun and a particle: (S, O, Mughnee, K:) and as a noun it is used in two ways. (Mughnee, K.) b2: (I) It is a noun syn. with حَسْبُ; (S, O, Mughnee, K;) generally used indeclinably; (Mughnee, K;) thus accord. to the Basrees; with the د quiescent; (TA;) because resembling قَدْ the particle in respect of the letters composing it, and many other particles in respect of its form, (Mughnee, TA,) such as عَنْ and بَلْ &c.: (TA:) one says, قَدْ زَيْدٍ دِرْهَمٌ [The sufficiency of Zeyd (i. e. what is sufficient for Zeyd) is a dirhem], (Mughnee, K,) with the د quiescent; (Mughnee, * K, * TA;) and قَدِى (S, O) and قَدْنِى (S, O, Mughnee) [both] meaning حَسْبِى [My sufficiency (i. e. what is sufficient for me)]; (S, O;) the ن in قَدْنِى being inserted in order to preserve the quiescence [of the final letter of the noun] because this is the original characteristic of what they make indeclinable; (Mughnee;) but the insertion of the ن in this case is anomalous, for it is [by rule] only added in verbs, by way of precaution, [to prevent the confusion of the pronominal affix of the verb and that of the noun,] as in ضَرَبَنِى: (S, O:) [see, however, in the next sentence, an explanation of قَدْنِى accord. to which the ن is inserted regularly:] accord. to Yaakoob, using قَدْ in the sense of حَسْبُ, one says, مَا لَكَ عِنْدِى إِلَّا هٰذَا فَقَدْ i. e. فَــقَطْ [There is nothing for thee with me, or nothing due to thee in my possession, except this, and it is a thing sufficient, or it is enough, فَــقَطْ being held to signify properly فَحَسْبُ, but it is commonly used as meaning and no more]; and he asserts it [i. e. قَدْ] to be a substitute [for قَطْ]: (M:) and it is also used declinably; (Mughnee, K;) thus accord. to the Koofees; (TA;) but this is rare: (Mughnee:) one says قَدُ زَيْدٍ, making it marfooa, (Mughnee, K,) like as one says حَسْبُهُ; and قَدِى without ن [as mentioned above,] like as one says حَسْبِى. (Mughnee.) b3: (2) It is also a verbal noun, syn. with يَكْفِى: one says, قَدْ زَيْدًا دِرْهَمٌ [A dirhem suffices, or will suffice, Zeyd], and قَدْنِى دِرْهَمٌ [A dirhem suffices, or will suffice, me]; (Mughnee, K;) like as one says يَكْفِى زَيْدًا دِرْهَمٌ, and يَكْفِيْنِى دِرْهَمٌ. (Mughnee, K. *) A2: As a particle, it is used peculiarly with a verb, (Mughnee, K,) [i. e.] as such it is not preposed to anything except a verb, (S, O,) either a pret. or an aor. , (TA,) from which it is not separated unless by an oath, (Mughnee,) such as is perfectly inflected, enunciative, (Mughnee, K,) not an imperative, (TA,) affirmative, and free from anything that would render it mejzoom or man-soob, and from what is termed حَرْف تَنْفِيس [i. e.

سَوْفُ and its variants]: and it has six meanings. (Mughnee, K.) b2: (1) It denotes expectation: (M, Mughnee, K:) and when it is with an aor. , this is evident; (Mughnee;) one says قَدْ يَقْدَمُ الغَائِبُ, (Mughnee, K,) meaning It is expected that the absent will come: (TA:) and most affirm that it is thus used with a pret.: (Mughnee:) accord. to some, (M,) it is used in reply to the saying لَمَّا يَفْعَلْ [i. e. “ He has not yet done ” such a thing, which implies expectation that he would do it]; (S, M, O;) the reply being, قَدْفَعَلَ [Already he has done the thing]: (M:) and Kh asserts that it is used in reply to persons expecting information; (S, M, * O, Mughnee;) [for to such] you say, قَدْ مَاتَ فَلَانٌ [Already such a one has died]; but if one inform him who does not expect it, he does not say thus, but he says [merely] مَاتَ فُلَانٌ: (S, O:) thus some say قَدْ رَكِبَ الأَمِيرُ [Already the commander has mounted his horse] to him who expects his mounting: some, however, disallow that قَدْ is used to denote expectation with the pret. because the pret. denotes what is already past; and hence it appears that those who affirm it to be so used mean that the pret. denotes what was expected before the information: (Mughnee: [in which it is added, with some other observations, that, in the opinion of its author, it does not denote expectation even with the aor. ; because the saying يَقْدَمُ الغَئِبُ denotes expectation without قَدْ:]) MF says, What we have been orally taught by the sheykhs in ElAndalus is this, that it is a particle denoting the affirmation of truth, or certainty, when it occurs before a pret., and a particle denoting expectation when it occurs before a future. (TA.) b3: (2) It denotes the nearness of the past to the present: (O, Mughnee, K:) so in the saying قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd has just, or just now, stood; a meaning often intended by saying merely, has stood]; (Mughnee, K;) for this phrase without قد may mean the near past and the remote past; (Mughnee;) and so in the saying of the muëdhdhin, قَدْ قَامَتِ الصَّلَاةُ [The time of the rising to prayer has just come, or simply has come]: (O:) [and, when thus used, it is often immediately preceded by the pret. or aor. of the verb كَانَ; thus you say, كَانَ قَدْ ذَهَبَ He had just, or simply had, gone away; and يَكُونُ قَدْ ذَهَبَ He will, or shall, have just, or simply have gone away:] and accord. to the Basrees, except Akh, it must be either expressed or understood immediately before a pret. used as a denotative of state; as in [the saying in the Kur ii. 247,] وَمَا لَنَا أَلَّا نُقَاتِلُ فِى سَبِيلِ اللّٰهِ وَقَدْ أُخْرِجْنَا مِنْ دِيَارِنَا وَأَبْنَائِنَا [And what reason have we that we should not fight in the cause of God when we have been expelled from our abodes and our children?]; and in [the saying in the Kur iv. 92,] أَوْ جَاؤُوكُمْ حَصِرَتْ صُدُورُهُمْ أنْ يُقَاتِلُوكَمْ [Or who come to you, their bosoms being contracted so that they are incapable of fighting you, or their bosoms shrinking from fighting you]; but the Koofees and Akh says that this is not required, because of the frequent occurrence of the pret. as a denotative of state without قَدْ, and [because] the primary rule is that there should be no meaning, or making, anything to be understood, more especially in the case of that which is in frequent use: (Mughnee:) Sb [however] does not allow the use of the pret. as a denotative of state without قَدْ; and he makes حصرت صدورهم to be an imprecation [meaning may their bosoms become contracted]: (S in art. حصر; in which art. in the present work see more on this subject:) and the inceptive لَ is prefixed to it like of the saying, إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَدْ قَامَ [Verily Zeyd has just stood, or has stood]; because the primary rule is that it is to be prefixed to the noun, and it is prefixed to the aor. because it resembles the noun, and when the pret. denotes a time near to the present it resembles the aor. and therefore it is allowable to prefix it thereto. (Mughnee.) [See also the two sentences next after what is mentioned below as the sixth meaning.] b4: (3) It denotes rareness, or paucity; (Mughnee, K;) either of the act signified by the verb, (Mughnee,) as in [the saying], قَدْ يَصْدُقُ الكَذُوبُ [In some few instances the habitual liar speaks truth]; (Mughnee, K;) or of what is dependent upon that act, as in [the saying in the Kur xxiv. last verse,] قَدْ يَعْلَمُ مَا

أَنْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ [as though] meaning أَنَّ مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ هُوَ

أَقَلُّ مَعْلُومَاتِهِ [so that it should be rendered At least He knoweth that state of conduct and mind to which ye are conforming yourselves]: but some assert that in these exs. and the like thereof it denotes the affirmation of truth, or certainty; [as will be shown hereafter;] and that the denoting of rareness, or paucity, in the former ex. is not inferred from قَدْ, but from the saying الكَذُوبُ يَصْدُقٌ. (Mughnee.) b5: (4) It denotes frequency; (Mughnee, K;) [i. e.] sometimes (S, O) it is used as syn. with رُبَّمَا [as denoting frequency, as well as with رُبَّمَا in the contr. sense, mentioned in the next preceding sentence]: (S, M, O:) thus in the saying (S, M, O, Mughnee, K) of the Hudhalee, (M, Mughnee,) or 'Abeed Ibn-El-Abras, (IB, TA,) قَدْ أَتْرُكُ القِرْنَ مُصْفَرًّا أَنَامِلُهُ [Often I leave the antagonist having his fingers' ends become yellow]. (S, M, O, Mughnee, K.) b6: (5) It denotes the affirmation of truth, or certainty: thus in [the saying in the Kur xci. 9,] قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ زَكَّاهَا [Verily, or certainly, or indeed, or really, he prospereth, or will prosper, who purifieth it; (namely, his soul;) each pret. here occupying the place of a mejzoom aor. ]: (Mughnee, K:) and thus accord. to some in [the saying in the Kur xxiv. last verse, of which another explanation has been given above,] قَدْ يَعْلَمُ مَا أَنْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ [Verily, or certainly, &c., He knoweth that state of conduct and mind to which ye are conforming yourselves]. (Mughnee.) b7: (6) It denotes negation, (Mughnee, K,) accord. to ISd, (Mughnee,) occupying the place of مَا, (M,) in the saying, قَدْ كُنْتَ فِى خَيْرٍ فَتَعْرِفَهُ, (M, Mughnee, K,) with تعرف mansoob, [as though meaning Thou wast not in prosperity, that thou shouldst know it,] (Mughnee, K,) heard from one of the chaste in speech: (M:) but this is strange. (Mughnee.) b8: [When it is used to denote the nearness of the past to the present, as appears to be indicated by the context in the O,] قَدْ may be separated from the verb by an oath; as in قَدْ وَاللّٰهِ أَحْسَنْتَ [Thou hast, by God, done well] and قَدْ لَعَمْرِى بِتُّ سَاهِرًا [I have, by my life, or by my religion, passed the night sleepless]. (O, Mughnee. [In the latter, this and what here next follows are mentioned before the explanations of the meanings of the particle; probably because the meaning in these cases can hardly be mistaken.]) And the verb may be suppressed after it, (M, * O, Mughnee,) when its meaning is apprehended, (O,) or because of an indication; (Mughnee;) as in the saying of En-Nábighah (M, O, Mughnee) Edh-Dhubyánee, (O,) أَفِدَ التَّرَحُّلُ غَيْرَ أَنَّ رِكَابَنَا لَمَّا تَزُلْ بِرِحَالِنَا وَكَأَنْ قَدِ [The time of departure has drawn near, though the camels that we ride have not left with our utensils and apparatus for travelling, but it is as though they had (left)]; meaning كَأَنْ قَدْ زَالَتْ. (M, O, Mughnee.) b9: If you make قَدْ an اِسْم [i. e. a subst. or a proper name], you characterize it by teshdeed: therefore you say, كَتَبْتُ قَدًّا حَسَنَةً [I wrote a beautiful قد]; and so you do in the case of كَىْ and هُوَ and لَوْ; because these words have no indication of what is deficient in them [supposing them to be originally of three radical letters], therefore it is requisite to add to the last letter of each what is of the same kind as it, and this is incorporated into it: but not in the case of ا; for in this case you add ء; thus if you name a man لَا, or مَا, and then add at the end of it ا, you make it ء; for you make the second ا movent, and ا when movent becomes ء: (S, O:) so says J, [and Sgh has followed him in the O,] and such is the opinion of Akh and of a number of the grammarians of El-Basrah [and of El-Koofeh (MF)], and F has quoted this passage in the B and left it uncontradicted: but IB says, (TA,) [and after him F in the K,] this is a mistake: that only is characterized by teshdeed of which the last letter is infirm: you say, for هُوَ, (IB, K,) used as the name of a man, (IB,) هُوٌّ, (IB, K,) and for لَوْ you say لَوٌّ, and for فِى you say فِىٌّ; (IB;) and such is characterized by teshdeed only in order that the word may not be reduced to one letter on account of the quiescence of the infirm letter [which would disappear] with tenween [as it does in دَمٌ and يَدٌ &c.]: (K:) but as to قَدْ, if you use it as a name, you say قَدٌ; (IB, K;) and for مَنْ you say مَنٌ, and for عَنْ you say عَنٌ; (K;) like يَدٌ (IB, K) and دَمٌ &c.: (K:) F, however, [following IB,] is wrong in calling J's statement a mistake; though the rule given by him [and IB] is generally preferred. (MF, TA.) قَدٌّ The skin of a lamb or kid: (M, A, L, Msb, K:) or [only] of a kid: (S, O, L:) or, accord. to IDrd, a small skin, but of what kind he does not say: (M, L:) pl. (of pauc., S) أَقُدٌّ and (of mult., S) قِدَادٌ (ISk, S, M, L, Msb, K) and [of pauc. also] أَقِدَّةٌ, which is extr. (M, L.) Hence the saying, ↓ فُلَانٌ مَا يَعْرِفُ القَدَّ مِنَ القِدِّ Such a one knows not the skin of a lamb, or kid, from the thong. (A.) And hence, (O, K,) it is said in a prov., (S, M, A, O,) مَا يَجْمَلُ قَدَّكَ إِلَى أَدِيمِكَ (S, M, A, O, K) What approximates thy skin of a lamb, or kid, to thy hide [of a full-grown beast]? meaning, accord. to Th, (assumed tropical:) what makes the great to be like the little? (M: [or the little to be like the great?]) or meaning what induces thee to make thy small affair [appear] great? (S:) or what approximates thy small [affair] to thy great? (O, K:) applied to him who transgresses his proper limit; (M, O, K;) and to him who compares the contemptible with the noble. (O, K.) b2: See also قِدٌّ, in two places.

A2: Also (assumed tropical:) The measure, quantity, size, or bulk, (M, L, Msb, K,) of a thing: (M, L:) (tropical:) the conformation, or proportion, syn. تَــقْطِــيع, (S, M, A, O, L, K,) of a thing, (M, L,) or of a young woman, (A,) or of a man: (K:) (tropical:) the stature, syn. قَامَة, (S, A, O, L, K,) of a man: (K:) (assumed tropical:) his justness of form, or symmetry: (M, L, K:) and (assumed tropical:) his figure, person, or whole body: (M, L:) pl. [of pauc.] أَقُدٌّ (M, L, K) and أَقِدَّةٌ, (K,) which is extr., (TA,) and [of mult.] قُدُودٌ (M, L, K) and قِدَادٌ. (K.) One says, هٰذَا عَلَى قَدِّ ذَاكَ (assumed tropical:) This is equal in measure, quantity, size, or bulk, to that; is like that. (Msb.) And شَىْءٌ حَسَنُ القَدِّ (assumed tropical:) A thing goodly, or beautiful, in respect of conformation, or proportion. (L.) And جَارِيَةٌ حَسَنَةُ القَدِّ (tropical:) A young woman goodly, or beautiful, in respect of stature, and of conformation, or proportion. (A.) And غُلَامٌ حَسَنُ القَدِّ (assumed tropical:) A young man goodly, or beautiful, in respect of justness of form, or symmetry, and in person, or the whole of his body. (M, L.) A3: See, again, قِدٌّ.

A4: By the phrase يَا وَيْلَ قَدٍّ, addressed to Mikdád, in a verse of Jereer, is meant يَا وَيْلَ مِقْدَادٍ [O, woe to thee Mikdád]; the poet restricting himself to some of the letters [of the name]: an instance [more obviously] of a similar kind is سَلَّام used by El-Hoteiäh for سُلَيْمَان. (O.) قُدٌّ A certain marine fish, (O, K,) the eating of which is said to increase [the faculty of] الجِمَاع. (O.) قِدٌّ A thing that is مَقْدُود [i. e. cut in an elongated form, &c.]. (M, L.) b2: [And hence] A thong cut from an untanned skin, (S, M, * A, O, * L, Msb, K,) with which sandals or shoes are sewed, (M, * L, Msb,) and with which a captive is bound; (A;) pl. أَقُدٌّ: (S, O, L:) and [as a coll. gen. n.] thongs, cut from an untanned skin, with which camels' saddles and [the vehicles called]

مَحَامِل are bound: (M, L:) and ↓ قِدَّةٌ [of which the pl. is قِدَدٌ] is a more special term, (S, O, L,) signifying a single thong of this kind. (K.) See an ex. voce قَدٌّ. b3: And (hence, L) A whip; (O, L, K;) as also ↓ قَدٌّ. (K.) Thus in the trad., لَقَابُ قَوْسِ أَحَدِكُمْ وَمَوْضِعُ قِدِّهِ فِى الجَنَّةِ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا وَمَا فِيهَا, (O, * L,) or ↓ قَدِّهِ, (K,) i. e. Verily the space that would be occupied by the bow of any one of you, and the place that would be occupied by his whip, in Paradise, are better than the present [sublunary] world and what is in it: or قِدّه may here have the meaning next following. (L.) b4: A sandal; because cut in an elongated form from the skin: (O, L:) or a sandal not stripped of the hair, in order that it may be more pliant. (IAar, O, L.) b5: And A vessel of skin. (S, O, K.) One says, مَا لَهُ قِدٌّ وَلَا قِحْفٌ He has not a vessel of skin nor a vessel of wood: (S, O, M:) or a skin nor a fragment of a drinking-cup or bowl. (M.) b6: شَدِيدُ القِدِّ occurs in a trad. as some relate it, meaning Having a strong bowstring: but accord. to others, it is ↓ شَدِيدُ القَدِّ, meaning strong in pulling the bow. (L.) قِدَّةٌ: see قِدٌّ. b2: Also A piece of a thing. (M, L.) b3: And hence, (M,) A party, division, sect, or distinct body or class, of men, holding some particular tenet, or body of tenets, creed, opinion, or opinions, (S, M, O, L, Msb, K,) accord. to some, (Msb,) of whom each has his own, (S, O, L, K,) or of which each has its own, (Msb,) erroneous opinion: (S, O, L, Msb, K:) pl. قِدَدٌ. (Msb.) Hence, كُنَّا طَرَائِقَ قِدَدًا, (S, L, O, K,) in the Kur [lxxii. 11], (L, O,) said by the Jinn, (Fr, L,) We were parties, or sects, differing in their erroneous opinions, or in their desires: (Fr, O, L, K:) or separate [sects]; Muslims and not Muslims: (Zj:) or diverse, or discordant, or various, sects; Muslims and unbelievers. (Jel.) And one says, صَارَ القَوْمُ قِدَدًا The people became divided, or different, in their states, or conditions, and their desires, or erroneous opinions. (L.) قَدَادٌ The hedge-hog: b2: and The jerboa. (O, K.) قُدَادٌ A pain [app. what may be termed a cutting pain] in the belly. (S, M, O, L, K.) حَبَنًا وَقُدَادًا is a form of imprecation, meaning [May God inflict upon thee] dropsy, and a pain in the belly. (L.) قَدِيدٌ, (S, M, O, L, K,) or لَحْمٌ قَدِيدٌ, (Msb,) Flesh-meat cut into strips, or oblong pieces: (M, L, K:) or cut, (M,) or cut into oblong pieces, and spread, or spread in the sun, to dry: (M, L, K:) or salted, and dried in the sun: (L:) i. q. لَحْمٌ مُقَدَّدٌ: (S, O, L:) قَدِيدٌ is of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ. (L.) b2: ثَوْبٌ قَدِيدٌ A garment, or piece of cloth, [slit, or rent, and] old and worn out. (S, O, L, K.) قُدَيْدٌ A small مِسْح [or garment of thick, or coarse, hair-cloth], (M, * K, * TA,) such as is worn by persons of low condition. (TA.) قَدِيدِيُّونَ, (IAth, O, K, TA,) thus accord. as a trad., in which it occurs is related, (IAth, TA,) not to be pronounced with damm, (K,) or, as some say, it is [قُدَيْدِيُّونَ, i. e.] with damm to the ق and fet-h to the [first] د, (IAth, TA,) and thus in the handwriting of Z in the “ Fáïk,” (O,) [and thus I find it in a copy of the A,] The followers of an army, consisting of handicraftsmen, (A, IAth, O, K, TA,) such as the repairer of cracked wooden bowls, and the farrier, (O, K, TA,) and the blacksmith: (O, TA:) of the dial. of the people of Syria: as though they were called by the former appellation because of the tattered state of their clothing; (O;) or by the latter as though, by reason of their low condition, they wore the small مِسْح called قُدَيْد; or from التَّقَدُّدُ, because they disperse themselves in the provinces on account of need, and because of the tattered state of their clothing; and the diminutive form denotes mean estimation of their condition: (IAth, TA:) a man (IAth, O, TA) of them (O) is reviled by its being said to him يَا قَدِيدىُّ (IAth, O, TA) and يا قُدَيْدِىُّ: (IAth, TA:) and it is commonly used in the language of the Persians also. (O.) قَيْدُودٌ A she-camel long in the back: (O, K:) but this is said to be derived from القَوْدُ, like الكَيْنُونَةُ from الكَوْنُ: (L:) [see art. قود:] pl. قَيَادِيدُ. (K. [In the O the pl. is written قَنَادِيدُ.]) مَقَدٌّ (tropical:) A road: (A, K, TA:) because it is cut: so in the phrase مَفَازَةٌ مُسْتَقِيمَةُ المَقَدِّ (tropical:) [A desert, or waterless desert, whereof the road is straight, or direct]. (A, TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) The rima vulvæ of a woman. (M, L.) b3: (assumed tropical:) The part of the back of the neck that is between the ears. (K, L.) [A dial. var. of, or a mistake for, مَقَذٌّ.]) b4: And i. q. قَاعٌ, i. e. (assumed tropical:) An even, or a plain, place. (S, M, O, L.) مِقَدٌّ, like مِدَقٌّ [in measure], (K, [in a copy of the M, erroneously, مَقَدّ,]) or ↓ مِقَدَّةٌ, (L,) The iron instrument with which skin is cut (يُقَدُّ). (L, * K, * TA.) مِقَدَّةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

مَقَدِّىٌّ Wine of El-Makadd, a town of the region of the Jordan, (K,) or, as is said in the Marásid and the Moajam, near Adhri'át, in the Howrán; (TA;) wrongly said by J to be without teshdeed to the د, for the wine called مَقَدَىٌّ is different from that called مَقَدِّىٌّ: (K:) or it is wine boiled until it is reduced to half its original quantity; likened to a thing that is divided (قُدَّ) in halves; so accord. to Rejá Ibn-Selemeh, and in the Nh and Ghareebeyn; and sometimes it is pronounced without teshdeed to the د. (TA.)

(بتت)
(س) فِي حَدِيثِ دَارِ النَّدْوة وتَشَاوُرهم فِي أَمْرِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «فاعْتَرضَهم إِبْلِيسُ فِي صُورَةِ شَيْخٍ جَلِيلٍ عَلَيْهِ بَتٌّ» أَيْ كِسَاء غَلِيظٌ مربَّع. وَقِيلَ طّيْلّسّان مِنْ خَزّ، ويُجمع عَلَى بُتُوت.
وَمِنْهُ حَدِيثُ عَلِيٍّ «أَنَّ طَائِفَةً جَاءَتْ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لِقَنْبَر: بَتَّتْهُمْ» أَيْ أَعْطِهِمُ الْبُتُوتَ.
وَمِنْهُ حَدِيثُ الْحَسَنِ «أَيْنَ الذين طَرحوا الخُزُوز والْحِبَرات، وَلَبِسُوا البُتُوت والنَّمِرات» .
وَمِنْهُ حَدِيثُ سُفْيَانَ «أَجِدُ قَلْبي بَيْنَ بُتُوت وعَباء» (هـ) وَفِي حَدِيثِ كِتَابِهِ لِحَارِثَةَ بْنِ قَطَــن «وَلَا يُؤْخَذُ مِنْكُمْ عُشْر البَتَات» هُوَ الْمَتَاعُ الَّذِي لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ زَكَاةٌ مِمَّا لَا يَكُونُ لِلتِّجَارَةِ.
(هـ) وَفِيهِ «فَإِنَّ المُنْبَتَّ لَا أَرْضًا قَطَــعَ وَلَا ظَهْراً أبْقَى» يُقَالُ لِلرَّجُلِ إِذَا انْــقُطِــع بِهِ فِي سَفَرِهِ وعَطِبت راحلتُه: قَدِ انْبَتَّ، مِنَ البَتِّ: الــقَطْــع، وهو مُطاوع بَتَّ يُقال بَتَّهُ وأَبَتَّهُ. يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُ بَقِيَ فِي طَرِيقِهِ عَاجِزًا عَنْ مَقْصِدِهِ لَمْ يَقْض وَطَره: وَقَدْ أعْطَبَ ظَهْرُه.

عبث

1 عَبَثَهُ, aor. ـِ (S, A, * O, K, *) inf. n. عَبْثٌ, (S, O,) He mixed, or mingled, (S, A, O, K,) it. (S, O.) b2: [Hence,] عَبَثَ, aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (S, O,) He made, or prepared, عَبِيثَة [q. v.]: (S, O, K:) or so عَبَثَ عَبِيثَةً; as also ↓ أَعْبَثَهَا. (O.) One says, عَبَثَتِ المَرْأَةُ, meaning The woman poured out what was moist of the [preparation of curd called] أَــقِط, when it was cooked, on what was dry thereof, upon the [mat, or cloth, called] مَشَرّ, or مِشَرّ, [the former accord. to the O and a copy of the S, and the latter accord. to another copy of the S,] in order that what was dry thereof might bear [and not suffer to pass through the مشرّ] what was moist. (Aboo-Sá'id El-Kilábee, S, O.) And عَبَثَ الأَــقِطَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, He dried the اقط in the sun: or he mixed it with clarified butter: and غَبَثَهُ, with غ, is a dial. var. thereof. (TA.) A2: عَبِثَ, aor. ـَ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) inf. n. عَبَثٌ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb,) He played, or sported; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) and mingled together unprofitable actions; (Mgh;) or and did that in which was no profit; (Msb;) or he played with that which did not concern him and for which he did not care. (TA.) You say, عَبِثَ بِهِ He played, or sported, [or amused himself,] with him, or it; (TA;) and به ↓ تعبّث [which signifies the same]. (Ham p. 710.) b2: And عَبِثَ بِهِ الدَّهْرُ (assumed tropical:) [Fortune made sport with him]; a phrase alluding to the mutability of fortune. (Msb.) b3: and عَبِثَ فِى مَنَامِهِ, occurring in a trad., means (assumed tropical:) He moved his hands, or arms, in his sleep, like him who is pushing away or taking, or giving or receiving. (TA.) 4 أَعْبَثَ see 1, second sentence.5 تَعَبَّثَ see 1, last sentence but two.

عَبَثٌ Play, or sport, (S, O, TA,) in which is no profit to be reckoned, or of which no account is to be made. (TA.) [See also عَبِْثَ, of which it is the inf. n.]

عَبْثَةٌ, with the ب quiescent, A single act of عَبَث [or play, sport, &c.]. (S, O.) عَبِيثٌ: see عَبِثَةٌ. b2: Also, in a certain dial., i. q. مَصْلٌ [q. v.: accord. to ISk, this latter means The fluid that flows from أَــقِط when it is cooked]. (L, TA) A2: Also A certain sweet-smelling plant. (O, K.) عَبِيثَةٌ [The preparation of curd called] أَــقِط whereof what is moist is poured out, when it is cooked, upon what is dry thereof, and mixed with it: (Aboo-Sá'id El-Kilábee, S, O:) or أَــقِطٌ مُعَالَجٌ [i. e. اقط prepared by mixing, or otherwise, app. in the manner described above]: (K: [see also 1, third sentence:]) and أَــقِط and سَوِيق [or meal of parched barley or wheat] mixed with clarified butter, and then eaten: (S, O:) or أَــقِط mixed with clarified butter: and أَــقِط pounded with dates, or with dried dates, and then eaten, and drunk; as also ↓ عَبِيثٌ: (TA:) or it signifies, (K,) or signifies also, (S, O,) طَعَام [app. meaning wheat] which is cooked, and in which locusts (جَرَاد) are put: (S, O, K:) and wheat and barley mixed together: so in the saying, جَآءَ فُلَانٌ بِعَبِيثَةٍ فِى وِعَائِهِ [Such a one came with wheat and barley mixed together in his provision-bag]: pl. عَبَائِثُ. (S, O.) b2: Also (assumed tropical:) Sheep, or goats, mixed together. (TA.) One says, ظَلَّتِ الغَنَمُ عَبِيثَةً وَاحِدَةً (assumed tropical:) [The sheep, or goats, became one mixed flock or herd]; and so بَكِيلَةً وَاحِدَةً: this is when sheep, or goats, meet others and enter among them and become mixed with them: it is a proverb. (S, O.) b3: And عَبِيثَةُ النَّاسِ (assumed tropical:) The mixed sorts of men or of the people, (S, O, K, TA,) who are not from one ancestor, and who are congregated from various, or sundry, places. (TA.) b4: And عَبِيثَةٌ signifies also (tropical:) One whose line of ancestors is mixed (AO, S, O, K, TA) and vitiated. (S, O.) عِبِّيثٌ One who plays, or sports, much, or often. (K. [In the O written عَبِيثٌ, but said in the K to be like سِكِّينٌ, perhaps a mistranscription for سِكِّيتٌ.]) عَابِثٌ [as part. n. of عَبِثَ] Playing, or sporting, (Msb, TA,) with that which does not concern him and for which he does not care, (TA,) and doing that in which is no profit. (Msb.) خَصِيفٌ عَوْبَثَانِىٌّ Flour and clarified butter and dates mixed with fresh milk: so it is said to mean in the following verse: إِذَا مَا الخَصِيفُ العَوْبَثَانِىُّ سَآءَنَا تَرَكْنَاهُ وَاخْتَرْنَا السَّدِيفَ المُسَرْهَدَا

[When the mess of flour and clarified butter and dates mixed with fresh milk displeases us, we leave it, and choose the fat camel's hump, or the camel's hump cut in pieces]: (S, O: [see also خَصِيفٌ:]) this verse is by Náshireh Ibn-Málik, replying to El-Mukhabbal, who reproached him for feeding upon milk. (IB, TA.)