رطب

1 رَطُبَ, (S, A, MA, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (K;) and رَطِبَ, aor. ـَ (K;) inf. n. رُطُوبَةٌ (S, A, MA, Msb, K) of the former verb (S, A, Msb) and رَطَابَةٌ [also of the former verb]; (MA, K;) It (a thing, S, Msb) was, or became, the contr. of what is termed يَا بِس (S, Msb, K) and جَافّ; i. e., (Msb,) it was, or became, moist, humid, succulent, sappy, or juicy: (A, MA, Msb:) or soft, or tender, to chew: (A:) [and fresh, or green; agreeably with the Pers\. explanation, تَرْشُدْ, in the MA: and supple, pliant, or flexible: all meanings well known, of frequent occurrence, and implied in the first of the explanations above, and in explanations of رَطْبٌ and رَطِيبٌ:] and soft, or tender, said of a branch, or twig, and of plumage, &c.: (K:) [and ↓ ترطّب, as used in the L in art. عقد, &c., signifies the same.] رُطُوبَةٌ [used as a simple subst.] signifies A quality necessarily involving facility of assuming shape and of separation and of conjunction. (KT.) b2: [Hence, رَطُبَتْ said of a girl, (assumed tropical:) She was, or became, sappy, or supple; and soft, or tender: and رَطُبَ said of a boy, (assumed tropical:) He was, or became, sappy, or soft, or supple; and femininely soft or supple: see رَطْبٌ, below. b3: Hence also,] رَطُبَ لِسَانِى

بِذِكْرِكَ and ↓ ترطّب (tropical:) [My tongue has become supple by mentioning thee; i. e., has been much occupied by mentioning thee: a well-known phrase: (see also 2:) it may also be used as meaning my tongue has become refreshed (lit. moistened) by mentioning thee]. (A.) And خُذْ مَا رَطُبَتْ بِهِ يَدَاكَ (tropical:) [Take that by means of the frequent handling of which thy hands have become supple]; meaning, what thou hast found to be profitable, or useful. (A.) b4: See also 4, in two places.

A2: رَطِبَ, aor. ـَ He spoke what he had in his mind, right and wrong, or correct and erroneous. (K, TA.) A3: رَطَبَ, (aor.

رَطُبَ, A,) inf. n. رَطْبٌ, (A'Obeyd, S, A, K) and رُطُوبٌ, (A'Obeyd, S, K,) He fed a horse (or similar beast, K) with [the trefoil called] رَطْبَة [q. v.]. (A'Obeyd, S, A, K.) b2: See also 2.2 رطّب, inf. n. تَرْطِيبٌ, He [or it] made, or rendered, a thing such as is termed رَطْبٌ and رَطِيبٌ; i. e. [moist, humid, succulent, sappy, or juicy: or soft, or tender, to chew: and fresh, new, or green: and supple, pliant, or flexible: and soft, or tender, as applied to a branch, or twig, and to plumage, &c.:] contr. of يَا بِس: (S:) he moistened a garment, or piece of cloth, (A, K, TA,) &c.; (TA;) as also ↓ ارطب. (K, TA.) b2: [Hence,] one says, لِسَانِى بِذِكْرِكَ ↓ مَا زِلْتُ أُرْطِبُ (tropical:) [I have not ceased to make my tongue supple by mentioning thee; meaning I have not ceased to employ my tongue frequently in mentioning thee: or ما زلت أُرَطِّبُ الخ: for] one says also مَا رَطَّبَ لِسَانِى بِذِكْرِكَ إِلَّا مَا بَلَلْتَنِى بِهِ مِنْ بِرِّكَ (tropical:) [Nothing has made my tongue to become supple by mentioning thee save what thou hast bestowed upon me of thy bounty]. (A. [See also 1.]) A2: Also رطّب, (S, A, K,) inf. n. as above, (S,) He fed people with رُطَب [or fresh ripe dates]; (S, A, K;) and so ↓ رَطَبَ. (K.) You say, ↓ مَنْ أَرْطَبَ نَخْلُهُ وَلَمْ يُرَطِّبْ خَبُثَ فِعْلُهُ وَلَمْ يَطِبْ [He whose palm-trees have fresh ripe dates and he does not feed people with such dates, his conduct is bad, and is not good]. (A.) A3: See also the next paragraph, in two places.4 ارطب as a trans. v.: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.

A2: ارطب البُسْرُ The fullgrown unripe dates became رُطَب [i. e. freshly ripe dates]: (S, A:) or so ↓ رَطَبَ, and ↓ رَطُبَ, and ↓ رطّب, (K,) of which last the inf. n. is تَرْطِيبٌ: or all signify, attained to the time of ripening: (TA:) or ارطبت البُسْرَةُ signifies the full-grown unripe date had ripening (↓ تَرْطِيب) beginning in it. (Msb.) b2: And ارطب النَّخْلُ The palm-trees had upon them, (S,) or produced, (A,) or attained to the time of having, (K,) dates such as are termed رُطَب. (S, A, K.) See an ex. in the next preceding paragraph. b3: And ارطب القَوْمُ The people had palm-trees that had attained to the time of having such dates: (K:) or ارطب signifies he had abundance of such dates. (A.) b4: [Also] The people became amid fresh green herbage. (Msb.) b5: And ارطبت الأَرْضُ, inf. n. إِرْطَابٌ, The land had such herbage: (Msb:) or abounded therewith. (A.) 5 تَرَطَّبَ see 1, in two places.

رَطْبٌ and ↓ رَطِيبٌ Contr. of يَابِسٌ (S, Msb, K) and جَافٌّ; i. e. (Msb) moist, humid, succulent, sappy, or juicy: (A, MA, Msb:) or soft, or tender, to chew: (A:) and [fresh, (agreeably with the Pers\. explanation, تَرْ, in the MA,) or] green; applied to herbage: (TA:) or they signify, (Msb,) or signify also, (S, K,) soft, or tender; (S, Msb, K;) applied to a branch, or twig, and to plumage, (S, K,) &c.: (K:) [and] supple, pliant, or flexible. (Msb.) [All these meanings are well known, of frequent occurrence, and implied in the first of the explanations above.] The former occurs in a trad. as an epithet particularly applied to Any article of property [or of provisions] that is not stored up, and will not keep; such as [most kinds of] fruits, and herbs, or leguminous plants: such, IAth says, fathers and mothers and children may eat and give away agreeably with approved usage, without asking permission; but not husbands nor wives [when it belongs to one of them exclusively], without the permission of the owner. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] جَارِيَةٌ رَطْبَةٌ (tropical:) A soft, or tender, [or a sappy, or supple,] girl, or young woman. (A, K, * TA.) And غُلَامٌ رَطْبٌ (tropical:) A boy, or young man, [sappy, or soft, or supple, or] femininely soft or supple. (A, K.) And رَجُلٌ رَطْبٌ (tropical:) A soft, or supple, man. (A.) b3: [Hence also,] بِذِكْرِكَ ↓ لِسَانِى رَطِيبٌ (tropical:) [My tongue is become supple by mentioning thee: and it may also be used as meaning my tongue is become refreshed (lit. moistened) by mentioning thee]. (A. [See also 1 and 2.]) b4: And اِمْرَأَةٌ رَطْبَةٌ (tropical:) [A pliant, or] a vitious, or an unchaste, woman; a fornicatress, or an adulteress. (A.) One says, in reviling, يَا ابْنَ الرَّطْبَةِ (tropical:) [O son of the fornicatress or adulteress]. (A.) and ↓ يَا رَطَابِ, like قَطَامِ, (tropical:) [meaning O fornicatress or adulteress, رَطَابِ, being indecl., as a proper name in this sense,] is said in reviling a woman or girl. (A, K.) b5: [And يَحْمِلُ الحَطَبَ الرَّطْبَ (tropical:) : see 1 in art. حمل.] b6: And عَيْشٌ رَطْبٌ (tropical:) A soft, a delicate, or an easy, life. (A.) b7: And قَرَأَ القُرْآنَ رَطْبًا (assumed tropical:) He read, or recited, the Kur-án softly, or gently; not with a loud voice. (TA from a trad) b8: لُؤْلُؤٌ رَطْبٌ is a metonymical expression, meaning (tropical:) Brilliant pearls, beautiful, smooth in the exterior, and perfect in clearness: it does not denote the رُطُوَبة that is the contr. of يُبُوسَة: and similar to this is the expression المَنْدَلُ الرَّطْبُ [app. meaning (tropical:) Fresh and fragrant, or fine, aloes-wood]. (TA.) رُطْبٌ (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.) and ↓ رُطُبٌ (S, K) Herbage, or pasture, (S, A, Mgh,) such as is juicy, fresh, or green: (A, Mgh:) or green pasture, consisting of herbs, or leguminous plants, (T, Msb, K, TA,) of the [season called] رَبِيع, (Msb, TA,) and of trees [or shrubs]: (T, K, TA:) [each] a coll. gen. n.: (TA:) or green herbage in general: (K, TA:) accord. to the Kifáyet el-Mutahaffidh, رُطْبٌ signifies fresh, or juicy, herbage or pasture; (TA;) or, as some say, ↓ رُطْبَةٌ, like غُرْفَةٌ, [though this seems to be the n. un. of رُطْبٌ,] has this last meaning; (Msb;) what is dry being called حَشِيش. (TA.) رُطَبٌ [Fresh ripe dates; i. e.] ripe dates (A, Mgh, Msb, K) before they become dry; (Msb, TA;) also called ↓ تَمْرٌ رَطِيبٌ and ↓ مُرْطِبٌ (K, TA) and ↓ مُرَطِّبٌ: (TA:) the dates so called are well known: (S:) [it is a coll. gen, n.:] n. un. with ة: (S, Mgh, Msb, K:) it is not a broken pl. of رُطَبَةٌ, being masc. [as well as fem.] like تَمْرٌ: you say, هٰذَا رُطَبٌ [These are fresh ripe dates]; whereas, if it were a broken pl., you would make it [only] fem.: (Sb, TA:) its pl. [of pauc.] is أَرْطَابٌ (S, Msb) and [of mult.] رِطَابٌ; and the pl. of the n. un. is رُطَبَاتٌ. (S.) There are two sorts of رُطَب: one sort cannot be dried, and spoils if not soon eaten: the other sort dries, and is made into عَجْوَة [q. v.]. (Msb.) [See also بُسْرٌ.]

رُطُبٌ: see رُطْبٌ.

رَطْبَةٌ i. q. قَضْبٌ, (S, [in my copy of the Msb قَضْبَة, but this is the n. un. of قَضْبٌ,]) or قَتٌّ, (A,) or إِسْفِسْتٌ [in Pers\. إِسْفِسْت or إِسْپِسْت], (Mgh,) or فِصْفِصَةٌ, (K,) [all which signify A species of trefoil, or clover,] specially (S) while juicy, or fresh, or green, (S, A, Mgh, TA,) before it is dried: (Msb:) or, as some say, a meadow of فصفصة, while continuing green: and ↓ رُطْبَةٌ signifies the same: (TA:) pl. رِطَابٌ: (S, Mgh, Msb:) which is also said to be applied to the cucumber and melon and باذنجان [q. v.] and the like: but [Mtr says] the first is the meaning mentioned in the Lexicons in my hands, and is a sufficient explanation. (Mgh.) رُطْبَةٌ: see رُطْبٌ: b2: and رَطْبَةٌ.

رُطَبِىٌّ [A seller of رُطَب, or fresh ripe dates: mentioned in the K only as a surname].

رَطَابِ: see رَطْبٌ.

رَطِيبٌ: see رَطْبٌ, in two places: and رُطَبٌ.

مُرْطِبٌ: see رُطَبٌ. b2: أَرْضٌ مُرْطِبَةٌ Land abounding with رُطْب [q. v.]. (S, * A, K.) رَكِيَّةٌ مَرْطَبَةٌ A well of sweet water among wells of salt water. (K.) مُرَطِّبٌ: see رُطَبٌ.

مَرْطُوبٌ A horse fed with [the trefoil called]

رَطْبَة. (A.) b2: [And A man fed with رُطَب (or fresh ripe dates).]

A2: Also (assumed tropical:) A man in whom is softness, or suppleness; مَنْ بِهِ رُطُوبَةٌ; (K;) or صَاحِبُ رُطُوبَةٍ. (S.)

ظهر

1 ظَهَرَ, (S, Msb, K, &c.,) aor. ـَ (Msb,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.,) [It was, or became, outward, exterior, external, extrinsic, or exoteric: and hence,] it appeared; became apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, plain, or evident; (S, Mgh, Msb, K, TA;) after having been concealed, or latent: (Msb, TA:) and ↓ تظاهر signifies the same. (Har p. 85.) Hence the phrase ظَهَرَ لِى رَأْىٌ (assumed tropical:) [An idea, or opinion, occurred to me], said when one knows what he did not know before. (Msb.) [And هٰذَا مَا يَظْهَرُ لِى (assumed tropical:) This is what appears to me to be the case, or to be the right way or course; or this is my opinion.] ظَهَرَ الحَمْلُ, inf. n. as above, means Pregnancy became apparent, or manifest: it is said that this is not the case in less than three months. (Msb.) and it is said in a trad. of 'Áïsheh, كَانَ يُصَلِّى العَصْرَ فِى حُجْرَتِى قَبْلَ أَنْ تَظْهَرَ i. e. [He used to perform the prayer of the afternoon in my chamber] before it (meaning the sun) became high and apparent: (TA:) or وَالشَّمْسُ فِى حُجْرَتِى لَمْ تَظْهَرْ بَعْدُ i. e. [when the sun was in my chamber,] it not having risen high so as to be on the flat roof [thereof]: referring to the Prophet. (O. [But العَصْرَ must be a mistranscription for الفَجْرَ, i. e. the prayer of the dawn.]) The saying in the Kur [xxiv. 31], وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا [which is app. best rendered And that they discover not their ornature except what is external thereof] has been expl. in seven different ways, most correctly as meaning the clothes: (O, TA:) accord. to 'Áïsheh, it means the bracelet (القُلْب) and the ring (الفَتَخَة): and accord. to I'Ab, the hand and the signet-ring and the face. (TA.) b2: Also He went forth, or out, (Mgh, TA,) to the outside of a place. (O, TA.) b3: And He (a bird) migrated, or went down, from one country or region to another: used in this sense by AHn in relation to the vulture, migrating to Nejd. (L.) b4: ظَهَرَ عَنْهُ, said of a vice, or fault, (O, TA,) or a disgrace, (JK, A, O,) (tropical:) It did not cleave to him; (A, O, TA;) it was remote from him; (TA;) it quitted him, or departed from him. (JK.) b5: ظَهَرْتُ بِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. ظَهْرٌ, (K,) (assumed tropical:) I gloried, or boasted, by reason of it. (O, K * TA.) [Respecting a meaning assigned to ظَهَرَ بِفُلَانٍ in the K, see 4.] b6: أَكَلَ الرَّجُلُ أُكْلَةً

ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا ظَهْرَةً means (assumed tropical:) [The man ate some food] in consequence of which] he became fat. (TA.) A2: ظَهَرَهُ He mounted it; went, or got, upon it, or upon the top of it; (S, A, * Mgh, O, Msb, K;) as also ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ; (O;) namely, a house, (S,) or a house-top, (A, Mgh, O,) and a mountain, (A,) and a wall; (O, Msb;) properly, he became upon its back: (Mgh:) and [in like manner] one says, فُلَانٌ نَجْدًا ↓ ظَهَّرَ, inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ, Such a one mounted, or went up, upon the high region (ظَهْر) of Nejd. (O.) b2: Hence, (Mgh, Msb,) ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and بِهِ, (K,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ (Bd in xxiv. 31) and ظَهْرٌ also, (Ham p. 301,) He overcame, conquered, subdued, overpowered, or mastered, him; gained the mastery or victory, or prevailed, over him; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) namely, his enemy; (Msb;) and in like manner, [he conquered, won, achieved, or attained, it, i. e.] a thing. (O, TA.) [The saying فُلَانٌ لَا يَظْهَرُ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ is expl. in the L and TA by the words اى لا يَسْلَم, and said to be tropical: but Ibr D thinks that the correct reading is لا يُسَلِّمُ, from التَّسْلِيمُ; and that it is said of one who will not give up, or resign, what is in his hand; so that the meaning is, (tropical:) Such a one is a person whom no one will overcome in respect of that which he holds in his possession.] b3: And [hence also] ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ, (TA,) He knew, became acquainted with, or got knowledge of, him, or it. (Msb, TA.) So in the Kur xxiv. 31, وَالطِّفْلُ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَى عَوْرَاتِ النِّسَآءِ [And the young children] who have not attained knowledge of the عورات, (Bd, Jel,) meaning [pudenda, or] parts between the navel and the knee, (Jel,) of women, by reason of their want of discrimination: (Bd:) or (tropical:) who have not attained to the generative faculty; (O, Bd, * TA;) from الظُّهُورُ in the sense of الغَلَبَةُ. (Bd.) So too in the Kur [xviii. 19], إِنْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَيْكُمْ If they get knowledge of you. (O, TA.) b4: And [hence] ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, (Fr, A, O, TA,) and ↓ استظهرهُ, (S, A, O, K,) (tropical:) He knew it, or learned it, by heart; namely, the Kur-án; (A, O, TA;) and he recited it by heart: (A, * TA; and so in the S and O in explanation of the latter:) or [simply] he recited it by heart; namely, the Kur-án; as also ↓ اظهرهُ: (O, K, TA:) in the copies of the K we find أَظْهَرْتُ عَلَى القُرْآنِ and أَظْهَرْتُهُ; but the former is a mistake for ظَهَرْتُ, aor. ـَ (TA.) A3: For another signification of ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, see 3.

A4: ظَهَرَ بِحَاجَتِى, (S, A, K,) aor. ـَ (TA,) inf. n. ظَهْرٌ; (TK;) and ↓ ظهّرها, (K, TA,) in some copies of the K ظَهَرَهَا; (TA;) and ↓ اظهرها, (K,) inf. n. إِظْهَارٌ; (TA;) and ↓ اِظَّهَرَهَا, (K,) of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ; (TA;) (tropical:) He held the object of my want in little, or light, estimation, or in contempt; (S, A;) [lit.] he put it behind [his] back; (S, K;) as though he put it away, [out of his sight,] and paid no regard to it. (S, TA.) One says also, يَظْهَرُونَ بِهِمْ وَلَا يَلْتَفِتُونَ

إِلَى أَرْحَامِهِمْ [They hold them in contempt, and do not pay any regard to their ties of relationship]. (S.) b2: See also 10, in three places.

A5: ظَهَرَهُ, (O, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. ظَهْرٌ, (K,) He struck, or smote, (TA,) or hit, or hurt, (O, K,) his back. (O, K, TA.) A6: ظَهِرَ, (S, O, K,) aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. ظَهَرٌ, (O, K,) He (a man, S, O) had a complaint of his back. (S, O, K.) A7: ظَهُرَ, (JK, O, L,) or ظَهَرَ, (K, [but this is app. a mistranscription,]) inf. n. ظَهَارَةٌ, (S, O, L, K,) said of a camel, (JK, S, O,) He was, or became, strong (JK, S, O, L, K) in the back. (L, K.) 2 ظَهَّرَ see 1, near the middle: b2: and again, in the last quarter: b3: and see also 3. b4: ظهّر الثَّوْبَ [and ↓ اظهرهُ, contr. of بطّنهُ and ابطنهُ,] He faced the garment, or piece of cloth; put a facing, or an outer covering, (ظِهَارَة,) to it. (TA.) A2: See also 4, last sentence.3 ظاهرهُ, (A,) inf. n. مُظَاهَرَةٌ, (S, O, Msb,) He aided, or assisted, him; (S, A, O, Msb;) as also عَلَيْهِ ↓ ظَهَرَ. (Th, K.) And ظاهر عَلَيْهِ He aided, or assisted, against him. (TA.) b2: ظاهر بِهِ: see 10. b3: ظاهر بَيْنَهُمَا, (K,) i. e. (TA) بَيْنَ ثَوْبَيْنِ, (S, A, Mgh, TA,) and دِرْعَيْنِ, (A, Mgh, TA,) and نَعْلَيْنِ, (TA,) i. q. طَارَقَ بَيْنَهُمَا, (S, TA,) or طَابَقَ, (A, K, TA,) i. e. (TA) He put them on, or attired himself with them, [namely, two garments, and two coats of mail, and two sandals or soles, or rather, when relating to two soles, he sewed them together,] one over, or outside, the other: (Mgh, TA:) app. from تَظَاهُرٌ in the sense of “ mutual aiding or assisting. ” (IAth.) The phrase ظاهر بِدِرْعَيْنِ requires consideration; and the ب in it should be regarded as meant to denote conjunction; not as a part of the necessary complement of the verb. (Mgh.) ظاهر الدِّرْعَ is said to signify لَأَمَ بَعْضَهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ [app. meaning He folded over and fastened one part of the coat of mail upon another]. (TA.) And ظاهر عَلَيْهِ جِلَالًا means He threw upon him (i. e. a horse) housings or coverings [one over another]. (TA in art. حنذ.) A2: ظاهر مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) inf. n. ظِهَارٌ (S, Mgh, Msb, K) and مُظَاهَرَةٌ; (JK, TA;) and مِنْهَا ↓ تظاهر, (A, Mgh, O, TA,) and ↓ اِظَّاهَرَ; (Mgh;) and منها ↓ تظهّر, (S, Msb, K,) and ↓ اِظَّهَّرَ; (O, TA;) and منها ↓ ظهّر, (S, O, K,) inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ; (S;) signify the same; (O;) He said to his wife أَنْتِ عَلَىَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّى

[Thou art to me like the back of my mother]; (S, Mgh, Msb, K;) [as though he said رُكُوبُكِ حَرَامٌ عَلَىَّ;] meaning رُكُوبُكِ لِلنِّكَاحِ حَرَامٌ عَلَىَّ كَرُكُوبِ أُمِّى لِلنِّكَاحِ; the back being specified in preference to the بَطْن or فَخِذ or فَرْج because the woman is likened to a beast that is ridden, and the act of نِكَاح to that of رُكُوب: the phrase being a form of divorce used by the Arabs in the Time of Ignorance. (Msb, * TA.) In the Kur lviii. 2 [and 4], some read ↓ يَظَّهَّرُونَ; some

↓ يَظَّاهَرُونَ; and 'Ásim read يُظَاهِرُونَ. (Bd.) The verb is made trans. by means of مِن because the man who uttered this sentence estranged himself from his wife. (IAth.) 4 اظهرهُ He made it apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, plain, or evident; he showed, exhibited, manifested, displayed, discovered, revealed, or evinced, it; or put it forth: (S, O, K:) [it is also used in relation to a saying, and an action, and the like, as meaning it showed, &c., as above, or it bespoke, it:] and Mtr relates his having heard from one worthy of reliance of the people of Baghdád, that they say ↓ تظاهرتُ بِهِ in the place of أَظْهَرْتُهُ, and scarcely ever employ اظهر in its usual sense. (Har p. 85.) [Hence, اظهر التَّضْعِيفَ He made the doubling of a letter distinct; as in لَحِحَتْ; which, accord. to a general rule, should be لَحَّتْ: opposed to أَدْغَمَ. And اظهر لَهُ كَذَا He showed, &c., to him such a thing: and he made a show of, professed, pretended, or feigned, to him such a thing: as, for instance, love.] b2: أَظْهَرْتُ بِفُلَانٍ means أَعْلَيْتُ بِهِ [a phrase which I have not found except in this instance, app. I elevated, or exalted, such a one: like أَعْلَيْتُهُ, which has this meaning]: (S, IKtt, L, TA:) or أَعْلَنْتُ بِهِ [app. meaning I made such a one to be, or become, publicly known]: (So in the O:) [but the former explanation seems to be regarded by SM as the right; for he remarks that,] accord. to all the copies of the K, the explanation is أَعْلَنَ بِهِ, and refers to ظَهَرَ بِفُلَانٍ

[instead of أَظْهَرَ]; so that what its author says in this case differs in two points of view from what is found in the “ Kitáb el-Abniyeh ” of IKtt, in which the ى in أَعْلَيْتُ has been marked as correct, and in the L [as well as in the S]. (TA.) A2: اظهرهُ اللّٰهُ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِ means God made him to overcome, conquer, subdue, overpower, master, gain the victory over, or prevail over, his enemy. (S, A, O, TA.) b2: And [hence] اظهرهُ عَلَيْهِ He (God) made him to know it, or become acquainted with it: you say, أَظْهَرَنِى اللّٰهُ عَلَى مَا سُرِقَ مِنِّى God made me to know [or discover] what had been stolen from me. (TA.) A3: See also 1, last quarter, in two places.

A4: And see 2.

A5: اظهر signifies also He entered upon the time called the ظَهِيرَة: (A, Msb, K:) or the time called the ظُهْر. (Msb.) And He went, or journeyed, in the time called the ظَهِيرَة; as also ↓ ظهّر, (K,) inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ: (TA:) or the time called the ظُهْر. (S, O.) 5 تظهّر and اِظَّهَّرَ: see 3, latter half, in three places.6 تَظَاْهَرَ see 1, first sentence: b2: and see also 4, first sentence. b3: تظاهروا They aided, or assisted, one another. (S, O, * K.) And تظاهروا عَلَى فُلَانٍ

They leagued together, and aided one another, against such a one. (Ibn-Buzurj, TA in art. ضفر.) b4: Also They regarded, or treated, one another with enmity, or hostility; or severed themselves, one from another: (S, Msb, K:) as though they turned their backs, one upon another: (S:) or, because they who do so turn their backs, one upon another. (Msb.) Thus the verb has two contr. meanings. (K.) b5: تظاهر مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ and اِظَّاهَرَ: see 3, latter half, in three places.8 اِظَّهَرَ: see 1, last quarter.10 استظهر بِهِ He sought aid, or assistance, in, or by means of, him, or it, (S, O, Msb, K, TA,) عَلَيْهِ [against him, or it]; as also استظهرهُ. (TA.) [In the CK, after the explanation of استظهر به, is an omission, to be supplied by the insertion of وَقَرَأَهُ.] One says, استظهر بِالْغِنَى عَلَى النَّوَائِبِ [He sought aid in wealth against calamities, or afflictions]. (Msb.) And بِهِ ↓ ظاهر signifies the same as استظهر [in this sense or in another of the senses expl. in what follows]. (TA.) b2: and استظهرتُ بِالشَّىْءِ, and بِهِ ↓ ظَهَرْتُ, and ↓ ظَهَرْتُهُ, I put the thing behind my back for protection, or security. (Har p. 265.) b3: And استظهر He prepared for himself a camel, or two camels, or more, for future need: (T:) and استظهرهُ, and بِهِ ↓ ظَهَرَ, He prepared him, namely, a camel, for future need: (K:) and استظهر بِبَعِيرَيْنِ ظِهْرِيَّيْنِ He prepared for himself two camels for future need. (T. [See ظِهْرِىٌّ.]) b4: Hence, (T,) استظهر signifies also He used precaution (T, Msb) with respect to anything: (T:) he secured himself, (اِسْتَوْثَقَ,) by using precaution; as, for instance, a woman does by remaining three days, before she performs the ablution termed غُسْل, and prays, after the usual period of the menses. (T, L.) One says, يُسْتَحَبُّ الاِسْتِظْهَارُ بِغَسْلَةٍ ثَانِيَةٍ

وَثَالِثَةٍ The using precaution by a second and a third washing, to make sure of being pure, is approved. (Er-Ráfi'ee, Msb.) And استظهرتُ فِى طَلَبِ الشَّىْءِ I adopted the most fit, or proper, way, and used precaution, in seeking to attain the thing. (Msb.) b5: See also 1, in the middle of the latter half.

ظَهْرٌ The back; contr. of بَطْنٌ: (S, A, O, Msb, K:) in a man, from the hinder part of the كَاهِل [or base of the neck] to the nearest part of the buttocks, where it terminates: (TA:) in a camel, the part containing six vertebræ on the right and left of which are [two portions of flesh and sinew called the] مَتْنَانِ: (AHeyth, T, O:) of the masc. gender: (Lh, A, K:) pl. [of pauc.] أَظْهُرٌ, and [of mult.] ظُهُورٌ and ظُهْرَانٌ. (Msb, K.) b2: رَجُلٌ خَفِيفُ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) A man having a small household to maintain: and ثَقِيلُ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) having a large household to maintain. (K, * TA.) b3: أَنْت عَلَىَّ كَظَهْرِ

أُمِّى Thou art to me like the back of my mother: said by a man to his wife. (S, Mgh, Msb, K.) [This has been expl. above: see 3.] b4: عَدَا فِى

ظَهْرِهِ (tropical:) He stole what was behind him: (A:) [or he acted wrongfully in respect of what was behind him: for] لِصٌّ عَادِى ظَهْرٍ is expl. by the words عَدَا فِى ظَهْرٍ فَسَرَقَهُ [so that it app. means (tropical:) A thief who has acted wrongfully in respect of what was behind one, and stolen it]. (O, K.) b5: أَقْرَانُ الظَّهْرِ (S, O, K) and الظُّهُورِ (O, TA) Adversaries who come to one from behind his back, in war, or fight. (S, O, K, * TA.) In the copies of the K, يُحِبُّونَكَ is erroneously put for يَجِيؤُونَكَ. (TA.) You say also, فُلَانٌ قِرْنُ الظَّهْرِ Such a one is an adversary who comes to one from behind, unknown. (IAar, As.) b6: قَتَلَهُ ظَهْرًا He slew him unexpectedly; he assassinated him; syn. غِيلَةٌ. (IAar, TA.) b7: جَعَلَنِى بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) He cast me off. (TA.) And جَعَلتُ حَاجَتَهُ بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) I cast his want behind my back: (AO, K:) and ↓ جَعَلَهَا ظِهْرِيَّةً signifies the same: (S:) and ↓ اِتَّخَذَهَا ظِهْرِيًّا, (K,) and ↓ ظِهْرِيَّةً: (TA:) or the former of the last two phrases signifies he held it in contempt; as though ظهريّا were an irreg. rel. n. from ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) or ↓ اِتَّخَذَهُ ظِهْرِيًّا signifies he neglected, or forgot, (S, O, * Msb,) him, as in the Kur xi. 94, (S, O,) or it, namely, what was said. (Msb.) And لَا تَجْعَلْ حَاجَتِى

بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) Forget not thou, or neglect not, my want: (S:) and ↓ جَعَلَهُ ظِهْرِيًّا signifies he forgot it; as well as جعله بِظَهْرٍ. (A.) And جَعَلْتُ هٰذَا الأَمْرَ بِظَهْرٍ, and رَمَيْتُهُ بِظَهْرٍ, (tropical:) I cared not for this thing. (Th, O.) b8: فُلَانٌ مِنْ وَلَدِ الظَّهْرِ (assumed tropical:) Such a one is of those who do not belong to us: or of those to whom no regard is paid: (TA:) or of those who are held in contempt, and to whose ties of relationship no regard is paid. (S, TA.) b9: هُوَ ابْنُ عَمِّهِ ظَهْرًا (tropical:) [He is his cousin on the father's side,] distantly related: contr. of دِنْيًا [and لَحًّا]. (As, A, O, TA.) b10: رَجَعَ عَلَى ظَهْرِهِ [He receded, retired, or retreated]. (K in art. ثبجر.) b11: هُوَ نَازِلٌ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَيْهِمْ, and ↓ بين ظَهْرَانَيْهِمْ, (S, A, O, Msb, K, *) in which latter the ا and ن are said by some to be added for corroboration, (Msb,) and for which one should not say ظَهْرَانِيهِمْ, (IF, S, O, Msb, K,) and بين أَظْهُرِهِمْ, (Msb, K,) (tropical:) He is making his abode in the midst of them; in the main body of them: (K, TA:) originally meaning he is making his abode among them for the purpose of seeking aid of them and staying himself upon them: as though it meant that the back of one of them was before him, and that of another behind him, so that he was defended in either direction: afterwards, by reason of frequency of usage, it came to be employed to signify abiding among a people absolutely. (IAth, Msb.) You say also هُوَ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَيْهِ, and ↓ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِ, meaning It (anything) is in the midst, or main part, of it, namely, another thing. (TA.) b12: لَقِيتُهُ بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَيْنِ, and ↓ بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ, (S, O, Msb, K,) (tropical:) I met him during the day, (Msb,) or during the two days, (S, O, K,) or during the three days, (K,) or the days: (S, O, Msb:) from the next preceding phrase. (TA.) And أَتَيْتُهُ مَرَّةً بَيْنَ الظَّهَرْينِ (tropical:) I came to him one day: or, accord. to Aboo-Fak'as, on a day between two years. (Fr.) And اللَّيْلِ ↓ رَأَيْتُهُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَىِ (tropical:) I saw him between nightfall and daybreak. (TA.) and النَّهَارِ ↓ جِئْتُهُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَىِ (tropical:) [I came to him between the beginning and end of the day]. (A.) b13: تَقَلَّبَ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ (assumed tropical:) It turned over and over, or upside down, (lit. back for belly,) as a serpent does upon ground heated by the sun. (S and TA in art. قلب.) [Hence,] قَلَبْتُ الأَرْضَ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ (tropical:) [I turned the earth over, upside-down]. (A.) And [hence,] قَلَّبَ أَمْرَهُ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ, (O, * TA,) and ظَهْرَهُ لِبَطْنٍ, and ظَهْرَهُ لِبَطْنِهِ, and ظَهْرَهُ لِلْبَطْنِ, which last form is preferred by El-Farezdak to the second, because [as in the third form] the second of the two words is determinate like the first word, (tropical:) He meditated, or managed, the affair with forecast, and well. (O, * TA.) b14: The Arabs used to say, هٰذَا ظَهْرُ السَّمَآءِ and هذا بَطْنُ السَّمَآءِ, both meaning (tropical:) This is the apparent, visible, part of the sky. (Fr, Az.) And the like is said of the side of a wall, which is its بَطْن to a person on the same side, and its ظَهْر to one on the other side. (Az.) b15: مَا نَزَلَ مِنَ القُرْآنِ آيَةٌ إِلَّا لَهَا ظَهْرٌ وَبَطْنٌ, [part of] a saying of Mohammad, [of which see the rest voce مُطَّلَعٌ,] means (assumed tropical:) Not a verse of the Kur-án has come down but it has a verbal expression and an interpretation: (K, * TA:) or a verbal expression and a meaning: or that which has an apparent and a known [or an exoteric] interpretation and that which has an intrinsic [or esoteric] interpretation: (TA:) or narration (K, TA) and admonition: (TA:) or [it is to be read and to be understood and taught; for] by the ظهر is meant the reading; and by the بطن, the understanding and teaching. (TA.) [See also بَطْنٌ.] b16: ظَهْرٌ signifies also (tropical:) Camels on which people ride, and which carry goods; (S, * A, * O, K, * TA;) camels that carry burdens upon their backs in journeying: (TA:) [or] a beast: or a camel for riding: (Mgh:) pl. ظُهْرَانٌ. (TA.) It is said in a trad. of 'Arfajeh, فَتَنَاوَلَ السَّيْفَ مِنَ الظَّهْرِ And he reached, or took in his hand, the sword from the camels for carrying burdens and for riding: and in another, أَتَأْذَنُ لَنَا فِى نَحْرِ ظَهْرِنَا Dost thou permit us to slaughter our camels which we ride? (TA.) And one says also, هُوَ عَلَى ظَهْرٍ (tropical:) He is determined upon travel: (K:) as though he had already mounted a beast for that purpose. (TA.) b17: [Hence, app.,] (assumed tropical:) Property consisting of camels and sheep or goats: (TA:) or much property. (K, TA.) b18: (assumed tropical:) The short side [or lateral half] of a feather: (S, O, K:) pl. ظُهْرَانٌ: (S, M, K, TA, &c.:) opposed to بَطْنٌ, sing. of بُطْنَانٌ, (TA,) which latter signifies the “ long sides: ” (S, TA:) and ↓ ظُهَارٌ signifies the same as ظَهْرٌ, (K,) or the same as ظُهْرَانٌ, being an irregular pl.; and this is meant by the saying الظُّهَارُ بِالضَّمِ الجَمَاعَةُ, mentioned in a later place in the K [in such a manner as to have led to the supposition that ظُهَارٌ is also syn. with جَمَاعَةٌ]: (TA:) AO says that among the feathers of arrows are the ظُهَار, which are those that are put [upon an arrow] of the ظَهْر [or outer side] of the عَسِيب [app. here meaning the shaft] of the feather; (S, TA;) i. e., the shorter side, which is the best kind of feather; as also ظُهْرَان: sing. ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) ISd says that the ظُهْرَان are those parts of the feathers of the wing that are exposed to the sun and rain: (TA:) Lth says that the ظُهَار are those parts of the feathers of the wing that are apparent. (O, TA.) One says, رِشْ سَهْمَكَ بِظُهْرَانٍ وَلَا تَرِشْهُ بِبُطْنَانٍ

[Feather thine arrow with short sides of feathers, and feather it not with long sides of feathers]. (S, TA.) [De Sacy supposes that ظُهُورٌ and بُطُونٌ are also pls. of ظَهْرٌ and بَطْنٌ thus used: (see his “ Chrest. Arabe,” sec. ed., tome ii., p.

374:) but his reasons do not appear to me to be conclusive.] ↓ ظُهَارٌ and ظُهْرَانٌ are also used as epithets: you say, رِيشٌ ظُهَارٌ and رِيشٌ ظُهْرَانٌ. (TA.) b19: [ظَهْرُ الكَفِّ and ↓ ظَاهِرُهَا mean (assumed tropical:) The back of the hand. And in like manner, ظَهْرُ القَدَمِ and ↓ ظَاهِرُهَا mean (assumed tropical:) The upper, or convex, side, or back, of the human foot, corresponding to the back of the hand, including the instep: opposed to بَطْن and بَاطِن. And ظَهْرُ اللِّسَانِ means (assumed tropical:) The upper surface of the tongue.] b20: And ظَهْرٌ also signifies (tropical:) A way by land. (S, M, O, Msb, K.) This expression is used when there is a way by land and a way by sea. (M.) You say, سَارُوا فِى طَرِيقِ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) They journeyed by land. (A.) b21: And (assumed tropical:) An elevated tract of land or ground; as also ↓ ظَاهِرةٌ: (A:) or rugged and elevated land or ground; (JK, K;) as also ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ: (JK:) opposed to بَطْنٌ, which signifies “ soft and plain and fine and low land or ground: ” (TA:) and ↓ ظَوَاهِرُ [pl. of. ظَاهِرَةٌ] signifies (assumed tropical:) elevated tracts of land or ground: (S, K:) you say, هَاجَتْ ظَوَاهِرُ الأَرْضِ, meaning, (assumed tropical:) the herbs, or leguminous plants, of the elevated tracts of land, or ground, dried up: (As, S, L:) and ↓ ظَاهِرٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) the higher, or highest, part of a mountain; (ISh, L, TA;) whether its exterior be plain or not: (TA:) and ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ, the same, of anything: (L:) when you have ascended upon the ظَهْر of a mountain, you are upon its ظَاهِرَة. (TA.) b22: سَالَ وَادِيهِمْ ظَهْرًا means (assumed tropical:) Their valley flowed with the rain of their own land: opposed to دُرْءًا, meaning, “from other rain: ” (IAar, O, K: *) or the former signifies their valley flowed with its own rain: and the latter, “with other than its own rain: ” (TA:) and some say ↓ ظُهْرًا, which Az thinks the better form. (O, TA.) b23: [Hence, probably,] أَصَبْتُ مِنْهُ مَطَرَ ظَهْرٍ (assumed tropical:) I obtained from him, or it, much good. (Sgh, O, K.) b24: And another signification of ظَهْرٌ is What is absent, or hidden, or concealed, from one. (O, K.) b25: It is sometimes prefixed to another noun to give plainness and force to the expression; as in ظَهْرُ الغَيْبِ and ظَهْرُ القَلْبِ, meaning نَفْسُ الغَيْبِ and نَفْسُ القَلْبِ: (Msb:) or it is redundant in these instances. (Mgh.) Lebeed says, describing a [wild] cow going about after a beast of prey that had eaten her young one, وَتَسَمَّعَتْ رِزَّ الأَنِيسِ فَرَاعَهَا عَنْ ظَهْرِ غَيْبٍ وَالأَنِيسُ سَقَامُهَا [And she heard the sound of man, and it frightened her, from a place that concealed what was in it; for man is her malady; i. e., a cause of pain and trouble and death to her]: (TA:) meaning, she heard the sound of the hunters, &c. (TA in art. غيب.) And you say, تَنَاوَلَهُ بِظَهْرِ الغَيْبِ بِمَا يَسُوؤُهُ He carped at him behind the back, or in absence, by saying what would grieve him. (TA in art. غيب.) And تَكَلَّمْتُ بِهِ عَنْ ظَهْرِ الغَيْبِ (A, O) or عن ظَهْرِ غَيْبٍ (TA) [app., (tropical:) I spoke it by memory; in the absence of a book or the like; as one says in modern Arabic, عَلَى الغَائِب. See also غَيْبٌ.] And قَرَأَهُ عَنْ ظَهْرِ القَلْبِ (tropical:) He recited it by heart, or memory; without book: (L, K: [in the latter, مِنْ is put in the place of عَنْ; but the right reading is that in the L: and in the CK is an omission here, to be supplied by the insertion of وَقَرَأَهُ:]) and ↓ قرأه ظَاهِرًا and قرأه عَلَى

ظَهْرِ لِسَانِهِ [signify the same]. (K.) And حَمَلَ القُرْآنَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ لِسَانِهِ like حَفِظَهُ عَلَى ظَهْرِ قَلْبِهِ (tropical:) [He knew the Kur-án by heart]. (A, * O, TA.) b26: One says also, فُلَانٌ يَأْكُلُ عَلَى ظَهْرِ يَدِ فُلَانٍ (tropical:) Such a one eats at the expense of such a one. (A, O, K. *) And in like manner, الفُقَرَآءُ يَأْكُلُونَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ أَيْدِى النَّاسِ (tropical:) The poor eat at the expense of the people. (A, TA.) And أَعْطَاهُ عَنْ ظَهْرِ يَدٍ (tropical:) He gave him originally; without compensation. (O, * K; but in some copies of the K we find مِنْ in the place of عَنْ.) It is said [in a trad.], أَفْضَلُ الصَّدَقَةِ مَا كَانَ عَنْ ظَهْرِ غِنًى (tropical:) The most excellent of alms is that which is [derived] from competence; ظهر: (Msb:) or simply عَنْ غِنًى, the word ظهر being here redundant: (Mgh:) or from manifest competence upon which one relies, and in which he seeks aid against calamities, or afflictions: or from what remains after fight: (Msb:) or from superfluous property. (TA.) A2: See also ظَهِيرٌ

A3: قِدْرُ ظَهْرٍ means (assumed tropical:) An old cooking-pot: (O, K: *) pl. قُدُورُ ظُهُورٍ: (O:) as though, because of its oldness, it were thrown behind the back. (TA.) ظُهْرٌ Midday, or noon: (IAth, TA:) or the time when the sun declines from the meridian: (Msb, * K, * O, * TA:) or [the time immediately] after the declining of the sun: (S, Mgh:) masc. and fem.; unless when the word صَلَاة is prefixed to it, in which case it is fem. only: (Msb:) [pl. أَظْهَارٌ. See also ظَهِيرَةٌ.] صَلَاةُ الظُّهْرِ means The prayer [i. e. the divinely-ordained prayer] of midday, or noon: (IAth, TA:) or of the time after the declining of the sun. (S, O.) In the phrases أَبْرِدُوا بِالظُّهْرِ [Defer ye the prayer of midday until the cooler time of day] and صَلَّى الظُّهْرَ [He performed the prayer of midday], the prefixed noun (صَلَاة) is suppressed. (Mgh.) A2: سَالَ وَادِيهِمْ ظُهْرًا: see ظَهْرٌ, last quarter.

ظَهِرٌ, (S,) or ↓ ظَهِيرٌ, (K,) [the former agreeable with analogy, being derived from ظَهِرَ,] A man (S,) having a complaint of the back: (S, K:) or having a pain in the back: as also ↓ مَظْهُورٌ. (O, TA.) ظُهْرَةٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, in three places.

A2: Also The tortoise. (O, K.) ظِهْرَةٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, in six places.

ظَهَرَةٌ The goods, or furniture and utensils, of a house or tent; (IAar, S, O, K, TA;) as also أَهَرَةٌ: (IAar, TA:) or the former signifies the exterior of a house, or tent; and the latter, the “ interior thereof. ” (Th, TA.) b2: And Abundance of مَال [i. e. property, or cattle]. (TA.) A2: See also ظَهِيرٌ.

ظِهْرِىٌّ A camel prepared for future need; (T, S, O, K;) taken, by way of precaution, to bear the burden of any camel that may happen to fail in a journey: sometimes two or more unladen camels are taken for this purpose: some say that such a camel is thus called because its owner puts it behind his back, not riding it nor putting any burden upon it: (T, TA:) the word appears to be an irreg. rel. n. from ظَهْرٌ: (ISd, TA:) pl. ظَهَارِىٌّ, imperfectly decl., because the rel. ى

retains its place in the sing. [inseparably; there being no such word as ظِهْر: but if it be a rel. n., this pl. is irreg., like مَهَارِىٌّ]. (S, O, K.) b2: See ظَهْرٌ, first quarter, in five places, for examples of ظِهْرِىٌّ and ظِهْرِيَّةٌ used tropically.

ظُهْرَان [app. ظُهْرَانٌ (which is also a pl. of ظَهْرٌ used in several senses), or, perhaps ظُهْرَانِ, as having a dual meaning,] The upper, thick, pair of wings of the locust. (AHn, TA.) b2: [See also ظَهْرٌ.]

بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِمْ, and ظَهْرَانَيْهِ, and الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ, &c.: see ظَهْرٌ, former half, in five places.

ظَهَارٌ The exterior (K, TA) and elevated (TA) part of a [stony tract such as is called] حَرَّة. (K, TA.) ظُهَارٌ Pain in the back. (Az, O, TA.) A2: See also ظَهْرٌ, third quarter, in two places.

ظَهِيرٌ: see ظَاهِرٌ.

A2: Also An aider, or assistant; (S, A, O, Msb, K;) and so ↓ ظِهْرَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ ظُهْرَةٌ: (K:) [in one place, in the K, ظِهْرَةٌ is expl. by عَوْن; but by this is meant, as will be seen below, the same as is meant by مُعِين, by which all the three words are expl. in another place in the K, as well as in the S &c.:] and aiders, or assistants; (S, Msb;) as also ↓ ظِهْرَةٌ and ↓ ظُهْرَةٌ and ↓ ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) the pl. of ظَهِيرٌ is ظُهَرَآءُ. (O.) It is said in the Kur [xxv. 57], وَكَانَ الكَافِرُ عَلَى رَبِّهِ ظَهِيرًا And the unbeliever is an aider of the enemies of God [against his Lord]. (Ibn-'Arafeh.) You say also, فُلَانٌ عَلَى فُلَانٍ ↓ ظِهْرَتِى Such a one is my aider (عَوْن) against such a one: and عَلَى هٰذَا ↓ أَنَا ظِهْرَتُكَ الأَمْرِ I am thine aider against this thing, or affair. (S, O.) And it is also said in the Kur [lxvi. 4], وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ بَعْدَ ذٰلِكَ ظَهِيرٌ [And the angels after that will be his aiders]: and instance of ظهير in a pl. sense: (S, O, Msb:) for words of the measures فَعُولٌ and فَعِيلٌ are sometimes masc. and fem. [and sing.] and pl. (S.) You also say, ↓ جَآءَ فُلَانٌ فِى ظِهْرَتِهِ, (S, A, K,) and ↓ ظُهْرَتِهِ, (A, K,) and ↓ ظَهَرَتِهِ, and ↓ ظَاهِرَتِهِ, (K,) Such a one came among his people, (S,) or kinsfolk, (K,) and those who performed his affairs for him, (S, A,) i. e., his aiders, or assistants. (A.) And وَاحِدَةٍ ↓ هُمْ فِى ظِهْرَةٍ They aid one another against the enemies. (TA.) b2: Also Strong in the back; (K;) sound therein: (Lth:) and so ↓ مُظَهَّرٌ: (S, O, K:) applied to a man: (S:) or hard and strong; whether in the back or any other part is not said: (TA:) in this sense, (TA,) or as signifying strong, (S, O,) applied to a camel: fem. with ة. (S, O, TA.) b3: Also A camel whose back is not used, on account of galls, or sores, upon it: or unsound in the back by reason of galls, or sores, or from some other cause. (Th.) Thus it has two contr. significations. (TA.) A3: See also ظَهِرٌ.

ظِهَارَةٌ [The facing, or outer covering, or] what is uppermost, (TA,) what is apparent (Msb, TA) to the eye, (Msb,) not next the body, of a garment; (TA;) and in like manner, what is uppermost and apparent, not next the ground, of a carpet; (TA;) as also ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ: (JK:) contr. of بِطَانَةٌ: (S, O, Msb, K:) pl. ظَهَائِرُ. (TA.) ظَهِيرَةٌ The point of midday: (M, A, K:) or only in summer: (M, K:) or i. q. هَاجِرَةٌ [i. e. midday in summer or when the heat is vehement: or the period from a little before, to a little after, midday in summer: or midday, when the sun declines from the meridian, at the ظُهْر: or from its declining until the عَصْر]: (S, O, TA:) or the هَاجِرَة, which is when the sun declines from the meridian: (Msb:) or the vehement heat of midday: (IAth, TA:) or i. q. ظُهْرٌ [q. v.]: (Az, TA:) pl. ظَهَائِرُ. (TA.) You say, أَتْيْتُهُ حَدَّ الظَّهِيرَةِ [I came to him at the point of midday in summer; &c.]: and حِينَ قَامَ قَائِمُ الظَّهِيرَةِ [when the sun had become high, and the shade had almost disappeared: so expl. in art. قوم]. (S, O.) and أَبْرِدْ عَنْكَ مِنَ الظَّهِيرَةِ Stay thou until the middayheat shall have become assuaged, and the air be cool. (L in art. فيح.) And hence, in a trad. of 'Omar, when a man came to him complaining of gout in the feet, he said, كَذَبَتْكَ الظَّهَائِرُ, meaning Take thou to walking during the heat of the middays in summer. (TA.) ظُهَارِيَّةٌ One of the modes of seizing [and throwing down] in wrestling: or i. q. شَغْزَبِيَّةٌ: (K:) the twisting one's leg with the leg of another in the manner that is termed شَغْزَبِيَّة, and so throwing him down: one says, أَخَذَهُ الظُّهَارِيَّةَ and الشَّغْزَبِيَّةَ [He seized him and threw him down by the trick above described]: both signify the same: (ISh, O:) or ظُهَارِيَّةٌ signifies the throwing one down upon the back. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b2: And (hence, as being likened thereto, TA) (tropical:) A certain mode, or manner, of compressing, or coïtus. (O, K, TA.) b3: And أَوْثَقَهُ الظُّهَارِيَّةَ He bound his hands behind his back. (Ibn-Buzurj, O, K, TA.) ظَاهِرٌ [Outward, exterior, external, extrinsic, or exoteric: and hence, appearing, apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, conspicuous, ostensible, plain, or evident: in all these senses] contr. of بَاطِنٌ: (S, K, TA:) and so ↓ ظَهِيرٌ. (TA.) [Hence, ظَاهِرًا Outwardly, &c.: and apparently; &c.: and فِى الظَّاهِرِ in appearance. And الظَّاهِرُ أَنَّهُ كَذَا It appears, or it seems, or what seems to be the case is, that it is so, or thus. And ظَاهِرُ كَذَا for ظَاهِرٌ فِيهِ كَذَا, meaning A person, or thing, in whom, or in which, such a quality is apparent, or manifest, &c.: see an ex. in a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. طعن.] See also مُظْهَرٌ. b2: [Hence also,] عَيْنٌ ظَاهِرَةٌ A prominent eye; (S, O, K, TA;) that fills its cavity. (TA.) b3: And هٰذَا

أَمْرٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ عَارُهُ (tropical:) This is a thing, or an affair, of which the disgrace is remote from thee: (S, TA:) or does not cleave to thee. (TA.) and هٰذَا عَيْبٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ (tropical:) This is a vice, or fault, that does not cleave to thee. (A.) A poet says, (namely, Kutheiyir, accord. to a copy of the S, or Aboo-Dhu-eyb, TA,) وَعَيَّرَهَا الوَاشُونَ أَنِّى أُحِبُّهَا وَتِلْكَ شَكَاةٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ عَارُهَا (tropical:) [And the slanderers taunted her with the fact of my loving her; but that is a fault of which the disgrace is remote from thee]. (S, TA.) b4: [الظَّاهِرُ also signifies The outside, or exterior, of a thing. You say, نَزَلَ ظَاهِرَ المَدِينَةِ He alighted, or took up his abode, outside the city: comp. ظَاهِرَةٌ. Hence,] ظَاهِرُ الكَفِّ and ظَاهِرُ القَدَمِ; and another signification of ظَاهِرٌ: for all of which see ظَهْرٌ, third quarter. b5: [Also The external, outward, or extrinsic, state, condition, or circumstances, of a man: and the outward, or apparent, character, or disposition of the mind: opposed to البَاطِنُ.] b6: One says also, فُلَانٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَلَى فُلَانٍ Such a one has the ascendancy, or mastery, over such a one; is conqueror of him, or victorious over him. (TA.) And هٰذَا أَمْرٌ ظَاهِرٌ بِكَ This is a thing, or an affair, that overcomes, or overpowers, thee. (TA.) And هٰذَا أَمْرٌ

أَنْتَ بِهِ ظَاهِرٌ This is an affair which thou hast power to do. (TA.) [And هُوَ ظَاهِرٌ عَلَى كَذَا He is a conqueror, a winner, an achiever, or an attainer, of such a thing: see an ex. voce غَرَبٌ, near the end.] And الظَّاهِرُ is one of the names of God, meaning The Ascendant, or Predominant, over all things: or, as some say, He who is known -by inference of the mind from what appears to mankind of the effects of his actions and his attributes. (IAth, TA.) b7: حَاجَتُهُ عِنْدَكَ ظَاهِرَةٌ means (tropical:) His want is in thine estimation [an object of contempt, or neglect, as though] cast behind the back. (O, * TA.) b8: قَرَأَهُ ظَاهِرًا: see ظَهْرٌ, towards the end of the paragraph.

A2: شَآءٌ ظَوَاهِرُ Sheep, or goats, that come to the water every day at noon. (TA.) ظَاهِرَةٌ as a subst.; and its pl. ظَوَاهِرُ: see ظَهْرٌ, in four places, in the third quarter of the paragraph. [Hence,] قُرَيْشُ الظَّوَاهِرِ Those, of Kureysh, that dwell in the exterior of Mekkeh, (O,) upon the mountains thereof, (K, * TA,) or upon the higher parts of Mekkeh: (TA:) those who dwell in the lower parts are called قُرَيْشُ البِطَاحِ; (O, * TA;) and these are the more honourable, (O, TA, *) because they are neighbours of the House of God. (O.) b2: See also ظِهَارَةٌ.

A2: And see ظَهِيرٌ.

A3: Also The coming of camels, (S, O, K, TA,) and of sheep or goats, (TA,) to the water every day, at noon. (S, O, K, TA.) One says, of camels, [and of sheep or goats,] تَرِدُ الظَّاهِرَةَ [They come to the water every day, at noon]: and Sh says that they return from the water at the عَصْر. (TA.) And شَرِبَ الفَرَسُ ظَاهِرَةً The horse drank every day, at noon. (TA.) ظَاهِرَةُ الغِبِّ [The coming to the water at noon on alternate days] is for sheep or goats; scarcely ever, or never, for camels; and is a little shorter [in the interval] than what is called [simply] الغِبُّ. (O, TA.) مَظْهَرٌ i. q. مَصْعَدٌ [i. e. A place of ascent, or a place to which one ascends]; (O, K; in some copies of the latter of which, both words are erroneously written with damm to the م; TA;) and دَرَجَةٌ [as meaning a degree, grade, rank, condition, or station, or an exalted, or a high, grade, &c.]: (O:) used by En-Nábighah ElJaadee as meaning Paradise. (O, TA.) مُظْهَرٌ Made apparent, &c. b2: And hence, as also ↓ ظَاهِرٌ, but the former more commonly, applied to a noun, Explicit; and, elliptically, an explicit noun; opposed to مُضْمَرٌ and ضَمِيرٌ (a concealed noun, i. e. a pronoun); and to مُبْهَمٌ (a noun of vague signification).]

مُظْهِرٌ Possessing camels for riding or for carrying goods: pl. مُظْهِرُونَ. (S, * K, * TA.) A2: and A camel made to sweat by the ظَهِيرَة [or vehement heat of midday in summer]. (Sgh, K, TA.) and accord. to As, one says, ↓ أَتَانَا فُلَانٌ مُظَهِّرًا, meaning Such a one came to us in the time of the ظَهِيرَة [or midday in summer, &c.]: but accord. to A 'Obeyd, others say مُظْهِرًا, without teshdeed; and this is the proper form: (S) or both mean, in the time of the ظُهْر. (O.) مُظَهَّرٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, near the end of the paragraph.

مُظَهِّرٌ: see مُظْهِرٌ.

مُظْهُورٌ pass. part. n. of ظَهَرَ [q. v.]. b2: See also ظَهِرٌ. Quasi ظور 3 ظَاوِرْ, occurring in a trad. for ظَائِرْ: see 3 in art. ظأر.

ظهر
الظَّهْرُ: خِلافُ البَطْنِ، ورَجُلٌ مُظَهَّرٌ: شَديدُ الظَّهْرِ. وشَيْخٌ ظَهِيْرٌ: يَشْتكي ظَهْرَه. والظَّهْرُ من الأرْضِ: ما غَلُظَ وارْتَفَعَ، والظّاهِرَهُ مِثْلُه، والرِّكَابُ التي تَحْمِل الأثْقالَ. وفي بَني فلانٍ ظَهِيْرَةٌ وظَهْرٌ: أي إبِلٌ جِيَادُ الظُّهُور. والبَعِيرُ الظِّهْرِيُّ: العُدَّةُ، للحاجَةِ إليه، ويُجْمَعُ ظَهَارِيَّ وظِهَارى. وطَرِيقُ الظَّهْرِ: طَرِيقُ البَرِّ. وقَلَبْتُ الأمْرَ ظَهْراً لبَطْنٍ: أي دَبَّرْتَه.
والظُّهْرُ: ساعَةُ الزَّوال، والظَّهِيْرَةُ: حَدُّ انْتِصافِ النَّهار. وبَعِيرٌ مُظْهِرٌ: هَجَمَتْه الظَّهِيْرةُ، وظَهَّرْتُ تَظْهِيْراً وأظْهَرْتُ: من الظَّهِيْرَة.
والظَّهِيْرُ: البَعِيرُ القَوِيُّ الظَّهْرِ الصَّحِيْحُه، والفِعْلُ: ظَهَرَ ظَهَارَةً، ويَظْهَرُه: أي يَتْبَعُه. والظَّهِيْرُ: العَوْنُ يُظَاهِرُكَ، وهما يَتَظَاهَرانِ، والظَّهْرَةُ: ظَهْرُ الرَّجُلِ وأنصارُه، وليستْ له ظَهَرَةٌ: أي مَنَعَةٌ، وفلانٌ ظِهْرِيُّ فلانٍ: أي مُعِيْنُه. والظُّهُوْرُ: بُدُوُّ الشَّيْءِ الخَفيِّ إذا ظَهَرَ. والظُّهُوْرُ: الظَّفَرُ بالشَّيْءِ والإطِّلاعُ عليه. وظَهْرُ الغَيْبِ: ما غابَ عنكَ. والاسْتِظْهارُ: أنْ تَقْرَأ الشَّيْءَ ظاهِراً. وظَهَرْتُ على القُرآن وأظْهَرْتُه: بمعنىً.
والظاهِرَةُ: العَيْنُ الجاحِظَةُ وهي خِلافُ الغائرة. والظاهِرَةُ: الظِّهَارُ من الفُرشِ والأقْبِيَةِ، له ظاهِرَةٌ وباطنَةٌ، وظِهَاةٌ وبِطَانَةٌ. وظَهَّرْتُه تَظْهِيراً: جَعَلْتَ له ظِهَارَةً. والمُظاهَرَةُ والظِّهَارُ: أنْ يقولَ الرَّجُلُ لامْرَأتِه: أنتِ عَلَيَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّي، وتَظَهَّرَ فلانٌ من امرأتِه.
والظُّهَارُ من الرِّيشِ: الذي يَظْهَرُ من رِيْشِ الطائر، والجميع الظُّهْرَانُ. والظُّهَارُ: الجَمَاعَةُ، الواحِدُ ظَهْرٌ. والظِّهْرِيُّ: الشَّيْءُ تَنْسَاه وتَغْفُل عنه وفي القُرآن: " واتَّخَذْتُموه وراءكُم ظِهْرِيّاً ".
وأظْهَرْتُ الشَّيْءَ: جَعَلْتُه وَرَاءَ ظَهْري، وظَهَرْتُ به وأظْهَرْتُ به: بمعنىً. وإذا نَسَبْتَ رَجُلاً إلى ظَهْر الكُوفة قُلْتَ: ظَهْرِيٌّ. وهو بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِم وظَهْرَيْهِم. وأتانا بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ: أي مُنْذُ شَهْرٍ أو نحوِه، ولَقِيْتُه بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ: أي في اليَوْمَيْنِ، وأتانا ظاهِراً: أي كلَّ يومٍ. وشَرَبَ الفَرَسُ ظاهِرَةً: أي كلَّ يومٍ نِصْفَ النَّهار، وكذلك الإبلُ. ويقولون: لأَضرِبَنَّكَ غِبَّ الحِمارِ وظاهِرَةَ الفَرَس. ويُقال لِمَتَاع البَيْتِ: ظَهَرَةٌ وأهَرَةٌ. وقيل: هي مُؤخَّرُ البَيْتِ الذي يكون عليه الأنْضَادُ، وكذلك هَيْئةُ الرَّجُل، وخِيَارُ الشَّيْءِ وكَثْرَتُه، وكذلك: الظَّهَرُ من الناس خِيَارُهم.
وقِدْرٌ ظَهْرٌ وقُدُْورٌ ظُهُوْرٌ: أي قَدِيْمَةٌ. وهو ابنُ عمِّه ظَهْراً: أي دِنْياً. وأصَبْتُ من فلانٍ مَطَرَ ظَهْرٍ: أي خَيْراً كثيراً. وسالَ الوادي ظَهْراً: أي من قُرْبٍ. ولِصٌّ عادِيْ ظَهْرٍ: أي عَدا في ظَهْرٍ فَسَرَقَه. وأقْرَانُ الظَّهْرِ: الذين يَجِيْئونَ من ورائكَ ويُعِيْنُونَكَ، وأقْرانُ الظُّهُورِ أيضاً.
والظُّهَارِيَّةُ من أُخَذِ الصِّرَاع: أنْ تَصْرَعَه على الظَّهْرِ. وهو ضَرْبٌ من البُضْع أيضاً. والظُّهْرَةُ: السُّلَحْفَاةُ. ويقولون: ظَهَرَ عنه العارُ: أي زالَ وذَهَبَ، وعلى ذا فُسِّرَ:
وتِلْكَ شَكاةٌ ظاهِرٌ عنكَ عارُها
ويقولون: ذلك على ظَهْرِ العُسِّ: أي أنَّه ظاهرٌ واضح، كقولهم: على رأْسِ الثُّمَام.

ظهر: ظَهَر. بما يَظْهَر لهم: بما يبدو لهم (أماري ديب ص3) وقد أخطأ الناشر فظن أن الفعل يُظْهر مضارع أظهر.
ظهر إلى فلان: أظهر نفسه أرى نفسه: يقال مثلاً: ظهر إلى الناس أي برز إلى الناس (مملوك 1، 1:10): ظهر على. يقال: ظهر العدو على إذا بدا أمام سور المدينة (عبد الواحد ص99).
ظهر: اشتهر وعُرف ففي النويري (الأندلس ص451) في كلامه عن الحكم الأول: فاستعان بعمروس بن يوسف المعروف بالموَّلد وكان قد ظهر في هذا الوقت بالثغر الأعلى واظهر طاعة الحكم ودعا إليه. وفي الحلل السندسية (ص6 و) قوي أمر جدالة وزاد ظهورهم.
ظهر: بمعنى خَرَج وهذا الفعل قد استعمله غَريب بهذا المعنى فيما يقول العبدري (ص37 ق) وقد لاحظ هذا الرحالة أن بدو برقة لا يزالون يستعملونه بهذا المعنى.
ظهر: علا علي وظهر على (لين) اقل استعمالاً من ظهر فقط الذي نجده في المقري (1: 135).
ظهر على: اطلع على، أحاط به علماً (لين 1926).
وفي رياض النفوس (ص64 و) وقيل انه لم يبق عند سحنون كتاب إلا وقد ظهر عليه يونس.
ظهر له: عاونه وظهر عليه: غلبهُ (بوشر).
ظهَّر (بالتشديد): أظهر، أبدى، ابان، كشف (هلو) ظَهَّر فلان السفنجة كتب على ظهرها ما يعلن وصول قيمتها، وهو من اصطلاح التجار (محيط المحيط).
ظاهَر: ظاهر فلاناً: تراءى له، اظهر نفسه له (عباد 1: 57، 131 رقم 344) ظاهرَ: تذرّع ب تعلل ب، اتخذه حجة وذريعة وعذراً (عباد 2: 104) والصواب فيه يُظاهر كما قلت في (3: 206) منه.
ظاهَر: يعني في الحقيقية استظهر (انظر لين في مادة استظهر) أي استعان به وطلب مساعدته ففي كتاب ابن القوطية (ص38 و) ولما لم يجرأ على الظهور أمام والده أتى عمَّه مظاهراً وفيه (ص39 و) أتيت عَمّي مظاهراً.
ظاهر: لبس ثوباً فوق أخر ففي حيان- بسام (3: 4و) كان يُظاهر الوشي على الخز.
أظهْر: اصدر قانوناً (الكالا) وأصدر كتاباً (بوشر، همبرت ص96).
أظهر دعوة فلان: اعترف بسلطته وسيادته.
ففي رحلة ابن بطوطة (1: 363): وكان الحاج سعيد قد سمع من ملك الهند أنه يريد إظهار الدعوة العباسية ببلده، وفي مخطوطة جاينجوس الدولة.
أظهْر: عرض شيئاً، أبدى شيئاً (عباد 1: 424) أظهر على أحد: عرض عليه شيئاً وأبداه له.
(عباد 1: 237 رقم 65 المقري 2: 69).
أظهر برهن على، أقام الدليل، أثبت (ألكالا، هلو).
أظهر فلاناً: جعله ذائع الصيت مشهوراً ففي الحلل السندسية (ص6 ق) أراد أن يظهرهم ويملكهم بلاد المغرب.
أظهْر: أبدى، أرى، (معجم جوليوس، معجم لين، فوك، كليلة ودمنة ص242، 281).
أظْهر: هذا الفعل عند الصرفيين والقراء ضد ادغم. ومعنى ادغم ادخل حرفاً في حرف يقال مثلا: اِدَّغم بدل اِدْتَغَم. والفعل أظهر معناه لم يدخل حرفاً حرف كأن يقول اِدْتَّغم بدل اِدَّغم (محيط المحيط، البيضاوي 2: 47، المقري 1: 489) وانظره في تضعيف.
تَظَهرَ: ظهر، بدا، انكشف (فوك).
تظاهَر: عرض، بين، وظهر أمام الجمهور، وانفق بسخاء للمباهاة (بوشر). ونجد كلمة تظاهر بمعنى تفاخر وتباه في عبارة العبدري التي ذكرتها رسالتي إلى السيد فليشر (ص80).
تظاهر ب: عمل شيئاً علانية وجهاراً. ففي كتاب الخطيب (ص36 و) وكان غير متظاهر بقول الشعر إلا أن أصحابه يسمعون منه ويروون عنه.
تظاهر ب: تكلّف، تخّلق ب (تاريخ البربر 1: 53) تظاهر بفلان: تحالف معه، واستعان به.
(انظر في مادة تضافر).
تظاهر لفلان ب: تعاون، تآزر، استعان ففي المقري (1: 848): على الرجل العاقل أن يتظاهر لِكُل بما يرفقه.
استظهر: احتاط (لين) ويقال: استظهر ب (أبحاث 2 ملحق ص47) وفيها: وتحت درع يوسف درعُ حصينة كان قد استظهر بلباسها خلل ثيابه. واستظهر على: احتاط ضد واحتاط لِ. ففي رحلة ابن جبير (ص188) كُلّ ذلك من قوة الاستعداد وشدَّة الاستظهار على الأسفار (ابن جبير ص208) وانظر ابن حيان (ص55 و) ففيه: فخافوه على أنفسهم- فاستظهروا على إتيانه بان لبسوا دروعهم وكفروا عليها.
وفي عبارة الفخري (ص375) قبض على الخليفة ونُقل إلى دار في دار الخلافة فأقام بها تحت الاستظهار على حالة الإكرام والمراعاة إلى أن مات تحت الاستظهار في سنة 617.
والمصدر استظهار يعني فيما يظهر اتخاذ احتياطات لكيلا يهرب السجين. ومن هذا كان معناه حراسة. استظهر: أيدّ رأياً (الملابس ص6 رقم 3) ترافع أمام القاضي ودافع عن الخصم علناً.
ففي المقري (1: 594): فوكل ابا طالب في التكلم عنه والاستظهار بين يديه (أي أمام الحبر الأعظم البابا).
استظهر: ظاهر بين ثوبين أي لبس أحدهما فوق الآخر. ففي المقري (2: 88) رأى ان يلبسوا الخ- ويستظهروا من تحتها إذا احتاجوا صنوف الفراء.
استظهر: درس علماً، أكب على الدرس.
ففي تاريخ البربر (1: 528): استظهر عِلْم الطبّ وهو الفعل الذي يدل على حفظ.
استظهر فلاناً ل: رجا حضوره المجلس ففي كتاب الخطيب (ص100 ق): ولحين وصوله عقد مجلسَ مذاكرة استظهر له نُبهاء الطَلَبة.
استظهر: وجدت في تعليقه لهماكر (الواقدي ص85) أن جيكيجز يقول أن هذا الفعل معناه تبختر، وهذا صحيح فكلمة استظهار موجودة في المقري (2: 335) بمعنى: تباهى، تفاخر، فخفخة، خيلاء، زهو، وقد أشرت في مادة تظاهر أن كلمة تظاهُر تدل على نفس هذا المعنى.
استظهر ب: استعد للمقاومة ب (عبد الواحد ص66، ابن بطوطة 1: 260، 177) (وقد أسيئت ترجمتها) 3: 112، 430، أماري ديب ص22، 100، 125) وفي حيان (ص53 و): فغضبت العرب- واستظهرته بالبعد عن الحاضرة فخرج بنو حجاج عنها إلى باديتهم بالسند الخ.
ورد هذا الفعل بهذا المعنى أيضاً في أول عبارة نقلتها في (عباد 1: 233 رقم 47) وقد أسأت تصحيحها لأن، على ذلك فيها، تعني (في نفس الوقت)، وصواب العبارة: استظهر بجّر الأذيال.
استظهر على فلان: غلبه وتفوق عليه. (بوشر، فريتاج) ولم يذكرها لين. وفي محيط المحيط: علا وغلبه (عبد الواحد ص7) وفي النويري (الأندلس ص458) فقاتلوه فلم تستظهر إحدى الطائفتين على الأخرى.
استظهر على فلاناً: عامله بعجرفة وتكبر. ففي تاريخ البربر (2: 437): وكان صاحب ديوان العطاء يحيى الفرقاجي وكان مستظهراً على العُمَّال.
استظهر على: استولى على (عباد 1: 223 رقم 47) وانظر: استظهر ب لمعرفة معنى الفقرة الأولى التي نقلتها منه. وفي حيان- بسام (1: 10و): ورَجَوْا استظهاره على الأمر.
استظهر على: استطاع عمل شيء ففي حيان- بسام (1: 46و): وحكم هذا السلطان وتصريفه للأمور قد أفاد رعيته واستظهروا به على العمارة. وهذا المعنى يوافق كل الموافقة عبارة الواقدي (ص39) التي أربكت هماكر وهي: أني قد استظهرت على مخاطبة ملوك الروم.
استظهر على: استعد له كل الاستعداد (فريتاج) وعبارة الطرائف لسلفستر دي ستسي التي ينقلها من الطبعة الأولى موجودة في (1: 154) من الطبعة الثانية.
ظَهْر وتجمع على أظْهِرَة (قصة عنتر ص45) الظَهر في الظهر: ظهراً لظهر (بوشر).
ويقول عبد الواحد (ص244) إشارة إلى مهمة الصلب في نتاج النسل: انتشر من ظهر عمر هذا بشر كثير وكان له عدة من الولد.
ظَهْرَك! حَذَارِ! (كويان ص176، ما نتجازا ص89، بوشر، زيشر 11: 480).
شَدَّ ظَهْره: ساعده وآزره بكل قوته واعتنق حزبه، ويقال: ظهره مشدود، ومشدود الظهر، وله الظهر أي له من يستده ويؤيده (بوشر).
اشدٌّ ظهري: أرى أني قويّ. اشتد ظهري: أشعر بأني قوي (معجم الطرائف).
قطع ظهرَه: ملأه غماً وأحزنه وأشجاه ويقال أيضاً: علاه ظهراً، كما يقال: قُطع ظهره بالبناء للمجهول، أو انقطع ظهره (معجم الطرائف). أو تقطع ظهره (قصة عنتر ص48).
ظهره مقطوع أو مقطوع الظهر: مهمل، ليس له سند، ليس له من يؤيده (بوشر).
كسر الظهر: أضنى، أتعب (بوشر).
ظَهْر: مسند، جزء من الكرسي أو المقعد وغيرهما يسند إليه الظهر (بوشر).
ظَهْر: سطح سفينة (ابن بطوطة 4: 93).
ظهر الأرض: ظاهر الأرض سطح الأرض ويقال اختصاراً: على ظهرها أي على سطح الأرض.
وهذا موجود في القرآن الكريم ويقال كثيراً: على الظهر أي على الأرض بدل على ظهر الأرض.
على ظهر البحر: يقال أيضاً بمعنى على سطح البحر. وقد يقال بمعنى على شاطئ البحر ايضاً، وعلى ضفة البحر (معجم الطرائف) وانظر (معجم مسلم).
ظَهْر (الاصطخري ص9) والى ظهر وبظهر (الأغاني ص32، ابن جبير ص212، المقري 1: 486).
وعلى ظهر، وفي ظهر (ابن جبير ص13 ف، كرتاس ص131) كل هذا يعني: خلف، وراء (معجم الطرائف) وفي حيان - بسام (1: 47ق): خرج من باب بظهر القصر أي خلف القصر.
ظَهْر: مساعدة، عون، حماية (بوشر) ظَهْر: حامٍ، ظهير، مدافع (بوشر).
ظَهْر: جنود احتياط، رديف، وسفينة في المؤخرة (بوشر).
ظَهْر: قمَّة، ذروة، قنّة (همبرت ص 169).
على ظَهْر (الشيء) فوقه (الادريسي ص182، 187 وهذا هو الصواب في المخطوطات الأخرى. (كرتاس ص34).
حفظ على ظَهْر، وقرأ على ظَهْر. أي حفظ الشيء وقرأ من حفظه وفي فوك: حفظ ظَهَرْ، وقرأ ظَهَر.
ظَهْر: ورقة الغلاف (ابن خلكان 11: 123).
وقد تحرفت هذه العبارة في طبعة وستنفيلد وفي طبعة بولاق وفيها: ونقل من نسخة لكتاب إصلاح المنطق. والصواب: نُقل من ظَهْرَ نُسخة لكتاب إصلاح المنطق (من غير واو قيل نقل) والمعنى نقل ما تقدم من ورقة الغلاف لكتاب إصلاح المنطق.
ظُهَرَة: من يظهر سرّه ويبوح به ولا يكتمه (الكامل ص424) ظَهْريّ: نسبة إلى الظَهْر، صُلبي، فقاريّ (بوشر).
ظُهري: نسبة إلى الظُهر وهو نصف النهار وساعة زوال الشمس (فوك) والظهريات. جهاراً، في وضح النهار (بوشر).
ظَهْريَّة: مسند، قسم الكرسي وغيره من المقاعد الذي يسند إليه المظَهْر (بوشر).
ظُهْريَّة= ظهيرة أي وقت الظُهْر (باين سميث 1435).
ظَهرَوى: من الشمال (دوماس صحارى ص104، 240).
ظهور: فجر (فوك).
الظهور الإلهي: التجلي الالهي، الوحي الإلهي.
الكشف الإلهي (زيشر 3: 303).
عيد الظهور: عند النصارى عيد التجلي عيد الدنح أو الغطاس (همبرت ص153 محيط المحيط) ظَهير، وجمعها ظَهائر: شهادة، براءة مرسومة، وثيقة رسمية منح امتياز، منح هبة (عباد 2: 164 رقم 59 فوك) وفي كتاب ابن القوطية (ص6 و): وزعم عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله أن ولاية جَدَّهم عبد الرحمن الأندلسي كانت من قبل يزيد بن عبد الملك لا من قبل عامل أفريقية وبايديهم بذلك ظهير. وفي مخطوطة كوبنهاجن المجهولة الهوية (ص95): ولما دنا الرشيد إلى مدينة مراكش كتب لاهلها ظهيرا بتامين كافتهم- ووجه بهذا الظهير الفقيه القاضي الخ (ابن بطوطة 1: 35، 2: 34 كرتاس ص41، 45، تاريخ البربر 1: 252، دي ساسي ديب 9: 486 وصواب الكلمة فيه ظهير بدل طهير).
ظهير: مرسوم وثيقة رسمية كتبها يوسف الثاني امير الموحدين لرهبان دير بوبلات وقد نشرت في مذكرات تاريخ الأندلس (6: 115).
وتبدأ بما يلي: هذا ظهير كريم أمر به أمير المؤمنين- لرهبان بوبلات. وفي تاريخ تونس (ص101): ولما تقلد منصب الباشا صار يكتب في ظهائره إبراهيم الشريف باي داي باشا.
ظِهَارَة، وتجمع على ظَهائِر: جلباب أو قميص يلبس فوق الثياب من قماش أبيض (المعجم اللاتيني العربي) وفيه ( camisa ملحفة وقميص وظهاره) ورداء طويل أبيض (فوك، المقري1: 230،2: 88) ويذكر عريب (البيان 1: 157) انه رداء يرتدي شعاراً للحزن في عهد الامويين. وفي المقري (1: 251): عليهم الظهائر البيض شِعارُ الحزن.
ظُهَارة الدابة: ما يجعل على ظهرها وقاية لها، وهو من كلام المولدين (محيط المحيط).
ظاهر. هذا ليس على ظاهره: هذا ليس بالمحتمل هذا ليس قريباً من الحق (المقدمة ب: 13).
ظاهِر: عالٍ، مرتفع. يقال مثلاً بلد ظاهر (معجم البلاذري) ويظهر أن اسم المقري الظاهرة وهو اسم قرى نغزاوة في مقاطعة قسطلة يعني القرى المرتفعة (تاريخ البربر 1: 146، 2:639).
ظاهِرِ: رَبْوة، جبل (البكري ص109، 114، أماري ص118) وانظر تعليقات نقدية.
ظاهِر: فاخر، رائع، بديع، جميل، نفيس.
ويقال: لباس ظاهِر (دي ساسي طرائف 1: 2، المعجم اللاتيني العربي. وهذه الكلمة التي ذكرها فريتاج وقال إنها صفة تستعمل أيضاً اسماً للباس الرائع البديع الجميل).
ظاهر: سطح السفينة (فريتاج طرائف ص134).
ظاهر وجمعها ظَواهِر مرسوم، براءة، امتياز، شهادة وثيقة، رسمية، مثل ظهير (الكالا).
الظاهر في خراسان نقيب العلويين. وانظر في مادة طاهر بالطاء المهملة.
ظاهِر الباب: الباب الرئيسي للبناية (بوشر).
ظاهِرة: يتكهنون بالمستقبل حسب ظواهر مأثورة وتأويلات محتملة (المقدمة 2: 171).
ولا ادري ما تعنيه الكلمة الأولى. وقد ترجمها دي ساسي (طرائف 2: 299) إلى الفرنسية بما معناه: حوادث حقيقية نقلتها الروايات المأثورة. وترجمها دي سلان بما معناه: حادثة كبيرة احتفظ بذكرها.
ظاهِر: تستعمل بدل ظَهْر ففي أماري (ص400) وبقي الأسطول على ظاهر البحر لا يمكنه الدخول إلى البلاد بسبب الريح أو بدل. ظهر البحر والمترجم لكتاب الاصطخري بغير أحياناً كلمة ظهر الواردة في النص بكلمة ظاهر (معجم الطرائف).
ظاهري: سطحي (بوشر).
أَظْهَر: هذا اظهر من الشمس: هذا أوضح من النهار، هذا أمر جلي، هذا بين صريح (بوشر).
تظهير: براءة، مرسوم، شهادة، وثيقة رسمية، ظهير (شيرب، مارتن ص90).
مَظْهّر: مَسْرَح. مشهد، جزء من فصول مسرحية، ومجازاً موقع يجتذب الانظار، ومنطقة ومجازاً. مكان يستطيع المرء أن ينمي مواهبه وخصاله الحسنة فيه (بوشر).
مَظْهَر: شيء محسوس؛ مادة، جسم وموضوع أو مادة حيث يقع فعل أو عمل- وبسبب العواطف والأعمال يقال مثلاً: مظهر الألطاف الملوكية، أي موضعها (بوشر).
مظاهر: تجليّات خارجية (المقدمة 3: 68).
حيث يلاحظ السيد دي سلان أن بعض الصوفية يرون أن المظاهر هي كل ما يتكون منه العالم المحسوس.

إحياء علوم الدين
للإمام، حجة الإسلام، أبي حامد: محمد بن محمد الغزالي، الشافعي.
المتوفى: بطوس، سنة 505، خمس وخمسمائة.
وهو: من أجل كتب المواعظ، وأعظمها.
حتى قيل فيه: إنه لو ذهبت كتب الإسلام، وبقي (الإحياء) أغنى عما ذهب.
وهو: مرتب على أربعة أقسام: ربع العبادات، وربع العادات، وربع المهلكات، وربع المنجيات.
في كل منها عشرة كتب:
في الأول: العلم، قواعد العقائد، أسرار الطهارة، أسرار الصلاة، أسرار الزكاة، أسرار الصيام، أسرار الحج، تلاوة القرآن، الأذكار، والأوراد.
وفي الثاني: آداب الأكل، آداب الكسب، آداب النكاح، الحلال والحرام، آداب الصحبة، العزلة، آداب السفر، السماع، الأمر بالمعروف، وآداب المعيشة، وأخلاق النبوة.
وفي الثالث: شرح عجائب القلب، رياضة النفس، آفة الشهوتين، آفات اللسان، آفة الغضب، ذم الدنيا، ذم المال، ذم الجاه والرياء، ذم الكبر والغرور.
وفي الرابع: التوبة، الصبر والشكر، الخوف والرجاء، الفقر والزهد، والتوحيد، المحبة، النية والصدق، المراقبة، التفكر وذكر، الموت.
فالجملة: أربعين كتابا.
أوله: (الحمد لله تعالى أولاً حمداً كثيراً... الخ).
وأول ما دخل إلى المغرب، أنكر فيه بعض المغاربة أشياء، فصنف (الإملاء، في الرد على الإحياء)
ثم رأى ذلك المصنف رؤيا ظهرت فيها كرامة الشيخ، وصدق نيته، فتاب عن ذلك ورجع.
كذا قال: المولى أبو الخير، وأشار إلى حكاية ابن حرزهم، التي نقلها ابن السبكي، في (طبقاته)، عن الشيخ: ياقوت الشاذلي.
قال أبو الفرج بن الجوزي: قد جمعت أغلاط الكتاب، وسميته (إعلام الأحياء، بأغلاط الإحياء)، وأشرت إلى بعض ذلك في كتاب: (تلبيس إبليس).
وقال سبطه، أبو المظفر: وضعه على مذاهب الصوفية، وترك فيه قانون الفقه، فأنكروا عليه ما فيه من الأحاديث، التي لم تصح. انتهى.
قال المولى أبو الخير: وأما الأحاديث التي لم تصح، لا ينكر على إيرادها، لجوازه في الترغيب والترهيب. انتهى.
أقول: وذلك ليس على إطلاقه، بل بشرط أن لا يكون موضوعا.
وقد صنف الحافظ، زين الدين: عبد الرحيم بن الحسين العراقي.
المتوفى: سنة 806، ست وثمانمائة.
كتابين في تخريج أحاديثه.
أحدهما: كبير، وهو الذي صنفه: سنة 751، إحدى وخمسين وسبعمائة.
وقد تعذر الوقوف فيه على بعض أحاديثه، ثم ظفر كثيرا مما عزب عنه، إلى سنة: ستين وسبعمائة.
فصنف صغيره، المسمى: (بالمغني عن حمل الأسفار بالأسفار)، في تخريج ما في (الإحياء) من الأخبار.
أوله: (الحمد لله الذي أحيى علوم الدين... الخ).
اقتصر فيه: على ذكر طرق الحديث، وصحابيه، ومخرجه، وبيان صحته، وضعف مخرجه، وحيث كرر المصنف ذكر الحديث اكتفى بذكره في أول مرة، وربما أعاد لغرض.
ثم إن تلميذه: الحافظ ابن حجر العسقلاني.
المتوفى: سنة 852.
استدرك عليه: ما فاته.
في مجلد.
وصنف: الشيخ، زين الدين: قاسم بن قطلوبغا الحنفي، المصري.
المتوفى: بها، سنة تسع وسبعين وثمانمائة.
أيضا كتابا، سماه: (تحفة الأحياء، فيما فات من تخاريج أحاديث الإحياء).
وللغزالي كتاب، في حل مشكلاته، سماه: (الإملاء، على مشكل الإحياء)، ويسمى أيضا (الأجوبة المسكتة، عن الأسئلة المبهتة) كما سبق.
وللإحياء: مختصرات، أحسنها وأجودها:
مختصر: الشيخ، شمس الدين: محمد بن علي بن جعفر العجلوني البلالي.
المتوفى: سنة 812، شيخ خانقاه سعيد السعداء بمصر.
وهو الراجح على غيره، كما ذكره المناوي.
وهو: نحو عشر حجمه.
أوله: (الحمد لله الذي بنعمته تم الصالحات...).
ومختصر: أخيه، الشيخ: أحمد بن محمد الغزالي.
المتوفى: بقزوين، سنة عشرين وخمسمائة.
سماه: (لباب الإحياء).
ومختصر: محمد بن سعيد اليمني.
المتوفى: 595.
ومختصر: الشيخ، أبي زكريا: يحيى بن أبي الخير اليمني.
ومختصر: أبي العباس: أحمد بن موسى الموصلي.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وعشرين وستمائة.
وله: مختصر آخر أصغر حجما من الأول.
ومختصر: الشيخ، جلال الدين: عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطي.
المتوفى: سنة إحدى عشرة وتسعمائة.
وله: مختصر، مسمى: (بعين العلم).
لبعض علماء الهند.
وشرحه: المولى علي القاري.
وسماه: (فهم المعلوم).