حجب

1 حَجَبَهُ, (S, A, Msb,) aor. ـُ (Msb,) inf. n. حَجْبٌ, (Mgh, Msb,) He, or it, prevented, hindered, debarred, or precluded, him, or it: (Mgh, Msb:) he, or it, precluded him, or it; i. e. prevented him, or it, from entering. (S, A.) [Hence,] الإِخْوَةُ يَحْجُبُونَ الأُمَّ عِنِ الثُّلُثِ [Brothers of a person deceased preclude the mother from receiving the third of the inheritance]. (S, A.) b2: Also, (A, K,) aor. as above, (TA,) inf. n. حَجْبٌ and حَجَابٌ, (K,) He, or it, veiled, concealed, hid, covered, or protected, him, or it; (A, K;) as also ↓ حجّبهُ. (K.) b3: [And It intervened between two things. Thus the diaphragm is described as] جِلْدَةٌ تَحْجُبُ بَيْنَ الفُؤَادِ وَالبَطْنِ [A piece of skin that intervenes between the heart and the belly]. (A.) b4: [And He held the office of حَاجِب, i. e. door-keeper, or chamberlain. Yousay,] فُلَانٌ يَحْجُبُ لِلْأَمِيرِ Such a one holds the office of حاجب to the prince, governor, or commander. (A, TA.) 2 حَجَّبَ see 1.5 تَحَجَّبَ see 8.8 احتجب [He, or it, became prevented, hindered, debarred, or precluded: he became secluded; or he secluded himself:] he, or it, became veiled, concealed, hidden, covered, or protected; as also ↓ تحجّب. (K, TA.) You say, احتجب المَلِكُ عِنِ النَّاسِ [The King secluded, or concealed, himself, or became secluded or concealed, from the people]. (S, A.) And احتجبت الشَّمْسُ فِى السَّحَابِ (tropical:) [The sun became concealed, or concealed itself, in the clouds]. (A, TA.) b2: [Hence, app.,] احتجبت المَرْأَةُ بِيَومٍ, (K,) or بِيَوْمٍ مِنْ تَاسِعِهَا, and مِنْ يَوْمٍ مِنْ تَاسِعِهَا, (TA,) [as though meaning The woman secluded herself from the commencement of a day of her ninth month of pregnancy:] said of a pregnant woman, (TA,) when a day has passed of her ninth [month, during which it was probably a custom for a woman to seclude herself in the house or tent]. (K, TA.) 10 استحجِبهُ He appointed him to the office of حَاجِب [i. e. door-keeper, or chamberlain]. (S, K.) حَجَبٌ: see حَجَبَةٌ.

A2: Also [The windpipe;] the passage of the breath. (K.) حَجِبٌ A hill; syn. أَكَمَــةٌ: (K:) or a lofty أَكَمَــة. (TA.) حِجْبَةٌ: see حِجَابَةٌ.

حَجَبَةٌ The head [or crest] of the kip or haunch (S, A) [of a man, (see حَرْقَفَةٌ,) and] of a horse; (A;) i. e. each of the حَجَبَتَانِ, which project above, or beyond, the خَاصِرَتَانِ [or two flanks]: (S:) or the dual signifies the two edges of the hip or haunch, that project above, or beyond, the خَاصِرَة [or flank]: (K:) or the two bones above the pubes, that project above, or beyond, the soft parts of the belly, on the right and left: (Zj in his “ Khalk el-Insán, “* and K:) or the heads of the two hipbones or haunch-bones, next the حَرْقَفَتَانِ [q. v.]; pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.] ↓ حَجَبٌ, and pl. of pauc. حَجَبَاتٌ: (TA:) and in a horse, the parts of the two hips, or haunches, that project above, or beyond, the [skin called] صِفَاق, of the belly. (K.) حِجَابٌ [A thing that prevents, hinders, debars,or precludes:] a thing that veils, conceals, hides, covers, or protects; (S, Msb, K TA;) because it prevents seeing, or beholding: (Msb:) a thing, (A, K,) or body. (Msb,) that intervenes (A, Msb, K) between two things, (A, K,) or between two bodies; which is [said to be] the primary signification; (Msb;) [a partition, a bar, a barrier, or an obstacle:] and sometimes applied to ideal things: (Msb:) pl. جُجُبٌ. (A, Msb, K.) Yousay, ضُرِبَ الحِجَابُ عَلَى النِّسَآءِ [The veil, or curtain, was put, or let down, over the women]. (A, TA.) And لَهُ دَعَوَاتٌ تَخْرِقُ الحُجُبَ [He has prayers that rend the veils]. (A, TA.) and مَا لِدَعْوَةِ المَظْلُومِ حِجَابٌ [There is no veil, or obstacle, to the prayer of the wronged]. (A, TA.) It is said in a trad., مَنِ اطَّلَعَ الحِجَابِ وَاقَعَ مَا وَرَآءَهُ [He who gets sight and knowledge of the veil falls into that which is behind it]: i. e., when a man dies, he falls into what is behind [one of] the two veils, that of Paradise and that of Hell: (ISh, TA:) or, accord. to some, اِطَلَاعُ الحِجَابِ signifies the stretching out the head [and looking over the veil]; for he who examines into a thing stretches out his head to see what is behind the veil, or covering. (TA.) And in another trad., a saying of Mohammad, (TA,) إِنَّ اللّٰهَ يَغْفِرُ لِلْعَبْدِ مَا لَمْ يَقَعِ الحِجَابُ [Verily God forgiveth the servant (his creature) as long as the precluding event shall not have happened]: الحجاب here meaning the dying in the belief in a plurality of gods: (K, * TA:) as though one were precluded from true belief by death. (TA.) One says also, العَجْزُ حَجَابٌ بَيْنَ الإِنْسَانِ وَمُرَادِهِ [Inability is a bar between man and his desire]. (Msb.) and المَعْصِيَةُ حِجَابٌ بَيْنَ العَبْدِ وَبَيْنَ رَبِّهِ [Disobedience is a bar between the servant and his Lord]. (Msb.) b2: [Hence, in the present day, (assumed tropical:) A written charm or amulet; generally worn in a case (called بَيْتُ حِجَابٍ) suspended, on the right side, by a string passing over the left shoulder, or on some other part of the person: pl. of mult. حُجُبٌ, and of pauc. أَحْجِبَةٌ and حِجَابَاتٌ.] b3: [Hence also,] A thin piece of flesh, (K,) resembling a piece of shin, (TA,) in the interior of the body, between the two sides, intervening between the lungs and the قصب [in the K القَصَب, but this is evidently a mistranscription for القُصْب the lower intestines; for the حجاب is the diaphragm, or midriff]: (K, TA:) and حِجَابُ القَلْبِ, (A,) or حَجَابُ الجَوْفِ, (S,) signifies [the same; as also حَجَابُ الكَبِدِ; (see خِلْبٌ;)] what intervenes between the heart and the rest of the جوف; (S;) the piece of skin that intervenes between the heart and the belly: (A, TA:) or حِجَابُ القَلْبِ signifies a certain fat that clothes the heart: (AHeyth, TA in art. شغف:) [or it signifies, or signifies also, the septum cordis: see قَلْبٌ:] pl. حُجُبٌ (A, TA.) Hence the saying, هَتَكَ الخَوْفُ حِجَابَ قَلْبِهِ (tropical:) [Fear rent open his midriff: or his septum cordis]. (A, TA.) b4: (assumed tropical:) The horizon: [because it terminates the view:] so in the phrase, تَوَارَتْ بِالْحِجَابِ (assumed tropical:) It (the sun) became concealed by the horizon; occurring in the Kur [xxxviii. 31], and in a trad. (TA.) b5: (tropical:) A mountain: (A:) or an elevated part of a mountain. (K.) You say, قَعَدَ فِى ظِلِّ الحِجَابِ (tropical:) He sat in the shade of the mountain. (A.) b6: (assumed tropical:) The place where a [stony tract such as is called]

حَرَّة ends. (K.) b7: (assumed tropical:) A tract of sand uniformly continuous, and long. (K.) b8: (assumed tropical:) The light of the sun: or the tract, or side, of the sun: (K, TA:) or [like حَاجِبٌ] a side, or part, of the sun. (TA.) حَجَابَةٌ, (K,) or ↓ حِجْبَةٌ, (S,) The office of doorkeeper [or chamberlain]. (S, * K.) b2: And the former, The office of door-keeper and guardian of the Kaabeh. (TA.) حَاجِبٌ, an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates, (TA,) A door-keeper; (Msb, K;) so called because he prevents persons from entering: (Msb:) [a chamberlain:] pl. حُجَّابٌ (S, Msb, K) and حَجَبَةٌ. (Msb, K.) And حَجَبَةُ البَيْتِ [The door-keepers and guardians of the Kaabeh: see حِجَابَةٌ]. (TA.) b2: Each of the two bones over the eyes, with the hair and flesh upon them: (IF, Msb, K:) or the eyebrow; the hair growing on either of those bones: (Az, K:) so called because it precludes the rays of the sun from the eye: (TA:) of the masc. gender: (Lh TA:) pl. حَوَاجِبُ. (S Msb, K.) One says, إِنَّهُ لَمُزَجَّجُ الحَاجِبِ [Verily he has the eyebrow made narrow and long, by the removal of redundant hairs; or made narrow and long and arched; or lengthened with antimony]. (Lh, TA.) b3: [Hence, as being likened thereto,] (assumed tropical:) The piece of wood that is over the lintel of a door-frame. (Az, TA.) [See عَتَبَةٌ.]

b4: (tropical:) The edge, (A,) or side, (K,) or upper limb of the disk, that appears when it begins to rise, (T, TA,) or the first part that appears, (Mgh,) of the sun, (T, A, Mgh, K,) and of the moon: (T, TA:) likened to the حاجب (A, Mgh) of the face (Mgh) of a man: (A:) and حَوَاجبُ الشَّمْس the sides of the sun. (S.) You say, بَدَا حَاجِبُ الشَّمْس, (T, A, TA,) and القَمَرِ, (T, TA,) (tropical:) The upper limb of the disk, (T, TA,) or the edge, (A,) of the sun appeared, (T, A, TA,) and of the moon. (T, TA.) b5: (assumed tropical:) The edge or anything. (K.) A woman said to a man who was eating of the middle of a round cake of bread, كُلْ مِنْ حَوَاجِبِهَا (tropical:) Eat of its edges, (As, TA,) or its sides. (A.) b6: (assumed tropical:) [The beginning of the dawn.] You say, لَاحَتْ حَوَاجِبُ الصُّبْحِ (tropical:) The beginnings of the dawn appeared. (A, TA.) مُحَجَّبٌ: see what next follows.

مَحْجُوبٌ [pass. part. n. of 1]. You say مَلِكٌ مَحْجُوبٌ (A) and ↓ مُحَجَّبٌ (S) and ↓ مُحْتَجبٌ (A) and ↓ مُحُوْجَبٌ (TA) [A king secluded, or concealed, from the people]. And اِمْرَأَةٌ مَحْجُوبَةٌ A woman veiled, or concealed by a curtain or the like. (TA.) And هُوَ مَحْجُوبٌ عِنِ الخَيْرِ [He is debarred from good.] (A, TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) Blind; (S, K;) and so ↓ مُحَوْجَبٌ. (TA.) مُحْتَجِبٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

مُحَوْجَبٌ: see مَحْجُوبٌ, in two places.

غرب
الغرب: التَّمادي والحدَّةُ: وجلْدٌ تامٌّ يُتَّخَذُ منه دَلْوٌ. وكُلُّ فَيْضَةٍ من الدَمع غَرْبٌ، وجَمْعُه غُرُوبٌ. وداءٌ وخُرّاجٌ في العَيْن. ومَغْرِبُ الشَّمْس. والفَرَسُ الحَدِيدُ. والسَّيْفُ القاطِعُ.
وأغْرَبَ واسْتَغْرَبَ الرَّجُلُ: لَجَّ في الضحكِ خاصَّةً. واسْتَغْرَبَ عليه: اشْتَدَّ غَضَبُه والغَرَبُ: ماءٌ يَقْطُرُ من الدِّلاء فَيَتَغَيَّر رِيْحُه. وأغْرَبَ الساقي: إذا أكْثَرَ الغَرَبَ. وأغْرَبَ الحَوْضُ: فاضتْ جَوانِبُه، وكذلك الكأْسُ فهي مُغْرِبَةٌ. وغُرُوْبُ الأسنانِ: أطرافُها.
والغُرُوْبُ: غَيْبُوبَةُ الشَّمْس، وكذلك المُغَيْرِبَانُ. وأتانا عند غِرِبّانِ الشَّمس ومُغيْرِباناتِها.
والغُرْبَةُ: النَّوى والبُعْدُ. وأغْرَبَ القَوْمُ: انْتَوَوْا. وغايَةٌ مُغَرِّبَة: بَعِيدةٌ. والكِلابُ إذا أمْعَنَتْ في طَلَبِ الصيْدِ قيل: غَربَتْ. وَبَلَدٌ مُغَرِّبٌ وغُرَّبٌ: بَعِيْدٌ. وغَرَّبَ الرَّجُلُ تَغْرِيباً: بَعُدَ. وهل من مُغَرِّبَةٍ خَبَرٌ: أي خَبَرٌ طرأَ عليك. وشَأْوٌ مُغَرِّب.
وأغْرَبَ الرَّجُلُ في مَنْطِقِه: إذا لم يُبْقِ شَيْئاً إلا تَكًلّمَ به، والفَرَسُ في جَرْيِه.
والغَرِيْبُ من الكلام: الغامِضُ، غَرُبَتِ الكلمةُ تَغْرُبُ غَرَابَةً، وصاحِبُها مُغْرِبٌ.
والغارِبُ: أعْلى المَوْج والظَّهْرِ. ويقولون للمَرْأةِ عند الطَّلاقِ: حَبْلُكِ على غارِبِكِ.
والمُغْرَبُ: الأبْيَضُ الأشْفارِ من كلِّ صِنْفٍ. والعَنْقَاءُ المُغْرِبُ والمُغْرِبَةُ، وإغْرَابُها: غَرْبُها في طَيَرانِها. وقيل العَنْقاءُ المُغْرِبُ: هي رَأْسُ الــأكَمَــةِ في أعْلى الجَبَل الطَّويل.
والبَرَدُ يُسَمّى غَرَباً لبَياضِه. والصُّبْحُ مُغْرَبٌ. ورَجُلٌ مُغَرَّبٌ: يَبْيَضُّ شَعرُ رَأْسِه ولحْيَتِه، وفَرَسٌ كذلك: إذا اتَّسَعَتْ غرَّتُه في وَجْهِه. والغُرَابً: طائرٌ، والجميع غِرْبانٌ وأغْرِبَةٌ، وهذه غِرْبَنَّةٌ وغُرَابَةٌ للأنْثى، والذَّكَرُ غِرْبَنٌّ.
والغُرَابانِ: نُقْرَتانِ عند الصَّلَوَيْنِ في العَجُز، وجَمْعُه غِرْبانٌ.
والغُرَابُ: ما يُعْقَدُ من الدَّلْوِ إلى الصُّلْب.
ورِجْلُ الغُرَابِ: نَوْعٌ من الصِّرَار في خِلْفِ الناقَةِ، وإذا اشْتَدَّ على الرَّجُل الأمْرُ وضاقَ عليه قِيْلَ: صُرَّ عليه رِجْلُ الغُرَاب. وهو - أيضاً -: ضَرْبٌ من النبت.
والغَرْبيُّ من الشَّجَرِ: الذي تُصيبُه الشَّمْسُ بحَرِّها عند الأفُول. وصِبْغٌ أحْمَرُ. والفَضِيْخُ من النَّبِيْذ.
والغَرَبُ: شَجَرٌ يُتخَذُ منه الأقداحُ. وجامٌ من فِضة. وموضع يَسِيلُ فيه الماءُ بين البِئْرِ والحَوْض. والخَمْرُ.
والغِرْبِيْبُ: الأسْوَدُ، وكذلك الغِرْبابُ. وُيقال لعَناقِيدِ البَرِيْرِ: غِرْبانُ البَرِيْرِ لسَوادِها.
والغُرَابيَّةُ: نَخْلةٌ بالبَصْرَةِ. وسَهْم غَرْبٌ: لا يُعْرَفُ رامِيْه.
والمُغْرَبُ: الثَّغْرُ الذي فيه حدَّةٌ وشَنَبٌ. وذِرَاعٌ غَرب: أي طَويلةٌ.
وغَرِبَتِ العَيْنُ تَغْرَبُ غَرَباً: إذا كانَ بها وَرَمٌ في المَأقِ.
وفَرَس غَرِب: من الغَرَبِ، وهو عِرْق يَسْقي ولا يَبْرأ من دَبَرَتِه أبداً. وهو - أيضاً -: شِبْهُ الجَرَبِ، شاة غَرِبَةٌ، وإهَاب غَرِبٌ، وغَنَمٌ غَرْبى، وإبل غَرَابى، وأغْرِبَتْ فهيَ مُغْرَبَةٌ.
وهو في إغْرَابِ من العَيْش: أي في سَعَةٍ. وأغْرِبَ الرَّجُلُ: اشْتَدَّ وَجَعُه من مَرَضٍ أو غيرِه. والغَرَايِبُ: العَرايِسُ، واحِدُها غَرْبِيَةٌ.

غرب: غرب. يقال: غرب السهم في فواده: ثقب السهم قلبه واخترقه. ويقال: غرب السهم فقط بهذا المعنى. (معجم أبي الفداء).
غَرَّب (بالتشديد): ذهب ناحية المغرب، وطاح، ومات وهلك. وغَربَت الشمس (فوك).
وغَرَّب الدُّعاء: فسّرت بباعَدَ الصَّوْت في ديوان الهذليين (ص94 البيت الثاني).
تَغَرَّب. في مصطلح التصوف: المتغربون في هذه الحيوة: الذين اعتزلوا هذه الحياة. (بوشر)، استغرب. استغرب الشيء: وجده أوعدّه غريباً (بوشر).
استغر به: أعجب به، استحسنه. (بوشر).
غَرْب: آلة مائية للسقي (معجم البلاذري).
غَرَب: فسره رايسكه (في معجم فريتاج) بأنه موضع بين البئر والحوض يتساقط عليه الماء من الدلو. ولا شك ان هذا التفسير مأخوذ من الكامل (ص120).
غَرب: دوسر، ففي المستعيني: دوسر هي حشيشة يشبه ورقها ورق سنبل الحنطة إلا أنه ألْيَن منه وهو المعروف بالغَرَب (وضبط الكلمات هذا في مخطوطة ن). وفي ابن البيطار في مادة دوسر (1: 462)، ويعرف بالغرب. وهذا ما لم يفهمه سونثيمر.
مرهم الغَرَب: حَوْري، نوع من المرهم الملين الذي تدخل في تركيبه براعم الحور. نوع من المروخ. (بوشر).
غُرْبَة: اعتزال، عزلة مجازاً وفي اصطلاح الصوفية. يقال مثلاً: الذين في غربة هذه الحيوة أي الذين اعتزلوا هذه الحياة.
غربة هذه الحيوة: مزار هذه الحياة. (بوشر).
غربت الحَسِين (؟): اسم لحن من الحان الموسيقى.
الغَرْبي: الريح الغربية. (بوشر).
غَراب. في معجم فريتاج خطأ والصواب غُراب. (المقري 2، إضافات ص15).
غُراب. غراب البين: زاغ، نوع من الغربان صغير (فوك). غراب الزرع: نوع من الزاغ أبيض الريش (نيور رحلة ص166).
غُراب، وجمعها غُرابات وغِرْبان (فوك، الكالا) وأغْربَة (بوشر): قادِس، سفينة شراعية حربية. (فوك، ألكالا، بوشر). وهي غاليا ( galea) في الترجمة اللاتينية القديمة (ص569) عند أماري (ديب ص8). وفي كتاب ابن القوطية (ص7 و) أنشأ قرابات (غرابات) وأخذ من مراكب النجار. (القلائد ص54) وفيه: قرابات. وفي الادريسي (القسم الثاني الفصل السادس): يكون طول الموكب منها طول الغراب الكامل (ابن بطوطة 4: 50) وفي ألف ليلة (3: 435) ابيعكم للغراب كلّ واحد بمائتي دينار، أي لبيعكم لتكونوا مجدفين في الغراب.
غُراب. والجمع أغْربَة: سفينة شراعية صغيرة بصاريين تشبه القلعية لها شراعان ويجدف بها وتستعمل للقرصنة. (بوشر).
غُراب. والجمع غِرْبان: واجهة القصر حيث الباب الرئيس. (ألكالا).
غُراب: نوع من السمك، وهو بالإيطالية tordo marino ( باجني مخطوطات).
وقد أجاب السيد الأستاذ جيجلبوني من متحف فلورنسة الذي سأله السيد اماري بطلب مني ان أفسر معنى: tordo marino الذي ذكره باجني فقال هو من غير شك نوع من الكيدم Labrus ولعله Lab- rus turdus الذي يسمى turdu في صقلية، ويسمى Labro tordo في القارة الأوربية.
ويسمى الفرنسيون هذا النوع من السمك Viel - les de mer أي Labtre وهو الكيدم.
غُراب: في اصطلاح الحدادين حلقة ذات رأس محدّد.
غَرِيب: الرجل الذي ليس من القوم، ولا من البلد. ويجمع أيضاً على غُرْبَة (فوك) وأغراب (بوشر).
غَرِيب: عجيب، خارق، غير مألوف، فذّ، نادر، عزيز، قليل الوجود، فريد، وحيد، شاذ. (بوشر، دي ساس طرائف 1: 6، المقري 1: 603).
الغريب المُصَنَّف: الكلمات العويصة الغامضة النادرة الموجودة في الأحاديث والقرآن جمعت ورتبت وفسرت حسب المواد. (رسالة إلى السيد فليشر ص114).
غَريب: كلمة غربية: بربرية. (بوشر) غريبة (مؤثث غريب): شيء نادر، فاخر ممتاز. (هو جفلايت ص49).
غريبة: طريقة فريدة، خطَة فريدة، أسلوب ونهج شاذ. سلوك وتصرف غير مألوف. (تاريخ البربر 2: 81، 82).
غريبة: نوع من الأفاعي. (فون هوجلن في زيشر مجلة لغة مصر، مايس 1868 ص55).
الغُرَباء: المنجمون، علماء التنجيم. وقد أطلق عليهم هذا الاسم لا لانهم اجانب وغرباء بل لانهم يعملون أعملا غريبة عجيبة خارقة. (زيشر 20: 496، 503، 508).
دار الغُرَباء: مأوى الفقراء. ملجأ الفقراء، دار للإحسان، مبّرة يعيش فيها الفقراء (ألكالا).
دار للغرباء: فندق، نُزُل، مسكن مؤثث. (بوشر).
غُرَيْب. غريب الصَّحْرَى: بومة الألب الكبرى. (شيرب، تريسترام ص393) ولعل الصواب غُرَيّب تصغير غُراب. غَرَابَة: أصالة، طرافة، خصوصية. (بوشر).
غرابة الكلام ومخالفته: لَحْن، غلط في النحو أو الصرف. (بوشر).
غَرابة: لا بد أنها تدل على معنى آخر عند الخطيب (ص158 و) الذي يقول بعد أن نقل نكتة السلطان ومزاحه: ولا خفاء ببراعة هذا التوقيع وغرابة مَقاصره ومجالسه على الأيام معمورة بهذا ومثله. وربما كان الصواب قراءتها: وغرابته: وعلى هذا فالنص ناقص وقد سقط شيء من هذه العبارة.
قارن هذا بكلمة غارب.
غُرَيّب: انظر غُرَيب.
غُرَيّبَة: هكذا كتبت هذه الكلمة في محيط المحيط وقد فسرها بقوله: نوع من الحلاوات سريع التفتَّت مولَّدة. وعند شيرب: غُريبية وهي حلوى تصنع من الدقيق والسمن المذاب والسكر وتطبخ في الفرن.
وعند دوماس (حياة العرب ص253) غَريبية: حلوى من جريش الحنطة المخلوط بالسكر والزبدة والليمون الحامض. وانظر: (مارتن ص82، وبركهارت بلاد العرب 1: 58، وفيه غَربية، ومالتزن ص130 وفيه أغِربية، وبوشر وفيه غرايبة: نوع من البسكويت.
غَرَّب: شجرة في ارتفاع شجرة الزيتون، ورقها يشبه ورق الحور (وهو من فصيلة الصفصاف) إلا أنه أعرض منه قليلاً. (بركهارت سورية ص393).
غارِب: يجمع على أغارب. (عبد الواحد ص214). غارب: كاهل الفرس، حارك الفرس، وهو ما بين العنق والصهوة. (دوماس حياة العرب ص190).
غارب البيت: أعلى الغرفة. (معجم الأسبانية ص342) وفي المقري (1: 405): غوارب تابوت. وعند بوسييه: جانب الكوخ.
الغارب في جامع دمشق المسافة أسفل القبة والجناح الكبير الذي يؤدي إلى الباب الكبير (معجم ابن جبير).
مَغْرِبيَة: وقت السهرة، زمان من جنوح النهار إلى الرقاد. (بوشر).
مَغْرِبيَة: نوع من الطعام. (محيط المحيط).
مَغْربيَة: عشبة، نوع من العشب. (محيط المحيط).

غرب

1 غَرَبَ, aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. غَرْبٌ, (K, TA,) He, or it, went, went away, passed away, or departed. (K, * TA.) b2: And He retired, or removed, (K, * TA,) عَنِ النَّاسِ [from men, or from the people]. (TA.) b3: And غَرَبَ, (S, K, TA,) aor. and inf. n. as above; (TA;) and ↓ غرّب; (A, TA;) and ↓ تغرّب; (K, TA;) He, or it, became distant, or remote; or went to a distance. (S, A, K, TA.) One says, اُغْرُبْ عَنِّى Go thou, or withdraw, to a distance from me. (S.) b4: And غَرَبَ and ↓ غرّب He, or it, became absent, or hidden. (K.) The former is said of a wild animal, meaning He retired from view, or hid himself, in his lurking-place. (A.) b5: And غَرَبَتِ الشَّمْسُ, (S, Msb, TA,) aor. ـُ (Msb,) inf. n. غُرُوبٌ (S, Msb, TA) and مَغْرِبٌ [which is anomalous] and مُغَيْرِبَانٌ [which is more extr.], (TA,) The sun set: (S, Msb, TA:) and غَرَبَ النَّجْمُ The star set. (TA.) A2: غَرْبٌ [app. as an inf. n. of which the verb is غَرَبَ] signifies also (assumed tropical:) The being brisk, lively, or sprightly. (K.) b2: And (assumed tropical:) The persevering (K, TA) in an affair. (TA.) b3: غَرَبَتِ العَيْنٌ, inf. n. غَرْبٌ, The eye was affected with a tumour such as is termed غَرْبٌ [q. v.] in the inner angle. (TA.) A3: غَرُبَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. غَرَابَةٌ or غُرْبَةٌ and غُرْبٌ, said of a man: see 5. b2: غَرُبَ, (K, TA,) inf. n. غَرَابَةٌ, said of language, (A, TA,) It was strange, or far from being intelligible; difficult to be understood; obscure. (A, * K, TA.) And in like manner, you say, غَرُبَتِ الكَلِمَةُ [which also signifies The word was strange as meaning unusual]. (A, TA.) A4: غَرِبَ, aor. ـَ (K, TA,) inf. n. غَرَبٌ, (TA,) He, or it, was, or became, black. (K, TA.) A5: غَرِبَتْ said of a ewe or she-goat, She was, or became, affected with the disease termed غَرَبٌ meaning as expl. below. (S.) A6: See also غَرَبٌ in another sense.2 غرّب, inf. n. تَغْرِيبٌ: see 1, in two places: and 4, likewise in two places: b2: and see also 5. b3: Also He went into the west: (TA in this art.:) he directed himself towards the west. (TA in art. شرق.) One says, غَرِّبْ شَرِّقْ [Go thou to the west go thou to the east: meaning go far and wide]. (A, TA.) [See also 4.]

A2: He made, or caused. him, or it, to be, or become, distant, remote, far off, or aloof: (Mgh:) he removed, put away, or put aside, him, or it; as also ↓ اغرب. (TA.) b2: And غرّب, (Msb,) inf. n. as above, (S, Mgh, Msb,) He banished a person from the country, or town, (S, * Mgh, * Msb, TA,) in which a dishonest action had been committed [by him]. (TA.) b3: and He divorced a wife. (TA, from a trad.) b4: and غرّبهُ الدَّهْرُ, and غرّب عَلَيْهِ, Fortune left him distant, or remote. (TA.) A3: تَغْرِيبٌ signifies also, accord. to the K, The bringing forth white children: and also, black children: thus having two contr. meanings: but this is a mistake; the meaning being, the bringing forth both white and black children: the bringing forth either of the two kinds only is not thus termed, as Saadee Chelebee has pointed out. (MF, TA.) A4: Also The collecting and eating [hail and] snow and hear-frost; (K;) i. e., غُرَاب. (TA.) A5: See also غَرَبٌ.4 إِغْرَابٌ signifies The going far into a land, or country; as also ↓ تَغْرِيبٌ. (K.) And you say, الكِلَابُ ↓ غرّبت The dogs went far in search, or pursuit, of the object, or objects, of the chase. (A, TA.) b2: See also 5. b3: And اغرب signifies He made the place to which he cast, or shot, to be distant, or remote. (A.) b4: Also, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (K, TA,) He (a horse) ran much: (K:) or اغرب فِى جَرْيِهِ, said of a horse, (A, TA,) he exceeded the usual bounds, or degree, in his running: (A:) or he ran at the utmost rate. (TA.) b5: And اغرب فِى الضَّحِكِ, (A, K,) and ↓ اِسْتَغْرَبَ فِيهِ, (S, A, * K, *) and ↓ اُسْتُغْرِبَ (K, TA) i. e. فى

الضّحك, and ضَحِكًا ↓ اِسْتَغْرَبَ occurring in a trad. and عَلَيْهِ الضَّحِكُ ↓ اِسْتَغْرَبَ, and اغرب الضَّحِكَ, (TA,) He exceeded the usual bounds, or degree, in laughing; (A, K, TA;) or he laughed [immoderately, or] violently, or vehemently, and much: (S, TA:) or i. q. قَهْقَهَ [q. v.]: (TA:) or اغرب signifies he laughed so that the غُرُوب [or sharpness and lustre &c.] of his teeth appeared: (L, TA:) or اغرب فى الضحك means he exceeded the usual bounds, or degree, in laughing, so that his eye shed tears [which are sometimes termed غَرْب]. (Har p. 572.) In the saying, in a certain form of prayer, ↓ أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْطَانٍ مُسْتَغْرِبٍ [I seek protection by Thee from every devil &c.], the meaning of مستغرب is thought by El-Harbee to be exorbitant in evilness, wickedness, or the like; as though from الاِسْتِغْرَابُ فِى الضَّحِكِ: or it may mean sharp, or vehement, in the utmost degree. (TA.) b6: And اغرب, (S, Msb,) inf. n. as above, (K,) He did, or said, what was strange, or extraordinary. (S, Msb, K.) You say, تَكَلَّمَ فَأَغْرَبَ He spoke, and said what was strange, and used extraordinary words: and يُغْرِبُ فِى كَلَامِهِ [He uses strange, or extraordinary, words in his speech]. (A, TA.) b7: Also, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (K,) He came to the west. (K, TA.) [See also 2.]

A2: اغرب also signifies He had a white child born to him. (TA.) b2: And إِغْرَابٌ signifies Whiteness of the groins, (K, TA,) next the flank. (TA.) You say, of a man, اغرب meaning He was white in his groins. (TK.) A3: See also غَرَبٌ.

A4: اغرب as trans.: see 2. b2: إِغْرَابٌ said of a rider signifies His making his horse to run until he dies: (K:) or, accord. to Fr, one says, اعرب عَلَى

فَرَسِهِ meaning “ he made his horse to run: ” [or اعرب فَرَسَهُ has this meaning: (see 4 in art. عرب:)] but he adds that some say اغرب. (O in art. عرب.) b3: And اغرب, (S, TA,) inf. n. as above, (K, TA,) He filled (S, K, TA) a skin, (S, TA,) and a watering-trough or tank, and a vessel. (TA.) Bishr (Ibn-Abee-Kházim, TA) says, وَكَأَنَّ ظُعْنَهُمُ غَدَاةَ تَحَمَّلُوا

↓ سُفُنٌ تَكَفَّأُ فِى خَلِيجٍ مُغْرَبِ [And as though their women's camel-vehicles, on the morning when they bound the burdens on their beasts and departed, were ships inclining forwards (or moving from side to side like the tall palm-tree) in a filled river (or canal)]. (S.) b4: Hence, (TA,) إِغْرَابٌ signifies also Abundance of wealth, and goodliness of condition: (K, TA:) because abundance of wealth fills the hands of the possessor thereof, and goodliness of condition fills [with satisfaction] the soul of the goodly person. (TA.) [Therefore the verb, meaning He was endowed (as though filled) with abundance of wealth and with goodliness of condition, is app. أُغْرِبَ; not (as is implied in the TK) أَغْرَبَ: the explanation of the verb in the TK is, his wealth was, or became, abundant, and his condition was, or became, goodly.] b5: One says also (of a man, S) أُغْرِبَ (with damm, K) meaning His pain became intense, or violent, (As, S, K, TA,) from disease or some other cause. (TA.) b6: And أُغْرِبَ عَلَيْهِ, accord. to the K, signifies A foul, or an evil, deed was done to him; and [it is said that] أُغْرِبَ بِهِ signifies the same: but in other works, [the verb must app. be in the act. form, for] the explanation is, he did [to him] a foul, or an evil, deed. (TA.) b7: And أُغْرِبَ said of a horse, His blaze spread (S, K) so that it took in his eyes, and the edges of his eyelids were white: and it is used in like manner to signify that they were white by reason of what is termed زَرَقٌ [inf. n. of زَرِقَ, q. v.]. (S, TA.) See its part. n., مُغْرَبٌ.5 تغرّب: see 1, third sentence. b2: تغرّب and ↓ اغترب are syn., (S, Msb, K,) signifying He became [a stranger, a foreigner; or] far, or distant, from his home, or native country; (S, * Msb, K;) [he went abroad, to a foreign place or country;] and so ↓ غَرُبَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. غَرَابَةٌ, (Msb,) or غُرْبَةٌ (MA) [and app. غُرْبٌ, this last and غُرْبَةٌ being syn. with تَغَرُّبٌ and اِغْتِرَابٌ, and being like قُرْبَةٌ and قُرْبٌ inf. ns. of قَرُبَ]; and بِنَفْسِهِ ↓ غَرَّبَ, (Mgh, * Msb,) inf. n. تَغْرِيبٌ; (Msb;) and ↓ أَغْرَبَ, (Aboo-Nasr, S,) or this last signifies he entered upon الغُرْبَة [the state, or condition, of a stranger, &c.]. (Msb.) b3: And تغرّب signifies also He came from the direction of the west. (K.) 8 اغترب: see 5. b2: Also He married to one not of his kindred. (S, K.) It is said in a trad., اِغْتَرِبُوا وَلَا تُضْوُوا (TA) [expl. in art. ضوى].10 إِسْتَغْرَبَ see 4, in four places.

A2: استغربهُ He held it to be, or reckoned it, غَرِيب [i. e. strange, far from being intelligible, difficult to be understood, obscure; or extraordinary, unfamiliar, or unusual; and improbable]. (MA.) غَرْبٌ [an inf. n. of غَرَبَ, q. v., in several senses. b2: As a simple subst.,] Distance, or remoteness; and so ↓ غَرْبَةٌ. (A, K.) النَّوَى ↓ غَرْبَةُ [in one of my copies of the S غُرْبَة] means The distance, or remoteness, of the place which one purposes to reach in his journey. (S, TA.) b3: [And hence, used as an epithet, Distant, or remote.] You say نَوًى غَرْبَةٌ [in one of my copies of the S غُرْبَةٌ] A distant, or remote, place which one purposes to reach in his journey. (S, A. *) And دَارُ فُلَانٍ

غَرْبَةٌ The house, or abode, of such a one is distant, or remote. (TA.) And دَرَاهِمُ غَرْبَةٌ Distant money [so that it is not easily attainable]. (TA.) and عَيْنٌ غَرْبَةٌ A far-seeing eye: and إِنَّهُ لَغَرْبُ العَيْنِ Verily he is far-seeing; and of a woman you say غَرْبَةُ العَيْنِ. (TA.) A2: And الغَرْبُ is syn. with

↓ المَغْرِبُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) which latter is also pronounced ↓ المَغْرَبُ, with fet-h to the ر, but more commonly with kesr, (Msb,) or accord. to analogy it should be with fet-h, but usage has given it kesr, as in the case of المَشْرِقُ; (TA;) [both signify The west;] الغَرْبُ is the contr. of الشَّرْقُ; (M, TA;) and ↓ المَغْرِبُ [is the contr. of المَشْرِقُ, and] originally signifies the place [or point] of sunset, (TA,) as also الشَّمْسِ ↓ مَغْرِبَانُ; (K;) and is likewise used to signify the time of sunset; and also as an inf. n.: (TA:) and ↓ المَغْرِبَانِ signifies the two places [or points] where the sun sets; i. e. the furthest [or northernmost] place of sunset in summer [W. 26 degrees N. in Central Arabia] and the furthest [or southernmost] place of sunset in winter [W. 26 degrees S. in Central Arabia]: (T, TA:) between these two points are a hundred and eighty points, every one of which is called مَغْرِبٌ; and so between the two points called المَشْرِقَانِ. (TA.) A3: غَرْبٌ signifies also The first part (S, K) of a thing (K) [and particularly] (assumed tropical:) of the run of a horse. (S.) b2: And The حَدّ [or edge] (S, K) of a thing, as also ↓ غُرَابٌ, (K,) or of a sword and of anything; (S;) and thus [particularly] the ↓ غُرَاب of the فَأْس [or adz, &c.]. (S, K.) b3: And (assumed tropical:) Sharpness (S, A, Msb, TA) of a sword, (TA,) or of anything, such as the فَأْس [or adz, &c.], and of the knife, (Msb,) and (Msb, TA) (assumed tropical:) of the tongue: (S, A, Msb, TA:) and [as meaning (assumed tropical:) sharpness of temper or the like, passionateness, irritability, or vehemence,] of a man, (TA,) and of a horse, (S, TA,) and of youth: (A, TA:) [from the same word signifying the “ edge ” of a sword &c.: whence the saying, أَرْهِفْ غَرْبَ ذِهْنِكَ لَمَا أَقُولُ (mentioned in the A and TA in art. ارهف) meaning (tropical:) Sharpen the edge of thine intellect for what I say:] and ↓ غَرْبَةٌ signifies the same. (TA.) And Vehemence of might or strength, or of valour or prowess, of men; syn. شَوْكَةٌ. (TA.) [And hence, app., (assumed tropical:) Briskness, liveliness, or sprightliness: and (assumed tropical:) perseverance in an affair: see the first paragraph.] b4: Also, [used as an epithet,] (assumed tropical:) Sharp, applied to a sword [and the like], and to a tongue. (TA.) And, applied to a horse, (assumed tropical:) That runs much: (S, K:) or that casts himself forward, with uninterrupted running, not desisting until he has gone far with his ride. (TA.) A4: And A large دَلْو [or leathern bucket], (S, Mgh, Msb, K, TA,) made of a bull's hide, (Mgh, TA,) with which one draws water on the [camel, or she-camel, called] سَانِيَة [q. v.]: (Msb:) of the masc. gender: pl. غُرُوبٌ. (TA.) So expl. in the following words of a trad.: أَخَذَ الدَّلْوَ عُمَرُ فَاسْتَحَالَتْ غَرْبًا ['Omar took the دلو, and it became changed into a غرب]; i. e. when he took the دلو to draw water, it became large in his hand: for the conquests in his time were more than those in the time of Aboo-Bekr. (IAth, TA.) b2: And A [camel, or any beast, such as is called] رَاوِيَة, (K, TA,) upon which water is carried. (TA.) b3: And accord. to the K, A day of irrigation: but [this is app. a mistake: for] Az says that Lth has mentioned the phrase فِى يَوْمِ غَرْبٍ, meaning thereby in a day in which water is drawn with the [large bucket called] غَرْب, [ for irrigation,] on the [camel, or she-camel, called]

سَانِيَة. (TA.) A5: And Tears (K, TA) when they come forth from the eye: (TA:) or غُرُوبٌ signifies tears; (S;) and is pl. of غَرْبٌ. (TA.) A poet says, مَا لَكَ لَا تَذْكُرُ أُمَّ عَمْرِو

إِلَّا لِعَيْنَيْكَ غُرُوبٌ تَجْرِى

[What aileth thee, that thou dost not mention Umm-'Amr but thine eyes have tears flowing?]. (S, TA.) And it is said of Ibn-'Abbás, in a trad., كَانَ مِثَجًّا يَسِيلُ غَرْبًا i. e. (tropical:) [He was an eloquent orator, flowing with] a copious and uninterrupted stream of knowledge, likened to غَرْب as meaning “ tears coming forth from the eye. ” (TA.) b2: and A flowing, (مَسِيلٌ, K,) or vehement flowing, (اِنْهِلَالٌ, A, K,) in one copy of the K اِنْهِمَالٌ [which means a flowing], (TA,) of tears from the eye: (A, K:) and a single flow (فَيْضَةٌ) of tears, and of wine. (K.) b3: And A certain vein, or duct, (عِرْقٌ,) in the channel of the tears, (S, Mgh,) or in the eye, (A, K,) that flows [with tears] uninterruptedly; (S, A, Msb, K;) like what is termed نَاسُورٌ. (S, Mgh.) One says of a person whose tears flow without intermission, بَعَيْنِهِ غَرْبٌ. (As, S, Mgh.) And [the pl.] الغُرُوبُ signifies The channels of the tears. (S.) b4: Also The inner angle of the eye, and the outer angle thereof. (S, A, K.) b5: And A tumour in the inner angles of the eyes; (Mgh, K;) as also ↓ غَرَبٌ. (Mgh.) b6: And A pustule (بَثْرَةٌ) in the eye, (K, TA,) which discharges blood, and the bleeding of which will not be stopped. (TA.) b7: And Abundance of saliva (K, TA) in the mouth; (TA;) and the moisture thereof, i. e., of saliva: (K:) pl. غُرُوبٌ. (TA.) And The place where the saliva collects and remains: (K, TA:) or the غَرْب in a tooth is the place where the saliva thereof collects and remains: (TA:) or غَرْبٌ, (TA,) or its pl. غُرُوبٌ, (S, TA,) signifies the sharpness, and مَآء

[meaning lustre], (S, TA,) of the tooth, (TA,) or of the teeth: (S, TA:) accord. to the T and M and Nh and L, غُرُوبُ الأَسْنَانِ signifies the places where the saliva of the teeth collects and remains: or, as some say, their extremities and sharpness and مَآء [which may here mean either water or lustre]: or the مَآء that runs upon the teeth: (TA:) or their مَآء, and shining whiteness: (A, TA:) or their fineness, or thinness, and sharpness: or غُرُوبٌ signifies the sharp, or serrated, edges of the fore teeth: it is also, as pl. of غَرْبٌ, expl. as signifying the مَآء of the فَم [by which may be meant either the water of the mouth or the lustre of the teeth, for الفَمُ properly signifies “ the mouth ” and metonymically “ the teeth ”], and the sharpness of the teeth: and accord. to MF, as on the authority of the Nh, [but SM expresses a doubt as to its correctness,] it is also applied to the teeth [themselves]. (TA.) [See also شَنَبٌ, in two places.]

A6: أَصَابَهُ سَهْمُ غَرْبٍ and ↓ سَهْمُ غَرَبٍ, and سَهْمٌ غَرْبٌ and ↓ سَهْمٌ غَرَبٌ, (S, Msb, * K,) the second of which, i. e. ↓ سَهْمُ غَرَبٍ, accord. to IKt, is the most approved, (MF,) mean An arrow of which the shooter was not known [struck him]: (S, Msb, K:) or, accord. to some, سهم غَرْب signifies an arrow from an unknown quarter; سهم

↓ غَرَب, an arrow that is shot and that strikes another. (TA.) A7: And غَرْبٌ signifies also A certain tree of El-Hijáz, (K, TA,) green, (TA,) large, or thick, and thorny, (K, TA,) whence is made [or prepared] the كُحَيْل [i. e. tar] with which [mangy] camels are smeared: [or it is a coll. gen. n., for] its n. un. is with ة: so says ISd: كحيل is قَطِرَان, of the dial. of El-Hijáz: and he [app. ISd] says also, the أَبْهَل [q. v.] is the same as the غَرْب, because قطران is extracted from it. (TA.) Hence, as some say, (K, TA,) the trad., (TA,) لَا يَزَالُ أَهْلُ الغَرْبِ ظَاهِرِينَ عَلَى

الحَقِّ [The people of the غرب will not cease to be attainers of the truth, or of the true religion]: (K, TA:) or the meaning is, the people of Syria, because Syria is [a little to the] west of El-Hijáz: or the people of sharpness, and of vehemence of might or strength, or of valour or prowess; i. e. the warriors against unbelievers: or the people of the bucket called غَرْب; i. e. the Arabs: or the people of the west; which meaning is considered by Iyád and others the most probable, because, in the relation of the trad. by Ed-Dárakutnee, the word in question is المَغْرِب. (L, TA.) غُرْبٌ: see غُرْبَةٌ.

غَرَبٌ Silver: or a [vessel such as is termed] جَام of silver; (S, K;) [i. e.] a [drinking-cup or bowl such as is termed] قَدَح of silver. (L, TA.) A poet says, فَدَعْدَعَا سُرَّةَ الرَّكَآءِ كَمَا دَعْدَعَ سَاقِى الأَعَاجِمِ الغَرَبَا cited in the S as being by El-Aashà but it is said in the L, IB says, this verse is by Lebeed, not by El-Aashà, describing two torrents meeting together; meaning, And they filled the middle of the valley of Er-Rehà, also, but less correctly, called Er-Rikà, like as the cup-bearer of the اعاجم [or foreigners] fills the silver قَدَح with wine: the verse of El-Aashà in which [it is said that] غَرَب occurs as meaning “ silver ” is, إِذَا انْكَبَّ أَزْهَرُ بَيْنَ السُّقَاةِ تَرَامَوْا بِهِ غَرَبًا وَنُضَارَا i. e. When a white wine-jug is turned down so as to pour out its contents [among the cup-bearers], they hand it, i. e. the wine in the cups, one to another [while it resembles silver or gold]: (L, TA:) غَرَبًا is here in the accus. case as a denotative of state, though signifying a substance: [and so نُضَارَا:] but it is said that غَرَبٌ and نُضَارٌ signify species of trees from which are made [drinkingcups or bowls such as are termed] أَقْدَاح [pl. of قَدَحٌ]: and it is said in the T that نُضَارٌ signifies a species of trees from which are made yellow أَقْدَاح. (TA.) b2: [In explanation of the last of the applications of غَرَبٌ mentioned above, it is said that] it signifies also A species of trees (T, S, ISd, TA) from which are made white [drinking-cups or bowls of the kind termed] أَقْدَاح; (T, TA;) called in Pers\. إِسبِيدْ دَار [or إِسْپِيدَار]: (S:) [generally held to mean the willow; like the Hebr.

עֲרָבִים; or particularly the species called salix Babylonica: a coll. gen. n.:] n. un. with ة. (ISd, TA.) [Avicenna (Ibn-Seenà), in book ii. p. 279, mentions a tree called غرب, but describes only the uses and supposed properties of its bark &c., particularizing its صَمْغ; whence it appears that he means the غَرْب, not the غَرَب.] b3: It also signifies A [vessel of the kind termed] قَدَح [perhaps such as is made from the species of trees above mentioned]: (K, TA:) and its pl. is أَغْرَابٌ. (TA.) b4: And Gold. (K.) b5: And Wine. (S, K.) b6: And The water that drops from the buckets between the well and the watering-trough or tank, (S, K,) and which soon alters in odour: (S:) or any water that pours from the buckets from about the mouth of the well to the wateringtrough or tank, and that soon alters in odour: or the water and mud that are around the well and the watering-trough or tank: (TA:) and (as some say, TA) the odour of water and mud: (K:) so called because it soon alters. (TA.) [Hence] one says, لا تغرب, [thus in the TA, so that it may be ↓ لا تَغْرُبْ or ↓ لا تُغَرِّبْ or ↓ لا تُغْرِبْ,] meaning Spill not thou the water between the well and the watering-trough or tank, so as to make mud. (TA.) A2: Also A certain disease in sheep or goats, (S, K,) like the سَعَف in the she-camel, in consequence of which the hair of the خُرْطُوم [i. e. nose, or fore part of the nose,] and that of the eyes fall off. (S.) b2: And [A colour such as is termed] زَرَق [q. v.] in the eye of a horse, (K, TA,) together with whiteness thereof. (TA.) b3: See also غَرْبٌ, latter half, in five places.

غُرُبٌ: see غَرِيبٌ.

غَرْبَةٌ: see غَرْبٌ, former half, in three places.

غُرْبَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ غُرْبٌ (K) [as simple substs. The state, or condition, of a stranger or foreigner: but originally both are, app., inf. ns. of غَرُبَ, like قُرْبَةٌ and قُرْبٌ of قَرُبَ, signifying] the being far, or distant, from one's home, or native country; (K;) i. q. اِغْتِرَابٌ (S, K) and تَغَرُّبٌ. (K.) A2: Also, the former, Pure, or unmixed, whiteness. (IAar, TA.) [See مُغْرَبٌ.]

غَرْبِىٌّ [Of, or relating to, the west, or place of sunset; western]: see غَارِبٌ. b2: [Also,] applied to trees (شَجَرٌ), Smitten, or affected, by the sun at the time of its setting. (K.) [Respecting the meaning of its fem. in the Kur xxiv. 35, see شَرْقِىٌّ.]

A2: And A sort of dates: (K:) but accord. to AHn, the word is غُرَابِىٌّ [q. v.]. (TA.) b2: And The [sort of] نَبِيذ that is termed فَضِيخ [i. e. a beverage made from crushed unripe dates without being put upon the fire]: (K, TA:) or [a beverage] prepared only from fresh ripe dates; the drinker of which ceases not to possess selfrestraint as long as the wind does not blow upon him; but if he goes forth into the air, and the wind blows upon him, his reason departs: wherefore one of its drinkers says, إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ غَرْبِيُّكُمْ جَيِّدًا فَنَحْنُ بِاللّٰهِ وَبِالرِّيحِ

[If your gharbee be not excellent, we (put our trust) in God and in the wind]. (AHn, TA.) b3: And A certain red صِبْغ [i. e. dye, or perhaps sauce, or fluid seasoning]. (K.) غَرْبِيبٌ One of the most excellent kinds of grapes; (K;) a sort of grapes growing at Et-Táïf, in-tensely black, of the most exceuent, and most delicate, and blackest, of grapes. (TA.) [See an ex. in a verse cited voce عَجِيبَةٌ.] b2: Applied to an old man, Intensely black [app. in the hair]: or whose hair does not become white, or hoary: (TA:) or, so applied, who blackens his white, or hoary, hair with dye: (K, TA:) occurring in a trad., in which it is said that God hates such an old man: pl. غَرَابِيبُ. (TA.) b3: أَسْوَدُ غِرْبِيبٌ means Intensely black: but if you say غَرَابِيبُ سُودٌ, you make the latter word a substitute for the former; because a word corroborative of one signifying a colour cannot precede; (S, K;) nor can the corroborative of any word: (Suh, MF:) or, accord. to Hr, غَرَابِيبُ سُودٌ [in the Kur xxxv.

25], relating to mountains, means Streaks having black rocks. (TA.) غُرَابٌ A certain black bird, (TA,) well known; (K, TA;) [the corvus, or crow;] of which there are several species; [namely, the raven, carrioncrow, rook, jackdaw, jay, magpie, &c.:] and it was used as a proper name, which, as is said in a trad., he [i. e. Mohammad] changed, because the word implies the meaning of distance, and because it is the name of a foul bird: (TA:) the pl. [of mult.] is غِرْبَانٌ (S, Msb, K) and غُرْبٌ (K) and (of pauc., S) أَغْرِبَةٌ (S, Msb, K) and أَغْرُبٌ; (Msb, K;) and pl. pl. غَرَابِينُ. (K.) When the Arabs characterize a land as fertile, they say, وَقَعَ فِى أَرْضٍ لَا يُطَيَّرُ غُرَابُهَا (tropical:) [He lighted upon a land of which the crow will not be made to fly away; because of its abundant herbage: see also طَيَّرَ]: and وَجَدَ ثَمَرَةَ الغُرَابِ (assumed tropical:) [He found the fruit of the crow]; because that bird seeks after and chooses the most excellent of fruits. (TA.) They also say, طَارَ غُرَابُ فُلَانٍ (tropical:) [The crow of such a one flew away], meaning the head of such a one became white, or hoary. (A, TA. [See also a similar phrase below.]) Also, فُلَانٌ أَبْصَرُ مِنْ غُرَابٍ [Such a one is more sharp-sighted than a crow]: and أَحْذَرُ [more cautious]: and أَزْهَى

[more proud]: and أَشْأَمُ [more inauspicious]: &c.: they say that this bird is more inauspicious than any other inauspicious thing upon the earth. (TA.) In the phrase ↓ غُرَابٌ غَارِبٌ, the epithet is added to give intensiveness to the signification. (TA.) غُرَابُ البَيْنِ has been expl. in art. بين. b2: الغُرَابُ is the name of (assumed tropical:) One of the southern constellations, [i. e. Corvus,] consisting of seven stars [in the enumeration of Ptolemy], behind البَاطِيَة [which is Crater], to the south of السِّمَاكُ الأَعْزَلُ [i. e. Spica Virginis]. (Kzw.) b3: أَغْرِبَةُ العَرَبِ is an appellation of (assumed tropical:) The blacks [lit. crows] of the Arabs; the black Arabs: (K, TA:) likened to the birds called اغربة, in respect of their complexion: (TA:) in all of them the blackness was derived from their mothers. (MF, TA.) The أَغْرِبَة in the Time of Ignorance were 'Antarah and Khufáf Ibn-Nudbeh (asserted to have been a Mukhadram, TA) and Aboo-'Omeyr Ibn-El- Hobáb and Suleyk Ibn-Es-Sulakeh (a famous runner, TA) and Hishám Ibn-'Okbeh-Ibn-AbeeMo'eyt; but this last was a Mukhadram: and those among the Islámees, 'Abd-Allah Ibn-Khá- zim and 'Omeyr Ibn-Abee-'Omeyr and Hemmám [in the CK Humám] Ibn-Mutarrif and Munteshir Ibn-Wahb and Matar Ibn-Abee-Owfà and Taäbbata-Sharrà and Esh-Shenfarà and Hájiz; to the last of whom is given no appellation of the kind called “ nisbeh,” (K, TA,) in relation to father, mother, tribe, or place. (TA.) b4: رِجْلُ الغُرَابِ signifies (assumed tropical:) A certain herb, called in the language of the Barbar إِطْرِيلَال, (K, TA,) and in the present day زِرُّ الأَخِلَّةِ, (MF,) resembling the شِبِثّ [q. v., variously written in different copies of the K,] in its stem and in its جُمَّة [or node whence the flower grows] and in its lower part, or root, except that its flower is white, and it forms grains like those of the مَقْدُونِس [app. scandix cerefolium or apium petroselinum], (K, TA,) nearly: (TA:) a drachm of its seeds, bruised, and mixed with honey (K, TA) deprived of its froth, (TA,) is a tried medicine for eradicating [the species of leprosy which are called] the بَرَص and the بَهَق, being drunk; and sometimes is added to it a quarter of a drachm of عَاقِرْ قَرْحَا, (K, TA,) which is [commonly] known by the name of عود القرح [i. e. عُودُ القَرْحِ, both of these being names now applied to pyrethrum, i. e. pellitory of Spain, but the latter, accord. to Forskål (Flora Ægypt. Arab. p. cxix.), applied in El-Yemen to the cacalia sonchifolia, or to a species of senecio]; (TA;) the patient sitting in a hot sun, with the diseased parts uncovered: (K, TA:) [see also رِجْلٌ: now applied to the chelidonium hybridum of Linn., chelidonium dodecandrum of Forsk.: (Delile's Floræ Ægypt. Illustr. no. 502:) in Bocthor's Dict. Français-Arabe, both the names of رجل الغراب and اطريلال are given to the plants called cerfeuil (or chervil) and corne de cerf (or buck'shorn plantain, also called coronopus).] b5: Also (i. e. رِجْلُ الغُرَابِ) A certain mode of binding the udder of a camel, (S, K,) tightly, (S,) so that the young one cannot suck; (K;) nor will it undo. (TA.) [Hence] one says, صُرَّ عَلَيْهِ رِجْلُ الغُرَابِ, meaning (tropical:) The affair was, or became, difficult, or strait, to him: (A, * K:) or his life, or subsistence, was, or became, so. (TA.) [And in like manner one says also أَصَرَّ, accord. to the TA: but this I think doubtful; believing that أَصَرَّ is a mistranscription for صَرَّ, meaning that one says also صَرَّ عَلَيْهِ رِجْلَ الغُرَابِ i. e. He bound him with a bond not to be undone, or that would not undo; or he straitened him. See, again, رِجْلٌ; and a verse there cited as an ex.]

A2: الغُرَابَانِ signifies The two lower extremities of the two hips, or haunches, that are next to the upper parts of the thighs: (K, TA:) or the heads, and highest parts, of the hips, or haunches: (TA:) or two thin bones, lower than what is called the فَرَاشَة [or, app., فَرَاش, q. v.]: (K, TA:) or, in a horse and in a camel, the two extremities of the haunches, namely, their two edges, on the left and right, that are above the tail, at the junction of the head of the haunch, (As, S, TA,) where the upper parts of the haunch, on the right and left, meet: (TA:) or the two extremities of the haunch that are behind the قَطَاة [or fore part of the croup]: (IAar, TA:) pl. غِرْبَانٌ: Dhu-r-Rummeh says, referring to camels, تَقَوَّبَ عَنْ غِرْبَانِ أَوْرَاكِهَا الخَطْرُ meaning تَقَوَّبَتْ غِرْبَانُهَا عَنِ الخَطْرِ [The prominences of their haunches were excoriated from the lashing with the tails], the phrase being inverted, for the meaning is known; (S in this art.;) or تَقَوَّبَ may be for قَوَّبَ [i. e. the saying means the lashing with the tails excoriated the prominences of the haunches]: (S in art. خطر:) or غِرْبَانٌ signifies the haunches themselves, of camels: and is employed [by a synecdoche] to signify camels [themselves]: (IAar, TA:) and [the sing.] غُرَابٌ is also expl. as meaning the extremity of the haunch that is next the back. (L, TA.) b2: غُرَابٌ signifies also The whole of the back of the head. (K, TA.) You say, شَابَ غُرَابُهُ The hair of the whole of the back of his head became white, or hoary. (TA. [See a similar phrase above in this paragraph.]) b3: See also غُرْبٌ, former half, in two places.

A3: And A bunch of بَرِير [or fruit of the أَرَاك, q. v.]: (K:) or a black bunch thereof: pl. غِرْبَانٌ: (TA:) or غِرْبَانُ البَرِيرِ signifies the ripe fruit of the أَرَاك. (S.) A4: And Hail, and snow, (K, TA,) and hoar-frost: from مُغْرَبٌ signifying the “ dawn; ” because of their whiteness. (TA.) غُرُوبٌ pl. of غَرْبٌ [q. v.]. b2: [Golius assigns to it the meaning of وِهَادٌ, which he renders “ Depressiores terræ; ” as on the authority of J: but I do not find this in the S.]

غَرِيبٌ (S, Msb, K) and ↓ غُرُبٌ (S, K) and ↓ غَرِيبِىٌّ (AA, TA) signify the same, (S, K, TA,) [A stranger, or foreigner;] one far, or distant, from his home, or native country; (Msb;) a man not of one's own people: (TA:) a man not of one's own kindred; an alien with respect to kindred; (S in explanation of the first;) pl. of the first غُرَبَآءُ; (S, TA;) and غُرْبٌ [also] is a pl. of غَرِيبٌ, like as قُرْبٌ is of قَرِيبٌ: (TA in art. زلف:) fem. of the first غَرِيبَةٌ; pl. غَرَائِبُ. (L, TA.) أَذَاعَتْ غَزْلَهَا فِى الغَرَائِبِ, a phrase used by a poet, means She distributed her thread among the strange women: for most of the women who spin for hire are strangers. (L, TA.) And one says وَجْهٌ كَمِرْآةِ الغَرِيبَةِ [A face like the mirror of her who is a stranger]: because, the غَرِيبَة being among such as are not her own people, her mirror is always polished; for she has none to give her a sincere opinion respecting her face. (A.) and لَأَضْرِبَنَّكُمْ ضَرْبَ غَرِيبَةِ الإِبِلِ (tropical:) [I will assuredly beat you with the beating of the strange one of the camels] is a saying of El-Hajjáj threatening the subjects of his government; meaning, as a strange camel, intruding among others when they come to water, is beaten and driven away. (IAth, TA.) And [hence] قِدْحٌ غَرِيبٌ means (assumed tropical:) [An arrow, without feathers or head,] such as is not of the same trees whereof are the rest of the arrows. (TA.) b2: غَرِيبٌ signifies also Language that is strange; [unusual, extraordinary, or unfamiliar;] far from being intelligible; difficult to be understood; or obscure. (Msb, TA.) Hence, مُصَنَّفُ الغَرِيبِ [The composition on the subject of the strange kind of words &c.]. (A, TA.) [Hence also الغَرِيبَانِ The two classes of strange words &c., namely, those occurring in the Kur-án, and those of the Traditions.] And كَلِمَةٌ غَرِيبَةٌ A word, or an expression, that is [strange, &c., or] obscure: (A, TA:) غَرِيبَةٌ applied to a word [and often used as an epithet in which the quality of a subst. is predominant] is opposed to فَصِيحَةٌ: and its pl. is غَرَائِبُ. (Mz 13th نوع.) b3: [And hence it often signifies Improbable.] b4: Applied to a trad., it means Traced up uninterruptedly to the Apostle of God, but related by only one person. of the تَابِعُونَ or of those termed أَتْبَاعُ التَّابِعِينَ or of those termed أَتْبَاعُ أَتْبَاعِ التَّابِعِينَ. (KT.) A2: [The fem.] غَرِيبَةٌ, in a verse of Aboo-Kebeer El-Hudhalee, as some relate it, is expl. by Skr as meaning Black; syn. سَوْدَآءُ. (TA voce عَزِيزَةُ [q. v. It is perhaps used by poetic license for غِرْبِيبَةٌ, fem. of غِرْبِيبٌ.]) غَرِيبَةٌ fem. of غَرِيبٌ [q. v.] b2: [Hence, as a subst.,] الغَرِيبَةُ signifies (tropical:) The hand-mill: so called because the neighbours borrow it, (A, K, TA.) and thus it does not remain with its owners. (A, TA.) غُرَابِىٌّ A sort of dates. (AHn, K, TA. [See also غَرْبِىٌّ.]) In some copies of the K, for تمر is put ثمر: the former is the right. (TA.) غَرِيبِىٌّ: see غَرِيبٌ.

غَارِبٌ [The western side of a mountain &c.]. You say, هٰذَا غَارِبُ الجَبَلِ and ↓ غَرْبِيُّهُ [This is the western side of the mountain], and [in the opposite sense] هذا شَارِقُ الجَبَلِ and شَرْقِيُّهُ. (TA in art. شرق.) A2: Also The كَاهِل [or withers], (A, K, TA,) of the camel; (TA;) or the part between the hump and the neck; (S, A, Msb, K, TA;) upon which the leading-rope is thrown when the camel is sent to pasture where he will: (Msb:) pl. غَوَارِبُ. (Msb, K.) b2: Hence the saying, (S, &c.,) حَبْلُكِ عَلَى غَارِبِكِ [Thy rope is upon thy withers]; (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K, TA;) used (Msb, TA) by the Arabs in the Time of Ignorance (TA) in divorcing; (Msb, TA;) meaning (tropical:) I have left thy way free, or open, to thee; (TA;) go whithersoever thou wilt: (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K, TA:) originating from the fact of throwing a she-camel's leading-rope upon her withers, if it is upon her, when she pastures; for when she sees the leading-rope, nothing is productive of enjoyment to her. (As, S, TA.) b3: الغَارِبَانِ signifies The fore and kind parts of the back [and of the hump]: and بَعِيرٌ ذُو غَارِبَيْنِ, A camel whereof the part between the غاربان [or fore and kind parts] of the hump is cleft; which is mostly the case in the بَخَاتِىّ, whose sire is the فَالِج [or large twohumped camel of Es-Sind] and his dam Arabian. (TA.) b4: And غَارِبٌ signifies also The fore part of the hump: thus in the following saying, in a trad. of Ez-Zubeyr: فَمَا زَالَ يَفْتِلُ فِى الذِّرْوَةِ وَالغَارِبِ حَتَّى أَجَابَتْهُ عَائِشَةُ إِلَى الخُرُوجِ i. e. (assumed tropical:) [And he ceased not to twist the fur of] the upper part and the fore part of the hump [until 'Áïsheh gave him her consent to go forth]; meaning, he ceased not to practise guile with her, and to wheedle her, until she gave hun her consent: originating from the fact that, when a man desires to render a refractory camel tractable, and to attach to him the nose-rein, he passes his hand over him, and strokes his غارب, and twists its fur, until he has become familiar: (L, TA:) or غَارِبٌ signifies the upper portion of the fore part of the hump. (Lth, TA.) b5: Also (tropical:) The upper part of a wave: (Lth, TA:) غَوَارِبُ المَآءِ means (tropical:) the higher parts of the waves of water; (S, K, TA;) likened to the غوارب of camels: (S, TA:) or the higher parts of water. (TA.) b6: And (assumed tropical:) The highest part of anything. (Msb, TA.) A3: See also غُرَابٌ, first quarter.

مَغْرِبٌ and مَغْرَبٌ: see غَرْبٌ, first quarter, in four. places. You say, لَقِيتُهُ مَغْرِبَ الشَّمْسِ (K, TA) and ↓ مَغْرِبَانَهَا (K, * TA) and مَغْرِبَانَاتِهَا (TA) and ↓ مُغَيْرِبَانَهَا (S, K) and مُغَيْرِبَانَاتِهَا (S, * K) I met, or found, him, or it, at sunset. (K, TA.) [It is said that] ↓ مُغَيْرِبَانٌ is a dim. formed from a word other than that which is its proper source of derivation; being as though formed from ↓ مَغْرِبَانٌ. (S, L. [Hence it seems that this last word as given above was unknown to, or not admitted by, the authors of these two works.]) b2: مَغْرِبٌ signifies also Anything [meaning any place] that conceals, veils, or covers, one: pl. مَغَارِبُ, which is applied to the lucking-places of wild animals. (Az, TA.) مُغْرَبٌ: see 4, latter half. b2: Also White; (S, K;) as an epithet applied to anything: or that of which every partis white; and this is the ugliest kind of whiteness. (K.) And White in the edges of the eyelids; (S, K;) as an epithet applied to anything: (S:) a camel of which the edges of the eyelids, and the iris of each eye, and the hair of the tail, and every part, are white: (IAar, TA:) and a horse of which the blaze upon his face extends beyond his eyes. (TA.) And عَيْنٌ مُغْرَبَةٌ An eye which is blue [or gray], and of which the edges of the lids, and the surrounding parts, are white: when the iris also is white, the ↓ إِغْرَاب is of the utmost degree. (TA.) b3: Also The dawn of day: (K, TA:) so called because of its whiteness. (TA.) عَنْقَآءُ مُغْرِبٌ (A, K) and مُغْرِبَةٌ and مُغْرِبٍ, and العَنقَآءُ المُغْرِبُ, (K,) A certain bird, of which the name is known, but the body is unknown: (A, K:) or a certain great bird, that goes far in its flight or they are words having no meaning [except the meanings here following]. (A, L, K.) [See also art. عنق.] b2: Calamity, or misfortune. (K.) طَارَتْ بِهِ عَنْقَآءُ مُغْرِبٌ means Calamity, or misfortune, carried him off, or away. (TA.) [See, again, art. عنق.] b3: And The summit of an [eminence of the kind called] أَكَمَــة: (K:) or العَنْقَآءُ المُغْرِبُ signifies the summit of an أَكَمَــة on the highest part of a tall, or long, mountain so says Aboo-Málik, who denies that it means a bird. (TA.) b4: And [The people, or the woman,] that has gone far into a land, or country, so as not to be perceived nor seen: (K:) thus is expl. in the T العَنْقَآءُ المُغْرِبُ, as transmitted from the Arabs, with the ة suppressed in like manner as it is in لِحْيَةٌ نَاصِلٌ meaning “ an intensely white beard. ” (TA.) مَغْرِبَانٌ; pl. مَغْرِبَانَاتٌ: see غَرْبٌ, first quarter: and see also مَغْرِبٌ, in two places.

مَغْرِبِىٌّ and مَغْرَبِىٌّ, or, accord. to some, the former only, but the latter is now common, Of the west; western: now generally meaning of the part of Northern Africa west of Egypt or of North-Western Africa: as applied to a man, its pl. is مَغَارِبَةٌ.]

شَأْوٌ مُغَرِّبٌ and مُغَرَّبٌ [A term, or limit, &c.,] distant, or remote. (S.) b2: And خَيَرٌ مُغَرِّبٌ Fresh, or recent, information, or news, from a foreign, or strange, land or country. (TA.) One says, هَلْ جَآءَكُمْ مُغَرِّبَةُ خَبَرٍ Has any information, or news, come to you from a foreign, or strange, land or country? (Yaakoob, S, TA:) and هَلْ مِنْ مُغَرِّبَةِ خَبَرٍ (A'Obeyd, A, Msb, TA) and مُغَرَّبَةِ خَبَرٍ (A'Obeyd, Msb, TA) Is there any information from a distant place? (A;) or any occasion of such information? (Msb;) or any new information from a distant land or country? or, accord. to Th, مغرّبة خبر means new, or recent, information. (TA.) [See an ex. voce جُنُبٌ: and see also مُقَرِّبٌ.] b3: المُغَرِّبُونَ, mentioned in a trad., (Hr, Nh, K, TA,) in which it is said, إِنَّ فِيكُمْ مُغَرِّبِينَ, (Hr, Nh, TA,) is expl. [app. by Mohammad] as meaning Those in whom the jinn [or demons] have a partnership, or share: so called because a foreign strain has entered into them, or because of their coming from a remote stock: (Hr, Nh, K, TA:) and by the jinn's having a partnership, or share, in them, is said to be meant their bidding them to commit adultery, or fornication, and making this to seem good to them; so that their children are unlawfully begotten: this expression being similar to one in the Kur xvii. 66. (Nh, TA.) b4: And مُغَرِّبٌ signifies also One going, or who goes, to, or towards, the west. (S.) [See an ex. voce مُشَرِّقٌ.]

مُغَيْرِبَانٌ; pl. مُغَيْرِبَانَاتٌ: see مَغْرِبٌ, in two places.

مُسْتَغْرِبٌ: see 4, former half.

حثم

حَثْمٌ: see what next follows.

حَثْمَةٌ A hill, or rising ground; (Msb;) as also ↓ حَثَمَةٌ: (Az, as heard from the Arabs; and TA:) or a red [hill such as is termed] أَكَمَــة: (S:) or a small red أَكَمَــة: (K:) or a black اكمة consisting of stones: (M, K:) as also ↓ حَثَمَةٌ: (K:) or, as some say, an elevated road: (Msb:) pl. حِثَامٌ (K, * TA) and حَثَمَاثٌ: (TA:) and ↓ حَثْمٌ [as a coll. gen. n.] signifies elevated roads. (TA.) حَثَمَةٌ: see حَثْمَةٌ, in two places.

حثو and حثى 1 حَثَا الثُّرَابَ and حَثَى التراب, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) the latter of which is the more usual, or more supported by authority, (TA,) aor. ـْ and يَحْثِى, (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. حَثْوٌ and حَثْىٌ (S, Mgh, Msb, K) and تَحْثَآءٌ, (S,) He poured dust (Msb, TA) with his hand; (Msb;) threw it, or cast it; (TA;) or seized it with his hand and threw it; (Mgh, Msb;) عَلَيْهِ [upon him, or it], (K,) and فِى وَجْهِهِ [in his face]: (S, Msb:) الحَثْىُ and الهَيْلُ both signify the pouring of dust; but the former, not without [first] raising it; and the latter, the sending forth, or down, without raising. (Ham p. 477.) [See an ex. in a verse cited in art. اى, conj. 6.] Accord. to IAth, the saying, in a trad., اُِحْثُوا فِى

وُجُوهِ المَدَّاحِينَ التُّرَابَ means (assumed tropical:) [Repel ye with] disappointment [those who praise much]: but some make it to have its overt meaning [of throw ye dust in the faces of those who praise much]. (TA.) The verb is also used in relation to water; as in the saying, ↓ يَكْفِيهِ أَنْ يَحْثُوَ ثَلَاثَ حَثَوَاتٍ, (Msb,) and كَانَ يَحْثِى ثَلَاثَ حَثَيَاتٍ, (TA, [and the like is said in the Mgh,]) i. e. (assumed tropical:) [It is sufficient for him to throw, and he used to throw,] three handfuls [of water]. (Msb, TA.) b2: حَثَى

said of a jerboa means He went so deep into his hole that he could not be dug out, the direction of his hole being unknown, and it being seen to be filled with dust, or earth, even with the rest of the ground. (TA in art. حفر.) The jerboa throws up (يَحْثُو) the dust, or earth, from his hole. (IAar, TA.) b3: حَثَوْتُ لَهُ also means (assumed tropical:) I gave him something little in quantity, or paltry. (S, K.) A2: You say also, حَثَا التُّرَابُ or حَثَى, aor. ـْ and يَحْثِى; (K;) so in the copies of the K, but correctly يَحْثَا, [or rather يَحْثَى,] which is extr., like جَبَا [or جَبَى], aor. ـْ [or يَجْبَى], and قَلَا [or قَلَى], aor. ـْ [or يَقْلَى]; i. e. The dust became poured; or thrown, or cast. (TA.) 4 احثى الأَرْضَ and أَحَاثَهَا [He turned, or threw, up the earth, or ground, searching for what was in it:] both signify the same. (TA in art. حوث.) And أَحْثَتِ الخَيْلُ البِلَادَ The horses bruised, or crushed, the regions [with their hoofs]; as also أَحَاثَتْهَا. (K.) 10 اِسْتَحْثَوْا They threw, or cast, dust, each in another's face. (TA.) حَثًا (S, ISd, TA) and حَثًى (K, TA) Dust poured; or thrown, or cast: (ISd, K, TA:) or dust being poured; or being thrown, or cast: dual حَثَوَانِ and حَثَيَانِ. (TA.) b2: Also, (K,) written in both ways as above, (TA,) The skins (قُشُور) of dates; (K;) and the bad thereof: (TA:) [like حَتِىٌّ:] pl. of حَثَاةٌ: (K:) [or rather this is a n. un., and what is called the pl. is a coll. gen. n.;] like حَصَاةٌ and حَصًا. (TA.) b3: And Straw (تِبْن [in the CK. erroneously, تِين]): (K, TA:) or broken pieces thereof; (Lh, S, K;) i. e., of straw: (Lh, S:) or straw (تِبْن [in the CK, again, تِين]) separated from the grain. (K.) حَثْىٌ What is raised with the hand [to be poured, or to be thrown, or cast, therefrom; of dust; and also (assumed tropical:) of water]; (K, TA;) or, as in some copies of the K, with the two hands: and so [↓ حَثْوَةٌ and] ↓ حَثْيَةٌ; [or rather these signify a single handful of dust, and (assumed tropical:) of water, raised to be poured or thrown;] pl. [حَثَواتٌ and] حَثَيَاتٌ. (TA.) See 1.

حَثْوَةٌ; pl. حَثَوَاتٌ: see حَثْىٌ.

حَثْيَةٌ; pl. حَثَيَاتٌ: see حَثْىٌ.

أَرْضٌ حَثْوَآءُ Land abounding in dust: (S, K:) but IDrd says that it is asserted to be not of established authority. (TA.) حَاثِيَآءُ One of the holes of the jerboa; (TA;) like نَافِقَآءُ: (K:) or the dust, or earth, of the jerboa, (IAar, K, * TA,) which he throws up with his legs from his hole: (IAar, TA:) pl. حَوَاثٍ [like as نَوَافِقُ is pl. of نَافِقَآءُ]. (IB, TA.) مَحْثُوٌّ (K) and ↓ مَحْثِىٌّ (ISd, TA) Dust poured; or thrown, or cast. (K, * TA.) ↓ يَا لَيْتَنِى المَحْثِىُّ عَلَيْهِ [O would that I were he upon whom dust is poured, or thrown: (in Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 920, المُحْثٰى:)] said on the occasion of wishing to be in the condition of him of whom the honourable treatment that he receives is concealed, and of whom the contemptuous treatment that he receives is made apparent: originating from the fact that a man was sitting with a woman, and a man attached to her approached; so, when she saw him, she threw dust in his [the former's] face, to show this man who was sitting with her that he should not draw near to her, lest their case should become known. (TA.) مَحْثِىٌّ: see what next precedes, in two places.

الله
صور القرآن الله المثل الأعلى في جميع صفات الكمال، فهو السميع الخبير، على كل شىء قدير، غفور رحيم، عزيز حكيم، حى قيوم، واسع عليم، بصير بالعباد، يحب المحسنين والصابرين، ولا يحب الظالمين، ويمحق الكافرين، غنى حميد، واحد قهار، نور السموات والأرض، قوى، شديد العقاب، خالق كل شىء، لا إله إلا هو، على كلّ شىء شهيد، عالم الغيب والشهادة، هو الرحمن الرحيم، الملك القدوس السلام المؤمن المهيمن العزيز الجبار المتكبر، الخالق البارئ المصور، له الأسماء الحسنى، يسبح له ما في السموات والأرض وهو العزيز الحكيم، الأول والآخر، والظاهر والباطن، الصمد، لم يلد، ولم يولد، ولم يكن له كفوا أحد، سريع الحساب، غنى عن العالمين، عليم بذات الصدور، بكل شىء محيط، علىّ كبير، عفو غفور، شاكر حليم، ليس بظلام للعبيد، يجزى المتصدقين، ولا يهدى كيد الخائنين، لا يخلف الميعاد، عزيز ذو انتقام، خير الرازقين، لطيف خبير، ذو القوة المتين. أوليس من يتصف بهذه الصفات المثالية جديرا بالعبادة والتقديس، وألا يتخذ له شريك، ولا من دونه إله.
ومن بين ما عنى القرآن به أكبر عناية إبراز صفة الإنعام التى يتصف بها الله سبحانه؛ فيوجه أنظارهم إلى النعمة الكبرى التى أودعها قلوبهم وهى نعمة الهدوء والسكينة يحسون بها، عند ما يعودون إلى بيوتهم، مكدودين منهوكى القوى، وإلى هدايتهم إلى بناء بيوت من جلود الأنعام، يجدونها خفيفة المحمل في الظعن
والإقامة، وإلى اتخاذ أثاثهم وأمتعتهم من أصوافها وأوبارها، وإلى نعمة الظل يجدون عنده الأمن والاستقرار، وإن للشمس وحرارتها لوقعا مؤلما في النفوس وعلى الأجسام، ومن أجمل وسائل الاستتار هذه الثياب تقى صاحبها الحر، وبها تتم نعمة الله، فيقول: وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ بُيُوتِكُمْ سَكَناً وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ جُلُودِ الْأَنْعامِ بُيُوتاً تَسْتَخِفُّونَها يَوْمَ ظَعْنِكُمْ وَيَوْمَ إِقامَتِكُمْ وَمِنْ أَصْوافِها وَأَوْبارِها وَأَشْعارِها أَثاثاً وَمَتاعاً إِلى حِينٍ وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِمَّا خَلَقَ ظِلالًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنَ الْجِبالِ أَكْناناً وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ سَرابِيلَ تَقِيكُمُ الْحَرَّ وَسَرابِيلَ تَقِيكُمْ بَأْسَكُمْ كَذلِكَ يُتِمُّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُسْلِمُونَ (النحل 79 - 81).
ويوجه أنظارهم إلى ما في خلق الزوج من نعمة تسكن إليها النفس، وتجد في ظلها الرحمة والمودة، فيقول: وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْواجاً لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْها وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ (الروم 21). وهو الذى يرزقهم، ويرزق ما على الأرض من دواب، لا تستطيع أن تتكفل برزق نفسها، وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ دَابَّةٍ لا تَحْمِلُ رِزْقَهَا اللَّهُ يَرْزُقُها وَإِيَّاكُمْ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (العنكبوت 60). وينبههم إلى ما في اختلاف الليل والنهار من تجديد النشاط للجسم، وبعث القوة في الأحياء وما في الفلك المسخرة تنقل المتاجر فوق سطح البحر، فتنفع الناس، وفي الماء ينزل من السماء فيحيى الأرض بعد موتها، وفي الرياح تحمل السحاب المسخر بين السماء والأرض، ينبههم إلى نفع ذلك كله فيقول: إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلافِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهارِ وَالْفُلْكِ الَّتِي تَجْرِي فِي الْبَحْرِ بِما يَنْفَعُ النَّاسَ وَما أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ السَّماءِ مِنْ ماءٍ فَأَحْيا بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِها وَبَثَّ فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ دَابَّةٍ وَتَصْرِيفِ الرِّياحِ وَالسَّحابِ الْمُسَخَّرِ بَيْنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ (البقرة 164). ويسأل عمن يلجئون إليه، حين يملأ قلبهم الرعب من ظلمة البر البحر، أليس الله هو الذى ينجيهم منه ومن كل كرب، فيقول:
قُلْ مَنْ يُنَجِّيكُمْ مِنْ ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ تَدْعُونَهُ تَضَرُّعاً وَخُفْيَةً لَئِنْ أَنْجانا مِنْ هذِهِ لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الشَّاكِرِينَ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُنَجِّيكُمْ مِنْها وَمِنْ كُلِّ كَرْبٍ ثُمَّ أَنْتُمْ تُشْرِكُونَ (الأنعام 63 - 64).
ويحدثهم عن نعمة تبادل الليل والنهار، وعما خلق له الليل من نعمة الهدوء والسكون، وعن الشمس والقمر يجريان في دقة ونظام، فيحسب الناس بهما حياتهم، وينظمون أعمالهم، وعن النجوم في السماء تزينها كمصابيح، ويهتدى بها السائر في ظلمات البر والبحر، وعن المطر ينزل من السماء، فتحيا به الأرض وتنبت به الجنات اليانعة، ذات الثمار المشتبهة وغير المشتبهة، وكان للمطر في الحياة العربية قدره وأثره، فعليه حياتهم، فلا جرم أكثر القرآن من الحديث عنه نعمة من أجلّ نعمه عليهم، فيقول: فالِقُ الْإِصْباحِ وَجَعَلَ اللَّيْلَ سَكَناً وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ حُسْباناً ذلِكَ تَقْدِيرُ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُوا بِها فِي ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ قَدْ فَصَّلْنَا الْآياتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْشَــأَكُمْ مِنْ نَفْسٍ واحِدَةٍ فَمُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمُسْتَوْدَعٌ قَدْ فَصَّلْنَا الْآياتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَفْقَهُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَخْرَجْنا بِهِ نَباتَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَأَخْرَجْنا مِنْهُ خَضِراً نُخْرِجُ مِنْهُ حَبًّا مُتَراكِباً وَمِنَ النَّخْلِ مِنْ طَلْعِها قِنْوانٌ دانِيَةٌ وَجَنَّاتٍ مِنْ أَعْنابٍ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالرُّمَّانَ مُشْتَبِهاً وَغَيْرَ مُتَشابِهٍ انْظُرُوا إِلى ثَمَرِهِ إِذا أَثْمَرَ وَيَنْعِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكُمْ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأنعام 96 - 99)، وتحدث عن هذه النعم نفسها مرارا أخرى كقوله:
اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَأَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَخْرَجَ بِهِ مِنَ الثَّمَراتِ رِزْقاً لَكُمْ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الْفُلْكَ لِتَجْرِيَ فِي الْبَحْرِ بِأَمْرِهِ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الْأَنْهارَ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ دائِبَيْنِ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ وَآتاكُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ ما سَأَلْتُمُوهُ وَإِنْ تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ لا تُحْصُوها إِنَّ الْإِنْسانَ لَظَلُومٌ كَفَّارٌ (إبراهيم 32 - 34). وتحدث إليهم عما أنعم به عليهم من أنعام، فيها دفء ومنافع، وجمال، وعاد فذكرهم بنعمة المطر وإنباته الزرع، وخص البحر بالحديث عن تسخيره، وما نستخرجه منه من اللحم والحلى، وما يجرى فوقه من فلك تمخر عبابه، فقال: وَالْأَنْعامَ خَلَقَها لَكُمْ فِيها دِفْءٌ وَمَنافِعُ وَمِنْها تَأْكُلُونَ وَلَكُمْ فِيها جَمالٌ حِينَ تُرِيحُونَ وَحِينَ تَسْرَحُونَ وَتَحْمِلُ أَثْقالَكُمْ إِلى بَلَدٍ لَمْ تَكُونُوا بالِغِيهِ إِلَّا بِشِقِّ الْأَنْفُسِ إِنَّ رَبَّكُمْ لَرَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوها وَزِينَةً وَيَخْلُقُ ما لا تَعْلَمُونَ وَعَلَى اللَّهِ قَصْدُ السَّبِيلِ وَمِنْها جائِرٌ وَلَوْ شاءَ لَهَداكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً لَكُمْ مِنْهُ شَرابٌ وَمِنْهُ شَجَرٌ فِيهِ تُسِيمُونَ يُنْبِتُ لَكُمْ بِهِ الزَّرْعَ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالنَّخِيلَ وَالْأَعْنابَ وَمِنْ كُلِّ الثَّمَراتِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآيَةً لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ وَالنُّجُومُ مُسَخَّراتٌ بِأَمْرِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ وَما ذَرَأَ لَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُخْتَلِفاً أَلْوانُهُ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآيَةً لِقَوْمٍ يَذَّكَّرُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ الْبَحْرَ لِتَأْكُلُوا مِنْهُ لَحْماً طَرِيًّا وَتَسْتَخْرِجُوا مِنْهُ حِلْيَةً تَلْبَسُونَها وَتَرَى الْفُلْكَ مَواخِرَ فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ وَأَلْقى فِي الْأَرْضِ رَواسِيَ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ وَأَنْهاراً وَسُبُلًا لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ وَعَلاماتٍ وَبِالنَّجْمِ هُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ أَفَمَنْ يَخْلُقُ كَمَنْ لا يَخْلُقُ أَفَلا تَذَكَّرُونَ وَإِنْ تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ لا تُحْصُوها إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَغَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (الأنعام 5 - 18)، وللأنعام في حياة العرب بالبادية ما يستحق أن يذكروا به، وأن يسجل فضله عليهم بها. ويوجه القرآن نظرهم إلى خلقهم وما منحهم الله من نعمة السمع والبصر والعقل، فيقول: قُلْ هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْشَــأَكُمْ وَجَعَلَ لَكُمُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَالْأَفْئِدَةَ قَلِيلًا ما تَشْكُرُونَ (الملك 23). وكثيرا ما امتنّ عليهم بنعمة الرزق، فيقرّرها مرة، ويقررهم بها أخرى، فيقول حينا: اللَّهُ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ قَراراً وَالسَّماءَ بِناءً وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ وَرَزَقَكُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّباتِ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ فَتَبارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعالَمِينَ (غافر 64). ويقول حينا: قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَمَنْ يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَمَنْ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ فَسَيَقُولُونَ اللَّهُ فَقُلْ أَفَلا تَتَّقُونَ (يونس 31). ويسترعى انتباههم إلى طعامهم الذى هو من فيض فضله، فيقول: فَلْيَنْظُرِ الْإِنْسانُ إِلى طَعامِهِ أَنَّا صَبَبْنَا الْماءَ صَبًّا ثُمَّ شَقَقْنَا الْأَرْضَ شَقًّا فَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها حَبًّا وَعِنَباً وَقَضْباً وَزَيْتُوناً وَنَخْلًا وَحَدائِقَ غُلْباً وَفاكِهَةً وَأَبًّا مَتاعاً
لَكُمْ وَلِأَنْعامِكُمْ
(عبس 24 - 32).
وإن في إكثار القرآن من الحديث عن هذه النعم، وتوجيه أنظارهم إليها، وتقريرهم بها، ما يدفعهم إلى التفكير في مصدرها، وأنه جدير بالعبادة، وما يثير في أنفسهم شكرها وتقديس بارئها، ولا سيما أن تلك النعم ليست في طاقة بشر، وأنها باعترافهم أنفسهم من خلق العلىّ القدير. وهكذا يتكئ القرآن على عاطفة إنسانية يثيرها، لتدفع صاحبها عن طريق الإعجاب حينا، والاعتراف بالجميل حينا، إلى الإيمان بالله وإجلاله وتقديسه. كما أن ذلك الوصف يبعث في النفس حب الله المنعم، فتكون عبادته منبعثة عن حبه وشكر أياديه.
ومما عنى القرآن بإبرازه من صفات الله وحدانيته، لم يلد، ولم يولد، ولم يكن له كفوا أحد، وقد أبرز القرآن في صورة قاطعة أنه لا يقبل الشرك ولا يغفره: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ ما دُونَ ذلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشاءُ وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدِ افْتَرى إِثْماً عَظِيماً (النساء 48)؛ ويعد الإشراك رجسا فيقول: يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرامَ بَعْدَ عامِهِمْ هذا (التوبة 28).
أوليس في هذا التصوير ما يبعث في النفس النفور منه والاشمئزاز؟!
والقرآن يعرض لجميع ألوان الإشراك، فيدحضها ويهدمها من أساسها، فعرض لفكرة اتخاذ ولد، فحدثنا في صراحة عن أنه ليس في حاجة إلى هذا الولد، يعينه أو يساعده، فكل من في الوجود خاضع لأمره، لا يلبث أن ينقاد إذا دعى، وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ بَلْ لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ كُلٌّ لَهُ قانِتُونَ بَدِيعُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَإِذا قَضى أَمْراً فَإِنَّما يَقُولُ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ (البقرة 116، 117). وحينا يدفع ذلك دفعا طبيعيا بأن الولد لا يكون إلا إذا كان ثمة له زوجة تلد، أما وقد خلق كل شىء، فليس ما يزعمونه ولدا سوى خلق ممن خلق:
بَدِيعُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَنَّى يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَمْ تَكُنْ لَهُ صاحِبَةٌ وَخَلَقَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ خالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ وَهُوَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ (الأنعام 101، 102).
ويعرض مرة أخرى لهذه الدعوى، فيقرر غناه عن هذا الولد، ولم يحتاج إليه، وله ما في السموات وما في الأرض، فيقول: قالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الْأَرْضِ إِنْ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطانٍ بِهذا أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ ما لا تَعْلَمُونَ قُلْ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لا يُفْلِحُونَ مَتاعٌ فِي الدُّنْيا ثُمَّ إِلَيْنا مَرْجِعُهُمْ ثُمَّ نُذِيقُهُمُ الْعَذابَ الشَّدِيدَ بِما كانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ (يونس 68 - 70). ويعجب القرآن كيف يخيل للمشركين عقولهم أن يخصوا أنفسهم بالبنين ويجعلوا البنات لله، فيقول:
أَفَأَصْفاكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ بِالْبَنِينَ وَاتَّخَذَ مِنَ الْمَلائِكَةِ إِناثاً إِنَّكُمْ لَتَقُولُونَ قَوْلًا عَظِيماً (الإسراء 40).
ويصور القرآن- فى أقوى صور التعبير- موقف الطبيعة الساخطة المستعظمة نسبة الولد إلى الله، فتكاد- لشدة غضبها- أن تنفجر غيظا، وتنشق ثورة، وتخر الراسيات لهول هذا الافتراء، وضخامة هذا الكذب، وأصغ إلى تصوير هذا الغضب فى قوله: وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمنُ وَلَداً لَقَدْ جِئْتُمْ شَيْئاً إِدًّا تَكادُ السَّماواتُ يَتَفَطَّرْنَ مِنْهُ وَتَنْشَقُّ الْأَرْضُ وَتَخِرُّ الْجِبالُ هَدًّا أَنْ دَعَوْا لِلرَّحْمنِ وَلَداً (مريم 88 - 91). أما هؤلاء الذين دعوهم أبناء الله، فليسوا سوى عباد مكرمين، خاضعين لأمره، ولن يجرؤ واحد منهم على ادعاء الألوهية، أما من تجرأ منهم على تلك الدعوى فجزاؤه جهنم، لأنه ظالم مبين، وهل هناك أقوى في هدم الدعوى من اعترف هؤلاء العباد أنفسهم الذين يدعونهم أبناء، بأنهم ليسوا سوى عبيد خاضعين، ومن جرؤ منهم على دعوى الألوهية كان جزاؤه عذاب جهنم خالدا فيها، قال تعالى: وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمنُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ بَلْ عِبادٌ مُكْرَمُونَ لا يَسْبِقُونَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ وَهُمْ بِأَمْرِهِ يَعْمَلُونَ يَعْلَمُ ما بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَما خَلْفَهُمْ وَلا يَشْفَعُونَ إِلَّا لِمَنِ ارْتَضى وَهُمْ مِنْ خَشْيَتِهِ مُشْفِقُونَ وَمَنْ يَقُلْ مِنْهُمْ إِنِّي إِلهٌ مِنْ دُونِهِ فَذلِكَ نَجْزِيهِ جَهَنَّمَ كَذلِكَ نَجْزِي الظَّالِمِينَ (الأنبياء 26 - 29).
وعلى هذا النسق نفسه جرى في الرد على من زعم ألوهية المسيح، فقد جعل المسيح نفسه يتبرأ من ذلك وينفيه، إذ قال: وَإِذْ قالَ اللَّهُ يا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ أَأَنْتَ قُلْتَ لِلنَّاسِ اتَّخِذُونِي وَأُمِّي إِلهَيْنِ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ قالَ سُبْحانَكَ ما يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أَقُولَ ما لَيْسَ لِي بِحَقٍّ إِنْ كُنْتُ قُلْتُهُ فَقَدْ عَلِمْتَهُ تَعْلَمُ ما فِي نَفْسِي وَلا أَعْلَمُ ما فِي نَفْسِكَ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ عَلَّامُ الْغُيُوبِ ما قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا ما أَمَرْتَنِي بِهِ أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ وَكُنْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهِيداً ما دُمْتُ فِيهِمْ فَلَمَّا تَوَفَّيْتَنِي كُنْتَ أَنْتَ الرَّقِيبَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَنْتَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (المائدة 116، 117).
وتعرض القرآن مرارا لدعوى ألوهية عيسى، وقوض هذه الدعوى من أساسها بأن هذا المسيح الذى يزعمونه إلها، ليس لديه قدرة يدفع بها عن نفسه إن أراد الله أن يهلكه، وأنه لا امتياز له على سائر المخلوقات، بل هو خاضع لأمره، مقر بأنه ليس سوى عبد الله، وليس المسيح وأمه سوى بشرين يتبوّلان ويتبرّزان، أو تقبل الفطرة الإنسانية السليمة أن تتخذ لها إلها هذا شأنه، لا يتميز عن الناس في شىء، ولا يملك لهم شيئا من الضر ولا النفع، ولننصت إلى القرآن مهاجما دعوى ألوهية عيسى قائلا: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قُلْ فَمَنْ يَمْلِكُ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيْئاً إِنْ أَرادَ أَنْ يُهْلِكَ الْمَسِيحَ ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ وَأُمَّهُ وَمَنْ فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعاً وَلِلَّهِ مُلْكُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَما بَيْنَهُما يَخْلُقُ ما يَشاءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (المائدة 17). لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا
إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ وَقالَ الْمَسِيحُ يا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُ مَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ الْجَنَّةَ وَمَأْواهُ النَّارُ وَما لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ أَنْصارٍ لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ ثالِثُ ثَلاثَةٍ وَما مِنْ إِلهٍ إِلَّا إِلهٌ واحِدٌ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهُوا عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ لَيَمَسَّنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْهُمْ عَذابٌ أَلِيمٌ أَفَلا يَتُوبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَهُ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ مَا الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ وَأُمُّهُ صِدِّيقَةٌ كانا يَأْكُلانِ الطَّعامَ انْظُرْ كَيْفَ نُبَيِّنُ لَهُمُ الْآياتِ ثُمَّ انْظُرْ أَنَّى يُؤْفَكُونَ قُلْ أَتَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ ما لا يَمْلِكُ لَكُمْ ضَرًّا وَلا نَفْعاً وَاللَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ
(المائدة 72 - 76).
وإن الغريزة لتنأى عن عبادة من لا يملك الضرر ولا النفع. وتأمل جمال الكناية في قوله: يَأْكُلانِ الطَّعامَ. والمسيح مقر- كما رأيت- بعبوديته ولا يستنكف أن يكون لله عبدا، لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْداً لِلَّهِ وَلَا الْمَلائِكَةُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ وَمَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفْ عَنْ عِبادَتِهِ وَيَسْتَكْبِرْ فَسَيَحْشُرُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ جَمِيعاً (النساء 172).
وهاجم القرآن بكل قوة الإشراك بالله، وهو يهاجم ببلاغته العقل والوجدان معا فيأخذ في نقاش المشركين، ليصلوا إلى الحق بأنفسهم، ويلزمهم الحجة، ويقودهم إلى الصواب، فيسألهم عمن يرزقهم، ومن يملك سمعهم وأبصارهم، ومن يخرج الحى من الميت، ويخرج الميت من الحى، ومن يدبر أمر العالم، ومن يبدأ الخلق ثمّ يعيده، ومن يهدى إلى الحق، وإذا كان المشركون أنفسهم يعترفون بأن ذلك إنما هو من أفعال الله، فما قيمة هؤلاء الشركاء إذا، وما معنى إشراكهم لله في العبادة، أو ليس من يهدى إلى الحق جديرا بأن يعبد ويتّبع، أما من لا يهتدى إلا إذا اقتيد فمن الظلم عبادته، ومن الجهل اتباعه، وليست عبادة هؤلاء الشركاء سوى جرى وراءه وهم لا يغنى من الحق شيئا، وتأمل جمال هذا النقاش الذى يثير التفكير والوجدان معا: يثير التفكير بقضاياه، ويثير الوجدان بهذا التساؤل عن الجدير بالاتباع، وتصويره المشرك، مصروفا عن الحق، مأفوكا، ظالما، يتبع الظن الذى لا يغنى عن الحق شيئا، وذلك حين يقول: قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَمَنْ يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَمَنْ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ فَسَيَقُولُونَ اللَّهُ فَقُلْ أَفَلا تَتَّقُونَ فَذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمُ الْحَقُّ فَماذا بَعْدَ الْحَقِّ إِلَّا الضَّلالُ فَأَنَّى تُصْرَفُونَ كَذلِكَ حَقَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ فَسَقُوا أَنَّهُمْ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ قُلْ هَلْ مِنْ شُرَكائِكُمْ مَنْ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ قُلِ اللَّهُ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ فَأَنَّى تُؤْفَكُونَ قُلْ هَلْ مِنْ شُرَكائِكُمْ مَنْ يَهْدِي إِلَى الْحَقِّ قُلِ اللَّهُ يَهْدِي لِلْحَقِّ أَفَمَنْ يَهْدِي إِلَى الْحَقِّ أَحَقُّ أَنْ يُتَّبَعَ أَمَّنْ لا يَهِدِّي إِلَّا أَنْ يُهْدى فَما لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ وَما يَتَّبِعُ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِلَّا ظَنًّا إِنَّ الظَّنَّ لا يُغْنِي مِنَ الْحَقِّ شَيْئاً إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِما يَفْعَلُونَ (يونس 31 - 36). وفي التحدث إليهم عن الرزق، وهدايتهم إلى الحق، ما يثير في أنفسهم عبادة هذا الذى يمدهم بالرزق، ويهديهم إلى الحق، واستمع إلى هذا النقاش الذى يحدثهم فيه عن نعمه عليهم، متسائلا:
أله شريك في هذه النعم التى أسداها، وإذا لم يكن له شريك فيما أسدى، فكيف يشرك به غيره في العبادة؟ فقال مرة: قُلِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَسَلامٌ عَلى عِبادِهِ الَّذِينَ اصْطَفى آللَّهُ خَيْرٌ أَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ أَمَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَأَنْزَلَ لَكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَنْبَتْنا بِهِ حَدائِقَ ذاتَ بَهْجَةٍ ما كانَ لَكُمْ أَنْ تُنْبِتُوا شَجَرَها أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ بَلْ هُمْ قَوْمٌ يَعْدِلُونَ أَمَّنْ جَعَلَ الْأَرْضَ قَراراً وَجَعَلَ خِلالَها أَنْهاراً وَجَعَلَ لَها رَواسِيَ وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ حاجِزاً أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يَعْلَمُونَ أَمَّنْ يُجِيبُ الْمُضْطَرَّ إِذا دَعاهُ وَيَكْشِفُ السُّوءَ وَيَجْعَلُكُمْ خُلَفاءَ الْأَرْضِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ قَلِيلًا ما تَذَكَّرُونَ أَمَّنْ يَهْدِيكُمْ فِي ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَمَنْ يُرْسِلُ الرِّياحَ بُشْراً بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَحْمَتِهِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ تَعالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ أَمَّنْ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ وَمَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ قُلْ هاتُوا بُرْهانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ قُلْ لا يَعْلَمُ مَنْ فِي السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ الْغَيْبَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَما يَشْعُرُونَ أَيَّانَ يُبْعَثُونَ بَلِ ادَّارَكَ عِلْمُهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ بَلْ هُمْ فِي شَكٍّ مِنْها بَلْ هُمْ مِنْها عَمُونَ وَقالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَإِذا كُنَّا تُراباً وَآباؤُنا أَإِنَّا لَمُخْرَجُونَ لَقَدْ وُعِدْنا هذا نَحْنُ وَآباؤُنا مِنْ قَبْلُ إِنْ هذا إِلَّا أَساطِيرُ الْأَوَّلِينَ قُلْ سِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَانْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كانَ عاقِبَةُ الْمُجْرِمِينَ وَلا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا تَكُنْ فِي ضَيْقٍ مِمَّا يَمْكُرُونَ وَيَقُولُونَ مَتى هذَا الْوَعْدُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ (النمل 59 - 71). أو ليس في إنبات الحدائق ذات البهجة، وتسيير الأنهار خلال الأرض، وإجابة المضطر إذا دعا، وكشف السوء، وجعلهم خلفاء الأرض، ما يبعث الابتهاج في النفس، والحب لله، ويدفع إلى عبادته وتوحيده ما دام هو الملجأ في الشدائد، والهادى في ظلمات البر والبحر، ومرسل الرياح بشرا بين يدى رحمته؟ ومرة يسائلهم قائلا: وَهُوَ اللَّهُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ لَهُ الْحَمْدُ فِي الْأُولى وَالْآخِرَةِ وَلَهُ الْحُكْمُ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ اللَّيْلَ سَرْمَداً إِلى يَوْمِ الْقِيامَةِ مَنْ إِلهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِضِياءٍ أَفَلا تَسْمَعُونَ قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ النَّهارَ سَرْمَداً إِلى يَوْمِ الْقِيامَةِ مَنْ إِلهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِلَيْلٍ تَسْكُنُونَ فِيهِ أَفَلا تُبْصِرُونَ وَمِنْ رَحْمَتِهِ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ لِتَسْكُنُوا فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (القصص 70 - 73). أوليس في الليل السرمد والنهار السرمد ما يبعث الخوف في النفس، والحب لمن جعل الليل والنهار خلفة؟!
وكثيرا ما تعجب القرآن من عبادتهم ما لا يضر ولا ينفع. والقرآن يبعث الخوف من سوء مصير هؤلاء المشركين يوم القيامة، فمرة يصورهم محاولين ستر جريمتهم بإنكارهم، حين لا يجدون لها سندا من الحق والواقع، فيقول:
وَيَوْمَ نَحْشُرُهُمْ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ نَقُولُ لِلَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا أَيْنَ شُرَكاؤُكُمُ الَّذِينَ كُنْتُمْ تَزْعُمُونَ ثُمَّ لَمْ تَكُنْ فِتْنَتُهُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ قالُوا وَاللَّهِ رَبِّنا ما كُنَّا مُشْرِكِينَ انْظُرْ كَيْفَ كَذَبُوا عَلى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَضَلَّ عَنْهُمْ ما كانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ (يونس 22 - 24).
وحينا يصورهم، وقد تبرأ شركاؤهم من عبادتهم، فحبطت أعمالهم، وضل سعيهم، وذلك حين يقول: وَيَوْمَ نَحْشُرُهُمْ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ نَقُولُ لِلَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا مَكانَكُمْ أَنْتُمْ وَشُرَكاؤُكُمْ فَزَيَّلْنا بَيْنَهُمْ وَقالَ شُرَكاؤُهُمْ ما كُنْتُمْ إِيَّانا تَعْبُدُونَ فَكَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً بَيْنَنا وَبَيْنَكُمْ إِنْ كُنَّا عَنْ عِبادَتِكُمْ لَغافِلِينَ هُنالِكَ تَبْلُوا كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ما أَسْلَفَتْ وَرُدُّوا إِلَى اللَّهِ مَوْلاهُمُ الْحَقِّ وَضَلَّ عَنْهُمْ ما كانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ (يونس 28 - 30).
وحينا يصورهم هلكى في أشد صور الهلاك وأفتكها، إذ يقول: وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَكَأَنَّما خَرَّ مِنَ السَّماءِ فَتَخْطَفُهُ الطَّيْرُ أَوْ تَهْوِي بِهِ الرِّيحُ فِي مَكانٍ سَحِيقٍ (الحج 31). أما المصير المنتظر لمن يشرك بالله فأن يلقى في جهنم ملوما مدحورا.
ومن أبرز صفات الله في القرآن قدرته، يوجّه النظر إلى مظاهرها، ويأخذ بيدهم ليدركوا آثار هذه القدرة، مبثوثة في أرجاء الكون وفي أنفسهم، فهذه الأرض هو الذى بسطها فراشا، وتلك السماء رفعها بناء، وهذه الجبال بثها في الأرض أوتادا، وهذه الشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بأمره، ووجه النظر إلى هذه الحبوب فلقها بقدرته، كما فلق النوى ليخرج منه النخل باسقات، ويوجه أنظارهم إلى ألوان المخلوقات وأنواعها وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَ كُلَّ دَابَّةٍ مِنْ ماءٍ فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى بَطْنِهِ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى رِجْلَيْنِ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى أَرْبَعٍ يَخْلُقُ اللَّهُ ما يَشاءُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (النور 45). وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ تُرابٍ ثُمَّ إِذا أَنْتُمْ بَشَرٌ تَنْتَشِرُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْواجاً لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْها وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوانِكُمْ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِلْعالِمِينَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ مَنامُكُمْ بِاللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهارِ وَابْتِغاؤُكُمْ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَسْمَعُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفاً وَطَمَعاً وَيُنَزِّلُ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَيُحْيِي بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِها إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ تَقُومَ السَّماءُ وَالْأَرْضُ بِأَمْرِهِ ثُمَّ إِذا دَعاكُمْ دَعْوَةً مِنَ الْأَرْضِ إِذا أَنْتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ (الروم 20 - 25). خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ بِغَيْرِ عَمَدٍ تَرَوْنَها وَأَلْقى فِي الْأَرْضِ رَواسِيَ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ وَبَثَّ فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ دابَّةٍ وَأَنْزَلْنا مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ كَرِيمٍ (لقمان 10). ويوجّه النظر إلى توالى الليل والنهار، وتسخير الشمس والقمر، فيقول: أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُولِجُ اللَّيْلَ فِي النَّهارِ وَيُولِجُ النَّهارَ فِي اللَّيْلِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ كُلٌّ يَجْرِي إِلى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ بِما تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ ذلِكَ بِأَنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْحَقُّ وَأَنَّ ما يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ الْباطِلُ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْعَلِيُّ الْكَبِيرُ (لقمان 29، 30)؛ وكرر ذلك مرارا عدة، كقوله: أَفَلَمْ يَنْظُرُوا إِلَى السَّماءِ فَوْقَهُمْ كَيْفَ بَنَيْناها وَزَيَّنَّاها وَما لَها مِنْ فُرُوجٍ وَالْأَرْضَ مَدَدْناها وَأَلْقَيْنا فِيها رَواسِيَ وَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ بَهِيجٍ تَبْصِرَةً وَذِكْرى لِكُلِّ عَبْدٍ مُنِيبٍ وَنَزَّلْنا مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً مُبارَكاً فَأَنْبَتْنا بِهِ جَنَّاتٍ وَحَبَّ الْحَصِيدِ وَالنَّخْلَ باسِقاتٍ لَها طَلْعٌ نَضِيدٌ رِزْقاً لِلْعِبادِ وَأَحْيَيْنا بِهِ بَلْدَةً مَيْتاً كَذلِكَ الْخُرُوجُ (ق 6 - 11).
ويوجّه أنظارهم إلى قدرته في خلقهم، إذ يقول: هُوَ الَّذِي يُصَوِّرُكُمْ فِي الْأَرْحامِ كَيْفَ يَشاءُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ (آل عمران 6). ويقول: يَخْلُقُكُمْ فِي بُطُونِ أُمَّهاتِكُمْ خَلْقاً مِنْ بَعْدِ خَلْقٍ فِي ظُلُماتٍ ثَلاثٍ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لَهُ الْمُلْكُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَأَنَّى تُصْرَفُونَ (الزمر 6).
صوّر القرآن قدرة الله الباهرة التى لا يعجزها شىء، والتى يستجيب لأمرها كل شىء، بهذا التّصوير البارع إذ قال: إِنَّما أَمْرُهُ إِذا أَرادَ شَيْئاً أَنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ (يس 82).
ولما وجّه النظر إلى مظاهر قدرته، اتخذ ذلك ذريعة إلى إقناعهم بأمر البعث، فحينا يتساءل أمن خلق السموات والأرض، ولم يجد مشقة في خلقها يعجز عن إحياء الموتى، فيقول: أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَلَمْ يَعْيَ بِخَلْقِهِنَّ بِقادِرٍ عَلى أَنْ يُحْيِيَ الْمَوْتى بَلى إِنَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (الأحقاف 33). ويقرر أن خلق السموات والأرض أكبر من خلق الناس، لَخَلْقُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ خَلْقِ النَّاسِ وَلكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ (غافر 57). ولذا صح هذا التساؤل ليقروا: أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقاً أَمِ السَّماءُ بَناها رَفَعَ سَمْكَها فَسَوَّاها وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَها وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحاها وَالْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ دَحاها أَخْرَجَ مِنْها ماءَها وَمَرْعاها وَالْجِبالَ أَرْساها مَتاعاً لَكُمْ وَلِأَنْعامِكُمْ (النازعات 27 - 33). وسوف نكمل الحديث عن ذلك في فصل اليوم الآخر.
ومن أظهر صفات الله في القرآن علمه، وإحاطة علمه بكل شىء في الأرض وفي السماء وَما يَعْزُبُ عَنْ رَبِّكَ مِنْ مِثْقالِ ذَرَّةٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلا فِي السَّماءِ وَلا أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ إِلَّا فِي كِتابٍ مُبِينٍ (يونس 61). ويقول على لسان لقمان لابنه: يا بُنَيَّ إِنَّها إِنْ تَكُ مِثْقالَ حَبَّةٍ مِنْ خَرْدَلٍ فَتَكُنْ فِي صَخْرَةٍ أَوْ فِي السَّماواتِ أَوْ فِي الْأَرْضِ يَأْتِ بِهَا اللَّهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَطِيفٌ خَبِيرٌ (لقمان 16). أرأيت هذا التصوير المؤثر لإحاطة علم الله بكل شىء، فلا يغيب عنه موضع ذرّة بين طيات صخرة أو في طبقات السموات، أو في أعماق الأرض، ويعلم الله الغيب، ومن ذلك ما يرونه بأعينهم في كل يوم من أمور غيبيّة، يدركون أنها مستورة عليهم، مع قرب بعضها منهم، إذ يقول: إِنَّ اللَّهَ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ السَّاعَةِ وَيُنَزِّلُ الْغَيْثَ وَيَعْلَمُ ما فِي الْأَرْحامِ وَما تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ ماذا تَكْسِبُ غَداً وَما تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ بِأَيِّ أَرْضٍ تَمُوتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ (لقمان 34). وَإِنْ تَجْهَرْ بِالْقَوْلِ فَإِنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ السِّرَّ وَأَخْفى (طه 7). واقرأ هذا التصوير الشامل لعلمه في قوله: وَعِنْدَهُ مَفاتِحُ الْغَيْبِ لا يَعْلَمُها إِلَّا هُوَ وَيَعْلَمُ ما فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَما تَسْقُطُ مِنْ وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا يَعْلَمُها وَلا حَبَّةٍ فِي ظُلُماتِ الْأَرْضِ وَلا رَطْبٍ وَلا يابِسٍ إِلَّا فِي كِتابٍ مُبِينٍ (الأنعام 59). وهكذا يصور القرآن شمول علم الله تصويرا ملموسا محسا.
ومن أظهر صفاته كذلك شدة قربه إلى الناس، ما يَكُونُ مِنْ نَجْوى ثَلاثَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ رابِعُهُمْ وَلا خَمْسَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ سادِسُهُمْ وَلا أَدْنى مِنْ ذلِكَ وَلا أَكْثَرَ إِلَّا هُوَ مَعَهُمْ أَيْنَ ما كانُوا ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِما عَمِلُوا يَوْمَ الْقِيامَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ (المجادلة 7). وأمر الرسول بأن يخبر الناس بقربه، يسمعهم ويصغى إليهم إذا دعوا، فقال: وَإِذا سَأَلَكَ عِبادِي عَنِّي فَإِنِّي قَرِيبٌ أُجِيبُ دَعْوَةَ الدَّاعِ إِذا دَعانِ (البقرة 186). ولا يستطيع فرد أن يعيش بعيدا عن عينه، يَعْلَمُ ما يَلِجُ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَما يَخْرُجُ مِنْها وَما يَنْزِلُ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَما يَعْرُجُ فِيها وَهُوَ مَعَكُمْ أَيْنَ ما كُنْتُمْ وَاللَّهُ بِما تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ (الحديد 4). بل هو أقرب شىء إلى الإنسان، يعلم خلجات نفسه، ويدرك أسراره وخواطره لا يغيب عنه منها شىء، وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسانَ وَنَعْلَمُ ما تُوَسْوِسُ بِهِ نَفْسُهُ وَنَحْنُ أَقْرَبُ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ حَبْلِ الْوَرِيدِ (ق 16).
والعدل، وقد أطال القرآن في تأكيد هذه الصفة، وأكثر من تكريرها، فكل إنسان مجزى بعمله وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْماً لِلْعِبادِ (غافر 31). مَنْ عَمِلَ صالِحاً فَلِنَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ أَساءَ فَعَلَيْها وَما رَبُّكَ بِظَلَّامٍ لِلْعَبِيدِ (فصلت 146). ويقرر في صراحة إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَظْلِمُ النَّاسَ شَيْئاً وَلكِنَّ النَّاسَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ (يونس 44). وإِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَظْلِمُ مِثْقالَ ذَرَّةٍ (النساء 40).
وإن في تقرير هذه الصفات وتأكيدها لدفعا للمرء إلى التفكير قبل العمل، كى لا يغضب الله العالم بكل صغيرة وكبيرة تصدر منه، والقريب إليه قربا لا قرب أشد منه، وفي تأكيد صفتى العلم والقرب ما يبعث الخجل في الإنسان من أن يعمل ما يغضب الله وما حرمه، وفي تأكيد صفة العدل ما يبعث على محاسبة النفس لأن الخير سيعود إليها ثوابه، والشر سيرجع عليها عقابه.
وكان وصف القرآن لله بالرحمة والرأفة والحلم والغفران والشكر، أكثر من وصفه بالانتقام وشدّة العذاب، بل هو عند ما يوصف بهما، تذكر إلى جانبهما أحيانا صفات الرحمة؛ فكثيرا ما يكرر القرآن معنى قوله: إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِالنَّاسِ لَرَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ (البقرة 143). وقوله: وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءاً أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُوراً رَحِيماً (النساء 110). وأكّد هذا الوصف حتى قال: كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلى نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ أَنَّهُ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنْكُمْ سُوءاً بِجَهالَةٍ ثُمَّ تابَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (الأنعام 54). وَقُلْ رَبِّ اغْفِرْ وَارْحَمْ وَأَنْتَ خَيْرُ الرَّاحِمِينَ (المؤمنون 118). أَنْتَ وَلِيُّنا فَاغْفِرْ لَنا وَارْحَمْنا وَأَنْتَ خَيْرُ الْغافِرِينَ (الأعراف 155). ويفتح باب رحمته وغفرانه، حتى لمن أسرف ولج في العصيان، إذ يقول: قُلْ يا عِبادِيَ الَّذِينَ أَسْرَفُوا عَلى أَنْفُسِهِمْ لا تَقْنَطُوا مِنْ رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعاً إِنَّهُ هُوَ الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ (الزمر 53). وبذلك كانت الصورة التى رسمها القرآن مليئة بالأمل والرجاء، تحيى في النفس التفاؤل، كما أن كثرة وصفه بالرحمة وأخواتها، تجعل عبادة الله منبعثة عن الحب، أكثر منها منبعثة عن الرهبة والخوف، ولكن لما كان كثير من النفوس يخضع بالرهبة دون الرغبة وصف القرآن الله بالعزة والانتقام وشدة العذاب، يقرن ذلك بوصفه بالرحمة حينا، ولا يقرنها بها حينا آخر، فيقول مرة: اعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (المائدة 98). غافِرِ الذَّنْبِ وَقابِلِ التَّوْبِ شَدِيدِ الْعِقابِ ذِي الطَّوْلِ (غافر 3). إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَذُو مَغْفِرَةٍ وَذُو عِقابٍ أَلِيمٍ (فصلت 43). ويقول أخرى: وَما آتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَما نَهاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ (الحشر 7). عَفَا اللَّهُ عَمَّا سَلَفَ وَمَنْ عادَ فَيَنْتَقِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقامٍ (المائدة 95). إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِآياتِ اللَّهِ لَهُمْ عَذابٌ شَدِيدٌ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقامٍ (آل عمران 4). وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَما لَهُ مِنْ هادٍ وَمَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَما لَهُ مِنْ مُضِلٍّ أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِعَزِيزٍ ذِي انْتِقامٍ (الزمر 37). وبرغم وصفه بالعزّة والانتقام والجبروت كانت الصفة الغالبة في القرآن هى الإنعام والرحمة والتّفضّل وأنه الملجأ والوزر، يجيب المضطرّ إذا دعاه، ويكشف السوء، وينجّى في ظلمات البرّ والبحر، فهى صورة محبّبة إلى النفوس، تدفع إلى العبادة، عبادة من هو جدير بها، لكثرة فضله وخيره وإنعامه.
وأفحم القرآن من ادّعى الألوهية من البشر إفحاما لا مخلص له منه، وذلك في الحديث الذى دار بين إبراهيم وهذا الملك الذى ادعى أنه إله، إذ يقول: أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِي حَاجَّ إِبْراهِيمَ فِي رَبِّهِ أَنْ آتاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ إِذْ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ رَبِّيَ الَّذِي يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ قالَ أَنَا أُحْيِي وَأُمِيتُ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْتِي بِالشَّمْسِ مِنَ الْمَشْرِقِ فَأْتِ بِها مِنَ الْمَغْرِبِ فَبُهِتَ الَّذِي كَفَرَ وَاللَّهُ لا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ (البقرة 258).
وأرشد ــالقرآن إلى أن العقل السليم والفطرة المستقيمة يرشدان إلى وجود الله ويدلّان على وحدانيته، فهذا إبراهيم قد وجد قومه يتخذون أصناما آلهة، فلم ترقه عبادتهم، فمضى إلى الكون يلتمس إلهه، فلما رأى نورا يشع ليلا من كوكب في الأفق ظنه إلها، ولكنه لم يلبث أن رآه قد أفل، فأنكر على نفسه اتخاذ كوكب يأفل إلها، إذ الإله يجب أن يكون ذا عين لا تغفل ولا تنام، وهكذا أعجب بالقمر، واستعظم الشمس، ولكنهما قد مضيا آفلين، فأدرك إبراهيم أن ليس في كل هؤلاء من يستحق عبادة ولا تقديسا، وأنّ الله الحق هو الذى فطر السموات والأرض، واستمع إلى القرآن يصوّر تأمل إبراهيم في قوله: وَإِذْ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ لِأَبِيهِ آزَرَ أَتَتَّخِذُ أَصْناماً آلِهَةً إِنِّي أَراكَ وَقَوْمَكَ فِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ وَكَذلِكَ نُرِي إِبْراهِيمَ مَلَكُوتَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَلِيَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُوقِنِينَ فَلَمَّا جَنَّ عَلَيْهِ اللَّيْلُ رَأى كَوْكَباً قالَ هذا رَبِّي فَلَمَّا أَفَلَ قالَ لا أُحِبُّ الْآفِلِينَ فَلَمَّا رَأَى الْقَمَرَ بازِغاً قالَ هذا رَبِّي فَلَمَّا أَفَلَ قالَ لَئِنْ لَمْ يَهْدِنِي رَبِّي لَأَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الضَّالِّينَ فَلَمَّا رَأَى الشَّمْسَ بازِغَةً قالَ هذا رَبِّي هذا أَكْبَرُ فَلَمَّا أَفَلَتْ قالَ يا قَوْمِ إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ إِنِّي وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ حَنِيفاً وَما أَنَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (الأنعام 74 - 79).

سلم

1 سَلِمَ, [aor. ـَ inf. n. سَلَامَةٌ (S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K) and سَلَامٌ (A, TA) and سَلَمٌ and سَلْمٌ and سِلْمٌ, (Bd in xxxix. 30,) He was, or became, safe, or secure; or he escaped; (M, TA;) or he was, or became, free; (TA;) مِنَ الآفَاتِ [from evils of any kind], (S, Mgh,) or مِنَ الآفَةِ [from evil of any kind], (K,) or مِنَ البَلَآءِ [from trial, or affliction], (A, TA,) or مِنَ الأَمْرِ [from the affair]: (M:) he (a traveller) was, or became, safe, secure, or free, from evils of any kind: (Msb:) and سَلِمَ مِنَ العَيْبِ he was, or became, free from fault, defect, imperfection, blemish, or vice; syn. بَرِئَ. (Msb in art. برأ.) [Hence,] one says, لَا بِذِى تَسْلَمُ مَا كَانَ

گَذَا وَكَذَا, (ISk, S, K, *) meaning No, by God [or Him] who maketh thee to be in safety, (ISk, S, K,) [such and such things were not;] and to two persons لا بذى تَسْلَمَانِ, and to a pl. number لا بذى تَسْلَمُونَ, and to a female لا بذى تَسْلَمِينَ, and to a pl. number [of females] لا بذى تَسْلَمْنَ. (ISk, S, K. *) And لَا أَفْعَلُ ذٰلِكَ بِذِى تَسْلَمُ, meaning, بِذِى سَلَامَتِكِ [i. e. I will not do that, by the Author (lit. Lord or Master) of thy safety]; and in like manner, بذى تَسْلَمَانِ, and بذى تَسْلَمُونَ. (Sb, M. [See also ذو.]) And اِذْهَبْ بِذِى تَسْلَمُ, i. e. اِذْهَبْ بِسَلَامَتِكَ [Go thou with thy safety; or, with the Author of thy safety to protect thee; meaning go thou in safety]; and [to two persons]

اِذْهَبَا بِذِى تَسْلَمَانِ. (S, K.) ذى is thus prefixed to a verb [as virtually governing it in the gen. case] like as آيَة is in an instance mentioned under this latter word; but these are two extr. instances; for only a noun significant of time is [regularly] prefixed to a verb, as in the phrase هٰذَا يَوْمُ يُفْعَلُ, meaning يُفْعَلُ فِيهِ: (Akh, S:) it is not prefixed to any but this verb تَسْلَمُ [and its variations as above mentioned]. (Sb, M, K.) b2: And hence, (Mgh,) one says also, سَلِمَتْ لَهُ الضَّيْعَةُ, meaning [The landed estate] was, or became, free from participation to him; syn. خَلَصَت. (Mgh, TA.) A2: سلمهُ, [app. سَلَمَهُ, or perhaps سَلِمَهُ, for some verbs of this measure are trans., as حَسِبَ and وَرِثَ,] inf. n. سلم, [app. سَلَمٌ, q. v. infrà,] He made him a captive. (TA.) A3: سَلَمَتْهُ الحَيَّةُ, (TA,) inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (M, K, TA,) The serpent bit him: (M, * K, * TA:) mentioned by Az, but he adds that no one but Lth has said this. (TA.) A4: سَلَمَ الجِلْدَ, aor. ـِ (S, K,) inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (TA,) He tanned the skin with [قَرَظ, i. e. leaves of] the سَلَم [or mimosa flava]. (S, K, TA.) b2: سَلَمَ الدَّلْوَ, (M, K,) aor. ـِ inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (M,) He finished making the leathern bucket; and made it firm, strong, or sound, or made it firmly, strongly, or soundly. (M, K.) 2 سلّمهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَسْلِيمٌ, (K,) He (God) made him to be safe, secure, or free; saved, secured, or freed, him; (M, Msb, TA;) مِنَ الآفَاتِ [from evils of any kind], (S, Msb,) or مِنَ الآفَةِ [from evil of any kind], (K,) or مِنَ الأَمْرِ [from the affair]. (M.) [Freytag assigns the same meaning to ↓ اسلمهُ also, as on the authority of the Ham; in which I find no explanation of this verb except one which will be found later in this paragraph.] b2: [Hence,] التَّسْلِيمُ is also syn. with السَّلَامُ, (S, K, TA,) as meaning The saluting, or greeting, one with a prayer for his safety, or security, or freedom, from evils of any kind in his religion and in his person; and the interpretation thereof is [the expressing a desire for] التَّخْلِيصٌ; (Mbr, TA;) or the saluting, or greeting, one with a prayer for his life; or, by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ [q. v. infrà, voce سَلَامٌ]; syn. التَّحِيَّةُ. (TA.) You say, سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ [meaning He so saluted, or greeted, him]. (M, Msb.) [This, when said of God, virtually means سَلَّمَهُ, i. e. He saved him; and should be rendered agreeably with this explanation in the phrase commonly used after the mention of the Prophet, صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ May God bless and save him. You say also, سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ بِالخِلَافَةِ He saluted him with the acknowledgment of his being Khaleefeh; saying, سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ يَا أَمِيرَ المُؤْمِنِينَ Salutation to thee, or peace be on thee, &c., O Prince of the Faithful.] التَّسْلِيمَةُ signifies The salutation that is pronounced on finishing every two rek'ahs in prayer: (Har p. 180:) [and also that which is pronounced after the last rek'ah of each of the prayers (i. e. after the sunneh prayers and the fard alike), addressed to the two guardian and recording angels: (see my “ Modern Egyptians,” ch. iii., p. 78 of the 5th ed.:) and سَلَّمَ means He pronounced either of those salutations.] b3: [Hence also,] سلّم إِلَيْهِ الشَّىْءَ, (S, K, *) inf. n. as above; (K;) and ↓ اسلم اليه الشىءَ; (M;) He gave to him the thing; (S, * M, K;) or delivered it to him: (M:) [he resigned it to him:] and سلّم إِلَيْهِ الوَدِيعَةَ, (Mgh,) or سلّم الوَدِيعَةَ لِصَاحِبِهَا, He delivered the deposit [to him, or] to its owner: (Msb:) and ↓ اسلم الثَّوْبَ إِلَى الخَيَّاطِ (Mgh) signifies the same as سلّمهُ إِلَيْهِ [i. e. He delivered the garment, or piece of cloth, to the tailor]. (Har p. 166.) b4: See also 4, in two places. b5: You say also, سلّم الأَجِيرُ نَفْسَهُ لِلْمُسْتَأْجِرِ The hired man gave himself up, or gave authority over himself, to the hirer. (Msb.) And ↓ أَسْلَمْتُهُ and سَلَّمْتُهُ I left him in the power of him who desired to kill him or to wound him. (Ham p. 115.) And لِلْهَلَكَةِ ↓ اسلمهُ [He gave him up to destruction]: in this case with [the prep.] ل only. (Har p. 166.) and الرَّجُلَ ↓ اسلم, (S, * M, Msb, *) or العَدُوَّ, (K,) He left, forsook, or deserted, (M, K,) the man, (S, * M, Msb, *) or the enemy; (K;) or abstained from aiding, or assisting, him; (S, M, Msb, K;) and threw him into destruction. (IAth, TA.) and لِمَا بِهِ ↓ اسلمهُ He left him [to that bane which was in him: app. referring to the bite of a serpent, or any evil affection: see سَلِيمٌ, third sentence]. (S, * M.) b6: And سلّم أَمْرَهُ إِلَى اللّٰهِ and ↓ اسلمهُ, both meaning the same, (S, Msb, K, TA,) i. e. He committed his case to God. (TA.) b7: And سلّم الدَّعْوَى He acknowledged the truth [or justice] of the claim, demand, or suit; [he conceded its truth or justice;] from سلّم الوَدِيعَةَ لِصَاحِبِهَا, expl. above; denoting an ideal delivering [or yielding of a thing to another person]. (Msb.) [Hence one says, سلّم أَنَّهُ كَذَا He conceded that it was thus.] b8: And التَّسْلِيمُ signifies also [The assenting, or] the giving [one's] approval (S, K, TA) unreservedly, (S,) to that which is ordained, or decreed, (S, K, TA,) by God; and the submitting to his commands; and the abstaining from offering opposition in the case in which it is not becoming [to do so]. (TA.) You say, سلّم لِأَمْرِ اللّٰهِ He assented to the command of God: [or he gave his approval to it:] or he submitted to it; as also ↓ اسلم. (MA.) 3 سالمهُ, (M, Msb,) inf. n. مُسَالَمَةٌ (S, M, Msb) and سِلَامٌ, (M, Msb,) He made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, with him; or he reconciled himself with him: [implying mutual concession, or a compromise:] (S, * M, Msb:) and سَالَمَا They made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, or they reconciled themselves, each with the other. (K.) 4 أَسْلَمَ see 2, in nine places. [The first of the meanings there assigned to this verb is, in my opinion, more than doubtful. In all its senses, it seems to be properly trans.: when it is used as an intrans. verb, an objective complement is app. understood. Thus,] أَسْلَمَ is syn. with أَسْلَفَ [as meaning He paid in advance, or beforehand]; (S, M, Mgh, Msb;) الثَّمَنَ [the price] being suppressed, though sometimes it is expressed; (Mgh;) as also ↓ سلّم; (M;) and ↓ تسلّم, as occurring in a trad., where it is said, مَنْ تَسَلَّمَ فِى شَىْءٍ فَلَا يَصْرِفُهُ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ [Whoso pays in advance for a thing, he shall not turn it over, or transfer it, to another than him]; but KT says that he had not heard this verb thus used except in this instance. (TA.) So the first of these verbs signifies in the saying, اسلم فِى الطَّعَامِ (S) or فى البُرِّ (Mgh) [He paid in advance for the wheat], and فى الشَّىْءِ [for the thing], as also ↓ سلّم. (M.) and hence the saying, إِذَا أَسْلَمَ صُوفًا فِى لِبْدٍ أَوْ شَعَرًا فِى

مِسْحٍ لَمْ يَجُزْ [If he give in advance wool for felt, or goats' hair for a garment, or piece, of haircloth, it will not be allowable]. (Mgh.) And so in the phrase, أَسْلَمْتُ إِلَيْهِ [I paid in advance to him]. (Msb.) b2: Also [He resigned, or submitted, himself; نَفْسَهُ being understood: or] he was, or became, resigned, or submissive; (M, K;) and so ↓ استسلم: (S, M, Msb, K:) you say, اسلم لِلّٰهِ [He resigned, or submitted, himself, or he was, or became, resigned, or submissive, to God: see also an ex. (before referred to) in the last sentence of the second paragraph: or he was, or became, sincere in his religion, or without hypocrisy, towards God: see مُسْلِمٌ]: (Msb:) [or]

اسلم signifies he entered into السِّلْم, (S, Msb,) which here means الاِسْتِسْلَام [i. e. the state of resignation, or submission]. (S.) b3: And He became a Muslim; as also ↓ تسلّم; (M, * K;) as in the saying, كَانَ كَافِرًا ثُمَّ تَسَلَّمَ, i. e. أَسْلَمَ [He was an unbeliever, or a denier of the unity of God, &c.; then he became a Muslim]: (M:) or he entered [the pale, or communion, of] the religion of الإِسْلَام. (S, * Msb.) الإِسْلَامُ as a principle of the law of God is The manifesting of humility or submission, and outward conforming with the law of God, and the taking upon oneself to do or to say as the Prophet has done or said: for this, the blood is to be spared, and one may demand the repelling of evil: (T, * M:) and if there is therewith firm belief with the heart, it is إِيمَانٌ: (T:) this is the doctrine of Esh-Sháfi'ee; but the doctrine of Aboo-Haneefeh makes no difference between these two terms: (KT:) [agreeably with the former doctrine,] Th well and briefly says, الاسلام is with the tongue, and الايمان is with the heart: and he says, in explaining verse 48 of ch. v. of the Kur, that every prophet has been sent with الاسلام, though the ordinances differ. (M.) b4: One says also, أَسْلَمْتُ عَنْهُ, meaning I left it [app. an affair, as in an explanation in the TK,] after I had been [engaged] in it. (Ibn-Buzurj, K.) And اسلم occurs intransitively in the saying, كَانَ رَاعِىَ غَنَمٍ ثُمَّ

أَسْلَمَ, meaning [He was a pastor of sheep, or goats; then] he left them. (M.) b5: [Freytag assigns to اسلم another signification “ Adscendere fecit (vid. a سُلَّم),” as from the Ham, p. 39: but this is app. a mistake, into which he has been led by a saying, there cited, of Zuheyr, which I read thus: هَوِىَّ الدَّلْوِ أَسْلَمَهَا الرِّشَآءُ (meaning, The descent, or as the descent, of the bucket that the well-rope has let go): and by its being there said that “ you should not prefer any reading of هوى to that with damm, though it has been said otherwise: ” whereas the correct reading is, in my opinion, هَوِىّ, agreeably with what here follows:] Er-Riyáshee says, on the authority of Az, that الهَوِىُّ, with fet-h, is downwards; and with damm, upwards; and he cites the saying above as an ex. of the word as meaning downwards. (TA in art. هوى.) 5 تسلّم مِنْهُ He asserted, or declared, himself to be free from, or clear of, or quit of, it, or him. (M.) b2: تسلّم is also syn. with أُسْلَمَ, in two senses: see the latter, in two places.

A2: and تسلّمهُ signifies He took it, or received it; namely, a thing given, or delivered. (S, M, Msb, K.) 6 تسالموا, (M,) and تسالما, (K,) inf. n. تَسَالُمٌ, (S,) They, (M,) or they two, (K,) made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, (S, * M, K,) one with another, (S, M,) or each with the other. (S, K.) [See also 8.] b2: One says of a man, (M,) of a great, or frequent, liar, (TA,) لَا تَسَالَمُ خَيْلَاهُ, [for تَتَسَالَمُ,] (M,) or لَا يَتَسَالَمُ خَيْلَاهُ, (K, TA,) [(assumed tropical:) His two troops of horses will not agree in pace, each with the other;] meaning (tropical:) [his assertions will not be found to agree together; or] he will not say what is true, so that it may be accepted from him: for تَسَالَمَتْ, said of horses, means (assumed tropical:) they kept pace, one with another; (تَسَايَرَتْ [q. v.];) not exciting one another. (M, K, TA.) 8 استلم He became at peace, or reconciled. (TA.) Hence the saying, (TA,) هُوَ لَا يَسْتَلَمُ عَلَى

سَخَطِهِ He will not become at peace, or reconciled, during his displeasure at a thing. (K, TA.) [See also 6.] b2: استلم الزَّرْعُ The seed-produce put forth its ears. (K.) A2: استلم الحَجَرَ He touched, (S, K,) or reached, (Mgh,) the stone, [meaning the Black Stone of the Kaabeh,] by kissing, or with the hand: (S, Mgh, K:) or he wiped it, or stroked it, with the hand: (Mgh:) or he kissed the stone: or he embraced it: (M:) and اِسْتَلْأَمَهُ signifies the same; (M, K;) but is not the original: (M:) accord. to ISk, the Arabs pronounced it with hemz, contr. to analogy; (Msb;) or it should not be pronounced with hemz, though some thus pronounce it, (S,) the original being استلم, (ISk, Msb,) because it is from سِلَامٌ [pl. of سَلِمَةٌ] signifying “ stones,” (ISk, S, * M, Msb, * [in the Mgh, from سَلِمَةٌ signifying “ a stone,” and in the Msb the pl. of سَلِمَةٌ is said to be سَلَامٌ, like كَلَامٌ,]) accord. to Sb, who says that it does not denote the act of taking; (M;) or, accord. to Sb, it is from السَّلَامُ, with fet-h, meaning “ salutation,” and it means the touching with the hand by way of salutation in order to obtain a blessing thereby: (TA:) but accord. to IAar, the original is with hemz, from المُلَآءَمَةُ, meaning الاِجْتِمَاعُ [“ the coming together,” &c., because denoting contact]. (Msb.) Abu-t-Tufeyl is related to have said, رَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَطُوفُ عَلَى رَاحِلَتِهِ يَسْتَلِمُ بِمِحْجَنِهِ وَيُقَبِّلُ المِحْجَنَ [i. e. I saw the Apostle of God (may God bless and save him) circuiting around the Kaabeh, upon his camel, touching the Black Stone with his hooked staff, and kissing the hooked staff]. (TA.) The primary signification of الاِسْتِلَامُ is [said to be] The wiping, or stroking, the سَلِمَة, i. e. the stone: afterwards it was used in relation to other things, and one said اِسْتَلَمْتُ يَدَهَا, meaning I stroked, or kissed, her hand. (Har pp. 30 and 31.) b2: استلم الخُفُّ قَدَمَيْهِ means The boot rendered his feet soft [after he had been accustomed to walking barefoot]. (TA.) 10 إِسْتَسْلَمَ see 4, in the former half of the paragraph.

A2: استسلم ثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ He went upon the middle of the road, not missing it. (K, * TA. [In the CK, after واسْتَسْلَمَ انقادَ, for وثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ, meaning واستسلم ثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ, is erroneously put وتَسَلَّمَ الطَّرِيقَ, assigning to تسلّم a meaning belonging to استسلم.]) Q. Q. 2 تَمَسْلَمَ [from مُسْلِمٌ] He named, or called, himself a Muslim; or he named himself Muslim; his name having before been Mohammad: (M, K:) mentioned by Er-Ru-ásee. (M.) سَلْمٌ: see the next paragraph, in six places.

A2: Also A leathern bucket (دَلْوٌ) having one عُرْوَة [or loop-shaped handle], (T, S, M, K,) with which the waterer walks, like the buckets (دِلَآء) of the attendants of the camels or other beasts upon which water is drawn or which carry water, (T, TA,) or like the دَلْو of the water-carriers: (S, K:) expl. in the S as above as on the authority of AA; but IB says that the correct explanation is, having one عَرْقُوَة [or stick fixed across from one part of the brim to the to the opposite part, serving as a handle as well as to keep it from collapsing]: (TA:) of the masc. gender [whereas دَلْوٌ is fem.]: (M:) pl. [of pauc.] أَسْلُمٌ and [of mult.] سِلَامٌ, (M, K,) and Lh mentions as its pl. أَسَالِمُ, which is extr. [unless as a pl. pl., i. e. pl. of أَسْلُمٌ]. (M.) سِلْمٌ Peace, or reconciliation; as also ↓ سَلْمٌ; (S, M, Msb, K;) masc. and fem.; (S, Msb, K; *) and ↓ سَلَمٌ and ↓ سَلَامٌ are like سِلْمٌ [in signification]: (M: [the context there shows that the signification mentioned above is what is meant in this instance:]) or سِلْمٌ signifies the making peace, or becoming at peace or reconciled, with another or others; (Ham p. 80;) as also ↓ سَلْمٌ; and both are sometimes fem. as being syn. with مُصَالَحَةٌ. (L voce جَنَحَ, q. v.) In the saying of El-Aashà, أَذَاقَتْهُمُ الحَرْبُ أَنْفَاسَهَا

↓ وَقَدْ تُكْرَهُ الحَرْبُ بَعْدَ السِّلِمْ [War made them, or has made them, to taste its draughts, and verily war is disliked after peace], he has transferred the vowel of the م to the ل, in pausing; or it may be that he has inserted a kesreh in imitation of the preceding kesreh: it is not an instance like إِبِل, in the opinion of Sb; for in his opinion the latter is the only instance of its kind. (M.) It is said in a trad., respecting El-Hodeybiyeh, أَخَذَ ثَمَانِينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ سِلْمًا, or ↓ سَلْمًا, or ↓ سَلَمًا, accord. to different relations, meaning [He took forty of the people of Mekkeh] peaceably: thus expl. by El-Homeydee, in his “ Ghareeb. ” (TA. [See also سَلَمٌ below.]) b2: Also i. q. ↓ سَلَامٌ, (S, K, TA,) as signifying Selfresignation, or submission; (TA; [and thus the latter is expl. in one place in the S;]) which is also a signification of ↓ سَلَمٌ: (S, M, K, TA:) and this is meant in the Kur [iv. 96], where it is said, لَسْتَ مُؤْمِنًا ↓ وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَنْ أَلْقَى إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَامَ, (Bd, TA,) or ↓ السَّلَمَ, as some read, (Bd,) [i. e. and say not ye to him who offers to you submission, Thou art not a believer:] or ↓ السَّلَامَ here means the salutation of الإِسْلَام [by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ]: (Bd, TA: *) or salutation, and submission by uttering the profession of الإِسْلَام; and so ↓ السَّلَمَ: (Jel:) [or the latter here means, simply, salutation; and this is app. what is meant by its being said that] السَّلَمُ is the subst. from التَّسْلِيمُ; (K;) [but accord. to SM,] this means the unreserved approval of what is decreed; and this is said to be meant by the reading السَّلَمَ mentioned above. (TA.) b3: And [hence] السِّلْمُ signifies also الإِسْلَامُ [as meaning The religion of the Muslims; because it is a religion of self-resignation, or submission]: (S, K:) this is meant in the Kur [ii. 204], where it is said, اُدْخُلُوا فِى السِّلْمِ كَافَّةً

[Enter ye into the religion of El-Islám wholly]; (S, Bd, Jel;) and so ↓ السَّلْمِ, as some there read; (Bd, Jel;) or both there mean submission and obedience to God: (Bd:) [and] ↓ السَّلَمُ [also] has the former meaning. (M.) A2: Also, (S, M, K,) and ↓ سَلْمٌ, (M,) A man, (S, K, TA,) [and] a woman, (M,) who makes peace, or is at peace, with another; (S, M, K;) and in like manner, a company of men (قَوْمٌ). (M.) This is said to be meant in the Kur [xxxix. 30], where it is said, وَرَجْلًا سِلْمًا لِرَجُلٍ, as some read, i. e. And a man who is at peace with respect to a man: (TA:) or سِلْمًا and ↓ سَلْمًا and ↓ سَلَمًا, three different readings, in the place of [the more common reading]

سَالِمًا, are all inf. ns. of سَلِمَ, used as epithets [syn. with سَالِمًا], or ذَا is suppressed before them. (Bd.) You say, أَنَا سِلْمٌ لِمَنْ سَالَمَنِى [I am one who is at peace with respect to him who is at peace with me]. (S, TA.) And a poet says, [using this word in two different senses, the latter of which has been mentioned above,] لِأَهْلِكِ فَاقْبَلِى سِلْمِى أَنَائِلُ إِنَّنِى سِلْمٌ [O Náïleh, (نَائِلُ being for نَائِلَةٌ, a woman's name, apocopated,) verily I am one who is at peace with respect to thy family, therefore accept thou my submission]. (TA. [It seems to be there indicated by the context that سلمى here means my peace, or reconciliation; which is less appropriate than the meaning that I have assigned to it.]) سَلَمٌ: see سَلَامٌ: and see also سِلْمٌ, in seven places. b2: Also, in buying or selling, (Msb,) the subst. from أَسْلَمَ فِى الشَّىْءِ and سَلَّمَ signifying

أَسْلَفَ, (M,) i. q. سَلَفٌ; (S, Msb, K;) i. e. Any money, or property, paid in advance, or beforehand, as the price of a commodity for which the seller has become responsible and which one has bought on description: (T and TA in art. سلف:) or payment for a commodity to be delivered at a certain [future] period with something additional to [the equivalent of] the current price at the time of such payment; this [transaction] being a cause of profit to him who makes such payment: (TA in that art.:) or a sort of sale in which the price is paid in advance, and the commodity is withheld, on the condition of description, to a certain [future] period: (S and O in that art., in explanation of سَلَفٌ:) but it is said in a trad. that the term سَلَمٌ as meaning سَلَفٌ was disliked; app. because the former is applied to obedience, and self-resignation, or submission, to God. (TA.) A2: And The making [one] captive. (K. [See 1, in the latter part of the paragraph.]) A3: And A captive; (K;) because he submits himself. (TA.) One says, أَخَذَهُ سَلَمًا, (M, TA, [in the TK بِالسَّلَمِ,]) He took him [a captive], (TA,) or made him captive, (M,) without war: (M, TA:) or he brought him in a state of submission, not resisting; and so, if wounded: (IAar, M, TA:) and thus El-Khattábee has expl. the phrase in the trad. respecting El-Hodeybiyeh cited above, voce سِلْمٌ. (TA.) A4: Also A sort of tree, (S, M, Msb, K,) [the mimosa flava of Forskål, who writes its Arabic name in Italic characters syllæm, and in Arabic characters سليم, (Flora Aegypt. Arab., p. cxxiii.,)] a species (M) of the [kind of thorny trees called] عِضَاه, (S, M, Mgh, Msb, TA, [not غَضَاة, as in the Lexicons of Golius and Freytag,]) the leaves whereof are the قَرَظ, with which skin is tanned: (TA:) AHn says, its branches are long, like rods; and it has no wood such as is used in carpentry, even if it grows large: it has slender, long thorns, grievous when they wound the foot of a man; and a yellow [fruit such as is termed] بَرَمَة [n. un. of بَرَمٌ, see this word, and see also حُبْلَةٌ,] which is the sweetest of the بَرَم in odour; and they tan with its leaves: and it is said, on the authority of the Arabs of the desert, that it has a yellow flower, containing a green grain (حَبَّة خَضْرَآء [or this may mean a grain of a dark, or an ashy, dustcolour]), of sweet odour, in which is somewhat of bitterness, and of which the gazelles are very fond: (M:) the n. un. is with ة: (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K:) and pl. أَسْلَامٌ, (M,) and سِلَامٌ is said by IB to be pl. of the n. un., like as إِكَامٌ is of أَكَمَــةٌ. (TA.) [Hence,] ذَاتُ أَسْلَامٍ A land (أَرْض) that gives growth to the [trees called] سَلَم. (K.) See also سلَمَان.

سَلِمٌ Stones; (S, M;) as also ↓ سِلَامٌ: (M:) and ↓ سَلِمَةٌ [as n. un. of the former and sing. of the latter, (incorrectly written by Freytag, in one place, سَلَمَةٌ, and incorrectly said by him to be of the dial. of the people of Himyer,)] signifies a stone: (S, M, Mgh, Msb:) [or] the pl. [or quasipl. n.] of سَلِمَةٌ in this sense is ↓ سَلَامٌ, like كَلَامٌ in measure: (Msb:) or ↓ سَلِمَةٌ signifies stones; (K;) or hard stones; (TA;) and ↓ سِلَامٌ is its pl.: (K:) [said to be] so called because of their freedom (سلَامَة) from softness: (TA:) or this last signifies stones, the small thereof and the large; and they assign to it no sing.: (ISh, TA:) or سلام [probably meaning ↓ سَلَامٌ] is a quasi-pl. n.: (Aboo-Kheyreh, TA:) and it is also said to be a name for any broad stone. (TA.) See also سَلَمَان. A poet says, (namely, Bujeyr Ibn-'Anameh, IB, TA,) يَرْمِى وَرَائِى بِامْسَهْكِ وَامْسَهْمِ وَامْسَلِمَهْ [He casts from behind me (i. e. defends me) with the arrow and the stone]: this [usage of ام for ال] is of the dial. of [Teiyi and] Himyer. (S, TA.) السِّلِمْ for السِّلْمْ: see سِلْمٌ, second sentence.

سَلِمَةٌ: see سَلِمٌ, in two places: and سَلَمَان.

A2: Also A woman soft, or tender, in the أَطْرَاف [or fingers, or other extremities]. (K.) b2: And An old and weak she-camel. (IAar, TA in art. سد.) سَلْمَى A certain plant (K, TA) which becomes green in the [season called] صَيْف [app. here meaning spring]. (TA.) b2: أَبُو سَلْمَى The [species of lizard called] وَزَغ: (K:) or, some say, [as is said in the M,] ↓ أَبُو سَلْمَانَ. (TA.) b3: See also the next paragraph. b4: [In the CK, by a mistranscription, a meaning belonging to سُلَامَى is assigned to سَلْمَى.]

السَّلْمَآء, accord. to Aboo-Mis-hal, as meaning The earth, occurs in the prov., أَنْفٌ قِى المَآءِ وَاسْتٌ فِى السَّلْمَآءِ [A nose in the water and a rump on the earth]: and if this be correct, it may be derived from سلام [i. e. سِلَامٌ] meaning “ stones: ” and it may be originally ↓ السَّلْمَى, and lengthened for the sake of the rhyme. (Ham p. 214.) [But the reading commonly known is, أَنْفٌ فِى السَّلْمَآءِ وَاسْتٌ فِى المَآءِ.]

هُوَ سَلْمَانُ بَيْتِهِ He is the special, or particular, friend of his [another's] house; one who mixes with him much: from the saying of the Prophet, سَلْمَانُ مِنَّا أَهْلِ البَيْتِ [Selmán is of us, the people of the house]; referring to Selmán El-Fárisee. (Har p. 472.) b2: أَبُو سَلْمَانَ: see سَلْمَى. b3: Also A species of the [black beetles called] جِعْلَان [pl. of جُعَلٌ, q. v.]: (M:) or i. q. جُعَلٌ, (IAar, K,) or أَبُو جَعْرَان, with fet-h [app. a mistake for kesr] to the ج: (Kr, TA:) or the largest of the جِعْلَان: or a certain insect like the جُعَل, having a pair of wings: (TA:) or the male of the [black beetles called] خَنَافِس [pl. of خُنْفَسَآءُ, q. v.]. (IAar, TA in art. فرض.) سَلَمَان or سَلِمَان, accord. to different readings, occurs in a trad. of Ibn-'Omar, in which it is said, كَانَ يُصَلِّى عِنْدَ سَلَمَانٍ فِى طَرِيقِ مَكَّةَ [He used to pray at certain selem-trees, or certain stones, in the road of Mekkeh]: each may be a pl. [or rather a quasi-pl. n.]; the former, of ↓ سَلَمَةٌ, the “ tree so called; ” the latter, of ↓ سَلِمَةٌ, “ stones ” [or a “ stone: ” but both of these explanations are strange]. (TA.) سَلَامٌ, (S, K, TA,) in its primary acceptation, (TA,) is syn. with ↓ سَلَامَةٌ, (S, K, TA,) as is also ↓ سَلَمٌ, (S, [so in one of my copies, but omitted in the other copy,]) and signifies Safety, security, immunity, or freedom, from faults, defects, imperfections, blemishes, or vices, (S, * [mentioned in one only of my two copies, and there as relating peculiarly to the third word,] K, [in which it ostensibly relates peculiarly to the first word, but in the CK, by the omission of a و before it, it is made to relate only to the second word,] and TA, [accord. to which it relates to the first and second words, as it is well known to do,]) and from evils of any kind: (TA:) or [simply] safety, security, immunity, or freedom; as also ↓ سَلَامَةٌ: (Sb, M:) IKt says that these two words may be dial. vars. [syn. each with the other]; or the former may be pl. of the latter [or rather a coll. gen. n. of which the latter is the n. un.]: (M, TA:) and Suh says, in the R, that most of the lexicologists hold them to have one [and the same] meaning: but that if they considered the language of the Arabs, and the distinction, or limitation, denoted by the ة, they would see that between them is a great difference [inasmuch as the former has a large range of meaning which the latter has not, as will be seen from what follows]. (TA.) سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ is an announcement of the continuance of سَلَامَة [or safety, &c.]: (Bd in xiii. 24:) [it may therefore be rendered Safety, &c., be, or light and abide, on you; or, generally, peace be, or light and abide, on you; for] it means nothing disliked, or evil, shall befall you henceforth: (Bd in xvi. 34:) and سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ [may be rendered in like manner; for it virtually] means I will not do to thee anything that is disliked, or evil; (Bd and Jel in xix. 48;) nor say to thee henceforward what would annoy thee, or be disagreeable, or evil, to thee. (Bd ibid.) It may also be [rendered May safety, &c., or peace, be, or light and abide, on you; as] a prayer for سَلَامَة, to those to whom it is addressed, from the state in which they are at the time. (Bd in xxviii. 55.) [It is generally held that this salutation may not be used by, nor to, any but a Muslim.] In the beginning of an epistle, the approved practice is to write سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ, without the article ال; and in repeating it, at the end, to write it with that article. (Durrat el-Ghowwás, in De Sacy's Anthol. Gramm. Arabe, p. 72 of the Arabic text. [In the latter case, the general practice in the present day is to write simply وَالسَّلَام, suppressing عَلَيْكَ.]) In saluting the dead, one puts عَلَيْكَ first, saying, عَلَيْكَ سَلَامُ اللّٰهِ. (Ham p. 367.) You also say, مَا كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا ↓ لَا بِسَلَامَتِكَ [No, by thy safety, such and such things were not]. (S.) السُّلَامُ is also a name of God, (S, M, Msb, K,) [applied to Him in the Kur lix. 23, accord. to some for ذُو السَّلَامِ, i. e. ذُو السَّلَامَةِ,] because of his safety, or freedom, from defect, and imperfection, and cessation of existence; (IKt, M, TA;) or from variations, and as being the everlasting, who brings the creation to nought and will not come to nought; or, accord. to Suh in the R, He is so named [as being the Author of Safety, Security, &c.; i. e.] because He has rendered all his creatures safe, or free, from defectiveness, or unsoundness, and mankind and the jinn, or genii, from the betiding of injustice, or wrong, to them, from Him; and the expositors who assert that He is thus named because of his safety, or freedom, from imperfections, and evils of any kind, utter an unseemly saying, making سَلَامٌ to be syn. with ↓ سَالِمٌ, which latter applies only to him who is liable to evil of any kind, and who expects it, and then becomes safe, or free, from it. (TA.) دَارُ السَّلَامِ is an appellation of Paradise, (M, K,) [applied thereto in the Kur vi. 127 and x. 26,] as being the abode of everlasting safety, or security; (Zj, M, TA;) the abode of safety, or security, from evils of any kind, from death and decrepitude and diseases [&c.]: (TA:) or as being the abode of God. (M, TA.) b2: See also سِلْمٌ, in four places. b3: [As is there stated,] it signifies also Salutation, or greeting; (M, TA;) particularly the salutation of الإِسْلَام [by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ or سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ, expl. above]; (Bd in iv. 96;) a subst. (S, Mgh, Msb, TA) from سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ, (Msb,) [i. e.] from التُّسْلِيمُ, (S, Mgh, TA,) like كَلَامٌ from التَّكْلِيمُ. (Mgh. [See 2, third sentence.]) b4: In the saying in the Kur [xxv. 64], وَإِذَا خَاطَبَهُمُ الْجَاهِلُونَ قَالُوا سَلَامًا [And when the ignorant speak to them, they say, سَلَامًا], this last word signifies تَسَلُّمًا, (Sb, M,) or تَسَلُّمًا مِنْكُمْ [ for نَتَسَلَّمُ مِنْكُمْ تَسَلُّمًا We declare ourselves to be clear, or quit, of you], and مُتَارَكَهً لَلُمْ [ for نُتَارِكُكُمْ مُتَارَكَةً we relinquish you], (Bd,) [and means] there shall be neither good nor evil between us (Sb, M, Bd) and you: it is not the سلام that is used in salutation; for the verse was revealed at Mekkeh, and the Muslims had not then been commanded to salute the believers in a plurality of gods: (Sb, M:) [in iv. 88 of the Kur, which was promulgated afterwards, at ElMedeeneh, is a general command to return a salutation with a better or with the same; but the Sunneh prescribes that the salutation of سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ or سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ when addressed to a Muslim by one not a Muslim is to be returned only by saying وَعَلَيْكَ or وَعَلَيْكُمْ:] or the meaning in xxv. 64 is, they say a right saying, in which they are secure from harming and sinning. (Bd.) Sb asserts that Aboo-Rabee'ah used to say, إِذَا لَقِيتَ فُلَانًا فَقُلْ سَلَامًا, meaning تَسَلُّمًا [for أَتَسَلَّمُ مِنْكَ تَسَلُّمًا, i. e. When thou meetest such a one, say, I declare myself to be clear, or quit, of thee]: and he says that some of them said سَلَامٌ, meaning The case of me and thee is the [case of] being clear, or quit, each of the other; and the [case of] mutual relinquishing. (M.) [It is usual, in the present day, to say, اِفْعَلْ كَذَا وَالسَّلَام, meaning Do thou such a thing, and there will be an end of altercation between us.]

A2: See also سَلِيمٌ.

A3: Also A kind of trees; (S, M, Msb, K;) they assert that they are evergreen; nothing eats them; but the gazelles keep to them, and protect themselves by their shade, but do not hide among them; and they are not great trees, nor of the kind called عِضَاه: (AHn, M:) they are also called ↓ سِلَامٌ; (K;) or this is pl. of سَلَمَةٌ [n. un. of سَلَمٌ], which is of another kind; like as إِكَامٌ is pl. of أَكَمَــةٌ: (IB, TA:) n. un. with ة. (S, M.) السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ was said to an Arab of the desert; and he replied, الجَثْجَاثُ عَلَيْكَ: and being asked, “ What is this reply? ” he answered, “They are two bitter trees: thou hast put upon me one, so I have put upon thee the other. ” (K.) A4: See also سَلِمٌ, in two places.

سِلَامٌ: see سَلِمٌ, in two places: A2: and the paragraph here next preceding, last sentence but two.

سَلِيمٌ i. q. ↓ سَالِمٌ, (S, M, K,) which means Safe, secure, or free, (Msb,) from evils of any kind; (K, Msb, TA;) applied to a man: (M:) pl. سُلَمَآءُ; (M, K, TA;) in some copies of the K سَلْمَى, like جَرْحَى pl. of جَرِيحٌ; (TA;) [but this is probably its pl. only when it is used in the sense of جَرِيحٌ or the like, as seems to be the case from what follows.] Also, (M,) applied to a heart: (S, M:) بِقَلْبٍ سَلِيمٍ, in the Kur xxvi. 89, means With a heart free from unbelief: (M, TA:) or, divested of corruptness, or unsoundness: (Er-Rághib, TA:) in the Kur xxxvii. 82, some say that it means with a grieving, or sorrowful, heart; from سَلِيمٌ in the sense here next following. (Bd.) b2: Also i. q. لَدِيغٌ [meaning Bitten by a serpent]; (S, M, K;) as also ↓ سَلَامٌ (S, K) and ↓ مَسْلُومٌ: (K:) app., (S,) as implying a good omen, of safety; (S, M;) or because the person is left (مُسْلَمٌ) to that [bane] which is in him: (IAar, S, * M:) and sometimes it is metaphorically used as meaning (tropical:) wounded: (M:) or it means wounded, at the point of death, (M, K,) as some say: (M:) pl. سَلْمَى. (M, and Ham p. 214.) A2: Also, (M, K,) of a horse, (M,) The part, of the hoof, that is between the أَشْعَر [or hair, or extremity of the skin, next the hoof], (M, TA,) or that is between the أَمْعَر [q. v.], (K,) but the former is the right, (TA,) and the interior of the hoof. (M, K, TA.) سَلَامَةٌ [the most usual inf. n. of سَلِمَ]: see سَلَامٌ, in three places.

A2: Also n. un. of سَلَامٌ applied to a kind of trees [described above]. (S, K.) سُلَامَى, a noun of the fem. gender, (Msb,) A certain bone that is in the فِرْسِن [q. v., here meaning foot] of the camel: (S, K:) this is said by A'Obeyd to be the primary signification: (S:) or the سُلَامَى of the camel are the bones of the فُرْسِن [or foot]: (M:) [for] سُلَامَى is used alike as sing. and pl., and sometimes it has also a pl., (S,) which is سُلَامَيَاتٌ: (S, M, K:) or it is a pl. [or rather a coll. gen. n.], of which the sing. [or n. un.] is سُلَامَيَةٌ, signifying the أَنْمَلَة [q. v.] of [any of] the fingers: (IAth, TA:) [but this is a strange explanation:] it is said that the last parts in which مُخّ [here meaning marrow or pulp and the like] remains in a camel when he has become emaciated are the سُلَامَى and eye; and when it has gone from these, he has none remaining: (S:) the pl. سُلَامَيَاتٌ, (S, TA,) or سُلَامَى, (M, Msb,) also signifies the bones of the أَصَابِع, (S, M,) so says Kh, and Zj adds that they are also called the قَصَب, (Msb,) of the hand and of the foot; (M;) [i. e., of the fingers and of the toes; and this seems to be the most common meaning, in relation to a human being; namely, the phalanges of the fingers and of the toes;] that are between every two joints [and what are beyond the extreme joints] of the أَصَابِع: accord. to Lth, the سلامى are the bones of the أَصَابِع [or fingers and toes] and the أَشَاجِع and the أَكَارِع, and are hard and compact bones like كِعَاب [pl. of كَعْبٌ]: (TA: [see the words that I have here left untranslated, for the senses in which they are here used are doubtful:]) accord. to IAar, (M,) certain small bones, of the length of the إِصْبَع [or finger], (M, K,) or nearly so, (M,) or less, (K,) of which there are four, or three, (M,) [or app., five, for the meaning here seems to be the metacarpal and metatarsal bones, to which the terms سُلَامَى and سُلَامَيَاتٌ are sometimes applied, (see أَشْجَعُ and مُشْظٌ,)] in the hand and in the foot, (K,) [i. e.] in each hand and foot: (M:) Ktr says that the سلاميات are the عُرُوق [app. a mistake for عِظَام i. e. bones] of the outer side of the hand and foot: (Msb:) سلامى is also said to signify any small hollow bone: and any bone of a human being: and ISh says that in every horse are six سلاميات [app. in the fore legs and the same in the hind legs; for he seems to mean that the term سلامى is applied to each of the pasternbones and to the coffin-bone; these three corresponding to the phalanges of a human being: see فَصٌّ]: (TA:) it is not allowable to write سلامى otherwise than with what is termed the short alif. (MF, TA.) A2: سُلَامَى, (M, K,) like سُكَّارَى, (K, TA, [in the CK like سَكْرٰى, which is shown to be wrong by a verse cited in the M and TA,]) signifies also The [south, or southerly, wind called] جَنُوب. (M, K.) سَلَامَانٌ A kind of tree, (S, M, K,) growing in soft, or plain, tracts: (M:) Az says, it is like the أَلَآء, which is a tree resembling the myrtle, which changes not in the midst of summer, and which has a produce resembling the head [or ear] of millet (ذُرَة), except that it is smaller than the الآء; tooth-sticks (مَسَاوِيك) are made from it; and its produce is like that of the الآء; and it grows in the sands and the deserts: (TA in art. الأ:) n. un. with ة. (M.) نَمْلُ سُلَيْمَانُ Red ants [lit. the ants of Solomon]. (TA voce أَحْوَى, in art. حو.) سُلَّمٌ A ladder, or a series of stairs or steps, syn. مِرْقَاةٌ, (M, K,) and دَرَجَةٌ, (M,) or مِعْرَاجٌ, (Msb,) upon which one ascends; (S, Mgh;) either of wood or of clay [&c.]: (Mgh:) said by Zj to be so called because it delivers thee (يُسَلِّمُكَ) to the place to which thou desirest to go, (Mgh, TA,) i. e., to some high place, and thou hopest for safety (السَّلَامَة) by means of it: (Er-Rághib, TA:) masc. and fem.; (Lth, M, Mgh;) [app., accord. to Lth and F, generally fem.; for] accord. to Lth, one says, هِىَ السُّلَّمُ and هُوَ السُّلَّمُ; (Mgh;) [and F says,] it is sometimes made masc.: (K:) pl. سَلَالِيمُ (S, Mgh, K) and سَلَالِمُ, (K,) [which latter is the original, for] the ى in سَلَالِيمُ is added by poetic license. (M, TA.) [Hence,] السُّلَّمُ (assumed tropical:) Certain stars, below [those called] العَانَةُ, on the right of them; (K;) as being likened to the سُلَّم [above-mentioned]. (TA.) b2: And The غَرْز [or stirrup of the camel's saddle] (S, K) is sometimes thus called [as being a means of mounting]. (S.) b3: And (tropical:) A means to a thing; (K, TA;) because it leads to another thing like as does the سُلَّم upon which one ascends. (TA.) b4: And السُّلَّمُ is the name of The horse of Zebbán (in the CK Zeiyán) Ibn-Seiyár. (K.) سَالِمٌ: see سَلِيمٌ; and see سَلَامٌ, near the middle of the paragraph. [See also an ex. voce شَاجِبٌ.]

b2: [Hence,] كَلِمَةٌ سَالِمَةُ العَيْنَيْنِ (tropical:) A good word or expression or sentence. (TA.) A2: The saying of J [in the S], (K,) in which he has followed his maternal uncle El-Fárábee, (TA,) that it signifies The portion of skin between the eye and the nose, is a mistake; (IB, K;) and his citation, as an authority, of the verse of 'AbdAllah Ibn-'Omar (K) in which he says, وَجِلْدَةُ بَيْنَ العَيْنِ وَالأَنْفِ سَالِمُ (TA,) is futile: (K:) for, as IB says, Sálim was the son of Ibn-'Omar, who, by reason of his love of him, thus makes him to be as the skin between his eyes and his nose: or, as MF says, the truth is, that the said verse is by Zuheyr, and Ibn-'Omar used it as a proverb: and [SM says], if this be correct, it strengthens the saying of J. (TA.) أَسْلَمُ [More, and most, safe or secure or free from evils of any kind]. You say, هٰذَا أَسْلَمُ مِنْ هٰذَا [This is more safe &c. than this]: and هٰذَا الأَسْلَمُ [This is the most safe &c.]; and هٰذِهِ السُّلْمَى. (Ham p. 214.) A2: And الاسلم [app. الأَسْلَمُ] signifies, like الطفى [i. e. الطَّفْىُ]; The leaves (خُوص) of the دَوْم [or Theban palm]. (Ibn-Beytár, app. from AHn, cited by De Sacy in his Chrest. Arabe, 2nd ed., iii. 480.) الإِسْلَامُ [inf. n. of 4, q. v. b2: It is the general term for The religion of Mohammad: differing from الإِيمَانُ, as shown above: see 4. b3: and hence, for أَهْلُ الإِسْلَامِ, or the like,] The Muslims, collectively. (M in art. بيض, &c.) إِسْلَامِىٌّ [Of, or relating to, الأِسْلَام as meaning the religion of Mohammad. b2: And particularly] A poet of the class next after the مُخَضْرَمُون and next before the مُوَلَّدُون. (Mz 49th نوع.) [See the Preface to the present work, p. ix.] The most celebrated of the poets of this class, it seems, were Jereer, El-Farezdak, El-Akhtal, and Dhu-rRummeh, who were contemporaries, and flourished in the first and second centuries of the Flight. (Mz ubi suprà, and Ibn-Khillikán in art. جَرِير.) b3: لَفْظٌ إِسْلَامِىٌّ A word, or phrase, introduced, or used in a new sense, on the occasion of the promulgation and establishment of the religion of الإِسْلَام, by means of the Kur-án &c. (Mz 20th نوع.) الأُسَيْلِمُ [The vena salvatella;] a certain vein (S, M, K) in the hand, (M,) between the little finger and the finger next to this: (S, K:) it occurs only [thus] in the dim. form. (M.) مُسْلِمٌ act. part. n. of 4 [q. v.]. (Msb.) وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمِينَ لَكَ, in the Kur ii. 122, means And make both of us self-resigned, or submissive, to Thee: (Bd, Jel:) or, sincere in religion, or without hypocrisy, towards Thee; syn. مُخْلِصَيْنِ: (M, Bd:) and therefore مسلمين is made trans. by means of ل. (M.) b2: [It commonly means One who holds, or professes, the religion of الإِسْلَام.] And one says, ↓ كَأَنَ كَافِرًا ثُمَّ هُوَاليَوْمَ مُسْلَمَةٌ [He was an unbeliever: then, to day, he has become a Muslim]. (M.) مَسْلَمَةٌ: see what next precedes.

المُسَلَّم is said to be used in the sense of ↓ المُسْتَلَم in the saying of El-'Ajjáj, بَيْنَ الصَّفَا وَالكَعْبَةِ المُسَلَّممِ [Between Es-Safà and the Kaabeh of which the Black Stone is touched with the hand, or kissed: see 8]. (M.) مَسْلُومٌ: see سَلِيمٌ. b2: b3: Also A hide, or skin, tanned with [قَرَظ, or leaves of] the سَلَم. (S, M.) أَرْضٌ مَسْلُومَآءُ A land abounding with the trees called سَلَم. (M, K.) b2: Suh says, on the authority of AHn, that مَسْلُومَآءُ is a name for A collection of سَلَم; like مَشْيُوخَآءُ applied to “ many elders, or men advanced in age. ” (TA.) المُسْتَلَم: see المُسَلَّم. b2: مُسْتَلَمُ القَدَمَيْنِ meansA man soft, or tender, in the feet. (TA.)

(س ل م) : (سَلِمَ) مِنْ الْآفَاتِ (وَمِنْهُ) قَوْلُهُ سَلِمَتْ لَهُ الضَّيْعَةُ أَيْ خَلَصَتْ وَبِمَصْدَرِهِ سُمِّيَتْ (سَلَّامَةُ) بِنْتُ مَعْقِلٍ أَمَةُ الْحُتَاتِ بِضَمِّ الْحَاءِ وَالتَّاءَيْنِ بِنُقْطَتَيْنِ مِنْ فَوْقَ وَقِيلَ بِالْبَاءَيْنِ بِنُقْطَةٍ وَالسَّارِقَةُ فِي حَدِيثِ أَبِي الدَّرْدَاءِ (وَبِاسْمِ الْفَاعِلِ) مِنْهُ سُمِّيَ سَالِمُ ابْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ رَاوِي حَدِيثِ رَفْعِ الْيَدَيْنِ (وَبِفَعَّالِ الْمُبَالَغَةِ) سُمِّيَ وَالِدُ أَبِي عُبَيْدٍ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ سَلَّامٍ وَأَبِي نَصْرٍ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَلَّامٍ (وَبِفَعْلَانَ مِنْهُ) سُمِّيَ سَلْمَانُ الْفَارِسِيُّ وَسَلْمَانُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ الْبَاهِلِيُّ قَاضِي الْكُوفَةِ (وَسَلْمَانُ) أَيْضًا حَيٌّ مِنْ الْعَرَبِ إلَيْهِ يُنْسَبُ عُبَيْدَةُ السَّلْمَانِيُّ مِنْ التَّابِعِينَ وَالْمُحَدِّثُونَ عَلَى التَّحْرِيكِ وَأَنْكَرَهُ السِّيرَافِيُّ (وَأَمَّا سُلَيْمَانُ) فَأَعْجَمِيٌّ (وَالسَّلَمُ) بِفَتْحَتَيْنِ مِنْ الْعِضَاهِ (وَبِوَاحِدَتِهِ) سُمِّيَ سَلَمَةُ بْنُ صَخْرٍ الْبَيَاضِيُّ (وَكُنِّيَ) أَبُو سَلَمَةَ زَوْجُ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ قَبْلَ النَّبِيِّ - عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ - وَأَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ الزُّهْرِيُّ (وَقَوْلُهُ) السُّلَّمُ لَا يَدْخُلُ فِي الْبَيْعِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ذِكْرٍ سَوَاءٌ كَانَ مِنْ خَشَبٍ أَوْ مَدَرٍ يَعْنِي: الْمِعْرَاجَ وَهُوَ مَا يُعْرَجُ فِيهِ وَيُرْتَقَى عَلَيْهِ وَقَدْ يُؤَنَّثُ قَالَ اللَّيْثُ يُقَالُ هِيَ السُّلَّمُ وَهُوَ السُّلَّمُ وَالْجَمْع السَّلَالِيمُ قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ - سُمِّيَ بِهَذَا لِأَنَّهُ يُسَلِّمُك إلَى حَيْثُ تُرِيدُ (وَأَسْلَمَ الثَّوْبَ) إلَى الْخَيَّاطِ وَأَسْلَمَ فِي الْبُرِّ أَسْلَفَ مِنْ السَّلَمِ وَأَصْلُهُ أَسْلَمَ الثَّمَنَ فِيهِ فَحُذِفَ وَقَدْ جَاءَ عَلَى الْأَصْلِ (مِنْهُ) قَوْلُهُ إذَا أَسْلَمَ صُوفًا فِي لَبْدٍ أَوْ شَعْرًا فِي مِسْحٍ لَمْ يَجُزْ وَسَلَّمَ إلَيْهِ وَدِيعَتَهُ تَسْلِيمًا (وَأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ) لَا يَتِمُّ الرَّهْنُ حَتَّى يَقُولَ الرَّاهِنُ بَعْدَمَا خَرَجَ مَنْ الدَّارِ سَلَّمْتُكَهَا عَلَى حَذْفِ الْجَارِّ فَسَهْوٌ (وَالسَّلَامُ) اسْمٌ مِنْ التَّسْلِيمِ كَالْكَلَامِ مِنْ التَّكْلِيمِ (وَبِهِ) سُمِّيَ وَالِدُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَلَامٍ وَكَذَا سَلَامُ بْنُ مِشْكَمٍ عَنْ الْأَزْهَرِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِ وَهُوَ أَبُو زَيْنَبَ وَكَانَ مِنْ الْيَهُودِ وَيُنْشَدُ لِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ
سَقَانِي فَرَوَانِي كُمَيْتًا مُدَامَةً ... عَلَى ظَمَإٍ مِنِّي سَلَامُ بْنُ مِشْكَمِ
وَأَبُو نَصْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَلَامٍ وَاسْتَلَمَ الْحَجَرَ تَنَاوَلَهُ بِالْيَدِ أَوْ بِالْقُبْلَةِ أَوْ مَسَحَهُ بِالْكَفِّ مِنْ السَّلِمَةِ بِفَتْحِ السِّينِ وَكَسْرِ اللَّامِ وَهِيَ الْحَجَرُ (وَبِهَا سُمِّيَ) بَنُو سَلِمَةَ بَطْنٌ مِنْ الْأَنْصَارِ.

(سلم) - فيَ الحديث: "ما من آدمي إلا ومَعَه شيطان. قيل: ومَعَك؟
قال: نعم، ولكن الله تَعَالى أَعانَني عليه، فأَسْلَمُ"
وفي رواية: "حتَّى أَسْلَم".
: أي انْقادَ وكَفَّ عن وَسْوَسَتِى. وقيل: دَخَل في الإسْلام، فسَلِمتُ من شَرِّه.