سَمَرْقَنْدُ:
بفتح أوّله وثانيه، ويقال لها بالعربيّة سمران: بلد معروف مشهور، قيل: إنّه من أبنية ذي القرنين بما وراء النهر، وهو قصبة الصّغد مبنيّة
على جنوبي وادي الصغد مرتفعة عليه، قال أبو عون:
سمرقند في الإقليم الرابع، طولها تسع وثمانون درجة ونصف، وعرضها ست وثلاثون درجة ونصف، وقال الأزهري: بناها شمر أبو كرب فسميت شمر كنت فأعربت فقيل سمرقند، هكذا تلفظ به العرب في كلامها وأشعارها، وقال يزيد بن مفرّغ يمدح سعيد بن عثمان وكان قد فتحها:
لهفي على الأمر الذي ... كانت عواقبه النّدامه
تركي سعيدا ذا الــنّدى، ... والبيت ترفعه الدّعامه
فتحت سمرقند له، ... وبنى بعرصتها خيامه
وتبعت عبد بني علا ... ج، تلك أشراط القيامه
وبالبطيحة من أرض كسكر قرية تسمى سمرقند أيضا، ذكره المفجّع في كتاب المنقذ من الإيمان في أخبار ملوك اليمن قال: لما مات ناشر ينعم الملك قام بالملك من بعده شمر بن افريقيس بن أبرهة فجمع جنوده وسار في خمسمائة ألف رجل حتى ورد العراق فأعطاه يشتاسف الطاعة وعلم أن لا طاقة له به لكثرة جنوده وشدّة صولته، فسار من العراق لا يصدّه صادّ إلى بلاد الصين فلمّا صار بالصّغد اجتمع أهل تلك البلاد وتحصّنوا منه بمدينة سمرقند فأحاط بمن فيها من كلّ وجه حتى استنزلهم بغير أمان فقتل منهم مقتلة عظيمة وأمر بالمدينة فهدمت فسميت شمركند، أي شمر هدمها، فعرّبتها العرب فقالت سمرقند، وقد ذكر ذلك دعبل الخزاعي في قصيدته التي يفتخر فيها ويردّ بها على الكميت ويذكر التبابعة:
وهم كتبوا الكتاب بباب مرو، ... وباب الصّين كانوا الكاتبينا
وهم سمّوا قديما سمرقندا، ... وهم غرسوا هناك التّبّتينا
فسار شمر وهو يريد الصين فمات هو وأصحابه عطشا ولم يرجع منهم مخبّر، فبقيت سمرقند خرابا إلى أن ملك تبّع الأقرن بن أبي مالك بن ناشر ينعم فلم تكن له همّة إلّا الطلب بثأر جدّه شمر الذي هلك بأرض الصين فتجهّز واستعدّ وسار في جنوده نحو العراق فخرج إليه بهمن بن إسفنديار وأعطاه الطاعة وحمل إليه الخراج حتى وصل إلى سمرقند فوجدها خرابا، فأمر بعمارتها وأقام عليها حتى ردّها إلى أفضل ما كانت عليه، وسار حتى أتى بلادا واسعة فبنى التّبّت كما ذكرنا، ثمّ قصد الصين فقتل وسبى وأحرق وعاد إلى اليمن في قصة طويلة، وقيل: إن سمرقند من بناء الإسكندر، واستدارة حائطها اثنا عشر فرسخا، وفيها بساتين ومزارع وأرحاء، ولها اثنا عشر بابا، من الباب إلى الباب فرسخ، وعلى أعلى السور آزاج وأبرجة للحرب، والأبواب الاثنا عشر من حديد، وبين كلّ بابين منزل للنوّاب، فإذا جزت المزارع صرت إلى الربض وفيه أبنية وأسواق، وفي ربضها من المزارع عشرة آلاف جريب، ولهذه المدينة، أعني الداخلة، أربعة أبواب، وساحتها ألفان وخمسمائة جريب، وفيها المسجد الجامع والقهندز وفيه مسكن السلطان، وفي هذه المدينة الداخلة نهر يجري في رصاص، وهو نهر قد بني عليه مسنّاة عالية من حجر يجري عليه الماء إلى أن يدخل المدينة من باب كسّ، ووجه هذا النهر رصاص كلّه، وقد عمل في خندق المدينة مسنّاة وأجري عليها، وهو نهر يجري في وسط السوق بموضع يعرف بباب الطاق،
وكان أعمر موضع بسمرقند، وعلى حافات هذا النهر غلّات موقوفة على من بات في هذا النهر وحفظة من المجوس عليهم حفظ هذا النهر شتاء وصيفا مستفرض ذلك عليهم، وفي المدينة مياه من هذا النهر عليها بساتين، وليس من سكة ولا دار إلّا وبها ماء جار إلّا القليل، وقلّما تخلو دار من بستان حتى إنّك إذا صعدت قهندزها لا ترى أبنية المدينة لاستتارها عنك بالبساتين والأشجار، فأمّا داخل سوق المدينة الكبيرة ففيه أودية وأنهار وعيون وجبال، وعلى القهندز باب حديد من داخله باب آخر حديد، ولما ولي سعيد بن عثمان خراسان في سنة 55 من جهة معاوية عبر النهر ونزل على سمرقند محاصرا لها وحلف لا يبرح حتى يدخل المدينة ويرمي القهندز بحجر أو يعطوه رهنا من أولاد عظمائهم، فدخل المدينة ورمى القهندز بحجر فثبت فيه فتطيّر أهلها بذلك وقالوا:
ثبت فيها ملك العرب، وأخذ رهانهم وانصرف، فلمّا كانت سنة 87 عبر قتيبة بن مسلم النهر وغزا بخارى والشاش ونزل على سمرقند، وهي غزوته الأولى، ثمّ غزا ما وراء النهر عدّة غزوات في سنين سبع وصالح أهلها على أن له ما في بيوت النيران وحلية الأصنام، فأخرجت إليه الأصنام فسلب حليها وأمر بتحريقها، فقال سدنتها: إن فيها أصناما من أحرقها هلك! فقال قتيبة: أنا أحرقها بيدي، وأخذ شعلة نار وأضرمها فاضطرمت فوجد بقايا ما كان فيها من مسامير الذهب خمسين ألف مثقال، وبسمرقند عدّة مدن مذكورة في مواضعها، منها: كرمانية ودبوسية وأشروسنة والشاش ونخشب وبناكث، وقالوا: ليس في الأرض مدينة أنزه ولا أطيب ولا أحسن مستشرفا من سمرقند، وقد شبهها حضين بن المنذر الرقاشي فقال:
كأنّها السماء للخضرة وقصورها الكواكب للإشراق ونهرها المجرّة للاعتراض وسورها الشمس للإطباق، ووجد بخط بعض ظرفاء العراق مكتوبا على حائط سمرقند:
وليس اختياري سمرقند محلّة ... ودار مقام لاختيار ولا رضا
ولكنّ قلبي حلّ فيها فعاقني ... وأقعدني بالصغر عن فسحة الفضا
وإنّي لممّن يرقب الدّهر راجيا ... ليوم سرور غير مغرى بما مضى
وقال أحمد بن واضح في صفة سمرقند:
علت سمرقند أن يقال لها ... زين خراسان جنّة الكور
أليس أبراجها معلّقة ... بحيث لا تستبين للنّظر
ودون أبراجها خنادقها ... عميقة ما ترام من ثغر
كأنّها وهي وسط حائطها ... محفوفة بالظّلال والشّجر
بدر وأنهارها المجرّة وال ... آطام مثل الكواكب الزّهر
وقال البستي:
للنّاس في أخراهم جنّة، ... وجنّة الدنيا سمرقند
يا من يسوّي أرض بلخ بها، ... هل يستوي الحنظل والقند؟
قال الأصمعي: مكتوب على باب سمرقند بالحميرية:
بين هذه المدينة وبين صنعاء ألف فرسخ، وبين بغداد وبين إفريقية ألف فرسخ، وبين سجستان وبين البحر مائتا فرسخ، ومن سمرقند إلى زامين سبعة عشر
فرسخا، وقال الشيخ أبو سعد عبد الكريم بن محمد بن منصور السمعاني: أخبرنا أبو الفضل محمد بن عبد الله ابن المظفّر الكسّي بسمرقند أنبأنا أبو الحسن عليّ بن عثمان بن إسماعيل الخرّاط إملاء أنبأنا عبد الجبار بن أحمد الخطيب أنبأنا أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الله الخطيب أنبأنا محمد بن عبد الله بن عليّ السائح الباهلي أنبأنا الزاهد أبو يحيى أحمد بن الفضل أنبأنا مسعود بن كامل أبو سعيد السكّاك حدثنا جابر بن معاذ الأزدي أنبأنا أبو مقاتل حفص بن مسلم الفزاري أنبأنا برد بن سنان عن أنس بن مالك، رضي الله عنه، أنّه ذكر مدينة خلف نهر جيحون تدعى سمرقند ثمّ قال: لا تقولوا سمرقند ولكن قولوا المدينة المحفوظة، فقال أناس:
يا أبا حمزة ما حفظها؟ فقال: أخبرني حبيبي رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، أن مدينة بخراسان خلف النهر تدعى المحفوظة، لها أبواب على كلّ باب منها خمسة آلاف ملك يحفظونها يسبّحون ويهلّلون، وفوق المدينة خمسة آلاف ملك يبسطون أجنحتهم على أن يحفظوا أهلها، ومن فوقهم ملك له ألف رأس وألف فم وألف لسان ينادي يا دائم يا دائم يا الله يا صمد احفظ هذه المدينة، وخلف المدينة روضة من رياض الجنة، وخارج المدينة ماء حلو عذب من شرب منه شرب من ماء الجنّة ومن اغتسل فيه خرج من ذنوبه كيوم ولدته أمّه، وخارج المدينة على ثلاثة فراسخ ملائكة يطوفون يحرسون رساتيقها ويدعون الله بالذكر لهم، وخلف هؤلاء الملائكة واد فيه حيّات وحيّة تخرج على صفة الآدميّين تنادي يا رحمن الدنيا ورحيم الآخرة ارحم هذه المدينة المحفوظة، ومن تعبّد فيها ليلة تقبّل الله منه عبادة سبعين سنة، ومن صام فيها يوما فكأنّما صام الدهر، ومن أطعم فيها مسكينا لا يدخل منزله فقر أبدا، ومن مات في هذه المدينة فكأنّما مات في السماء السابعة ويحشر يوم القيامة مع الملائكة في الجنة، وزاد حذيفة بن اليمان في رواية: ومن خلفها قرية يقال لها قطوان يبعث منها سبعون ألف شهيد يشفع كلّ شهيد منهم في سبعين من أهل بيته، وقال حذيفة: وددت أن يوافقني هذا الزمان وكان أحبّ إليّ من أن أوافق ليلة القدر، وهذا الحديث في كتاب الأفانين للسمعاني، وينسب إلى سمرقند جماعة كثيرة، منهم: محمد بن عدي بن الفضل أبو صالح السمرقندي نزيل مصر، سمع بدمشق أبا الحسين الميداني، وبمصر أبا مسلم الكاتب وأبا الحسن عليّ بن محمد بن إسحاق الحلبي وأبا الحسين أحمد بن محمد الأزهر التنيسي المعروف بابن السمناوي ومحمد ابن سراقة العامري وأحمد بن محمد الجمّازي وأبا القاسم الميمون بن حمزة الحسيني وأبا الحسن محمد بن أحمد بن العباس الإخميمي وأبا الحسن علي بن محمد ابن سنان، روى عنه أبو الربيع سليمان بن داود بن أبي حفص الجبلي وأبو عبد الله بن الخطّاب وسهل بن بشر وأبو الحسن عليّ بن أحمد بن ثابت العثماني الديباجي وأبو محمد هيّاج بن عبيد الحطّيني، ومات سنة 444 وأحمد بن عمر بن الأشعث أبو بكر السمرقندي، سكن دمشق مدة وكان يكتب بها المصاحف ويقرأ ويقرئ القرآن، وسمع بدمشق أبا علي بن أبي نصر وأبا عثمان إسماعيل بن عبد الرحمن الصابوني، روى عنه أبو الفضل كمّاد بن ناصر بن نصر المراغي الحدّادي، حدث عنه ابنه أبو القاسم، قال ابن عساكر:
سمعت الحسن بن قيس يذكر أن أبا بكر السمرقندي كان يكتب المصاحف من حفظه وكان لجماعة من أهل دمشق فيه رأي حسن فسمعت الحسن بن قيس يذكر أنّه خرج مع جماعة إلى ظاهر البلد في فرجة فقدّموه يصلي بهم وكان مزّاحا، فلمّا سجد بهم تركهم في الصلاة وصعد إلى شجرة، فلمّا طال عليهم انتظاره رفعوا رؤوسهم فلم يجدوه فإذا هو في الشجرة يصيح صياح السنانير فسقط من أعينهم، فخرج إلى بغداد وترك أولاده بدمشق واتصل ببغداد بعفيف الخادم القائمي فكان يكرمه وأنزله في موضع من داره، فكان إذا جاءه الفرّاش بالطعام يذكر أولاده بدمشق فيبكي، فحكى الفرّاش ذلك لعفيف الخادم فقال:
سله عن سبب بكائه، فسأله فقال: إن لي بدمشق أولادا في ضيق فإذا جاءني الطعام تذكّرتهم، فأخبره الفرّاش بذلك، فقال: سله أين يسكنون وبمن يعرفون، فسأله فأخبره، فبعث عفيف إليهم من حملهم من دمشق إلى بغداد، فما أحسّ بهم أبو بكر حتى قدم عليه ابنه أبو محمد وقد خلّف أمّه وأخويه عبد الواحد وإسماعيل بالرحبة ثمّ قدموا بعد ذلك فلم يزالوا في ضيافة عفيف حتى مات، وسألت ابنه أبا القاسم عن وفاته فقال في رمضان سنة 489.

الا

أَلَا [in its primitive acceptation, being composed of the interrogative hemzeh and the negative لا,] denotes an interrogation respecting a negative, as in the saying [of the poet], أَلَا اصْطِبَارَ لِسَلْمَى أَمْ لَهَا جَلَدٌ
إِذَا أُلَاقِى الَّذِى لَاقَاهُ أَمْثَالِى

[Is there not any patience belonging to Selmà, or has she hardiness, when I experience what persons like me have experienced?]: (Mughnee, K:) and when used in this manner, it is put before a nominal proposition only, and governs like the negative لا [when used without the interrogative hemzeh]. (Mughnee.) b2: It also denotes a wish; as in the saying [of the poet], أَلَا عُمْرَ وَلَّى مُسْتَطَاعٌ رُجُوعُهُ
فَيَرْأَبَ مَا أَثْأَتْ يَدُ الغَفَلَاتِ [May there not be a life which has declined whereof the returning is possible, so that it may repair what the hand of negligences hath marred?]; for which reason يرأب is mansoob, because it is the complement of a wish, coupled with فَ: and used in this manner, also, it is put before a nominal proposition only, [ولّى in the verse above being a qualificative, like an epithet,] and it governs like the negative لا [without the interrogative hemzeh], and has no enunciative either expressed or understood. (Mughnee.) b3: It also denotes reproof, or reproach, (T, Mughnee, K,) and disapproval; as in the saying [of the poet], أَلَا ارْعِوَآءَ لِمَنْ وَلَتْ شَبِيْبَتُهُ
وَاذَنَتْ بِمَشِيبٍ بَعْدَهُ هَرَمُ [Is there no self-restraint to him whose youth hath declined, and announced hoariness, after which is to follow decrepitude?]: (Mughnee, K:) and used in this manner, also, it is put before a nominal proposition only, and governs as in the cases mentioned above, (Mughnee,) or before a verb [also], which is always marfooa; as in the phrase أَلَا تَنَدَّمَ عَلَى فِعَالِكَ [Dost not thou repent of thine actions?] and أَلَا تَسْتَحْيِى

مِنْ جِيرَانِكَ [Art not thou ashamed for thyself, or of thyself, with respect to thy neighbours?] and أَلَا تَخَافُ رَبَّكَ [Dost not thou fear thy Lord?]. (T.) b4: It also denotes عَرْضٌ, (T,) or العَرْضُ, and التَّحْضِيضُ, both of which signify the asking, or requiring, a thing; (Mughnee, K; *) but the former means the doing so with gentleness; (Mughnee, K;) and the latter, the doing so with urgency: (Mughnee:) and when used in this manner, [also,] it is said to be composed of لا with the interrogative hemzeh; (TA;) and is put before a verbal proposition only; (Mughnee;) as in the saying [in the Kur xxiv. 22], أَلَا تُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يَغْفِرَ اللّٰهُ لَكُمْ [Do not ye, or wherefore do not ye, (see أَمَا,) like that God should forgive you?] (Mughnee, K,) and [in the same, ix. 13,] أَلَاتُقَاتِلُونَ قًوْمًا نَكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ [Will not ye, or wherefore will not ye, fight a people who have broken their oaths?]; (Mughnee;) or before a mejzoom or marfooa aor. , both of these forms being mentioned on the authority of the Arabs, as in أَلَا تَنْزِلْ تَأْكُلْ and أَلَا تَنْزِلُ تَأْكُلُ [Wilt not thou, or wherefore wilt not thou, alight and eat?]. (Ks, T.) b5: It is also an inceptive particle, (S, Mughnee, K,) of which those who parse show the place but neglect the meaning, (Mughnee,) used to give notice of something about to be said, [like as Now, and why, (by the former of which I think it is generally best rendered when thus used,) are often employed in our language, and like as ἀλλὰ (which is remarkable for its near agreement with it in sound) is often used in Greek,] (S, Mughnee, K,) and importing averment, because it is composed of the interrogative hemzeh and the negative لا which, when thus composed, have this import, (Mughnee, K,) like أَلَمْ, and أَلَيْسَ, because the interrogative particle resembles the particle of negation, and the negation of a negation is an affirmation, (Ham p. 589,) and like أَمَا before an oath: (Z, Mughnee:) [it may therefore be further rendered by our word surely;; for this word (as Dr. Johnson says in his Dictionary) "is often used rather to intend and strengthen the meaning of the sentence, than with any distinct and explicable meaning:"] or it signifies حَقًّا [verily, or truly]: (M voce أَمَا:) it is put before both the [kinds of] propositions, [the nominal and the verbal;] (Mughnee;) as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 12], أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ هُمُ السُّفَهَآءُ [meaning Now surely it is they who are the lightwitted], (Mughnee, K,) and [in the same, xi. 11,] أَلَا يَوْمَ يَأْتِيهِمْ لَيْسَ مَصْرُوفًا عَنْهُمْ [meaning Now surely, on the day of its coming to them, it shall not be averted from them], (Mughnee,) in which يَوْمَ يَأْتِيهِمْ appears to be the object of government of مَصْرُوفًا, which is the enunciative of لَيْسَ whence it has been argued that, as the object of government of the enunciative of ليس precedes that verb, the enunciative itself may precede it: (I 'Ak pp. 74 and 75:) [J says,] you say, أَلَا إِنَّ زَيْدًا خَارِجٌ [Now surely Zeyd is going forth], like as you say, إِعْلَمْ أَنَّ زَيْدًا خَارِجٌ [Know thou that Zeyd is going forth]: (S:) Ks says, أَلَا is used to give notice of what is about to be said, and is followed by a command and a prohibition and an enunciation, as in أَلَا قُمْ [Now stand thou], and أَلَا لَا تَقُمْ [Now stand not thou], and أَلَا إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَدْ قَامَ [Now surely Zeyd has stood, or has just now stood]. (T.) When it is put before the particle [يَا] used to give notice of what is about to be said, it is merely an inceptive, as in the saying. [of the poet], أَلَا يَا اسْلَمِى يَا دَارَ مَىَّ عَلَى البِلَى

[Now be thou free from evil, O abode of Meiyà, during wear and tear]. (AAF, M.) b6: Lth says, sometimes أَلَا is immediately followed by another لا; and he cites the following ex.: فَقَامَ يَذُودُ النَّاسَ عَنَّا بِسَيْفِهِ
يَقُولُ أَلَا لَا مِنْ سَبِيلٍ إِلَى هِنْدِ [Then he began to drive away the people from us, saying, Now is there no way to Hind?]: and one says to a man, "Did such and such things happen?" and he answers, أَلَا لَا [Why no]: he holds الا to be used to give notice of what is about to be said, and لا to be a negative. (T.) أُلَا and الأُلَا, and أُلَآءِ &c.: see art. الى.

أَلَّا is a particle denoting تَحْضِيض; (Msb in art. حض, Mughnee, K;) i. e., when followed by a future, exciting to an action, and seeking or desiring or demanding the performance of it; and when followed by a preterite, reproof for not doing a thing; (Msb ubi suprà;) syn. with هَلَّا; (T, TA;) and peculiar to enunciative verbal propositions, (Mughnee, K,) like the other particles used for the same purpose. (Mughnee.) Yousay, [أَلَّا تَفْعَلُ كَذَا Wherefore wilt not thou do such a thing? and] أَلَّا . فَعَلْتَ كَذَا [Wherefore didst not thou such a thing?] (T, TA,) meaning, (TA,) or as though meaning, (T,) لِمَ لَمْ تَفْعَلْ كَذَا. (T, TA.) A2: It also means أَنْ لَا; the ن being incorporated into the ل, which is written with teshdeed: (T, TA:) in which case, it is not to be confounded with the foregoing particle. (Mughnee.) You say, أَمَرْتُهُ أَلَّا يَفْعَلَ ذَاكَ [I commanded him that he should not do that]; and you may say, أَمَرْتُهُ أَنْ لَا يَفْعَلَ ذَاكَ: it occurs in the old copies of the Kur written in the former manner in some places, and in the latter manner in other places. (T, TA.) In the saying in the Kur [xxvii. 31], أَلَّا تَعْلُوا عَلَىَّ, [which may mean That ye exalt not yourselves against me, or exalt ye not yourselves against me,] it may be a compound of أَنْ governing a mansoob aor. and the negative لَا, or of the explicative أَنْ and the prohibitive لا. (Mughnee.) [It often has لِ prefixed to it, forming the compound لِئَلَّا, which signifies That, or in order that,... not; and may frequently be rendered by lest; as in the Kur ii. 145, لِئَلَّا يَكُونَ لِلنَّاسِ عَلَيْكُمْ حُجَّةٌ That, or in order that, there may not be, or lest there should be, to men, against you, any allegation.]

إِلَّا, [regarded as a simple word,] not to be confounded with the compound of the conditional إِنْ and the negative لَا, (Mughnee at the end of the article on this word,) is used in four manners. (The same in the beginning of the art.) First, (Mughnee,) it is used (as a particle, S, Msb,) to denote exception; [meaning Except, save, or saving; and sometimes but; and sometimes but not; as will be seen below;] (T, S, Msb, Mughnee, K; [in which last it is mentioned in art. ال, and again, as in the S, in the last division of the work;]) and to denote exception, it is used in five manners; after an affirmation, and a negation, and a portion of a sentence devoid of the mention of that from which the exception is made, and when the thing excepted precedes that from which the exception is made, and when these two are disunited in kind, in which last case it has the meaning of لٰكِنَّ [but when the sentence is negative, and but not when the sentence is affirmative]. (S, TA.) You say, قَامَ القَوْمُ إِلَّا زَيْدًا [The people, or company of men, stood, except Zeyd]; i. e., Zeyd was not included in the predicament of the people, or company of men: (Msb:) and it is said in the Kur [ii. 250], (T,) فَشَرِبُوا مِنْهُ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا مِنْهُمْ [And they drank of it, except a few of them]: (T, Mughnee, K:) here قليلا is governed in the accus. case by الّا, (Mughnee, K,) accord. to the most correct opinion: (Mughnee:) accord. to Th, it is so because there is no negation in the beginning of the sentence. (T.) And it is also said in the Kur [iv. 69], (T,) مَا فَعَلُوهُ إِلَّا قَلِيلٌ مِنْهُمْ [They had not done it, or they would not do it, except a few of them]: (T, Mughnee, K:) here قليل is in the nom. case as being a partial substitute, (Mughnee, K,) accord. to the Basrees, (Mughnee,) i. e., as being a [partial] substitute for the [pronoun] و [in فعلوه], for it may here be so without perversion of the meaning, whereas it cannot be so without such perversion when the sentence is affirmative: (TA:) accord. to the Koofees, الّا is a conjunction, like the conjunctive لَا: (Mughnee:) accord. to Th, قليل is here in the nom. case because the sentence commences with a negative: (T:) or in a sentence [like this,] which is not affirmative, in which the thing excepted is united in kind to that from which the exception is made, accord. to the opinion which is generally preferred and which commonly obtains, the noun signifying the thing excepted is a substitute for the noun signifying that from which the exception is made; but it is allowable to put it in the accus. case according to the general rule respecting exception; so that one says, مَا قَامَ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ and إِلَّا زَيْدًا [There stood not any one, except Zeyd]: and the same is the case in a prohibitive sentence; as in لَا يَقُمْ أَحَدٌ

إِلَّا زَيْدٌ and إِلَّا زَيْدًا [Let not any one stand, except Zeyd]; and in an interrogative sentence; as in هَلْ قَامَ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ and إِلَّا زَيْدًا [Did any one stand, except Zeyd?]; when, in such sentences, the thing excepted is united in kind to that from which the exception is made. (I 'Ak p. 162.) You say also, مَا جَآءَنِى إِلَّا زَيْدٌ [There came not to me any, save Zeyd], without mentioning that from which the exception is made; (TA;) and مَا ضَرَبْتُ إِلَّا زَيْدًا [I beat not any, save Zeyd]; and مَا مَرَرْتُ إِلَّا بِزَيْدٍ

[I passed not by any, save by Zeyd]; (I' Ak p. 164;) the case of the noun signifying the thing excepted being the same as if الّا were not mentioned: (I' Ak ubi suprà, and TA:*) but you may not say, affirmatively, ضَرَبْتُ إِلَّا زَيْدًا, or the like. (I 'Ak ubi suprà.) When the thing excepted precedes that from which the exception is made, if the sentence is affirmative, the noun signifying the former must be in the accus. case; as in قَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدًا القَوْمُ [Except Zeyd, the people, or company of men, stood]: and so, accord. to the usage generally preferred, when the sentence is not affirmative; as in مَاقَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدًا القَوْمُ [Except Zeyd, the people, or company of men, stood not]; but recorded instances allow one's saying also, مَا قَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ القَوْمُ. (I 'Ak p. 163.) When the thing excepted is disunited in kind from that from which the exception is made, if the sentence is affirmative, the noun signifying the former must likewise be in the accus. case; as in قَامَ القَوْمُ إِلَّا حِمَارًا [The people, or company of men, stood, but not an ass], and ضَرَبْتُ القَوْمَ إِلَّا حِمَارًا [I beat the people, but not an ass], &c.: (I' Ak p. 162:) and so, accord. to the generality of the Arabs, when the sentence is negative; as in مَا قَامَ القَوْمُ إِلَّا حِمَارًا [The people stood not, but an ass]; (I' Ak p. 163;) and مَا رَأَيْتُ القَوْمَ إِلَّا حِمَارًا [I saw not the people, but an ass]; الّا being here syn. with لٰكِنَّ; as also in the Kur [xlii. 22], where it is said, لَا أَسْأَلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ أَجْرًا إِلَّا الْمَوَدَةَ فِى القُرْبَى [I ask not of you a recompense for it, but affection in respect of relationship]; (Msb;) and in the same xx. 1 and 2, مَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ القُرْآنَ لِتَشْقَى إِلَّا تَذْكِرَةً

[We have not sent down unto thee the Kur-án that thou shouldest suffer fatigue, but as an admonition]; (Bd, Jel;) or it is here syn. with بَلْ [which in this case means the same as لكنّ]: (S:) so, too, when the sentence resembles a negative, being prohibitive or interrogative; (I' Ak p. 163, explained in p. 162;) [thus, لَا تَضْرِبِ القَوْمَ

إِلَّا حِمَارًا means Beat not thou the people, but an ass; and] فَلَولَا كَانَتْ قَرْيَةٌ آمَنَتْ فَنَفَعَهَا إِيمَانُهَا إِلَّا قَوْمَ يُونُسَ [in the Kur x. 98] means And wherefore did not any inhabitants of a town believe, before the punishment befell them, and their belief profit them, but the people of Jonas? for these were different from the former. (T.) When إِلَّا is repeated for the purpose of corroboration, it has no effect upon what follows it, except that of corroborating the first exception; as in مَا مَرَرْتُ بِأَحَدٍ إَلَّا زَيْدٍ إِلَّا أَخِيكَ [I passed not by any one, except Zeyd, except thy brother], in which اخيك is a substitute for زيد, for it is as though you said, مَا مَرَرْتُ بِأَحَدٍ إِلَّا زَيْدٍ أَخِيكَ; and as in قَامَ القَوْمُ

إِلَّا زَيْدًا وَ إِلَّا عَمْرًا [The people stood, except Zeyd, and except' Amr], originally إِلَّا زَيْدًا وَ عَمْرًا. When the repetition is not for that purpose, if the sentence is devoid of the mention of that from which the exception is made, you make the governing word [which is the verb] to affect one, whichever you please, of the nouns signifying the things excepted, and put the others in the accus. case, so that you say, مَا قَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ إِلَّا عَمْرًا إِلَّا بَكْرًا [There stood not any, save Zeyd, save' Amr, save Bekr]; but if the sentence is not devoid of the mention of that from which the exception is made, different rules are observed accord. as the things excepted are mentioned before that from which the exception is made or after it: in the former case, all must be put in the accus., whether the sentence be affirmative or not affirmative; as in قَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدًا إِلَّا عَمْرًا إِلَّا بَكْرًا القَوْمُ [Except Zeyd, except' Amr, except Bekr, the people stood], and مَاقَامَ إِلَّا زَيْدًا إِلَّا عَمْرًا إِلَّا بَكْرًا القَوْمُ [Except Zeyd, except' Amr, except Bekr, the people stood not]: in the latter case, when the sentence is affirmative, all must likewise be put in the accus., so that you say, قَامَ القَوْمُ إِلَّا زَيْدًا إِلَّا عَمْرًا إِلَّا بَكْرًا [The people stood, except Zeyd, except' Amr, except Bekr]; but when the sentence is not affirmative, the same rule is observed with respect to one of them as when the exception is not repeated, accord. to the usage generally preferred, or it may be put in the accus., which is rarely done, and the rest must be put in the accus., so that you say, مَا قَامَ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ إِلَّا عَمْرًا إِلَّا بَكْرًا [There stood not any one, except Zeyd, except' Amr, except Bekr, accord. to the more approved usage], زيد being a substitute for احد, or you may make the other nouns which remain to be substitutes. (I' Ak pp. 164 — 166.) b2: Secondly, (Mughnee,) it is used as a qualificative, (S, Msb, Mughnee, K,) in the manner of غَيْرُ, (Mughnee, K,) [i. e.] in the place of غَيْرُ, (S,) [i. e.] as syn. with غَيْرُ, (T, Msb,) and سِوَى; (T;) [both meaning the same, i. e. Other than; or not, as used before a subst. or an adjective;] but its primary application is to denote exception, and its use as a qualificative is adventitious; whereas the primary application of غَيْرُ is as a qualificative, and its use to denote exception is adventitious. (S.) It [generally] follows an indeterminate, unrestricted pl.; (Msb;) or an indeterminate pl., or the like thereof, is qualified by it and by that which follows it; (Mughnee, K;) the noun which follows it being put in the same case as that which precedes it. (S.) The following is an ex. of the indeterminate pl.: (Mughnee, K:) لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ إِلَّا اللّٰهُ لَفَسَدَتَا [If there had been in them (namely the heavens and the earth) deities other than God, or not God, assuredly they would have become in a state of disorder, or ruin; occurring in the Kur xxi. 22]; (Fr, T, S, Msb, Mughnee, K;) الّا here meaning سَوِى, (Fr, T,) or غَيْرُ, (Msb, TA,) and الّا اللّه being a qualificative of آلهة. (TA.) and the following is an ex. of the like of an indeterminate pl.: أُنِيخَتْ فَأَلْقَتْ بَلْدَةً فَوْقِ بَلْدَةٍ
قَلِيلٍ بِهَا الأَصْوَاتُ إِلَّا بُغَامُهَا [She (the camel) was made to lie down, and threw her breast upon a tract of ground in which were few sounds other than her broken yearning cry for her young one]; for the determination of الاصوات [by the article ال] is generical: (Mughnee, K:) this verse is by Dhu-r-Rummeh. (S in art. بلد.) The following is an ex. of the like of a pl..: (Mughnee:) it is by Lebeed: (T:) لَوْ كَانَ غَيْرِى سُلَيْمَى اليَوْمَ غَيَّرَهُ
وَقْعُ الحَوَادِثِ إِلَّا الصَّارِمُ الذَّكَرُ [If it had been other than I, (O) Suleymà, today, the befalling of misfortunes would have altered him; other than the sharp sword diversified with wavy marks or streaks or grain, or of which the edge is of steel and the middle of the broad side of soft iron]. (T, Mughnee. [But in the latter, in the place of اليَوْمَ, I find الدَّهْرَ, i. e. ever.]) What Sb says necessarily implies its not being a condition that the word qualified must be a pl. or the like thereof; for he gives as an ex., لَوْ كَانَ مَعَنَا رَجُلٌ إِلَّ [If there had been with us a man other than Zeyd, we should have been overcome]. (Mughnee.) Another ex. of the same usage of إِلَّا is the following: جَآءَنِى القَوْمُ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ [The people came to me, others than Zeyd, or not Zeyd]. (S.) [And مَ أَنْتُمْ إِلَّا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُنَا Ye are no other than human beings like us. (Kur xxxvi. 14.)] And the saying [in the Kur xliv. 56], لَا يَذُقُونَ فِيهَا الْمَوْتَ إِلَّا المَوْتَةَ الْأُولَى [They shall not taste therein death, other than the first death]; الّا here meaning سِوَى: (T:) or, accord. to some, it here means بَعْدَ [after]. (Jel.) And the saying of 'Amr Ibn-Maadee-kerib, وَ كُلُّ أَخٍ مُفَارِقُهُ أَخُوهُ
لَعَمْرُ أَبِيكَ إِلَا الفَرْقَدَانِ [And every brother, his brother forsakes him, or separates himself from him, by the life of thy father, other than the Farhadán; which is the name of the two stars b and r of Ursa Minor]; as though he said غَيْرُ الفَرْقَدَيْنِ: (S:) but Ibn-El-Hájib regards this instance as a deviation from a general rule; for he makes it a condition of the use of الّا as a qualificative that it must be impossible to use it for the purpose of denoting exception: (Mughnee:) Fr says that this verse has the meaning of a negation, and therefore الّا here governs the nom. case; as though the poet said, There is not any one but his brother forsakes him, except the Farkadán. (T.) When it is used as a qualificative, it differs from غَيْرُ inasmuch as that the noun qualified by it may not be suppressed; so that one may not say, جَآءَنِى إِلَّا زَيْدٌ [meaning There came to me not Zeyd]; whereas one says, جَآئَنِى غَيْرُ زَيْدٍ: and, accord. to some, in this also; that it may not be used as such unless it may be used to denote exception; so that one may say, عِــنْدِى

دِرْهَمٌ إِلَّا دَانِقٌ [I have a dirhem, not a dánik], because one may say إِلَّا دَانِقًا [except a dánik]; but not إِلَّا جَيِّدٌ [not a good one], because one may not say إِلَّا جَيِّدًا [except a good one]; but it may be said that this is at variance with what they assert respecting the phrase لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ, and with the ex. given by Sb, and with the saying of Ibn-El-Hájib mentioned above. (Mughnee.) b3: Thirdly, (Mughnee,) sometimes, (S, Msb,) it is used as a conjunction, (Mughnee, K,) in the manner of وَ (S, Mughnee, K,) consociating both literally and as to the meaning, as mentioned by Akh and Fr and AO, (Mughnee,) [i. e.] as syn. with وَ [And]. (Msb.) Thus in the saying, لِئَلاَّ يَكُونَ لِلنَّاسِ عَلَيْكُمْ حُجَةٌ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا [That there may not be to men, against you, any allegation, and (meaning nor) to those who have acted wrongfully]; (Msb, Mughnee, K;) occurring in the Kur [ii. 145]; (Msb;) so accord. to Akh and Fr and AO; (Mughnee;) i. e., and those who have acted wrongfully also, to them there shall not be, against you, any allegation: (Msb:) Fr explains it as meaning that the wrongdoer has no allegation of which account should be taken; and this is correct, and is the opinion held by Zj. (T.) Thus, too, in the saying [in the Kur xxvii.10 and 11], لَا يَخَافُ لَدَىَّ الْمُرْسَلُونَ إِلَّا مَنْ ظَلَمَ ثُمَّ بَدَلَ حُسْنًا بَعْدَ سُوءٍ [The apostles shall not fear in my presence, and neither shall he who hath acted wrongfully, then hath done good instead, after evil; as some explain it; but others say that وَلَا مَنْ ظَلَمَ here denotes exception]. (Mughnee, in which it is explained as meaning ; and K.) And thus in the saying of the poet, [namely, El-Mukhabbal Es-Saadee, (S in art. خلد,)]

وَأَرَى لَهَا دَارًا بِأَغْدِرَة السْ??
سِيدَانِ لَمْ يَدْرُسْ لَهَا رَسْمُ
إِلَّا رَمَادًا هَامِدًا دَفَعَتْ
عَنْهُ الرِّيَاحَ خَوَالِدٌ سُحْمٌ [And I see a dwelling formerly belonging to her, at the pools of Es-Seedán, (a hill so called,) the remains of which have not become effaced, and ashes wasted and compacted together, from which three black pieces of stone whereon the cooking-pot was wont to be placed turned back the winds]: he means, أَرَى لَهَا دَارًا وَ رَمَادًا. (S.) b4: Fourthly, (Mughnee,) it is redundant, as in the following verse, (S in art. فك, Mughnee, K,) of Dhu-rRummeh, (S ubi suprà, Mughnee,) accord. to As and IJ: (Mughnee:) حَرَاجِيجُ مَا تَنْفَكُّ إِلَّا مُنَاخَةٌ
عَلَى الخَسْفِ أَوْ نَرْمِى بِهَا بَلَدًا قَفْرَا [She-camels long-bodied, or lean, (but other meanings are assigned to the word which I thus render,) that cease not to be made to lie down in a state of hunger, or with which we direct our course to a desert region]; (S ubi suprà, Mughnee; [but in one copy of the former, in the place of نَرْمِى, I find يَرْمِى; and in my copy of the latter, تَرْمِى;]) meaning, ما تنفكّ مناخةً: (S ubi suprà:) but it is said that this is a mistake of the poet: (Mughnee:) so says Aboo-'Amr Ibn-El-'Alà; for, he says, الّا is not to be introduced after تَنْفَكُّ and تَزَالُ: (TA:) and some say that the right reading is إِلًّا, with tenween, [perhaps a mistranscription, for آلًا,] meaning شَخْصًا [in a pl. sense]: and some, that تنفكّ is a complete [or an attributive] verb, and مناخة is a denotative of state; [consequently, that إِلَّا is a compound of إِنْ and لَا, as in some other instances hereafter to be mentioned;] the meaning being, that are not disengaged, or not free, from fatigue [unless when made to lie down]. (Mughnee.) The following is also given as an ex. of the same kind: أَرَى الدَّهْرَ إِلَّا مَنْجَنُونًا بِأَهْلِهِ [I see fortune, or time, to be like a water-wheel, with its people]: but the reading which is remembered to have been heard is وَمَا الدَّهْرُ: and if the former be correct, it may be explained on the supposition that ارى is the complement of an oath meant to be understood, and that لا is suppressed, as in [the saying in the Kur xii. 85,] تَاللّٰهِ تَفْتَأُ تَذْكُرُ يُوسُفَ; [so that the meaning is, I see not fortune, or time, to be aught save a water-wheel, with its people;] the form of the exceptive sentence which is devoid of the mention of that from which the exception is made indicating such an explanation. (Mughnee.) b5: [Fifthly,] it occurs as syn. with لضَا [as a particle denoting exception, equivalent to our But; meaning both except and (after an oath or the like) only, or nothing more than]; as in the saying in the Kur [xxxviii. 13], إِنْ كُلٌّ إِلَّا كَذَّبَ الرُّسُلَ [There was not any one but such as accused the apostles of lying], in which 'Abd-Allah reads, in its place, لَمَّا; and for كُلٌّ he reads كُلُّهُمْ; and as in the saying, أَسْأَلُكَ بِاللّٰهِ إِلَّا أَعْطَيْتَنِى [I ask, or beg, or beseech, thee by God but that thou give me; i. e., I do not ask of thee anything save thy giving me; the preterite here, as in many instances in which it is preceded by لَمَّا (q. v.), not being a preterite in meaning]; for which one says also لَمَّا اعطيتنى. (T.) A2: It is also a particle [or rather a compound of two words] denoting the complement of a condition; originally إِنْ لَا, which form a compound that does not admit of [the pronunciation termed] imáleh, because إِنْ and لَا are particles. (T.) [It signifies, lit., If not.] It is followed by a fut., which it renders mejzoom; [and in this case it may be rendered as above, or by unless;] as in the saying in the Kur [viii. 74], إِلَا تَفْعَلُوهُ تَكُنْ فِتْنَةٌ فِى الأَرْضِ [If ye do it not, or unless ye do it, there will be a weakness of faith and an appearing of unbelief in the earth]. (T.) [In like manner,] in a saying such as the following, [in the Kur ix. 40,] إِلَّا تَنْصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ اللّٰهُ [If ye do not, or will not, aid him, certainly God aided him], it is only a compound of two words, the conditional إِنْ and the negative لَا, and is distinct from إِلَّا of which the usages have been mentioned before, though Ibn-Málik has included it therewith. (Mughnee.) [Often in post-classical works, and perhaps in classical also, but seldom except when it is preceded by a condition with its complement, the verb or verbal proposition which should immediately follow it is suppressed; as in the like of the saying, إِنْ فَعَلْتَ كَذَا عَفَوْتُ عَنْكَ وَ إِلَّا قَتَلْتُكَ If thou do such a thing, I forgive thee, or cancel thine offence; but if thou wilt not do it (i. e., إِلَّا تَفْعَلْهُ,) I kill thee: sometimes also it ends a sentence, by an aposiopesis; the whole of what should follow it being suppressed: and sometimes the complement of the condition which precedes, as well as the verb or verbal proposition which should immediately follow it, is suppressed; so that you say, إِنْ فَعَلْتُ كَذَا وَ إِلَّا قَتَلْتُكَ If thou do such a thing, excellent will it be, or the like, فَنِعِمَّا هُوَ, or the like, being understood,) but if not, I kill thee. Hence,] it sometimes has the meaning of إِمَّا, [signifying Or, denoting an alternative, corresponding to a preceding إِمَّا, which signifies “either,”] as in the saying, إِمَّا أَنْ تُكَلِّمَنِى وَ إِلَّا فَاسْكُتْ [Either do thou speak to me or else (meaning وَ إِلَّا تُكَلِّمَنِى or if thou wilt not speak to me) be silent], i. e., وَ إِمَّا أَنْ تَسْكُتَ. (S.) [It is also followed by أَنْ, as in إِلَّا أَنْ يَشَآءَ اللّٰهُ Unless God should please; in the Kur vi. 111, &c. And by و as a denotative of state, as in لَا تَمُوتُنَّ

إِلَّا وَ أَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ Do not ye die unless ye be Muslims; in the Kur ii. 126 and iii. 97. and sometimes it is preceded by اَللّهُمَّ; for the effect of which, in this case, see art. اله.]

صرد

1 صَرِدَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. صَرَدٌ, He, or it, was, or became, cold: or intensely cold. (M, L. [See صَرْدٌ.]) One says, صَرِدْتُ اليَوْمَ صَرَدًا شَدِيدًا [I was, or became, to day, very cold; or very intensely cold]. (A.) And صَرِدَ يَوْمُنَا [Our day was, or became, very cold; or very intensely cold]. (A.) b2: And صَرِدَ, aor. as above, (S, K,) and so the inf. n., (S,) He (a man) was quickly sensible of cold. (S, K.) b3: And صَرِدَ said of milk, It became in a state of decomposition, by reason of cold. (TA.) b4: And, said of a skin, (O, K,) inf. n. as above, (O, TA,) It emitted its butter in clots: (O, K:) of the doing of which it is cured with hot water. (O, TA.) b5: صَرِدَ عَنِ الشَّىْءِ, inf. n. as above, means (assumed tropical:) He abstained, refrained, or desisted, from the thing; [as though he became cold with respect to it;] he left, relinquished, or forsook, it: (M:) and صَرِدَ قَلْبِى عَنِ الشَّىْءِ (tropical:) My heart refrained from the thing; left, relinquished, or forsook, it: (S, A, O, K:) like as one says, ↓ أَصْبَحَ قَلْبِى صَرِدًا: (TA:) the [lizard called] ضَبّ is spoken of as saying, لَا يَشْتَهِى أَنْ يَرِدَا أَصْبَحَ قَلْبِى صَرِدَا [(assumed tropical:) My heart has become cold, or indifferent, (meaning disposed to abstinence,) not desirous of coming to drink]. (O.) A2: صَرِدَ, (M, L, K,) or صَرِدَ عَنِ الرَّمِيَّةِ, (S,) or مِنَ الرَّمِيَّةِ, (A,) said of an arrow, (S, M, A, K,) and of a spear, (M, L,) aor. as above, (L,) and so the inf. n., (M, A, L,) It passed through, or transpierced, or a part of it passed through, (S, M,) the animal at which it was shot [or thrown], by reason of its sharpness; expl. by نَفَذَ حِدَّةً: (S:) or it penetrated so that its extremity passed through; expl. by نَفَذَ حَدُّهُ; (L, K;) or خَرَجَتْ شَبَاةُ حَدِّهِ; and so صَرَدَ, aor. ـُ (A. [See صَارِدٌ: and see an ex. in a verse cited voce بُقْيَا.]) b2: And صَرِدَ, (K,) inf. n. صَرَدٌ and صَرْدٌ, (M, L,) [the latter inf. n. suggesting that one says also صَرَدَ,] said of an arrow, (M, K,) and of a spear and the like, (M,) It missed the object of aim: thus having two contr. significations: (M, L, K:) and ↓ اصرد also has the latter of these two significations. (L.) A3: صَرِدَ said of a horse, aor. ـَ [inf. n. صَرَدٌ,] (tropical:) He became galled in the place of the saddle: (K, TA:) [or he had a white place, or white places, on his back, produced by galls, or by hair growing in the places of galls: (see صَرِدٌ and صُرَدٌ:)] and, said of a camel, he had white fur growing in the place of a gall produced by the saddle, after its healing. (AO.) A4: See also 4.2 تَصْرِيدٌ, (S, M, K,) in the giving to drink, (S, K,) is The giving to drink less than satisfies thirst. (S, * M, K. *) One says, صرّدهُ He gave him to drink less than satisfied his thirst. (M.) And صَرَّدْتُ الشَّارِبَ عَنِ المَآءِ I stopped short the drinker from drinking the water. (A.) and سَقَى سَقْيًا غَيْرَ تَصْرِيدٍ [He gave to drink a quantity not less than satisfied thirst]. (A.) And صرّد السَّقْىَ He stopped short the giving to drink before satisfying thirst. (A.) And صرّد شُرْبَهُ He cut short, or put a stop to, his drinking. (TA.) and صرّد شَرَابَهُ He made his beverage to be little in quantity. (A.) And accord. to the T, تَصْرِيدٌ signifies The drinking less than satisfies thirst. (TA.) b2: Also, (S, K,) in giving, (S,) (tropical:) The making to be little, or small, in quantity or number. (S, K, TA.) One says, صرّد العَطَآءَ (tropical:) He made the gift to be little, or small, (M, A, TA,) لَهُ to him. (A, TA.) And it is said in a trad., [app. relating to a particular class of persons,] لَنْ يَدْخُلَ الجَنَّةَ إِلَّا تَصْرِيدًا, meaning قَلِيلًا [i. e. (assumed tropical:) They will not enter Paradise save in small number]. (TA.) A2: [Also, app., An arrow's hitting the object of aim: see its part. n. مُصَرِّدٌ.]

A3: And The act of scattering, or dispersing. (El-Kálee, TA.) A4: And صرّد said of barley and of wheat, It put forth its awn, but not its ears, though almost doing the latter. (El-Hejeree, M.) 4 اصرد السَّهْمَ, (S, M, L, K,) and الرُّمْحَ; (M;) and ↓ صَرَدَهُ; (M, L, K;) He made the arrow, and the spear, or a part thereof, to pass through (S, M) the animal at which it was shot [or thrown]: (S:) or to penetrate so that its extremity passed through. (M, L, K.) [See صَرِدَ and صَارِدٌ.]

A2: See also 1, latter part.7 اِنْصِرَادٌ is said to mean The experiencing of cold. (Meyd. [Mentioned by him, with the expression of a doubt as to the true meaning, and as only occurring, to his knowledge, in a prov., which see in Freytag's “ Arab. Prov. ” i. 357: but أَكَامٍ, there, should be إِكَامٍ.]) صَرْدٌ (S, M, L, K) and ↓ صَرَدٌ, (M, L,) the former a simple subst. and the latter an inf. n., (Lth,) and ↓ صَرِيدٌ, (TA,) Cold, or coldness: (S, M, L, K:) or intense cold: (M, L:) صَرْدٌ is a Pers\. word, [originally سَرْد,] arabicized: (S, K:) or, accord. to a number of authors, it is an Arabic word adopted by the Persians. (MF.) One says يَوْمُ صَرْدٍ and ↓ صَرَدٍ [A day of cold: or of intense cold]. (A.) b2: For the former, see also صَرِدٌ, in two places. b3: Also, the former, A high place in mountains; (AA, L, K;) being the coldest part. (AA, L.) A2: صَرْدٌ signifies also Pure, unmixed, unadulterated, or genuine; (S, M, L, K;) applied to beverage, (L,) such as is termed نَبِيذ, (S, L,) and to wine, (L,) and to anything. (M, K.) One says كَذِبٌ صَرْدٌ (assumed tropical:) An unmixed lie. (S, L.) And أُحِبُّهُ حُبًّا صَرْدًا I love him with a pure, genuine, or sincere, love. (Az, S, L.) b2: [Hence,] جَيْشٌ صَرْدٌ (assumed tropical:) An army composed only of the sons of one father or ancestor: (L:) or an army altogether consisting of sons of one's paternal uncle [meaning of one's relations]: (AO:) or, (M, A, L, K,) and ↓ جَيْشٌ صَرِدٌ (M, A, L) and ↓ صَرَدٌ, (K,) (assumed tropical:) A great army; (K;) (tropical:) an army that appears, from the slowness of its motion, by reason of its great number, to be inanimate. (M, A, L.) A3: See also صُرَدٌ, near the end.

صَرَدٌ: see صَرْدٌ, in three places: A2: and see صُرَدٌ, near the end.

يَوْمٌ صَرِدٌ An intensely-cold day; and لَيْلَةٌ صَرِدَةٌ an intensely-cold night: (M, L:) [or] ↓ يَوْمٌ صَرْدٌ a cold day: (S:) and رِيَاحٌ صَوَارِدُ. [pl. of ↓ رِيحٌ

↓ صَارِدَةٌ] cold winds. (Ham p. 596.) And أَرْضٌ

↓ صَرْدٌ A cold land: pl. صُرُودٌ: (M:) the latter (i. e. the pl.) contr. of جُرُومٌ. (S.) And رَجُلٌ صَرِدٌ A cold, or an intensely-cold, man: and قَوْمٌ

↓ صَرْدَى a cold, or an intensely-cold, company of men. (M, L.) See also مِصْرَادٌ. b2: صَرِدٌ applied to milk, In a state of decomposition, (O, K, TA,) by reason of cold. (TA.) b3: صَرِدٌ عَنْ شَىْءٍ (assumed tropical:) Abstaining, refraining, or desisting, from a thing; [as though cold with respect to it;] leaving, relinquishing, or forsaking, it. (M.) See 1.

A2: See also صَرْدٌ.

A3: And see صَارِدٌ

A4: صَرِدٌ applied to a horse, (tropical:) Galled in the place of the saddle: (K, TA:) or, (L,) as also ↓ مُصَرَّدٌ, (A, TA,) having a white place, or white places, on his back, produced by galls, (L, TA,) or having on his back white places, termed صِرْدَان, [pl. of صُرَدٌ,] produced by hair growing in the places of galls. (A.) [And app. applied in a similar sense to a camel: see صَرِدَ.]

صُرَدٌ A certain bird, (S, M, K,) above the size of the sparrow, (M,) having a large head, (K,) which preys upon sparrows: (T, K:) a certain bird, black and white, or party-coloured, (أَبْقَعُ,) with a white belly: (A:) a certain bird of the crow-kind, also called الوَاقِى: (Msb:) the Arabs used to regard its cry, (L, Msb,) and the bird itself, (L,) as of evil omen, (L, Msb,) and used to kill it; and they are forbidden to kill it, in order to dispel the idea of a thing's being of evil omen: (Msb:) there are two species thereof; one species is called by the people of El-'Irák العَقْعَقُ [a name now applied to the magpie, corvus pica]; the other species, called الصُّرَدُ الهَمْهَامُ, [so in the L, but in my copy of the Msb الهيام,] is the wild sort, which is found in Nejd, upon the trees called عِضَاه; it is never seen but upon the ground, [so in the L, but in my copy of the Msb, it is never seen upon the ground,] springing from tree to tree: (Sukeyn En-Numeyree, L, Msb:) when chased, and hard pressed, it is overtaken, and utters a cry like that of the hawk: it preys upon sparrows: (Msb:) it is described by AHát as a bird black and white, or party-coloured, (أَبْقَعُ,) with a white belly, and a back of a dark, or an ashy, dust-colour (أَخْضَر), [or, as is said in the L, half white and half black, found in trees,] large in the head and beak, having a talon with which it preys upon sparrows and other small birds, as large as the point of a spear: (Mgh, Msb:) some add to this that it is called المُجَوَّفُ, because of the whiteness of its belly; and الأَخْطَبُ, because of the dark, or ashy, dust-colour of its back; and الأَخْيَلُ [a name now applied to the green woodpecker, picus viridis], because of its diversity of colour; that it is never seen but upon a branch (فِى شُعْبَةٍ, and so in the L,) or a tree, (Mgh, Msb,) and can scarcely ever, or never, be taken, (Msb,) or can never be taken: (Mgh, L:) it is regarded as of evil omen: (Mgh:) Sgh says that it is called سُمَيْطٌ, [perhaps a mistranscription for شُمَيْطٌ, because black and white,] in the dim. form: (Msb:) [it is said that] it was the first bird that fasted for the sake of God: (K:) the pl. is صِرْدَانٌ: (S, M, Msb, K:) and the female is called صُرَدَةٌ. (Msb.) b2: Also (tropical:) A white place, (S, M, L, K,) produced by galls, (S, L, K,) or by the saddle; (M;) or صُرَدَةٌ signifies a white place produced by hair growing in the place of a gall; likened to the colour of the bird thus called: (A:) pl. صِرْدَانٌ. (M, A.) And (assumed tropical:) A white place on the hump of a camel: (M:) or white fur growing in the place of a gall produced by the saddle, after its healing: (AO:) pl. as above. (AO, M.) b3: And (assumed tropical:) A certain vein (As, M) beneath the tongue, (As,) or in the lower part of the tongue, (M,) of the horse. (As, M.) and الصُّرَدَانِ (assumed tropical:) Two veins, (Lth, Ks, S, M, L, K,) of a dark, or an ashy, dust-colour, (أَخْضَرَانِ, Lth, Ks, M, L,) in the lower part of the tongue, by means of which the tongue moves about, (Lth, Ks, L,) or penetrating within (يَسْتَبْطِنَانِ) the tongue: (S, M, K:) or two veins, on the right and left of the tongue: (L:) or, as some say, two bones, which erect (يُقِيمَانِ) the tongue. (M.) Yezeed Ibn-Es- Sa'ik in his saying لَهُ صُرَدَانِ مُنْطَلِقَا اللِّسَانِ means ذَرِبَانِ [i. e. ذَرِبَا اللِّسَانِ, for ذَرِبٌ لِسَانُهُمَا, as though he said لَهُ لِسَانٌ ذَرِبٌ He has a long, or an unbridled, tongue; the phrase that he uses being pleonastic]. (S.) b4: Also, (M, L,) or ↓ صَرْدٌ, (so in the K,) and ↓ صَرَدٌ, which is the more known, (TA,) A nail in a spear-head, (M, L, K,) by means of which the shaft is fastened to it. (L, K. *) b5: Accord. to Sh, فَتَّحَ صُرَدَهُ means He opened his mind, so as to reveal his secrets. (TA. [But this is perhaps a mistranscription, for فتح صُرَرَهُ: see صُرَّةٌ.]) صَرْدَى [pl. of صَرِدٌ; and, agreeably with analogy, of صَرِيدٌ]: see صَرِدٌ, and صُرَّادٌ.

صَرِيدٌ: see صَرْدٌ. b2: Also Hoar-frost, or rime; syn. جَلِيدٌ. (TA.) b3: See also صُرَّادٌ.

صَرِيدَةٌ [app. a subst.; for if it were an epithet, having the meaning of a pass. part. n. of the fem. gender, it should by rule be without ة;] A female animal, (M,) or a ewe, (K,) injured, (M, K,) and emaciated, (M,) by cold: pl. صَرَائِدُ: (M, K:) on the authority of IAar. (Kudot;.) صُرَّادٌ Cold and humid clouds in which is no water: (As:) or cold and humid clouds which the wind carries away; as also ↓ صُرَّيْدٌ and ↓ صَرِيدٌ: (M:) or thin clouds in which is no water; (S, K;) as also ↓ صُرَّيْدٌ (K) and ↓ صَرْدَى. (L, TA.) صُرَّيْدٌ: see what next precedes, in two places.

صَارِدٌ: see its fem., with ة, voce صَرِدٌ.

A2: Also, (S, A, L, K,) and ↓ مِصْرَادٌ, (S, L, K,) and ↓ صَرِدٌ, (A,) An arrow that has passed, or of which a part has passed, through the animal at which it has been shot; syn. نَافِذٌ: (S, L, K:) or of which the extremity only has passed through: when part of the arrow has passed through, it is termed نَافِذٌ; and when the whole has passed through, مَارِقٌ. (A.) And نَبْلٌ صَوَارِدُ Arrows of which the extremities have passed through the animals at which they have been shot. (A.) أَصْرَدُ More [and most] cold; or more [and most] affected by cold: A2: and More [and most] transpiercing. (Meyd, in explanations of provs. commencing with this word. [See Freytag's

“ Arab. Prov. ” pp. 743-4.]) مُصْرَدٌ: see what next follows.

مُصْرِدٌ, (Ktr, L,) or ↓ مُصْرَدٌ, (so accord. to the K, [the former agreeable with its verb, the latter app. a mistake,]) An arrow missing the object of aim. (Ktr, L, K.) [See also مُصَرِّدٌ.]

مُصَرَّدٌ Beverage, (S,) or drink, (A,) made little in quantity. (S, A.) b2: And Given little to drink: or (assumed tropical:) given a small gift. (S.) A2: See also صَرِدٌ.

مُصَرِّدٌ An arrow hitting the object of aim. (Ktr, L.) [See also مُصْرِدٌ.]

مِصْرَادٌ A wind (رِيحٌ) cold; or intensely cold: or accompanied by cold and humid clouds. (IAar, M.) b2: Also, and ↓ صَرِدٌ, (T, S, M, K,) A man quickly sensible of cold; (S;) weak in enduring cold; (K;) impatient of cold. (T, M.) b3: And the former, Strong in enduring cold. (K.) b4: And A land without trees, and without anything (K, TA) of herbage. (TA.) A2: See also صَارِدٌ.

مُصْطَرِدٌ A man vehemently angered or enraged: (K:) and so مُصْطَرٌّ, without د. (TA.)