تهافت الفلاسفة
للإمام، حجة الإسلام، أبي حامد: محمد بن محمد الغزالي، الطوسي.
المتوفى: سنة 505، خمس وخمسمائة.
مختصر.
أوله: (نسأل الله تعالى بجلاله، الموفى على كل نهاية 000 الخ).
قال: رأيت طائفة يعتقدون في أنفسهم التميز عن الأتراب والنظراء، بمزيد الفطنة والذكاء، قد رفضوا وظائف الإسلام من العبادات، واستحقروا شعائر الدين من وظائف الصلوات، والتوقي عن المحظورات، واستهانوا بتعبدات الشرع وحدوده، ولم يقفوا عند توفيقاته وقيوده، بل خلعوا بالكلية ربقة الدين، بفنون من الظنون.
يتبعون فيها رهطاً يصدون عن سبيل الله، ويبغونها عوجاً، وهم بالآخرة هم كافرون، ولا مستند لكفرهم غير تقليد سماعي، ألفي كتقليد اليهود والنصارى.
إذ جرى على غير دين الإسلام نشؤهم وأولادهم، وعليه درج آباؤهم وأجدادهم، لا عن بحث نظري، بل تقليد صادر عن التعثر بأذيال الشبه الصارفة عن صوب الصواب، والانخداع بالخيالات المزخرفة كلا مع السراب.
كما اتفق لطوائف من النظار في البحث عن العقائد والآراء من أهل البدع والأهواء، وإنما مصدر كفرهم سماعهم أسامي هائلة كسقراط وبقراط وأفلاطون وأرسطاطاليس وأمثالهم، وإطناب طوائف من متبعيهم وضلالهم في وصف عقولهم، وحسن أصولهم، ودقة علومهم الهندسية، والمنطقية، والطبيعية، والإلهية، واستبدادهم لفرط الذكاء والفطنة، باستخراج تلك الأمور الخفية.
وحكايتهم عنهم أنهم مع رزانة عقلهم، وغزارة فضلهم، منكرون للشرائع والنحل، وجاحدون لتفاصيل الأديان والملل، ومعتقدون أنها نواميس مؤلفة، وحيل مزخرفة.
فلما قرع ذلك سمعهم، ووافق ما حكى من عقائدهم طبعهم، تجملوا باعتقاد الكفر، تحيزاً إلى غمار الفضلاء بزعمهم، وانخراطاً في سلكهم، وترفعاً عن مساعدة الجماهير والدهماء، واستنكافاً من القناعة بأديان الآباء ظناً بأن إظهار التكايس في النزوع عن تقليد الحق بالشروع في تقليد الباطل جمال وغفلة منهم، عن أن الانتقال إلى تقليد عن تقليد خرف وخبال.
فأية رتبة في عالم الله سبحانه وتعالى أخس من رتبة من يتجمل بترك الحق، المعتقد تقليداً بالتسارع إلى قبول الباطل، تصديقاً دون أن يقبله خبراً وتحقيقاً.
فلما رأيت هذا العرق من الحماقة نابضاً على هؤلاء الأغبياء، ابتدأت لتحرير هذا الكتاب، رداً على الفلاسفة القدماء، مبيناً تهافت عقيدتهم، وتناقض كلمتهم، فيما يتعلق بالإلهيات، وكاشفاً عن غوائل مذهبهم، وعوراته التي هي على التحقيق مضاحك العقلاء، وعبرة عند الأذكياء.
أعني: ما اختصوا به عن الجماهير والدهماء، من فنون العقائد والآراء، هذا مع حكاية مذهبهم على وجهه.
ثم صدر الكتاب بمقدمات أربع:
ذكر في الأولى: أن الخوض في حكاية اختلاف الفلاسفة تطويل، فإن خبطهم طويل، ونزاعهم كثير، وأنه يقتصر على إظهار التناقض في الرأي.
مقدمهم الذي هو المعلم الأول، والفيلسوف المطلق، فإنه رتب علومهم وهذبها، وهو: أرسطاطاليس وقد رد على كل من قبله حتى على أستاذه أفلاطون فلا إيقان لمذهبهم، بل يحكمون بظن وتخمين، ويستدلون على صدق علومهم الإلهية، بظهور العلوم الحسابية، والمنطقية، متقنة البراهين، ويستدرجون ضعفاء العقول، ولو كانت علومهم الإلهية متقنة البراهين، لما اختلفوا فيها، كما لم يختلفوا في الحسابية.
ثم المترجمون لكلام أرسطو لم ينفك كلامهم عن تحريف وتبديل.
وأقومهم بالنقل من المتفلسفة الإسلامية:
أبو نصر الفارابي، وابن سينا.
وأنه يقتصر على إبطال ما اختاروه، ورأوه الصحيح من مذهب رؤسائهم.
وعلى رد مذاهبهم بحسب نقل هذين الرجلين كيلا ينتشر الكلام.
وذكر في الثانية:
أن الخلاف بينهم وبين غيرهم ثلاثة أقسام:
الأول: يرجع النزاع فيه إلى لفظ مجرد، كتسميتهم صانع العالم جوهراً مع تفسيرهم الجوهر: بأنه الموجود لا في موضوع، ولم يريدوا به الجوهر المتحيز.
قال: ولسنا نخوض في إبطال هذا، لأن معنى القيام بالنفس إذا صار متفقاً عليه، رجع الكلام في التعبير باسم الجوهر عن هذا المعنى إلى البحث عن اللغة.
وإن سوغ إطلاقه، رجع جواز إطلاقه في الشرع إلى المباحث الفقهية.
الثاني: ما لا يصدم مذهبهم فيه أصلاً من أصول الدين، وليس من ضرورة تصديق الأنبياء والرسل منازعتهم فيه، كقولهم: إن كسوف القمر، عبارة عن انمحاء ضوء القمر بتوسط الأرض بينه وبين الشمس، والأرض كرة والسماء محيطة بها من الجوانب، وإن كسوف الشمس، وقوف جرم القمر بين الناظر وبين الشمس عند اجتماعهما في العقيدتين على دقيقة واحدة.
قال: وهذا المعنى أيضاً لسنا نخوض في إبطاله إذ لا يتعلق به غرض ومن ظن أن المناظرة فيه من الدين فقد جنى على الدين، وضعف أمره، فإن هذه الأمور تقوم عليها براهين هندسية، لا تبقى معها ريبة، فمن يطلع عليها، ويتحقق أدلتها، حتى يخبر بسببها عن وقت الكسوفين، وقدرهما، ومدة بقائهما، إلى الانجلاء.
إذا قيل له: إن هذا على خلاف الشرع لم يسترب فيه، وإنما يستريب في الشرع، وضرر الشرع ممن ينصره لا بطريقه أكثر من ضرره ممن يطعن فيه بطريقة، وهو كما قيل: عدو عاقل، خير من صديق جاهل.
وليس في الشرع ما يناقض ما قالوه، ولو كان تأويله أهون من مكابرة أمور قطعية، فكم من ظواهر أولت بالأدلة القطعية التي لا تنتهي في الوضوح إلى هذا الحد، وأعظم ما يفرح به الملحدة، أن يصرح ناصر الشرع بأن هذا، وأمثاله على خلاف الشرع، فيسهل عليه طريق إبطال الشرع.
وهذا: لأن البحث في العالم عن كونه حادثاً أو قديماً، ثم إذا ثبت حدوثه فسواء كان كرة، أو بسيطاً، أو مثمناً، وسواء كانت السماوات، وما تحتها ثلاثة عشرة طبقة، كما قالوه، أو أقل، أو أكثر، فالمقصود: كونه من فعل الله سبحانه وتعالى فقط، كيف ما كان.
الثالث: ما يتعلق النزاع فيه بأصل من أصول الدين، كالقول في حدوث العالم، وصفات الصانع، وبيان حشر الأجساد، وقد أنكروا جميع ذلك فينبغي أن يظهر فساد مذهبهم.
وذكر في الثالثة: أن مقصوده تنبيه من حسن اعتقاده في الفلاسفة، وظن أن مسالكهم نقية عن التناقض ببيان وجوه تهافتهم.
فلذلك لا يدخل في الاعتراض عليهم إلا دخول مطالب منكر، لا دخول مدع مثبت.
فيكدر عليهم ما اعتقدوه مقطوعاً بإلزامات مختلفة، وربما ألزمهم بمذاهب الفرق.
وذكر في الرابعة: أن من عظم حيلهم في الاستدراج إذا أورد عليهم إشكال قولهم: أن العلوم الإلهية غامضة، خفية، لا يتوصل إلى معرفة الجواب عن هذه الإشكالات، إلا بتقديم الرياضيات، والمنطقيات.
فيمن يقلدهم إن خطر له إشكال، يحسن الظن بهم، ويقول: إنما يعسر على درك علومهم لأني لم أحصل الرياضيات ولم أحكم المنطقيات.
قال: أما الرياضيات، فلا تعلق للإلهيات بها.
وأما الهندسيات، فلا يحتاج إليها في الإلهيات، نعم قولهم: إن المنطقيات لا بد من إحكامها فهو صحيح، ولكن المنطق ليس مخصوماً بهم، وإنما هو الأصل الذي نسميه: كتاب الجدل، وقد نسميه: مدارك العقول.
فإذا سمع المتكايس اسم المنطق، ظن أنه فن غريب، لا يعرفه المتكلمون، ولا يطلع عليه الفلاسفة.
ثم ذكر بعد المقدمات، المسائل التي أظهر تناقض مذهبهم فيها، وهي عشرون مسألة:
الأولى: في أولية العالم.
الثانية: في أبدية العالم.
الثالثة: في بيان تلبسهم في قولهم: أن الله سبحانه وتعالى صانع العالم، وأن العالم صنعه.
الرابعة: في تعجيزهم عن إثبات الصانع.
الخامسة: في تعجيزهم عن إقامة الدليل على استحالة الهين.
السادسة: في نفي الصفات.
السابعة: في قولهم: إن ذات الأول لا ينقسم بالجنس والفصل.
الثامنة: في قولهم: إن الأول موجود بسيط بلا ماهية.
التاسعة: في تعجيزهم، عن بيان إثبات أن الأول ليس بجسم.
العاشرة: في تعجيزهم، عن إقامة الدليل على أن للعالم صانعاً، وعلة.
الحادية عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن القول: بأن الأول يعلم غيره.
الثانية عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن القول: بأن الأول يعلم ذاته.
الثالثة عشرة: في إبطال قولهم: أن الأول لا يعلم الجزئيات.
الرابعة عشرة: في إبطال قولهم: أن السماء حيوان متحرك بالإرادة.
الخامسة عشرة: فيما ذكروه من العرض المحرك للسماء.
السادسة عشرة: في قولهم: أن نفوس السماوات، تعلم جميع الجزئيات الحادثة في هذا العالم.
السابعة عشرة: في قولهم: باستحالة خرق العادات.
الثامنة عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن إقامة البرهان العقلي، على أن النفس الإنساني جوهر روحاني.
التاسعة عشرة: في قولهم: باستحالة الفناء على النفوس البشرية.
العشرون: في إبطال إنكارهم البعث، وحشر الأجساد، مع التلذذ والتألم بالجنة والنار، بالآلام واللذات الجسمانية.
هذا ما ذكره من المسائل، التي تناقض فيها كلامهم، من جملة علومهم، ففصلها، وأبطل مذاهبهم فيها إلى آخر الكتاب.
وهذا معنى التهافت، لخصتها من أول كتابه، لكونها مما يجب معرفته.
وقال في آخر خاتمته: فإن قال قائل: قد فصلتم مذاهب هؤلاء، أفتقطعون القول بكفرهم؟
قلنا: بكفرهم، لا بد منه، لا بد من كفرهم، في ثلاث مسائل:
الأولى: مسألة قدم العالم، وقولهم: إن الجواهر كلها قديمة.
الثانية: قولهم: إن الله سبحانه وتعالى لا يحيط علماً بالجزئيات الحادثة من الأشخاص.
الثالثة: إنكارهم بعث الأجسام، وحشرها.
فهذه لا تلائم الإسلام بوجه، فأما ما عدا هذه الثلاث من تصرفهم في الصفات، والتوحيد، فمذهبهم قريب من مذهب المعتزلة، فهم فيها... كأهل البدع. انتهى ملخصاً.
ثم إن القاضي، أبا الوليد: محمد بن أحمد بن رشد المالكي.
المتوفى: سنة 595.
صنف تهافتا من طرف الحكماء، رداً على تهافت الغزالي، بقوله:
قال أبو حامد: (وأوله: بعد حمد الله الواجب 000 الخ).
ذكر فيه: أن ما ذكره بمعزل عن مرتبة اليقين والبرهان.
وقال في آخره: لا شك أن هذا الرجل أخطأ على الشريعة، كما أخطأ على الحكمة، ولولا ضرورة طلب الحق مع أهله، ما تكلمت في ذلك. انتهى.
ثم إن السلطان: محمد خان العثماني، الفاتح، أمر المولى مصطفى بن يوسف الشهير: بخواجه زاده البرسوي.
المتوفى: سنة 893، ثلاث وتسعين وثمانمائة.
والمولى: علاء الدين الطوسي.
المتوفى: سنة 887، سبع وثمانين وثمانمائة أن يصنفا كتاباً، للمحاكمة بين تهافت الإمام والحكماء.
فكتب المولى: خواجه زاده، في أربعة أشهر.
وكتب المولى الطوسي، في ستة أشهر.
ففضلوا كتاب المولى: خواجه زاده، على كتاب: الطوسي.
وأعطى السلطان: محمد خان لكل منهما عشرة آلاف ردهم.
وزاد لخواجه زاده بغلة نفيسة.
وكان ذلك هو السبب في ذهاب المولى: الطوسي إلى بلاد العجم.
وذكر: أن ابن المؤيد، لما وصل إلى خدمة العلامة الدواني، قال: بأي هدية جئت إلينا؟
قال: بكتاب (التهافت) لخواجه زاده، فطالعه مدة، وقال: - رضي الله تعالى - عن صاحبه، خلصني عن المشقة حيث صنفه، ولو صنفته لبلغ هذه الغاية فحسب وعنك أيضاً حيث أوصلته إلينا، ولو لم يصل إلينا لعزمت على الشروع.
وأول (تهافت) لخواجه زاده: (توجهنا إلى جنابك 000 الخ).
ذكر: أنهم أخطأوا في علومهم الطبيعية يسيراً، والإلهية كثيراً، فأراد أن يحكي ما أورد الإمام من قواعدهم الطبيعية، والإلهية مع بعض آخر، مما لم يورده، بأدلتها المعول عليها عندهم على وجهها، ثم أبطلها.
وهي مشتملة على اثنين وعشرين فصلاً، فزاد فصلين على مباحث الأصل.
وأول تهافت المولى الطوسي: (سبحانك اللهم يا منفرداً بالأزلية، والقدم 000 الخ).
وهو رتب على عشرين مبحثاً، مقتصراً على الأصل، وسماه الذخيرة، وعليه، وعلى تهافت الخواجه زاده، تعليقة للمولى شمس الدين: أحمد بن سليمان بن كمال باشا، المتوفى: سنة 94، أربعين وتسعمائة.

(غ ل ق) : (الْإِغْلَاقُ) مَصْدَرُ أَغْلَقَ الْبَابَ فَهُوَ مُغْلَقٌ (وَالْغَلْقُ) بِالسُّكُونِ اسْمٌ مِنْهُ وَأَنْشَدَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ
وَبَابٌ إذَا مَا لُزَّ لِلْغَلْقِ يَصْرِفُ
أَيْ يَصِرُّ وَيُصَوِّتُ (وَعَلَيْهِ) مَا فِي السَّرِقَةِ مِنْ جَمْعِ التَّفَارِيقِ وَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ الْغَلْقُ إذَا كَانَ مَرْدُودًا أَيْ إذَا كَانَ الْبَابُ مُطْبَقًا غَيْرَ مَفْتُوحٍ (وَالْغَلَقُ) بِالتَّحْرِيكِ الْمِغْلَاقُ وَهُوَ مَا يُغْلَق وَيُفْتَح بِالْمِفْتَاحِ (وَمِنْهُ) فَإِنْ كَانَ لَلِبْسَتَانِ بَابٌ وَغَلَقٌ فَهُوَ خَلْوَة (وَالْغَلَقُ) أَيْضًا الرِّتَاجُ وَهُوَ الْبَابُ الْعَظِيمُ (وَمِنْهُ) قَوْلُهُمْ فِي الشُّرُوطِ وَمَفَاتِيحُ أَغْلَاقِهَا يَعْنِي الْأَبْوَاب وَفِي الْحَدِيثِ «لَا طَلَاقَ فِي إغْلَاقٍ» أَيْ فِي إكْرَاهٍ لِأَنَّ الْمُكْرَهَ مُغْلَقٌ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُهُ (وَعَنْ ابْنِ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ) أَغْلَقَهُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ أَكْرَهُهُ وَمَنْ أَوَّلَهُ بِالْجُنُونِ وَأَنَّ الْمَجْنُونَ هُوَ الْمُغْلَقُ عَلَيْهِ فَقَدْ أَبْعَد عَلَى أَنِّي لَمْ أَجِدهُ فِي الْأُصُول وَفِي سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُد الْإِغْلَاقُ أَظُنُّهُ الْغَضَب (وَمِنْهُ) إيَّاكَ وَالْغَلَقَ أَيْ الضَّجَر وَالْقَلَق وَقِيلَ مَعْنَاهُ لَا تُغْلَقُ التَّطْلِيقَاتُ كُلُّهَا دَفْعَةً وَاحِدَةً حَتَّى لَا يَبْقَى مِنْهَا شَيْءٌ وَلَكِنْ تَطْلُقُ طَلَاقَ السُّنَّةِ (وَغَلِقَ الرَّهْنُ) مِنْ بَابِ لَبِسَ إذَا اسْتَحَقَّهُ الْمُرْتَهِنُ (وَمِنْهُ) أَذِنَ لِعَبْدِهِ فِي التِّجَارَة فَغَلِقَتْ رَقَبَتُهُ بِالدَّيْنِ إذَا اُسْتُحِقَّتْ بِهِ فَلَمْ يُقْدَر عَلَى تَخْلِيصهَا يُنْشَدُ لِزُهَيْرٍ
وَفَارَقْتُكَ بِرَهْنٍ لَا فِكَاكَ لَهُ ... يَوْمَ الْوَدَاعِ فَأَمْسَى الرَّهْنُ قَدْ غَلِقَا
أَيْ ارْتَهَنَتْ قَلْبَهُ فَذَهَبَتْ بِهِ (وَفِي الْحَدِيثِ) «لَا يَغْلَقُ الرَّهْنُ لِصَاحِبِهِ غُنْمُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ غُرْمُهُ» تَفْسِيره عَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ - أَنَّ الْفَضْلَ فِي قِيمَةِ الرَّهْن لِرَبِّ الرَّهْنِ وَلَا يَكُونُ مَضْمُونًا وَلَا يَغْلَقُ وَإِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ نُقْصَانٌ رَجَعَ بِالْفَضْلِ وَعَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ أَنَّهُمَا بِمَعْنَى وَاحِدٍ يَقُول يُرْجَعُ الرَّهْنُ إلَى رَبِّهِ فَيَكُونُ غَنْمُهُ لَهُ وَيَرْجِعُ رَبُّ الْحَقِّ عَلَيْهِ بِحَقِّهِ فَيَكُونُ غُرْمُهُ عَلَيْهِ (وَعَنْ النَّخَعِيِّ) فِي رَجُلٍ دَفَعَ إلَى رَجُلٍ رَهْنًا وَأَخَذَ مِنْهُ دِرْهَمًا فَقَالَ إنْ جِئْتُك بِحَقِّك إلَى كَذَا وَكَذَا وَإِلَّا فَالرَّهْنُ لَك بِحَقِّك فَقَالَ إبْرَاهِيمُ لَا يَغْلَقُ الرَّهْنُ فَجَعَلَهُ جَوَابًا لِلْمَسْأَلَةِ.

غلق: غلق. غلقوا المدائن: اختصار غلقوا ابوابَ المدائن. (أخبار ص9) وانظر: أغلق.
غلق القلوع: طوى القلوع، طوى الأشرعة (همبرت ص127).
غلق على: انقضّ على، هجم على صحن وصحفة ففي ألف ليلة (برسل 10: 456): وهو غالق على الصحن مثل الرخ.
غَلّق: كَمّل، أكمل، تمَّم، أنهى، أنجز (بوشر، محيط المحيط) وعند جريجور (ص38): غُلِّق الحَدُّ بمعنى كُمّل الشيء وأنجز حتى النهاية.
غَلَّق: سدَّد، ختم الحساب بدفع الرصيد أي باقي المبلغ. (بوشر). غلق المبلغ كَمّل المبلغ. دفع باقي المبلغ (بوشر) وفي ألف ليلة (برسل 9: 294): وآخذ من ثمنهم ثمن الحمار وغلقه اليهودي الباقي. (في طبعة ماكن: أعطى).
غلَّق الكلام: أبهمه. (بوشر).
غلَّق: عطَّر، طيَّب، ضمَّخ بالطيب. (معجم أبي الفدا) ولعل هذه من وضع اللغويين ليفسروا القسم الغَلِق.
أغلق، أغلق المدينة اختصار أغلق أبواب المدينة. (معجم البلاذري) وفي النويري (إفريقية ص35 و) انه منع حماداً من الدخول إلى مدينة أشير واغلقها دونه.
أغلق: سوّر أرضاً، بني لها سوراً. ففي الأخبار (ص63): أغلق غلقة عظيمة هَمَّ أن يجعلها مدينة.
اغلق الكلام: أبهمه وجعله غامضاً (بوشر).
اغلق: قبض، أمسك باليد. (ألكالا).
انغلق: مطاوع أغلق ضد فتح، ويقال: انغلق الجرح والشج أي التأم واندمل والتحم. (ألكالا).
انغلق: غُطِّي، سُتِر. ففي رحلة ابن جبير (ص31): انغلاق الجهات بالنوء فلا نميّز شرقاً من غرب.
انغلق: صار مظلماً، معتماً، دامساً لا يمكن النفوذ فيه (المقدمة 3: 70) والانغلاق: الظلام والعتمة (بوشر البيضاوي 1: 2).
انغلق البحر: صار غير صالح للملاحة ولا يسير فيه مركب. (معجم البلاذري، تقويم ص106).
انغلاق: عناد، صلابة الرأي، استبداد بالرأي. (معجم اللاتيني- العربي).
انغلق: انذهل وعسر عليه الكلام. (ألكالا).
استغلق، استغلقت المدينة: أغلقت أبوابها (المقري 1: 141، إضافات، معجم البلاذري).
استغلق الشيء: رآه غامضاً عسر الفهم (المقدمة 2: 401).
غَلْق. غَلْق الجَرْحَة: التيام الجرح واندماله (ألكالا).
غَلْق. والجمع إغلاق: حديقة (المعجم اللاتيني - العربي) وفي معجم فوك: غَلْق للثمار: بستان الثمر.
غَلَقَ: باب كبير (لين ابن جبير ص248، 268، 291).
غَلَق: عند البنّائين حجر يُجْعَل في وسط المِدْماك يُسكَّر به (محيط المحيط).
غَلِق= شديد الجِدال. (ديوان الهذليين ص134، البيت الثاني).
غَلْقَة، والجمع غِلْق: بستان، حائط، حديقة (فوك، أخبار ص63).
غَلْقَى: انظر ابن البيطار (2: 237). غَلاَق. غلاقَ، مضافة إلى اسم. في نهاية. ففي ألف ليلة (برسل 7: 77): وشرطوا عليه غلاق عشرة أيام أما المهر وأما الطلاق.
غُلاَق: غِلاقة، ضم الحساب بدفع الرصيد (بوشر).
غَلاَق: إيصال، مخالصة. (بوشر).
غَلُوق = غلِق: شديد الجدال (رايت ص91 رقم 17).
غليق: غَلَق، قفل. (رولاند).
غِلاَقَة: بقيّة الشيء يكمل بها، بقيّة الحساب تكملة الحساب، تكملة المبلغ بنقود أخرى صغيرة، رصيد حساب (بوشر، محيط المحيط).
تَغْلِيق. تغليق النيل: أقصى ارتفاع يبلغه ماء النيل حين الفيضان (فليشر في تعليقته على المقري 1: 25، بريشت ص173).
تَغْلِيق: مخالصة، براءة ذمة، وفاء الدين (بوشر).
مَغلق: سجن (سعديا نشيد 142).
مِغلق: مفتاح، والجمع مغالق (ابن جبير 328). مِغلق: سلسلة قيد (ابو الوليد 31: 786): ينعرجون من مغالقهم أي من ثقل قيودهم.
مُغلق: مبهم، مُشكل (بوشر، م. المحيط) والجمع مُغلقات: مبهمات، مشكلات (ابن بطوطة 4: 344).
مَغلَقة والجمع مغالق: أرض مسورة (فوك).
مَغلَقة: عقد، طوق، قلادة، (فوك).
مُغلّق: بريء الذمة من الدين (بوشر).
مغلوق: مليء، مفعم (ابن بطوطة 3: 386) (ابن العوام 4: 167).
مَغْلُوق: جاهل، غبي، غِرّ. (فوك).

غلق

1 غَلَقَ as syn. with أَغْلَقَ: see the latter.

A2: Also, inf. n. غَلْقٌ, He went away. (TA.) b2: And غَلَقَ فِى الأَرْضِ, aor. ـِ inf. n. غَلْقٌ, He went far into the land; (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K, * TA;) as also فَلَقَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. فَلْقٌ. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TA.) A3: غَلِقَ said of a door: see 7. b2: [Hence,] غَلِقَ الرَّهْنُ, aor. ـَ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, &c.,) inf. n. غَلَقٌ, (S, O, Msb,) or غُلُوقٌ, (IAar, TA,) or both, (Sb, TA,) (tropical:) The pledge was, or became, a rightful possession [i. e. a forfeit] to the receiver of it (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) when not redeemed within the time stipulated; (S, O, K;) or so غَلِقَ الرَّهْنُ فِى

يَدِ المُرْتَهِنِ: (Sb, TA:) or غَلِقَ الرَّهْنُ means the pledge remained in the hand [or possession] of the receiver of it, the pledger being unable to redeem it; (IAar, TA;) accord. to the Bári', it is when a man pledges a commodity and says, “If I do not pay thee within such a time, the pledge shall be thine for the debt. ” (Msb.) This is forbidden in a trad. (S, Mgh, O, Msb, &c.) It is said in a trad. of the Prophet on this subject, لَا يَغْلَقُ بِمَا فِيهِ لَكَ غُنْمُهُ وُعَلَيْكَ غُرْمُهُ [meaning It shall not become a forfeit to the receiver with what is involved in it: (or, accord. to an explanation of the first clause in the Msb, it shall not become a rightful possession to the receiver for the debt for which it was pledged:) to thee shall pertain the regaining of it, and its increase, and growth, and excess in value, if such there be, and upon thee shall be the obligation of the debt belonging to it, and the bearing of any unavoidable damage that it may have sustained]: (O:) or لَهُ غُنْمُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ غُرْمُهُ i. e., accord. to A 'Obeyd, to him (the owner) it shall return, and to him shall pertain its increase [if there be any], and if it have become defective, or have perished, [unavoidably,] he shall be responsible for it and shall pay the debt to him to whom it is owed without being compensated by [the remission of] aught of the debt: (Msb:) or لَكَ غُنْمُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ غُرْمُهُ, which means to thee (the pledger) shall pertain the increase of it (the pledge), and its growth, and its excess in value, [if it have any,] and upon him (the receiver of it) shall be the responsibility [to make compensation] for it if it perish [through his fault, in his possession], (O. [There are other, somewhat different, readings and explanations of this trad. in the Mgh &c.; but what I have here given, from the O and Msb, appear to me to be the most approvable. See also غُنْمٌ: and see art. رهن.]) Zuheyr says, وَفَارَقَتْكَ بِرَهْنٍ لَا فَكَاكَ لَهُ يَوْمَ الوَدَاعِ فَأَمْسَى الرَّهْنُ قَدْ غَلِقَا (assumed tropical:) [And she separated herself from thee with a pledge for which there is nothing wherewith it may be redeemed, on the day of valediction, so the pledge has become a forfeit to its receiver]: (S, Mgh, O, TA:) he means that she received his heart as a pledge, and went away with it. (Mgh, TA.) The saying of Ows Ibn-Hajar

أَبُو غَلَقٍ فِى لَيْلَتَيْنِ مُؤَجَّلِ means (assumed tropical:) The owner of a pledge that has become a rightful possession [or forfeit] to its receiver, the period for the release of which is two nights: to this he likens a captivated heart. (TA.) b3: One says also, of a slave who has received permission to traffic, غَلِقَتْ رَقَبَتُهُ بِالدَّيْنِ (assumed tropical:) His رَقَبَة [meaning person] has become a rightful possession [or a forfeit to his creditor or creditors] by reason of debt, when he is unable to free it. (Mgh.) b4: And غَلِقَ signifies also (assumed tropical:) He was unransomed, or unredeemed; said of a captive, and of a criminal. (TA.) b5: And (tropical:) He, or it, stuck fast: (S, O, TA:) thus in the saying, غَلِقَ قَلْبُهُ فِى يَدِ فُلَانَةَ [His heart stuck fast in the possession of such a woman or girl]: (TA:) and اِحْتَدَّ فَغَلِقَ فِى حِدَّتِهِ [He became excited by sharpness of temper, and stuck fast in his sharpness of temper]: (S, O. TA:) and غَلِقَ is said of anything that sticks fast in a thing, and cleaves to it: thus one says, غَلِقَ فِى

البَاطِلِ [He stuck fast in that which was vain, or false]: and the saying of El-Farezdak وَلَوْ كَانُوا أُولِى غَلَقٍ سِغَابَا means Had they been persons who had stack fast in poverty and hunger, cleaving thereto. (Sh, TA.) b6: Also, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. غَلَقٌ, (Mgh, Msb,) (assumed tropical:) He was, or became, disquieted, (Mgh,) or disquieted by grief; (Mgh, Msb;) or angry, (Msb, TA.) and excited by sharpness of temper. (TA.) Hence يَمِينُ الغَلَقِ (assumed tropical:) The oath of anger; said by some of the lawyers to be so called because he who swears it closes thereby against himself a door preventing him from advancing or drawing back. (Msb.) And hence إِيَّاكَ وَالغَلَقَ (assumed tropical:) Beware thou of, or avoid thou, the being disquieted, or disquieted by grief [or anger]: or, as some say, the meaning is, التَّطْلِيقَاتُ حَتَّى لَا يَبْقَى مِنْهَا ↓ لَا يُغْلَقُ شَىْءٌ (assumed tropical:) [i. e. The sentences of divorce shall not be closed, or concluded, at once, by one's saying

“ Thou art trebly divorced,” so that there shall not remain of them aught]; for one should divorce agreeably with the سُنَّة: (Mgh:) [or, accord. to the TA, إِيَّاكَ وَالغَلَقَ app. means beware thou of, or avoid thou, the state of straitness:] and الغَلَقُ signifies also the being in a state of perdition: (TA:) and contractedness of the mind or bosom, (Mbr, JK, TA,) and paucity of patience. (Mbr, TA.) b7: One says also, غَلِقَتِ النَّخْلَةُ, (O. K, TA,) inf. n. غَلَقٌ, (TA,) : The palm-tree had worms in the bases of its branches and was thereby stopped from bearing fruit; (O, K, TA;) and so عَنِ الإِثْمَارِ ↓ أُغْلِقَتْ. (TA.) b8: And غَلِقَ ظَهْرُ البَعِيرِ, (S, O, K, TA,) inf. n. غَلَقٌ, (S, O, TA,) (tropical:) The back of the camel became galled with galls not to be cured; (S, O, K, TA;) the whole of his back being seen to be two portions of cicatrized skin, the results of galls that had become in a healing state, and the two sides thereof glistening: ISh says that in the case of the worst galls of the camel, the furniture, or saddle and saddle-cloth, cannot be [partially] raised from contact with him [so as to be bearable by him]. (TA.) 2 غَلَّقَ see 4, former half, in three places.3 مُغَالَقَةٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) The contending for a bet, or wager; syn. مُرَاهَنَةٌ; (O, K;) originally, in the game called المَيْسِر: whence, in a trad., the phrase اِرْتَبَطَ فَرَسًا لِيُغَالِقَ عَلَيْهَا (assumed tropical:) [He tied up a mare in order that he should contend upon her in a race for a stake or stakes]. (O.) 4 اغلق البَابَ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, &c.,) inf. n. إِغْلَاقٌ, (Mgh, K, &c.,) He made the door fast with a غَلَق, so that it could not be opened unless with a key; (Msb;) [i. e.] he locked the door; or bolted it: or he closed, or shut, it: (MA:) contr. of فَتَحَهُ: (O, K: *) and ↓ غَلَقَهُ, (S, O, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (Msb, K,) inf. n. غَلْقٌ, (S, O, Msb,) signifies the same; (S, O, Msb, K;) mentioned by IDrd, on the authority of Az; but rare; (Msb;) or a mispronunciation; (K;) or bad, (S, O, K,) and rejected; (S;) and غَلْقٌ is [said to be] the subst. from أَغْلَقَ; (S, Mgh, K;) whence the saying of a poet, وَبَابٍ إِذَا مَا مَالَ لِلْغَلْقِ يَصْرِفُ [And a door that, when it turns to be locked, or closed, creaks]: (S, O, Mgh: *) and one says, الأَبْوَابَ ↓ غَلَّقْتُ [I locked, or closed, the doors]; the verb being with teshdeed to denote multiplicity [of the objects]; (Sb, S, TA;) [and] it is so to denote muchness [of the action] or intensiveness, (O,) [for] one says also, البَابَ ↓ غلّق, a chaste phrase; El-Isbahánee says that ↓ غَلَّقْتُ signifies I locked, or closed, (أَغْلَقْتُ,) many doors, or a door several times, or a door well or thoroughly; (TA;) and one says also أَغْلَقْتُ الأَبْوَابَ; (S, O, TA;) said by Sb to be a good Arabic phrase; (TA;) but this is rare; (O;) El-Farezdak says, مَا زِلْتُ أَفْتَحُ أَبْوَابًا وَأُغْلِقُهَا حَتَّى أَتَيْتُ أَبَا عَمْرِو بْنَ عَمَّارِ [I ceased not to open doors and to close them until I came to Aboo-'Amr Ibn-'Ammár], meaning, as AHát says, Aboo-'Amr Ibn-El-'Alà. (S, O, TA.) b2: [Hence] one says, أُغْلِقَ عَلَيْهِ الأَمْرُ (assumed tropical:) The affair was [as though it were closed against him; i. e., was made] strait to him. (TA. [See also 10.]) b3: And [hence] إِغْلَاقٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) The act of constraining: (Mgh, O, TA:) whence the saying in a trad., لَا طَلَاقَ وَلَا عَتَاقَ فِى إِغْلَاقٍ (assumed tropical:) [There is no divorcement of a wife, nor liberation of a slave, in a case of constraint]; (Mgh, * O, TA;) for the agent is straitened in his affair, (Mgh, TA,) as though the door were locked, or closed, against him, and he were imprisoned. (TA.) One says, أَغْلَقَهُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ (assumed tropical:) He constrained him to do a thing. (IAar, Mgh, TA.) b4: See also 1, last quarter, in two places. b5: One says also, اغلق الرَّهْنَ (tropical:) He made, or declared, the pledge to be due [or a forfeit to its receiver]. (IAar, TA.) And in like manner one says of the arrows termed مَغَالِق, [pl. of مِغْلَقٌ,] تُغْلِقُ الخَطَرَ i. e. (tropical:) They make the stake, or wager, or thing playedfor, to be due [or a forfeit] to the player (O, TA) who wins, or is successful. (TA.) b6: And اغلق القَاتِلَ (assumed tropical:) He delivered, or surrendered, the slayer to the heir, or next of kin, of the slain, that he might decide respecting his blood as he pleased. (O, TA.) And أُغْلِقَ فُلَانٌ بِجَرِيرَتِهِ (assumed tropical:) [Such a one was delivered, or surrendered, to be punished for his crime]. (TA.) And El-Farezdak says, أَسَارَى حَدِيدٍ أُغْلِقَتْ بِدِمَآئِهَا (assumed tropical:) [Captives in bonds of iron, delivered, or surrendered, to be punished for their bloods that they had shed]. (TA.) b7: And أُغْلِقَ فُلَانٌ (assumed tropical:) Such a one was angered. (TA.) b8: And الإِغْلَاقُ [or rather إِغْلَاقُ ظَهْرِ البَعِيرِ] signifies (assumed tropical:) The galling of the back of the camel by heavy loads: (K, TA:) whence the phrase مَنْ أَغْلَقَ ظَهْرَهُ [meaning (assumed tropical:) Such as has heavily burdened his back with sins], applied, in a trad., to one of those for whom the Prophet will intercede; the sins that have burdened the back of the man being likened to the weight of the load of the camel: [but] it is also said that الإِغْلَاقُ was a practice of the Time of Ignorance; that when the camels of any one of them amounted to a hundred, أَغْلَقُوا بَعِيرًا, i. e. (assumed tropical:) They displaced the سَنَاسِن [pl. of سِنْسِنٌ, q. v.] of one of the vertebræ of a camel, and wounded his hump, in order that he might not be ridden, and that no use might be made of his back; and that camel was termed مُعَنًّى [q. v. in art. عنو]. (TA.) 6 تغالقوا They contended, one with another, for bets, or wagers. See 3.]7 انغلق; (MA, TA;) and ↓ غَلِقَ, (TA,) inf. n. غَلَقٌ; (KL;) and ↓ استغلق; (KL, TA;) said of a door, (MA, KL, TA,) It was, or became, locked, or bolted; or closed, or shut; (MA, KL;) or difficult to be opened: (TA:) انغلق is the contr. of انفتح. (Msb.) b2: See a verse cited voce رَوِيْئَةٌ, in art. روأ. [And see also 10.]10 إِسْتَغْلَقَ see 7. b2: [Hence] one says, اِسْتَغْلَقَتْ رَحِمُ النَّاقَةِ فَلَمْ تَقْبَلَ المَآءَ (assumed tropical:) [The she-camel's womb became closed so that it did not admit the seminal fluid]. (Lth, K in art. ربع.) b3: And استغلق عَلَيْهِ الكَلَامُ (tropical:) Speech was as though it were closed against him, (S, O, K, TA,) so that he [was tongue-tied, or] spoke not: accord. to the A, it is said of one who is straitened, and required against his will to speak. (TA.) b4: And استغلق الأَمْرُ (assumed tropical:) i. q. أَعْضَلَ, q. v. (S and O in art. عضل.) b5: And استغلق الخَبَرُ (assumed tropical:) i. q. اِسْتَبْهَمَ, q. v. (Msb in art. بهم.) b6: And اِسْتَغْلَقَنِى فِى بَيْعِى, (ISh, O,) or فى بَيْعَتِهِ, (K,) (tropical:) He made me to be without the option of returning [in the selling to me, or in his sale]: (ISh, O, K, TA:) b7: and اِسْتَغْلَقَتْ عَلَىَّ بَيْعَتُهُ (ISh, O, K) (tropical:) His sale was to me without the option of returning. (K, TA.) غَلْقٌ is [said to be] the inf. n. of غَلَقَ as syn. with أَغْلَقَ: (S, O, Msb:) and (S, K) the subst. from the latter verb [q. v.]. (S, Mgh, K.) A2: As an epithet, (O, K,) applied to a man, or to a camel, (K,) or to each of these, (O,) Old, or advanced in age, and lean, meagre, or emaciated: (O, K, TA:) accord. to the “ Nawádir,” it is applied to an old man [app. as meaning lean, meagre, or emaciated]: (TA:) or red; (K;) or in this sense applied to a man, and to a skin for water or milk, and to leather: (Ibn-'Abbád, O:) or, accord. to AA, applied to a skin for water or milk, vitiated, or rendered unsound, in the tanning. (O.) مَالٌ غِلْقٌ (assumed tropical:) Unlawful property: (JK:) or property to which there is no access; (TA voce رِتْجٌ;) i. q. مَالٌ رِتْجٌ. (K and TA ibid.) One says حَلَالٌ طَلْقٌ: [see art. طلق:] and [in the contr. sense] حَراَمٌ غِلْقٌ (assumed tropical:) [Unlawful, inaccessible]. (TA.) غَلَقٌ [A lock;] a thing by means of which a door is made fast, (S, * O, * Msb, K, *) not to be opened save with a key; (S and K voce مِزْلَاجٌ;) a thing that is closed and opened with a key; (Mgh;) pl. أَغْلَاقٌ, (Sb, Msb, TA,) its only pl.: (Sb, TA:) and ↓ مِغْلَاقٌ is syn. therewith; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) pl. مَغَالِيقُ: (Msb:) so too is ↓ مِغْلَقٌ: (Msb, TA:) and so ↓ مُغْلُوقٌ: (S, O, K:) and so ↓ غَلَاقٌ. (TA.) El-Farezdak has used its pl. metaphorically, [in a sense sufficiently obvious,] saying, فَبِتْنَ بِجَانِبَىَّ مُصَرَّعَاتٍ

وَبِتُّ أَفُضُّ أَغْلَاقَ الخِتَامِ meaning خِتَامَ الأَغْلَاقِ, the phrase being inverted by him. (TA.) b2: Also i. q. رِتَاجٌ, meaning A great door: whence the phrase مَفَاتِيحُ أَغْلَاقِهَا, by which are meant [the keys of] the [great] doors thereof. (Mgh.) غَلِقٌ [part. n. of غَلِقَ primarily signifying Being, or becoming, locked, or bolted; or closed, or shut. b2: And hence,] (tropical:) A pledge being, or becoming, a rightful possession [i. e. a forfeit] to the receiver of it, not having been redeemed within the time stipulated. (TA. [See also the verb.]) b3: And (assumed tropical:) A captive, and a criminal, unransomed, or unredeemed. (TA.) b4: (assumed tropical:) A narrow, or strait, place. (TA.) b5: (assumed tropical:) A man evil in disposition: or much, or often, in anger; thus expl. by Aboo-Bekr: or narrow in disposition, difficult to be pleased. (TA.) b6: And (tropical:) Speech, or language, [difficult to be understood,] dubious, or confused. (S, K, TA.) b7: And نَخْلَةٌ غَلِقَةٌ (tropical:) A palm-tree having worms in the bases of its branches and thereby stopped from bearing fruit. (TA.) b8: And غَلِقٌ applied to the back of a camel, (tropical:) Having incurable galls; the whole of it being seen to be two portions of cicatrized skin, and the two sides thereof glistening. (TA.) غُلُقٌ, applied to a door, [Locked; or bolted: or closed, or shut:] i. q. ↓ مُغْلَقٌ; (S, O, K;) of which ↓ مَغْلُوقٌ is a dial. var., but bad, (S, O,) and rejected. (S, TA.) غَلْقَةٌ, (S, O, K,) thus as heard by AHn from El-Bekree and others, (O,) and ↓ غِلْقَةٌ (O, K) as heard by him from one of the Desert-Arabs of Rabee'ah, the former the more common, (O,) and ↓ غَلْقَى, (K,) A certain tree [or plant] with which the people of Et-Táïf prepare hides for tanning by the treatment termed عَطْنٌ: (ISk, S, TA: [see عَطَنَ الجِلْدَ:]) accord. to information given to AHn by an Arab of the desert, (O,) a certain small tree, [or plant,] (O, K, TA,) resembling the عِظْلِم [q. v.], (O, TA,) bitter (O, K, TA) in an intense degree, not eaten by anything: it is dried, then bruised, and beaten, with water, and skins are macerated in it, in consequence of which there remains not upon them a hair nor a particle of fur nor a bit of flesh; this being done when they desire to throw the skins into the tan, whether they be of oxen or of sheep or goats or of other animals; and it is bruised, and carried into the various districts or towns for this purpose: (O, TA:) it is found in El-Hijáz and Tihámeh: (K, TA:) AHn says, it is a tree [or plant] not to be endured for pungency; the gatherer of it fears for his eyes from its exhalation or its juice: (TA:) it is of the utmost efficiency for tanning: (K, TA:) Lth says, (O, TA,) it is a bitter tree [or plant]; (O;) and it is a poison; a mixture being made with its leaves for wolves and dogs, which kills them; and it is used also for tanning therewith: (O, TA:) and AHn says, (TA,) the Abyssinians poison weapons with it, (K, TA,) cooking it, and then smearing with it the weapons, (TA,) and it kills him whom it smiles. (K, TA.) [Accord. to Forskål, (Flora Ægypt. Arab. p. lxvi.,) the names of “ Harmal حرمل, and Ghalget ed dib غلقت الديب,” by which he means حَرْمَل and غَلْقَة الذِّئْب, are now applied to Peganum harmala.]

غِلْقَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

غَلْقَى: see the next preceding paragraph.

غَلَاقٌ: see غَلَقٌ.

A2: It is also a subst. from the verb in the phrase أُغْلِقَ فُلَانٌ بِجَرِيرَتِهِ [q. v.]: 'Adee Ibn-Zeyd says, وَتَقُولُ العُدَاةُ أَوْدَى عَدِىٌّ وَبَنُوهُ قَدْ أَيْقَنُوا بِالغَلَاقِ [And the enemies say, “'Adee has perished, and his sons have made sure of being surrendered ”]. (TA.) إِغْلِيقٌ [like إِقْلِيدٌ, which is more common,] A key; pl. أَغَالِيقُ. (TA.) [أَغَالِيقُ may also signify Locks, as a pl. pl., i. e. as pl. of أَغْلَاقٌ, which is pl. of غَلَقٌ.]

مُغْلَقٌ: see غُلُقٌ.

مِغْلَقٌ: see غَلَقٌ. b2: Also, (S, O, K, TA,) and ↓ مِغْلَاقٌ is a dial. var. thereof in this sense, (TA,) An arrow, (K,) i. e. any arrow, (S, O,) used in the game called المَيْسِر: (S, O, K:) or, (K,) accord. to Lth, (O,) المِغْلَقُ signifies السَّهْمُ السّابِعُ فِى مُضَعَّفِ المَيْسِرِ [i. e. the seventh arrow, app. belonging to the class, of the arrows of the game of الميسر, to which manifold portions are assigned; for المُضَعَّفُ as used in relation to the game called الميسر I do not find expl. otherwise than as an appellation of “ the second of the arrows termed الغُفْل, to which are assigned no portion; ” (see art. ضعف, and see also سَفِيحٌ;) and this cannot be here meant, as the seventh arrow (which is commonly called المُعَلَّى) has seven portions assigned to it: therefore it seems that مُضَعَّف is here used, if not mistakenly, in a sense which, though admissible, is unusual in a case of this kind]: (O, K:) pl. مَغَالِقُ: (S, O, K: in the CK [erroneously] مَغَالِيقُ:) or المُغَالِقُ is one of the epithets applied to the winning arrows, and is not one of their [particular] names; (O, K;) they being those that make what is played-for to be a forfeit to the player (تُغْلِقُ الخَطَرَ لِلْقَامِرِ): so accord. to Az, who says that Lth has made a mistake in his explanation. (O.) مِغْلَاقٌ: see غَلَقٌ. [Hence] one says, فُلَانٌ مِفْتَاحٌ لِلْخَيْرِ مِغْلَاقٌ لِلشَّرِّ (assumed tropical:) [Such a one is a key to that which is good, a lock to that which is evil]. (TA.) b2: And i. q. مِرْتَاجٌ [A thing with which a door is closed, or made fast, (app. a kind of latch,) affixed behind the door, in the part next to the lock]. (TA.) [See art. رتج: and see مِعْلَاقٌ, which seems to have the same, or a similar, meaning.]) b3: And رَجُلٌ مِغْلَاقٌ. (Msb,) and قَوْمٌ مَغَالِيقُ, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) A man, and a company of men, by means of whom (عَلَى يَدَيْهِ, Msb, and عَلَى أَيْدِيهِمْ, TA,) the pledge is made a forfeit (يُغْنَقُ). (Msb, TA.) And ذُو مِغْلَاقٍ means اَلَّذِى تُغْلَقُ عَلَى يَدِهِ قِدَاحُ المَيْسِرِ (assumed tropical:) [app. One by means of whom the arrows in the game called الميسر are withheld from the rest of the players; i. e. by his winning]: or, accord. to Z, يُغْلِقُ الحُجَّةَ عَلَى الخَصْمِ (assumed tropical:) [app. one who closes the argument against the adversary in a dispute]. (TA in art. علق.) b4: See also مِغْلَقٌ.

مَغْلُوقٌ: see غُلُقٌ.

A2: Also A hide in which [the plant called] غَلْقَة [q. v.] is put, when it is prepared for tanning by the treatment termed عَطْنٌ: (ISk, S, TA:) or a hide tanned with غَلْقَة. (O, K.) مُغْلُوقٌ: see غَلَقٌ.

غلو

1 غَلَا, aor. ـْ primarily signifies He, or it, exceeded the proper, due, or common, limit; was excessive, immoderate, or beyond measure; but the inf. n. differs in different cases, as will be shown in what follows: (Er-Rághib, TA:) it is said of anything as meaning it exceeded, or was excessive. (Msb.) b2: You say, غَلَا فِى الأَمْرِ, (S, K,) aor. as above, (TA,) inf. n. غُلُوٌّ (S, K, TA) and غَلَانِيَةٌ; as also بِهِ ↓ تغالى; (K * and TA in art. غلى; [but belonging to the present art., as is said in the TA;]) He exceeded the proper, due, or common, limit, in the affair; was excessive, or immoderate, therein. (S, K, TA.) And غَلَا فِى الدِّينِ, aor. as above, inf. n. غُلُوٌّ, He acted, or behaved, with forced hardness, or strictness, or rigour, in religion, so that he exceeded the proper, due, or common, limit: whence the usage of the verb in the Kur iv. 169 and v. 81: (Msb, TA:) accord. to IAth, الغُلُوُّ فِى الدِّينِ is the investigating of the intrinsic states, or circumstances, of things, [in religion,] and [applying oneself to] the discovery of their causes, and of the abstrusities relating to the rites and ceremonies thereof. (TA.) [See also 3.] b3: And غَلَا بِالسَّهْمِ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. as above, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. غَلْوٌ (S, Er-Rághib, Mgh, Msb, K) and غُلُوٌّ; (K;) and بِهِ ↓ غالى, (Mgh, K,) and ↓ غالاهُ, (K,) inf. n. غِلَآءٌ (Mgh, K) and مُغَالَاةٌ; (K;) He shot the arrow to the furthest distance (S, Mgh, Msb) that he was able to attain: (S, Mgh:) or he raised his arms with the arrow, desiring [to attain with it] the furthest limit. (K, * TA.) And غَلَا السَّهْمُ The arrow rose in its course, and exceeded the [usual] limit; (K, TA;) and in like manner, الحَجَرُ the stone. (TA.) b4: And غَلَا السِّعْرُ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, *) aor. as above, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. غَلَآءٌ, (S, Mgh, K,) or this is a simple subst., (Msb,) The price, or rate, at which a thing was to be sold, was, or became, high; (Mgh, Msb, TA;) or exceeded the usual limit; (Er-Rághib, TA;) contr. of رَخُصَ. (K.) b5: And غَلَا بِهَا عظم [i. e. عِظَمٌ, lit. Bigness exceeded the usual limit in her;] meaning she became plump, or fat: (TA:) one says, غلا بِالجَارِيَةِ عظم, and بِالغُلَامِ, [the girl, or young woman, became plump, or fat, and the boy, or young man,] in the case of their quickly attaining to young womanhood and young manhood. (TA in another part of this art.) b6: And غَلَا is said of anything as meaning اِرْتَفَعَ [i. e. It rose in degree; as is shown by the following ex.]: Dhur-Rummeh says, فَمَا زَالَ يَغْلُو حُبُّ مَيَّةَ عِنْدَنَا وَيَزْدَادُ حَتَّى لَمْ نَجِدْ مَا نَزِيدُهَا [And the love of Meiyeh ceased not to rise in degree with us, and to increase, so that we found not what more we might give to her]. (TA.) b7: See also 8. b8: And see 6.2 غَلَّوَ see art. غلى.3 غالى فِى أَمْرِهِ, inf. n. مُغَالَاةٌ, signifies [the same, or nearly the same, as غَلَا فِيهِ; i. e.] He exceeded the usual, or proper, bounds, or degree, in his affair; acted immoderately therein; or strove or laboured, or exerted himself or his power or efforts, or the like, therein; syn. بَالَغَ [q. v.]. (Msb.) b2: See also 1, near the middle, in two places. b3: غَالَى بِهِ, and غالاهُ, (S, Msb, K,) which latter is used by a poet for غالى به, (S,) He bought it at a high, or an excessive, price, namely, flesh-meat; (S, Msb;) as also بِهِ ↓ اغلى; (S;) and ↓ اغلاهُ, i. e. water, and flesh-meat [&c.]: (IKtt, TA: [see an ex. in a verse of Lebeed cited in art. دكن:]) or he exceeded what was usual in purchasing it, or in offering it for sale, and mentioning the price. (M, K, TA.) A poet says, نُغَالِى اللَّحْمَ لِلْأَضْيَافِ نِيْئًا وَنُرْخِصُهُ إِذَا نَضِجَ القُدُورُ [We purchase at a high price flesh-meat, for the guests, raw; and we make it to be low-priced when the contents of the cooking-pots are thoroughly cooked]: he has suppressed the ب [after نغالى], meaning it [to be understood]. (S, TA.) b4: and غالى فِى الصِّدَاقِ He made the dowry, or the gift to, or for, a bride, high, or excessive, in amount; [he was excessive, or exorbitant, therein;] whence the saying of 'Omar, لَا تُغَالُوا فِى صَدُقَاتِ النِّسَآءِ [Be not ye excessive, or exorbitant, in respect of the dowries of women]. (TA. [See also 6.]) b5: And غالاهُ, inf. n. مُغَالَاةٌ, signifies also He contended with him for superiority in tallness or in beneficence; syn. طَاوَلَهُ. (TA.) 4 أَغْلَوَ see 3, in two places. b2: اغلاهُ also signifies He (God) made it to be high, or excessive, (S, Msb, K, TA,) namely, the price, or rate, at which a thing was to be sold; (S, Msb, K, * TA; *) contr. of أَرْخَصَهُ. (TA.) b3: And He found it [a thing] to be high-priced: or he reckoned it to be so; as also ↓ استغلاهُ. (TA.) b4: And He lightened, or thinned, somewhat, its leaves, (K, TA,) namely, those of a grape-vine, in order that it might grow high, and become [more productive, or] in good condition. (TA.) A2: See also 6.5 تَغَلَّوَ see art. غلى.6 تَغَاْلَوَ see 1, second sentence. b2: تغالوا فِى الصَّدَاقِ They were excessive, or exorbitant, one towards another, in respect of the dowry, or the gift to, or for, a bride; contr. of تَسَاهَلُوا and تَيَاسَرُوا. (TA in art. يسر. [See also 3, last sentence but one.]) b3: تغالى said of a plant, or herbage, It grew high; (M, K, TA;) it became tall. (M, TA.) And, said of the same, It became tangled, or luxuriant, or abundant and dense, and large; as also ↓ غَلَا, and ↓ اغلى, and ↓ اِغْلَوْلَى; (K;) or this last is said of a grape-vine, signifying its leaves became tangled, or luxuriant, or abundant and dense, and its branches, or its shoots upon which were the bunches of grapes, or the buds of its leaves and berries, (نَوَامِيهِ,) became abundant, and it became tall. (TA.) b4: Also, said of the flesh of a beast, It rose, or went away, (اِرْتَفَعَ,) and became upon the heads of the bones: and it fell away on the occasion of preparing for racing, or the like, by scanty feeding &c.: (T, TA:) or, said of the flesh of a she-camel, it went away; syn. ذَهَبَ; (K;) or اِرْتَفَعَ and ذَهَبَ. (S.) 8 اغتلى He was, or became, quick, or swift; he sped, or went quickly; (S, K, TA;) said of a camel: (K, TA:) and he rose [in the degree of celerity] (اِرْتَفَعَ) so as to exceed goodness of rate, or pace; and in like manner one says [اغتلت] of any beast (دَابَّة); as also ↓ غَلَت, inf. n. غلو [app. غُلُوٌّ]. (TA.) 10 إِسْتَغْلَوَ see 4.12 اغلولى: see 6.

غَلْوَةٌ The limit, or utmost extent, of a shot or throw; (S, Mgh; *) [i. e.] any مَرْمَاة: (K:) [generally, a bow-shot; i. e.] the measure, space, or extent, of a single shooting of an arrow: (Har p. 234:) [or the utmost measure of a bow-shot; i. e.] a shot of an arrow to the utmost possible distance; also termed غَايَةٌ: (Msb:) said to be from three hundred to four hundred cubits: (Mgh, Msb:) the twenty-fifth part of a complete فَرْسَخ [q. v.]: (ISd, Z, Mgh, TA:) or it is reckoned by some as four hundred cubits, and by others as two hundred cubits: (Msb voce مِيلٌ [q. v.]:) pl. غَلَوَاتٌ (Msb, K, TA) and غِلَآءٌ. (S, * K, TA.) Hence, (TA,) it is said in a prov., جَرْىُ المُذَكِّيَاتِ غِلَآءٌ, (S, K, TA,) or, as some relate it, غِلَابٌ. (TA. See art. ذكو.) [Thus] غَلْوَةٌ is sometimes used in relation to horse-racing. (TA.) غَلْوَى i. q. غَالِيَةٌ. (K.) See the latter in art. غلى.

غُلَوَآءُ (S, K) and غُلْوَآءُ, (K,) the latter mentioned by Az, and app. a contraction of the former, (TA,) [and Freytag adds غُلُوَآء, for which I find no authority,] Excess, or exorbitance; (TA;) syn. with [the inf. n.] غُلُوٌّ. (S, K, TA.) One says, خَفِّفْ عَنْ غُلَوَائِكَ [Alleviate thine excess, or exorbitance]. (TA.) b2: And The quickness, or haste, or hastiness, and the first stage or state, of youth, or young manhood; (Az, S, K;) as also ↓ غُلْوَانٌ. (ISd, K, TA.) One says, فَعَلَهُ فِى غُلَوَآءِ شَبَابِهِ and شَبَابِهِ ↓ غُلْوَانِ [He did it in the quickness, or haste, &c., of his youth, or young manhood]. (TA.) b3: And غُلَوَآءُ signifies also The rising, or rising high, and increasing, of a plant, or of herbage. (Mz 40th نوع.) غُلْوَانٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.

غَلَآءٌ the subst. from غَلَا السِّعْرُ; [as such signifying A high price, or rate, at which a thing is to be sold;] (Msb;) or it is an inf. n. (S, Mgh, K.) [See 1, latter half.]

A2: Also, [i. e.] like سَمَآءٌ [in measure], (K,) but in the copies of the M ↓ غَلَّآءٌ, with teshdeed, (TA,) A man who shoots the arrow far. (K.) A3: And A certain small, or short, fish, (K, accord. to different copies,) about a span [in length]: (TA:) pl. أَغْلِيَةٌ. (K.) غَلِىٌّ: see غَالٍ, in three places.

غَلَّآءٌ: see غَلَآءٌ.

غَالٍ [act. part. n. of غَلَا: and hence, Acting, or behaving, with forced hardness, or strictness, or rigour, in religion, so that he exceeds the proper, due, or common, limit: (see 1:) and particularly] an extravagant zealot of the class of innovators: pl. غُلَاةٌ. (TA in art. سبأ.) b2: and Shooting, or one who shoots, the arrow to the furthest distance. (Msb.) b3: And High, or excessive, (S, * Msb, K, TA,) applied to a price, or rate, at which a thing is sold; (S, Msb, K, TA;) as also ↓ غَلِىٌّ. (K, TA.) Hence one says, بِعْتُهُ بِالغَالِى and ↓ بِالغَلِىِّ I sold it, or bought it, at what was a high, or an excessive, price, or rate. (K, TA.) A poet says, وَلَوْ أَنَّا نُبَاعَ كَلَامَ سَلْمَى

↓ لَأَعْطَيْنَا بِهِ ثَمَنًا غَلِيَّا [And if we were sold the speech, or discourse, of Selmà, we would give for it a high, or an excessive, price]. (TA.) b4: Also Fat flesh-meat. (K.) غَالِيَةٌ: see art. غلى.

أَغْلَى More, or most, high [or excessive] in price: hence the saying, أَفْضَلُ الرِّقَابِ أَغْلَاهَا ثَمَنًا [The most excellent of slaves is the highest thereof in price]. (Mgh.) مِغْلًى [in the CK مِغْلَاء] An arrow with which one raises the arm [in shooting] in order to exceed with it the usual limit, or nearly to do so: (K, * TA:) or, accord. to the M, that is used in striving to exceed the usual limit: also termed ↓ مِغْلَاةٌ: pl. مَغَالٍ. (TA.) مِغْلَاةٌ: see what next precedes. b2: نَاقَةٌ مِغْلَاةُ الوَهَقِ A she-camel that goes quickly when her feet of her fore legs and of her hind legs fall in one place: (S: [it is there expl. by تَغْتَلِى followed by the words إِذَا تَوَاهَقَتْ أَخْفَافُهَا which I have here rendered accord. to an explanation in art. وهق in the O: but the phrase مغلاة الوهق is there mentioned as an ex. of الوَهَق as signifying “ the lasso; ” whence it appears that the phrase lit. means that exceeds the limit of the lasso; agreeably with the explanation of Golius, “rapide currens, et fugiens laqueum sibi injiciendum: ”]) or [the meaning is a she-camel that steps far in vying, or keeping pace, with another; for], in explaining the phrase مِغْلَاةُ الوَهَقِ, IB says that المِغْلَاةُ applied to the she-camel signifies اَلَّتِى

تُبْعِدُ الخَطْوَ; and الوَهَقُ signifies المُبَارَاةُ and المُسَايَرَةُ. (TA voce هِرْجَابٌ.) أَرْضٌ مُغْلَوْلِيَةٌ A land having abundant, and dense or luxuriant, herbage; and with ع also; i. q. مُغِمَّةٌ and مِغَمَّةٌ. (TA in art. غم.)

سب

1 سَبَّهُ, (S, M, K,) [aor. ـُ inf. n. سَبٌّ, (M,) He cut him, or it. (S, M, K.) b2: And i. q. عَقَرَهُ [i. e. He wounded him; or hocked, houghed, or hamstrung, him; &c.]. (S, * K.) b3: And, (S, M, K,) aor. as above, (S, TA,) and so the inf. n., (M, TA,) (tropical:) He pierced him in the سَبَّةٌ, i. e. the اِسْت. (S, M, K, TA.) [See an ex. in a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. سر.] b4: Also سَبَّهُ, (S, M, A, Msb, K,) aor. as above, (S, M,) inf. n. سَبٌّ (S, M, Msb, K) and سِبِّيبَى, (K,) [but the latter, accord. to analogy, has an intensive signification,] He reviled him, vilified him, upbraided him, reproached him, defamed him, or gave a bad name to him; (S, M, A, MA, K, Bd in vi. 108, &c.;) from the same verb in the first of the senses expl. in this art.; (M;) as also ↓ سبّبهُ; (K;) or the latter signifies he reviled him, vilified him, &c., much; syn. أَكْثَرَ سَبَّهُ; (M;) or is more than سَبَّهُ (أَكْثَرُ مِنْ سَبَّهُ). (TA.) 2 سَبَّّ see what next precedes.

A2: سبّب لِلْأَمْرِ, (MA,) inf. n. تَسْبِيبٌ, (KL, PS,) (assumed tropical:) He made, or appointed, or prepared, a means, or cause, (MA, KL, PS,) of attaining, or accomplishing, the thing, or affair. (MA.) [And سبّب, alone, (assumed tropical:) He, or it, caused or, occasioned.] You say, سَبَّبَ اللّٰهُ لَكَ سَبَبَ خَيْرٍ (tropical:) [May God make, or appoint, or prepare, for thee a means of attaining good, or prosperity]. (A, TA.) And سبّب لِلْمَآءِ مَجْرًى (tropical:) He made, or prepared, a channel for the water. (A, TA.) 3 سابّهُ, inf. n. سِبَابٌ (S, * M, A, Msb, K *) and مُسَابَّةٌ, (M, Msb, KL, TA,) He reviled him, vilified him, upbraided him, reproached him, defamed him, or gave a bad name to him, (M, A, KL, TA,) being reviled, &c., by him. (M, A, TA.) You say, بَيْنَهُمَا سِبَابٌ Between them two is mutual reviling, &c. (A.) And المِزَاحُ سِبَابُ النَّوْكَى [Jesting is the mutual reviling, &c., of those that are foolish, or stupid]. (A, TA.) and it is said in a trad., سبَابُ المُسْلِمِ فُسُوقٌ (TA) The mutual reviling of the Muslim is a departure from obedience to God. (El-Munáwee in his Expos. of the Jámi' es-Sagheer of Es-Suyootee.) 5 تسبّب [as quasi-pass. of 2, (assumed tropical:) It was, or became, made, or appointed, or prepared, as a means, or cause, of attaining, or accomplishing a thing, or an affair; followed by لِأَمْرٍ. And It was, or became, caused, or occasioned]. You say, تسبّب مَالُ الفَىْءِ (assumed tropical:) [The property of the spoil, or acquisition, or tribute, termed فَىْء was caused, or occasioned, to accrue]: for that whereby the property is caused, or occasioned, [to be obtained, as the abandonment of their abodes by unbelievers, or their making peace with Muslim invaders on the condition of paying a poll-tax or the like,] is made a means, or cause, of the accruing of the property to those to whom it is due of the recipients of the فَىْء (Az, TA.) [See also 10.] b2: تسبّب بِهِ إِلَى شَىْءٍ (assumed tropical:) He made use of it as a means, or cause, of attaining, or accomplishing, a thing. (M.) And أَتَسَبَّبُ بِفُلَانٍ إِلَيْكَ (assumed tropical:) [I make use of such a one as a means of access to thee]. (TA in art. ذرع.) b3: [Hence, in the present day, تسبّب is used as meaning (assumed tropical:) He trafficked; because trafficking is a using means to procure subsistence.]6 تَسَابَّا, (K,) [or تسابّوا,] inf. n. تَسَابٌّ, (S,) They two cut each other, (S, * K,) [or they (i. e. more than two persons) cut one another.] b2: [Hence, (see 1, last sentence,)] تسابّوا, (S, M, A, MA, K,) inf. n. as above; (S;) and ↓ استبّوا; (A, MA;) They reviled, vilified, upbraided, reproached, defamed, or gave bad names to, one another. (S, M, A, MA.) And بَيْنَهُمْ أُسْبُوبَةٌ يَتَسَابُّونَ بِهَا (S, M, A, * TA) Between them is a thing [meaning reviling or vilifying speech] with which they revile, or vilify, &c., one another. (M, TA.) 8 إِسْتَبَ3َ see the next preceding paragraph.10 استسبّ لِأَبَوَيْهِ [He invited, or attracted, reviling, or vilifying, to his two parents]. (A.) It is said in a trad. of Aboo-Hureyreh, لَا تَمْشِيَنَّ

أَمَامَ أَبِيكَ وَلَا تَجْلِسْ قَبْلَهُ وَلَا تَدَعْهُ بِاسْمِهِ وَلَا تَسْتَسِبَّ لَهُ, i. e. [By no means walk thou before thy father, nor sit down before him, nor call him by his name,] nor expose him to reviling, or attract reviling to him, by reviling another's father, for in that case he may revile thy father in requital to thee. (TA.) A2: اِسْتَسْبَبَ لَهُ الأَمْرُ (tropical:) (A, TA) [The thing, or affair, or event, became caused, or prepared, for him: thus expl. by IbrD: see also 5]. R. Q. 1 سَبْسَبَ (assumed tropical:) He severed his tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred. (AA.) A2: He went a gentle pace. (AA. [Freytag, on the authority of “ Hamak. Waked.,” assigns this meaning to ↓ تَسَبْسَبَ.]) A3: He smelt a foul smell. (AA.) A4: He discharged his urine. (M, K.) He made water to flow. (K.) R. Q. 2 تَسَبْسَبَ It (water) ran, or flowed. (K.) b2: See also R. Q. 1.

سِبٌّ One who reviles, vilifies, upbraids, reproaches, or defames, much, being reviled, &c.; (A'Obeyd, S, M, Msb, * K;) as also ↓ مِسَبٌّ. (S, K.) And [simply] One's mutual reviler or vilifier &c.; (A'Obeyd, S, M, K;) as also ↓ سَبِيبٌ (M, K.) A poet, (S,) namely, 'Abd-Er-Rahmán Ibn-Hassán, satirizing Miskeen Ed-Dárimee, (TA,) says, لَا تَسُبَّنَّنِى فَلَسْتَ بِسِبِّى

إِنَّ سِبِّى مِنَ الرِّجَالِ الكَرِيمُ [Thou shalt by no means revile me; for thou art not my mutual reviler: verily he, of men, who is my mutual reviler is the generous]. (S, TA.) [See also مُسْتَبٌّ: and سَبَّابٌ.]

A2: A veil, or the like; syn. سِتْرٌ. (M.) b2: A woman's muffler, or head-covering; syn. خِمَارٌ. (S, M, Msb, K.) b3: A turban. (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K.) El-Mukhabbal Es-Saadee says, (S, M, Mgh,) using it in this sense, (M, Mgh,) وَأَشْهَدُ مِنْ عَوْفٍ حُلُولًا كَثِيرَةً

يَحُــجُّونَ سِبَّ الزِّبْرِقَانِ المُزَعْفَرَا [And I witness many persons of 'Owf, alighting during their journeys, going repeatedly to and fro to see Ez-Zibrikán's turban dyed with saffron]: (S, M, Mgh:) for it was a custom of the chiefs of the Arabs to dye their turbans with saffron: or, as some say, the meaning is his اِسْت; [but this is correctly, or more commonly, termed سَبَّة;] and Ktr asserts that he was suspected: (M:) he says that Ez-Zibrikán used to tinge his است yellow; but this is a strange saying. (TA in art. زبرق.) b4: Also, and ↓ سَبِيبَةٌ, An oblong piece (S, M, K) of cloth, (M,) or of thin cloth, (K,) or of thin linen cloth, (S,) or of white cloth: (M:) or a thin garment: (Aboo-'Omar, TA:) or so the latter word: (M:) or this signifies a linen stuff that is brought from the region of the Nile, of a kind commonly known among the merchants by [the name of] كرخ, some of which are made in Misr, and their length is eight by six [cubits: cubits being meant because the ns. of number here are fem., and ذِرَاع is fem.]: (Sh, TA:) or this same word signifies an oblong piece of cloth of any kind, or, as some say, of linen: (TA:) the pl. of the former is سُبُوبٌ; (S, K, TA;) and of the latter, سَبَائِبٌ: (S, M, K, TA:) in a verse of 'Alkameh Ibn-'Abadeh, the phrase بِسَبَا الكَتَّانِ is used for بِسَبَائِبِ الكتّان. (M.) b5: See also سَبَبَ, first signification.

سَبَّةٌ i. q. اِسْتٌ (tropical:) [The podex, or the anus]: (S, M, A, K:) because it is discommended. (A.) [See also سِبٌّ.]

A2: مَضَتْ سَبَّةٌ مِنَ الدَّهْرِ (tropical:) A space, or long space, of time passed; (S, M, A;) [thus termed] because time is always complained of; (A;) and so سَنْبَةٌ, in which the ن is [said to be] a substitute for the [former] ب of سَبَّةٌ, in like manner as it is substituted in the case of إِجَّاصٌ and إِنْجَاصٌ; because [it is asserted, though this is contradicted, that] there is no word of which the radical letters are سنب. (M.) And مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ سَبَّةٍ (assumed tropical:) I have not seen him for, or during, a space, or long space, of time; (S, K; *) like as you say مُنْذُ سَنْبَةٍ. (S.) And عِشْنَا بِهَا سَبَّةً and سَنْبَةً (assumed tropical:) We lived in it a space, or long space, of time. (Ks, TA.) And أَصَابَتْنَا سَبَّةٌ مِنَ الحَرِّ, and البَرْدِ, and الصَّحْوِ, (K, * TA,) and الرَّوْحِ, (TA,) (tropical:) A period of some days' continuance [of heat, and of cold and of serene weather, and of gentle wind, betided us]. (K, TA.) [The pl. is سِبَابٌ.] One says, الدَّهْرُ سِبَابٌ (assumed tropical:) Time consists of vicissitudes; one turn is thus, and one is thus. (ISh, TA.) سُبَّةٌ A disgrace; a shame; a thing that occasions one's being reviled. (S, M, A, K.) One says, صَارَ هٰذَا الأَمْرُ سُبَّةً عَلَيْهِ This thing became a disgrace to him, occasioning his being reviled. (S.) And أَنْتَ سُبَّةٌ عَلَى قَوْمِكَ [Thou art a disgrace to thy people]. (A.) [And ↓ مَسَبَّةٌ, in like manner, (a word of the class of مَبْخَلَةٌ and مَجْبَنَةٌ, being originally مَسْبَبَةٌ,) signifies A cause of reviling, or of being reviled; as is shown by the saying of Tufeyl El-Ghanawee, cited in the TA in art. عقب, فَلَمْ يَجِدِ الأَقْوَامُ فِينَا مَسَبَّةً

And the people did not find in us a cause of reviling, or of being reviled: pl. مَسَابُّ.] One says, ↓ إِيَّاكَ وَالمَسَبَّةَ and المَسَابَّ [Beware thou of, or avoid thou, the cause of reviling or of being reviled, and the causes thereof]. (A.) b2: Also One whom people revile (S, K) much. (K.) See also سُبَبَةٌ.

السِّبَّةُ: see السَّبَّابَةُ.

سَبَبٌ A rope, or cord; (S, M, A, Msb, K;) as also ↓ سِبٌّ; (S, M, K;) the latter of the dial. of Hudheyl, (S,) and occurring in this sense in a verse of Aboo-Dhu-eyb cited voce خَيْطَةٌ; (S, M;) accord. to some, as there meaning a wooden peg, [a meaning assigned to it in the K,] but the former is the correct meaning: (M:) the pl. of both words is أَسْبَابٌ, (M, TA, *) [and] the pl. of the latter word is سُبُوبٌ (S, TA) also: (TA:) or سَبَبٌ signifies any rope let down, or made to descend, from above: (AO, TA:) or a strong and long rope, but no rope is so called except one by means of which one ascends and descends: (Khálid Ibn-Jembeh, TA:) or this appellation is only given to a rope of which one end is attached to a roof or ceiling or the like: (TA:) or one by means of which one ascends palm-trees: (Er-Rághib, TA:) [and] a rope by means of which one reaches, or gains access to, water. (TA.) فَلْيَمْدُدْ بِسَبَبٍ إِلَى السَّمَآءِ ثُمَّ لِيَقْطَعْ, in the Kur [xxii. 15], means Let him stretch a rope to the roof, or ceiling, of his dwelling; then let him die strangled: i. e. let him die of rage: (M, TA:) or, as some say, let him stretch a rope to the lowest heaven; then let him traverse the intervening space until he reach the highest part thereof. (Bd.) The saying جَبَّتْ نِسَآءَ العَالَمِينَ بِالسَّبَبْ has been expl. in art. جب: in this instance, a rope or cord, may be meant; or a string, or thread. (M, TA.) b2: Hence, (Msb,) (tropical:) A thing (S, M, Msb, K) of any kind (S, Msb, K) by means of which one attains, reaches, or gains access to another thing: (S, M, Msb, K:) pl. as above. (M.) One says, جَعَلْتُ فُلَانًا لِى سَبَبًا إِلَى

فُلَانٌ فِى حَاجَتِى, i. e. (assumed tropical:) [I made such a one] a means of access [to such a one in the case of my want]. (TA.) Hence, (M,) أَسْبَابُ السَّمَآءِ (assumed tropical:) The places of ascent of the heaven, or sky: (M, K:) or the tracts, or regions, thereof: (S, K:) or the gates thereof. (Ibn-Es-Seed, K. [See an ex. in a verse cited voce ثَمَانُونَ.]) And the saying, اِرْتَقَى فِى الأَسْبَابِ, meaning (assumed tropical:) He excelled [or attained to excellence] in religion. (M.) b3: (assumed tropical:) A road, or way. (A. [There mentioned among proper, not tropical, significations.]) So in the saying, in the Kur xviii. 88 and 91, ثُمَّ اتَّبَعَ سَبَبًا (assumed tropical:) [Then he followed a road, or way]. (Bd.) [And] so in the saying, مَا لِى إِلَيْهِ سَبَبٌ (assumed tropical:) [There is not for me any road, or way, to him, or it]. (A.) So too ↓ سَبِيبَةٌ: pl. سَبَائِبُ. (Ham p. 347.) b4: [(assumed tropical:) A mean, or means, used in order to any end: a means by which a thing is brought about: a cause; but more properly only a second cause: an occasion, or accidental cause: and a reason, or motive.] One says, هٰذَا سَبَبُ هٰذَا (assumed tropical:) [This is the cause, or occasion, of this]. (Msb.) and بِسَبَبِهِ كَانَ كَذَا (assumed tropical:) [Because of him, or it, it was thus, or such a thing was]. (Msb in art اجل.) And سَبَّبَ اللّٰهُ لَكَ سَبَبَ خَيْرٍ (tropical:) [May God appoint, or prepare, for thee a means, or cause, of good, or prosperity]. (A.) b5: (tropical:) A connexion, or tie, (S, A, K, TA,) of relationship (S, K, TA) by marriage; distinguished from نَسَبٌ, which is by birth: from the same word as signifying “ a rope by means of which one reaches, or gains access to, water. ” (TA.) One says, اِنْقَطَعَ بَيْنَهُمُ السَّبَبُ i. e. (tropical:) The connexion, or tie, [of affinity between them was severed,] and الأَسْبَابُ the connexions, or ties. (A) وَتَقَطَّعَتْ بِهِمُ الأَسْبَابُ [in the Kur ii.

161] means, accord. to I'Ab, (assumed tropical:) And their ties and affections [shall be dissundered]: or, accord. to Az, (assumed tropical:) and their places of abode [shall be divided asunder]. (TA.) [But] قَطَعَ اللّٰهُ بِهِ السَّبَبَ means (assumed tropical:) [God cut short, or may God cut short,] his life. (M, K.) b6: Also, [from the same word as signifying the “ cord, or rope, of a بَيْت,” properly meaning “ tent,” and tropically “ verse,”] (assumed tropical:) A portion, or division, of a foot of a verse, consisting of a movent letter and a quiescent letter; and also one consisting of two movent letters: pl. أَسْبَابٌ. (M, K. [In some of the copies of the K, the latter kind is not mentioned.]) سَبَبٌ خَفِيفٌ (assumed tropical:) [A light cord] means a movent letter followed by a quiescent letter; as قُمْ and مِنْ: and سَبَبٌ ثَقِيلٌ (assumed tropical:) [A heavy cord], two movent letters; as لَكَ and لِمَ. (KT.) سَبَبَانِ مَقْرُونَانِ (assumed tropical:) [Two conjoined cords] means two portions in which are three successive short vowels followed by a quiescent letter; as مُتَفَا in مُتَفَاعِلُنْ, and عَلَتُنْ in مُفَاعَلَتُنْ: and سَبَبَانِ مَفْرُوقَانِ (assumed tropical:) [Two disjoined cords], two portions of which each consists of a movent letter and a quiescent letter, and which is followed by a movent letter; as مُسْتَفْ in مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ, and عِيلُنْ in مَفَاعِيلُنْ. (M, TA.) سُبَبَةٌ One who reviles people; (S, K;) as also ↓ مَسَبَّةٌ. (K.) One says, ↓ لَا تَكُنْ سُبَبَةً وَلَا سُبَّةً

[Be not thou a reviler of others, nor one whom others revile]. (A.) سَبَبِىٌّ Causative.]

سَبَبِيَّةٌ Causality.]

سَبِيبٌ: see سِبٌّ, second sentence.

A2: Also The hair of the forelock, (AO, S, M, A, K,) and of the tail, (S, M, A, K,) the latter meaning [only] assigned to it by Er-Riyáshee, (TA,) and of the mane, (S, M, K,) of a horse: (M, A, K:) pl. أَسَابِيبُ and سَبَائِبُ. (A, TA.) b2: And (assumed tropical:) A lock (خُصْلَة) of hair; as also ↓ سَبِيبَةٌ: (M, K:) pl. سَبَائِبُ: which is also expl. as (tropical:) syn. with ذَوَائِبُ [app. as meaning pendent locks, or pendent plaits, of hair]: (TA:) thus in the phrase اِمْرَأَةٌ طَوِيلَةُ السَّبَائِبِ (tropical:) A woman having the ذوائب long. (A, TA.) سَبِيبَةٌ see سِبٌّ: b2: and سَبِيبٌ: b3: and سَبَبٌ. b4: عَلَيْهِ سَبَائِبُ الدَّمِ means (tropical:) Upon him are, or were, streaks of blood: (A, TA:) the sing. of سبائب in this sense is سَبِيبَةٌ. (Ham p. 347.) A2: Also [Trees of the kind called] عضَاه abounding in a place. (M, K.) سَبَّابٌ [That cuts much, or sharply]. سَبَّابُ العَرَاقِيبِ means The sword: (K, TA:) or is an epithet applied to the sword: (A:) because it cuts the عراقيب [or hock-tendons]: (TA:) [but Z holds it to be tropical, from the signification following; for] it is added in the A, as though it were hostile to the عراقيب, and reviled them. (TA.) b2: [One who reviles much or frequently; or a great reviler: a meaning indicated in the Msb, and of frequent occurrence.]

السَّبَّابَةُ, an epithet in which the quality of a subst. is predominant, (M,) (tropical:) [The index, or fore finger;] the finger that is next to the thumb (S, M, A, * Msb, K, TA) and middle-finger; (M, TA;) between these two; (TA;) as also ↓ السِّبَّةُ: (K:) so called because one [often] points with it in reviling: (Msb:) called by persons praying المُسَبِّحَةُ and السَّبَّاحَةُ [because it is raised in asserting the unity of God]. (TA in the present art. and in art. سبح.) سَبْسَبٌ A desert; or a desert in which is no water, or in which is neither water nor herbage; syn. مَفَازَةٌ (S, K) and قَفْرٌ: (TA:) or a tract of land level and far-extending: (M, K:) or a [desert such as is termed] قَفْر that is far-extending, whether level or not level, rugged or not rugged, without water and without any one to cheer by his presence: (ISh, TA:) or a land affected with drought, barrenness, or dearth: (Aboo-Kheyreh, TA:) and بَسْبَسٌ signifies the same: (TA:) pl. سَبَاسِبُ: (M, TA:) A 'Obeyd explains سَبَاسِبُ and بَسَابِسُ as syn. with قِفَارٌ, [pl. of قَفْرٌ]. (TA.) One says also بَلَدٌ سَبْسَبٌ, (S, (K,) [using the latter word as an epithet;] and بَلَدٌ سَبَاسِبُ, (Lh, S, M, K,) thus using the pl. as though he termed every part of the بَلَد a سَبْسَب; (Lh, M;) or the pl. is added to give intensiveness to the meaning: (IAth, TA voce بَلْقَعٌ, q. v.:) but some say ↓ سُبَاسِبٌ, with damm; and this is more common, because it is a sing. epithet. (MF, TA.) A2: Also i. q. سَاسَبٌ [or سَيْسَبٌ (q. v. in art. سسب), if not a mistranscription for this last], i. e. A kind of tree, from which arrows, or, as in the book of AHn, camels' saddles (رِحَال), are made: Ru-beh says, [accord. to one reading, another being given in art. سسب, q. v.,] ↓ رَاحَتْ وَرَاحَ كَعَصَا السَّبْسَابِ [She went, and he went, like the rod of the sebsáb, meaning, the arrow]; in which the last word is a dial. var. of السَّبْسَب, or the ا is inserted by poetic license. (TA.) b2: [Hence, perhaps,] السَّبَاسِبُ, (M, K,) or يَوْمُ السَّبَاسِبِ, (S, TA,) A certain festival of the Christians; (S, * TA;) i. q. أَيَّامُ, السَّعَانِينِ, (Abu-l-'Alà, M, K,) or يَوْمُ السَّعَانِينِ [Palm-Sunday; now commonly called أَحَدٌ الشَّعَانِين or عِيدُ الشَّعَانِين, with ش]. (TA.) سَبْسَابٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

سُبَاسِبٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

أُسْبُوبَةٌ [like أُهْجُوَّةٌ, contr. of أُمْدُوحَةٌ,] A thing [meaning reviling speech] with which persons revile one another: (M, TA:) pl. أَسَابِيبُ. (A, TA.) Using it in this sense, (M, TA,) one says, بَيْنَهُمْ أُسْبُوبَةٌ يَتَسَابُّونَ بِهَا [Between them is reviling speech] (S, M, A, * K) with which they revile one another. (M, TA.) أَسَابِيبُ pl. of سَبِيبٌ: A2: and also of أُسْبُوبَةٌ.

A3: أَسَابِيبُ الوَجْهِ The beauties of the face. (TA in art. سر.) مِسَبٌّ: see سِبٌّ, first signification.

مَسَبَّةٌ: see سُبَّةٌ, in two places: b2: and سُبَبَةٌ.

مُسَبَّبٌ [Much reviled: see its verb]. b2: مُسَبَّبَةٌ as an epithet applied to camels, (S, K, TA,) or to horses, (A,) and to wild asses, (TA,) means (tropical:) Goodly, or excellent: (S, A, * K, TA:) because (S, TA) they are such that one says of them, (S, A, TA,) when admiring them, (S, TA,) or when deeming them goodly, or excellent, (A,) May God curse them, (قَاتَلَهَا اللّٰهُ, S, A, TA,) and abase them: (أَخْزَاهَا: A, TA:) how goodly, or excellent, are they! (TA.) A2: [Also Made, appointed, or prepared, as a means, or cause, of attainment or accomplishment, لِأَمْرٍ for a thing, or an affair. And Caused, or occasioned: and a thing caused or occasioned; an effect.] One says, هٰذَا مُسَبَّبٌ عَنْ هٰذَا [This is caused, or occasioned, by that: this is an effect of, or arising from, that]. (Msb.) مُسَبِّبٌ [Reviling much: see its verb.

A2: and Making, appointing, or preparing, a means, or cause: and causing, or occasioning: and a causer].

مُسَبِّبُ الأَسْبَابِ [The Appointer, or Preparer, of means or causes; or the Causer of causes;] is an epithet applied to God. (S.) مُسْتَبٌّ [act. and pass. part. n. of 8]. It is said in a trad., المُسْتَبَّانِ شَيْطَانَانِ (A, TA) The two mutual revilers are two devils. (El-Munáwee in his Expos. of the Jámi' es-Sagheer of EsSuyootee.)

سوس: ساس: تستعمل بمعنى راض الباز والصقر ودرّبه (كليلة ودمنة ص155) وبمعنى فرجن الحصان وحسه (بوشر). وفي معجم فوك: يسوس الدابة أي يروض الجياد.
ساس ومضارعه يسوس ويسيس: أطرى، أطنب في المدح، تملق دارى (ألكالا).
ساس ومضارعه يسوس ويقال: ساس في أي مهر في، حذق (فوك).
سوَّس (بالتشديد): وقع فيه السوس وهو العثّ (ألكالا) والمصدر: تسويس واسم المفعول مُسوَّس.
سوَّس (بالتشديد): وقع فيه السوس وهو العثّ (ألكالا) والمصدر: تسويس واسم المفعول مُسوَّس.
سوَّس القمح والخشب: ساس، نخر (بوشر).
ضرسة مسوَّسة: ضرس متآكل (دوماس حياة العرب ص425).
سايَسَ: راض، روّض (الكالا).
سايَس فلاناً: هدأه، وأطفأ غضبه، لاطفه (تاريخ البربر 2: 166).
سايَس: دلَّل، عامل برقة (بوشر).
سايس نَفْسَه: تدلّل، راعى صحته، ترفّه (بوشر).
سايَس الأمور: مارسها وزاولها بمهارة (بوشر).
سايَس أموره: تصرف بحكمة وحذر (بوشر).
تسوّس (القمح والخشب): ساس، نخر (بوشر).
ساس: (قبطية) وتعنى بمصر مُشاقة الكتان (دي ساسي عبد اللطيف ص151، 566، 567، ألف ليلة 2: 243).
ساس: اسم شجرة أصولها مرة (دوماس حياة العرب ص381).
سوس، واحدته سوسة: عث يقع في الخشب والحبوب فيأكلها (بوشر).
سُوس: مرض في الأسنان يجعلها سوداً (ألكالا).
سُوسَة: تسويس، نخاريب السوس، الثقوب التي يتركها السوس في الخشب (بوشر) سوسة النبات: يرقان، خرّم الحنطة وهو مرض جرثومي.
سوسة: هوس، يقال: له سوسة في الخيل: نزوة (بوشر).
سوسي: نسيج من الكتاب مشهور ينسج في سوس من بلاد تونس على شاطئ البحر. ويستعمل خاصة للعمائم (الملابس ص317 - رقم 48 ياقوت 3: 191). وفي الحلل (ص9 ق): مائة عمامة مقصورة وأربعمائة من السوس. وسوس مشهورة اليون بصنع البرانس (كاريت جغرافية ص217).
وفي صفة مصر (17: 217): سُوسيَّة قماش غليظ تصنع منه أغطية الحشايا والخيام.
سيسانيات (وهذا صواب كتابة الكلمة) وهي في مصر نوع من صغار الكُدَيش يركبها الأطفال (عوادة ص457).
سَئوس: ماهر، أريب (فوك).
سياسة: شرطة (فوك).
سياسة: إدارة المملكة ومعاملة الدول، وتدبير الأمور بحكمة ومهارة (بوشر، المعّري 2: 60) حيث عليك أن تقرأ والسياسة وفقاً للمخطوطات وطبعة بولاق.
بالسياسة: مهلاً، بهدوء (رولاند).
سياسة صحَّة الأبدان: علم الصحّة (بوشر).
السياسة المَدَنِيّة: النظام المدني عند الفلاسفة وهو نظام يطبق في المدينة الفاضلة والجمهورية المثالية حيث يسود الحب والوفاق بين الناس فلا يحتاجون إلى سلطان إذ أن كل فرد منهم قد بلغ الكمال الذي يمكن أن يبلغه إنسان (دي سلان على المقدمة 2: 127).
عارف بامور السياسة ومتبحر في علم الأمور السياسية أيضاً: عالم بالجنايات (بوشر) ولتفسير هذا المعنى لابد أن تعرف أن الكلمة العربية سياسة ومعناها تدبير وإدارة قد أصبحت عند الفرس تدل على العقوبة التي تفرضها الشريعة (انظر مونج ص48)، ولنذكر كلام كاترمير (مونج ص45) فهو يقول: ((كانت الشدة ولا نقول القسوة المبدأ الأساسي دائماً في تدبير الأمور عند المشارقة، فالكلمة التي تعنى الإدارة قد اتحدت مع الكلمة التي تعنى قوة وشدة تتخذها الحكومة وهي جوهر فن إدارة الناس.
السياسة المدنية: القانون المعمول به، مقابل الشريعة وهذه الكلمة لا تزال في (عوادي) حسب ما يقول بارت (3: 524) وهي التي يعينها المقريزي (دي ساسي طرائف 2: 58) وانظر بخاصة (ص63) حيث تذكر الشريعة. إذ يقول هذا المؤلف إن السياسة بهذا المعنى ليست إلا تحريف الكلمة المنغولية ياسا التي تعني مجموعة القوانين التي شرعها جنكيز خان للمغول، وهو يفسر بإسهاب كيف أن هذه الكلمة دخلت مصر. وأرى إنه مصيب في ذلك، وإذا ما وجد شيء من التناقض عند كاترمير (مونج ص44) فذلك لأن هذا العالم الكبير فيما أرى لم يفهم معنى كلمة سياسة التي عند المقريزي وهي تعنى القانون العام.
وبين العبارات التي نقلها كاترمير بعض العبارات التي تؤكد أن كلمة سياسة بمصر ترادف كلمة ياسا عند المغول كما هي عند ابن اياس الذي يقول كما يقول كاترمير إن أبناء السياسة تعنى أبناء الياسا أي الحكام الذين استقروا بالقاهرة في المحلة المسماة بالحسينية.
سِيَاسي: محترف السياسة (بوشر).
سِياسِي: جنائي (بوشر) وانظرها أيضاً في سياسة سَوَّاس: بائع شراب عرق السوس.
سائِس وجمعها سُيَّاسي (انظر فريتاج) وهي أيضاً في معجم بوشر. وفي محيط المحيط أنها الكلمة المشهورة.
سائِس: نقرأ في صفة مصر 18، قسم 1: 51) أن كلمة سائس تعنى حلقات عريضة من الفضة تزين بها النساء أصابعهن. وأرى أن هذا خطأ والصواب مسائس (انظر هذه الكلمة في حرف الميم).

سوس

1 سَاسَ الدَّوَابَّ, aor. ـُ (A, Mgh,) inf. n. سِيَاسَةٌ, (TA,) He managed, or tended, the beasts, (قَامَ عَلَيْهَا,) and trained them. (Mgh, TA.) [and سَاسَ المَالَ He managed, or tended, the camels or other property. See سَائِسٌ.] b2: Hence, (Mgh,) سَاسَ الرَّعِيَّةَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, (S, A, * Mgh, K, &c.,) (tropical:) He ruled, or governed, the subjects; presided over their affairs as a commander, or governor, or the like; (S, * Mgh;) he commanded and forbade them. (A, K.) and سَاسُوهُمْ, inf. n. سَوْسٌ, (tropical:) They were, or became, heads, chiefs, commanders, or the like, over them. (TA.) One says, فُلَانٌ مُجَرَّبٌ قَدْسَاسَ وَسِيسَ عَلَيْهِ (S, K) (tropical:) [Such a one is experienced: he has ruled and been ruled: or] he has commanded and been commanded: (S:) or he has taught and been taught; or has disciplined and been disciplined. (K.) b3: سَاسَ الأَمْرَ, aor. as above, inf. n. سِيَاسَةٌ, (tropical:) He managed, conducted, ordered, or regulated, the affair; syn. دبّرهُ, (Msb,) and قَامَ بِهِ: (M, Msb, TA:) سِيَاسَةٌ signifies the managing a thing (قِيَامٌ عَلَى شَىْءٍ) in such a manner as to put it in a right, or proper, state. (TA.) [Used as a simple subst., the inf. n. may be rendered Management, rule, government, or governance.]

A2: سَاسَ, (S, M, A, K,) aor. ـَ (S, M, K,) and يَسُوسُ, (Kr, M,) inf. n. سَوَسٌ, (M,) or سَوْسٌ; (Ibn-'Abbád, K;) and سَوِسَ, aor. ـْ (K, TA; but the aor. is omitted in the CK;) or ـس aor. ـُ inf. n. سَوْسٌ and سَاسٌ; and سَاسَ, aor. ـْ inf. n. سَوَسٌ; (Msb;) and سِيسَ; (Yoo, K;) and ↓ أَسَاسَ; and ↓ سَوَّسَ; (S, M, A, Msb, K; but the last is omitted in the TA;) and ↓ استاس; and ↓ تسوّس; (M, TA;) It (wheat, or other food, [&c.,]) had in it, or became attacked by, [the grub called] سُوس; [the grub called]

سُوس fell upon it, or into it. (S, M, * A, * Msb, K, * TA.) One says also, سَاسَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ, aor. ـَ inf. n. سِيَاسٌ; and ↓ اساست; [The tree had in it, or became attacked by, the grub called سُوس.] (AHn, M, TA. *) And سَاسَتِ الشَّاْةُ, aor. ـَ (S, M, K,) inf. n. سَوْسٌ, (S, K,) or سَوَسٌ; (M;) and ↓ اساست, (S, M, K,) inf. n. اسَاسَةٌ; (TA;) The sheep, or goat, abounded with قمل. (Az, S, M, K. [In a copy of the S and in one of the K, I find قُمل: in another of the S and another of the K, and in the CK, and in a copy of the M, قَمْل: the right reading apears to be قُمَّل; for this last word is said by some to be syn. with سُوس.]) You also say, when you are gradually perishing by reason of grief, (إِذَا تَهَالَكْتَ غَمًّا,) عَظْمِى وَدَوَّدَ لَحْمِى ↓ سَوَّسَ (tropical:) [My bone has bred grubs, and so my flesh]. (A.) b2: سَوِسَتِ الدَّابَّةُ, inf. n. سَوَسٌ, The beast was attacked by the disease termed سَوَسٌ [q. v. infrà]. (TK.) 2 سَوَّسُوهُ (tropical:) They made him, or appointed him, ruler, or governor, over them; (M, * TA;) as also ↓ اساسوهُ. (TA.) b2: سُوِّسَ الرَّجُلُ أُمُورَ النَّاسِ, (S, K,) or أَمْرَ النَّاسِ, (as in the TA,) or أَمْرَ قَوْمِهِ, (A,) (tropical:) The man was made ruler of the affairs of the people; (S;) [or of the affairs of his people, accord. as the phrase is given in the A:] or was made king. (K.) Accord. to a relation of a verse of El-Hotei-ah, he uses the expression سَوَّسْتَ

أمْرَ بَنِيكَ [as though meaning Thou hast ruled the affairs of thy sons]; but Fr says that سَوَّسْتَ is a mistake. (S. [Thus I find it in one copy of the S: but in another copy of the S, I find سَوَّسْتِ, which is clearly wrong; and in the TA, سُوِّسْتَ, which Fr can hardly be supposed to have disallowed.]) b3: سَوَّسَ لَهُ أَمْرًا (assumed tropical:) He made an affair easy to him; syn. رُوَّضَهُ and ذَلَّلَهُ. (TA.) You say, سَوَّسَ فُلَانٌ لَهُ أَمْرًا فَرَكِبَهُ (assumed tropical:) [Such a one made an affair easy to him, or, perhaps, commended it to him by making it seem easy, and so he embarked in it, or undertook it]: like as you say, سَوَّلَ لَهُ, and زَيَّنَ لَهُ. (Az, K. *) b4: سوّس المَرْأَةَ He slit the vulva of the woman. (TA.) A2: See also 1, in two places.4 أَسْوَسَ see 2: A2: and see 1, in three places.5 تَسَوَّسَ see 1.8 إِسْتَوَسَ see 1.

سَاسٌ: see سُوسٌ. b2: Also A canker, or corrosion, (قَادِحٌ,) in a tooth: (Az, K:) without and without teshdeed. (Az.) A2: And A tooth that has been eaten, or corroded: (L, K, * TA:) originally سَائِسٌ; like هَارٌ and هَائِرٌ. (K.) b2: See also مَسُوسٌ, in two places.

سُوسٌ [The grub, or larva of the phalæna tinea and of the curculio; i. e. the moth-worm and the weevil;] the kind of worm that attacks wool (S, A, K) and cloths (TA) and wheat or other food: (S, TA:) and with ة, [a n. un.,] i. q. عُثَّةٌ; (Mgh, Msb;) as also ↓ سَاسٌ; (TA;) i. e., a worm that attacks wool and cloths (Mgh, Msb) and wheat or other food: (Mgh:) and سُوسٌ, the kind of worm (M, Msb) called عُثٌّ, (M,) that eats grain (M, Msb) and wood: (Msb:) n. un. with ة: (M, Msb:) and any eater of a thing is termed سُوسُهُ, whether worm or other thing. (M.) One says, العِيَالُ سُوسُ المَالِ (assumed tropical:) [The persons who compose a household are the grubs of property]: i. e., they consume it by little and little like as سُوس consume grain, which can scarcely be cleared of them when they attack it. (Msb.) A2: [The licoriceplant; so called in the present day;] a kind of tree, (AHn, M, K,) or plant, (Mgh,) well known, (Mgh, K,) with which houses are covered above the roofs, (AHn, M, Mgh,) the expressed juice of which is an ingredient in medicine, (AHn, M,) the leaves of which are put into [the beverage called] نَبِيذ, and make it strong like [the strong drink called] دَاذِىّ, (Mgh,) in the roots of which is sweetness (AHn, M, K) intense in degree, (AHn, M,) and in its branches is bitterness, (AHn, M, K,) and it abounds in the countries of the Arabs: (AHn, M:) or a kind of tree that grows in leaves without twigs: (M:) or a certain herb resembling [the species of trefoil called]

قَتّ. (TA.) [The root is vulgarly called, in the present day, عِرْق سُوس: and so is a strong infusion prepared from it, which is a very pleasant drink: and its inspissated juice is called رُبّ السُّوس.]

A3: Nature; natural disposition: (S, M, A, K:) and origin. (S, A, K.) One says, الفَصَاحَةُ مِنْ سُوسِهِ (S, M) Chasteness of speech, or eloquence, is [a quality] of his nature. (S.) and الكَرَمُ مِنْ سُوسِهِ (Lh, M, A) Generosity is [a quality] of his nature. (A.) And فُلَانٌ مِنْ سُوسِ صِدْقٍ Such a one is of good origin. (S.) سَوَسٌ A certain disease in the rump of a horse or similar beast, (M, K, TA,) between the hip and the thigh, occasioning, as its result, weakness of the kind leg: (TA:) or a disease that attacks the beast in its legs. (M.) [See 1, last sentence.]

سَوَاسٌ A certain kind of tree: n. un. with ة: (M, K:) AHn says, (M, TA,) on the authority of Aboo-Ziyád, (TA,) it is of the kind called عِضَاه, resembling the مَرْخ, having a pericarp like that of the مرخ, (M, TA,) without thorns and without leaves, growing high; and persons shade themselves beneath it; one of the Arabs said that it is the same that is called ↓ سَوَاسٍ (written with the article السَّوَاسِى); and AHn says, I asked him respecting it, and he said that this and the مَرْخ and the مَنْح all three resemble one another; (M;) and it is one of the best of materials used for producing fire, (Lth, * M, K, *) not giving a sound without emitting fire, (M,) or because it seldom gives a sound without emitting fire. (Lth, TA.) سُوَاسٌ A certain disease in the necks of horses, rendering them rigid, (ISh, K, TA,) so that they die. (ISh, TA.) سَوَاسٍ (with the article السَّوَاسِى): see سَوَاسٌ.

A2: And for the same word, and سَوَاسِوَةٌ and سَوَاسِيَةٌ: see art. سوى.

سَائِسٌ [A groom, who has the care and management of a horse or horses or the like;] one who manages, or tends, beasts or horses or the like, and trains them: (TA:) pl. سَاسَةٌ and سُوَّاسٌ. (A.) And سَائِسُ مَالٍ [A manager, or tender, of camels or cattle or other property]. (K in art. ازى, &c.) b2: [And hence,] (tropical:) A manager, a conductor, an orderer, or a regulater, of affairs: pl. as above. (M, TA.) أَسْوَسُ A beast having the disease termed سَوَسٌ. (K.) [Freytag, misled by an ambiguity in the K, assigns to it a signification belonging to سَوَسٌ.]

A2: Also, [or أَسْوَسٌ, unless originally an epithet,] A kind of stone upon which is generated the salt called زَهْرَةُ أَسْوَس: the author of the “ Minháj ”

says that this may be caused by the moisture and dew of the sea falling upon it. (TA in art. سيس.) طَعَامٌ مَسُوسٌ and ↓ مُسَوَّسٌ, (TA,) or ↓ مُسَوِّسٌ, [which is app. the more correct,] (S,) and ↓ سَاسٌ, (M,) Wheat, or other food, attacked by [the grub called] سُوس: (M, TA:) and ↓ حِنْطَةٌ مُسَوِّسَةٌ wheat so attacked. (Mgh.) And أَرْضٌ مَسُوسَةٌ and ↓ سَاسَةٌ [Land attacked by such grubs], (M, TA,) in like manner. (TA.) And ↓ شَجَرَةٌ مُسِيسٌ [or مُسِيسَةٌ A tree containing, or attacked by, such grubs]. (TA.) And ↓ شَاةٌ مُسِيسٌ, (M,) or مُسِيسَةٌ, (TA,) A sheep, or goat, abounding with قمل [i. e. قُمَّل: see 1, near the end of the paragraph]. (M, TA.) مُسِيسٌ: see مَسُوسٌ, in two places.

مُسَوَّسٌ and مُسَوِّسٌ: see مَسُوسٌ, in three places.

زمخ

1 زَمَخَ, (S, K,) or زَمَخَ بِأَنْفِهِ, (L,) aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. زَمْخٌ, (L,) He exalted, or magnified, himself; was proud; (S, L, K;) behaved proudly, haughtily, or vainly; (S, L;) elevated his nose, from pride; (L;) i. q. شَمَخَ, or شَمَخَ بِأَنْفِهِ. (TA.) زَمَخٌ: see زَمُوخٌ, in two places.

زِمْخٌ or زِمَخٌ The tree called سُمَّاق; as also ظِمْخٌ or ظِمَخٌ. (TA in art. ظمخ; but there written without any syll. signs.) عُقْبَةٌ زَمُوخٌ [in the CK عَقَبَةٌ] (JK, A, K) and ↓ زَمَخٌ (K) (tropical:) [A stage of a journey] far-extending, (K,) hard, or difficult. (Az, IAar, JK, K.) One says, سَارَ عُقْبَةً زَمُوخًا (tropical:) [He journeyed a long and hard stage]. (A.) b2: And نِيَّةٌ زَمُوخٌ (A, and L in art. شمخ) and ↓ زَمَخٌ, like شَمُوخٌ and شَمَخٌ, (L in that art.,) (tropical:) A distant, far-reaching, or faraiming, intention, purpose, or design. (A, and L ubi suprà.) زَامِخٌ i. q. شَامِخٌ [Proud, &c.]; (S, K;) or شَامِخٌ بِأَنْفِهِ [elevating his nose, from pride]: (A, L:) [pl. زُمَّخٌ.] b2: أُنُوفٌ زُمَّخٌ i. q. شُمَّخٌ [Noses elevated, from pride]. (S, A.) b3: [Hence,] جِبَالٌ لَهَا أُنُوفٌ زُمَّخٌ, (A, TA,) i. e. طِوَالٌ (tropical:) [Mountains having tall, or long, prominences]. (TA.) b4: and كَيْلٌ زَامِخٌ (tropical:) Full measure. (JK, A, K.)

غوص

1 غَاصَ فِى المَآءِ, aor. ـُ (S, A, Msb,) inf. n. غَوْصٌ (S, A, K) and مَغَاصٌ and غِيَاصَةٌ and غِيَاصٌ, (K,) He dived in, or descended beneath, the water; (S, A, K;) or entered into the water; (TA;) to fetch out what was in it. (Msb [in my copy of which, the particle فى is omitted, app. by a slip of the transcriber].) b2: غِيَاصَةٌ [also] signifies The diving in the sea for pearls; (S;) and غَوْصٌ signifies [the same: or both signify] the fetching out pearls from beneath the water. (Mgh.) b3: [Hence,] you say also, غَاصَ عَلَى الأَمْرِ, (K,) inf. n. غَوْصٌ, (TA,) (tropical:) [He dived for the thing, or affair, so as to elicit it; or] he knew the thing, or affair. (K, TA.) And غَاصَ عَلَى المَعَانِى حَتَّى

بَلَغَ أَقْصَاهَا وَاسْتَخْرَجَ مَا بَعُدَ مِنْهَا وَدَقَّ فَهْمُهُ (tropical:) [He dived for the meanings so that he reached the uttermost of them, and elicited what was remote of them, and the understanding whereof was subtile]. (Msb.) And فُلَانٌ يَغُوصُ عَلَى حَقَائِقِ العِلْمِ (tropical:) [Such a one dives for the verities of science]. (A, TA.) And مَا أَحْسَنَ غَوْصَهُ عَلَيْهَا (tropical:) [How good is his diving for them!]. (A, TA.) And مَا غَاصَ غَوْصَةً إِلَّا أَخْرَجَ دُرَّةً (tropical:) [He did not dive a single diving but he fetched out what was like a pearl, or a large pearl]. (A, TA.) b4: You say also, غَاصَ عَلَى الشَّىْءِ, aor. ـُ inf. n. غَوْصٌ, He pounced, or came suddenly, or at unawares, upon the thing. (Msb.) 2 غوّصهُ فِى المَآءِ He made him to dive in, or descend beneath, the water; (A;) he immersed, immerged, dipped, plunged, or sunk, him therein. (TA.) غَوْصٌ [originally an inf. n.]: see مَغَاصٌ, in two places.

غَوْصَةٌ [A single diving in, or descent beneath, water: see 1, last sentence but one]. (A.) غَوَّاصٌ: see the next paragraph, in four places.

غَائِصٌ One who dives in, or descends beneath, or enters into, water; as also ↓ غَوَّاصٌ [which, however, has an intensive signification, or implies the habit of so doing]: (TA:) and ↓ the latter, (S, A, K,) or both, (Az, TA,) particularly one who dives in the sea for pearls, (S, A, K,) or for pearl-shells, and fetches them out: (Az, TA:) pl. غُوَّاصٌ, (A, TA,) of the former, (TA,) and غَاصَةٌ, (A, TA,) [also of the former,] and [of the latter]

غَوَّاصُونَ. (TA.) b2: [Hence the saying,] هَوَ مِنْ صَاغَةِ الفِقَرِ وَغَاصَةِ الدُّرَرِ (tropical:) [He is of the moulders of فِقَر, lit., as thus used, ornaments fashioned in the form of the vertebræ of the back, but here meaning choice phrases or sentences; and of the divers for, and producers of, (expressions like) pearls, or large pearls]. (A, TA.) b3: [Hence likewise,] ↓ غَوَّاصٌ also signifies (tropical:) One who exercises art, craft, cunning, or skill, in ordering the means of obtaining subsistence. (TA.) b4: And غَائِصٌ also signifies One who pounces, or comes suddenly, or at unawares, upon a thing; (JK, S, Msb;) as also, (JK, Msb,) but in an intensive sense, (Msb,) ↓ غَوَّاصٌ: (JK, Msb:) pl. of the former غَاصَةٌ. (Msb.) مَغَاصٌ A place where one dives in, or descends beneath, water; (Lth, A, K;) as also ↓ غَوْصٌ: (Lth, Mgh:) or ↓ the latter signifies particularly a place [where one dives and] whence pearls are fetched out. (JK, Mgh. *) You say also, هٰذَا مَغَاصُ اللُّؤْلُؤِ This is the diving-place for pearls. (A.) b2: Also The upper part of the سَاق [or shank, &c.]. (JK, Sgh, K.)