محمد
رسم القرآن لمحمد صورة محبّبة إلى النفوس، فيها لين ورقة، وفيها الخلق المثالى، والقلب الرءوف الرحيم، والنّفس الوادعة المطمئنة، نزل عليه روح من أمر الله، يهدى إلى الصراط المستقيم، ويخرج الناس من الظلمات إلى النور، يقول الله تعالى يخاطبه: ن وَالْقَلَمِ وَما يَسْطُرُونَ ما أَنْتَ بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ بِمَجْنُونٍ وَإِنَّ لَكَ لَأَجْراً غَيْرَ مَمْنُونٍ وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ (القلم 1 - 4). ويقول: لَقَدْ جاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ ما عَنِتُّمْ حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ (التوبة 128). ويقول:
فَبِما رَحْمَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ لِنْتَ لَهُمْ وَلَوْ كُنْتَ فَظًّا غَلِيظَ الْقَلْبِ لَانْفَضُّوا مِنْ حَوْلِكَ
(آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَكَذلِكَ أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ رُوحاً مِنْ أَمْرِنا ما كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتابُ وَلَا الْإِيمانُ وَلكِنْ جَعَلْناهُ نُوراً نَهْدِي بِهِ مَنْ نَشاءُ مِنْ عِبادِنا وَإِنَّكَ لَتَهْدِي إِلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ صِراطِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الْأَرْضِ (الشورى 52، 53). ويقول: قَدْ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْكُمْ ذِكْراً رَسُولًا يَتْلُوا عَلَيْكُمْ آياتِ اللَّهِ مُبَيِّناتٍ لِيُخْرِجَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ مِنَ الظُّلُماتِ إِلَى النُّورِ (الطلاق 10، 11).
ويدعوه سراجا منيرا، فى قوله: يا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ شاهِداً وَمُبَشِّراً وَنَذِيراً وَداعِياً إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِراجاً مُنِيراً (الأحزاب 45، 46). ورحمة في قوله: وَما أَرْسَلْناكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِلْعالَمِينَ (الأنبياء 107). ويأمره باستشارتهم وخفض الجناح لهم إذ يقول:
فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ وَشاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ (آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَاخْفِضْ جَناحَكَ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَقُلْ إِنِّي أَنَا النَّذِيرُ الْمُبِينُ (الحجر 88 - 89).
ولكن هذه الصفات في سموّها المثالى لم ترفع محمدا عن البشرية، وهذه صفة من الصفات التى أكدها القرآن وأطال في الحديث عنها، فهو حينا يثبت هذه الصفة على لسانه، وحينا ينفى عن نفسه القدرة على ما لا يقدر عليه البشر، قُلْ إِنَّما أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُكُمْ يُوحى إِلَيَّ أَنَّما إِلهُكُمْ إِلهٌ واحِدٌ (الكهف 110). وهو لهذا لا يملك لنفسه أمرا، ولا يدرى من الغيب شيئا، قُلْ لا أَمْلِكُ لِنَفْسِي نَفْعاً وَلا ضَرًّا إِلَّا ما شاءَ اللَّهُ وَلَوْ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ لَاسْتَكْثَرْتُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ وَما مَسَّنِيَ السُّوءُ إِنْ أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 188).
ولننصت إليه يتبرأ من قدرته على فعل ما ليس في طاقته، عند ما سألوه ما ليس فى طوقه، وَقالُوا لَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لَكَ حَتَّى تَفْجُرَ لَنا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ يَنْبُوعاً أَوْ تَكُونَ لَكَ جَنَّةٌ مِنْ نَخِيلٍ وَعِنَبٍ فَتُفَجِّرَ الْأَنْهارَ خِلالَها تَفْجِيراً أَوْ تُسْقِطَ السَّماءَ كَما زَعَمْتَ عَلَيْنا كِسَفاً أَوْ تَأْتِيَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةِ قَبِيلًا أَوْ يَكُونَ لَكَ بَيْتٌ مِنْ زُخْرُفٍ أَوْ تَرْقى فِي السَّماءِ وَلَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لِرُقِيِّكَ حَتَّى تُنَزِّلَ عَلَيْنا كِتاباً نَقْرَؤُهُ قُلْ سُبْحانَ رَبِّي هَلْ كُنْتُ إِلَّا بَشَراً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 90 - 93)، ومما يلحظ أنهم طالبوه بأمور يستحيل وجودها في الصحراء، من تفجير الأرض ينابيع وأنهارا، وانظر إليه كيف يعجب من أمرهم، وكيف يقرر في صراحة أنه ليس سوى بشر رسول. ولأنه بشر، يجوز أن يموت كما يموت سائر البشر، وَما مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ ماتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلى أَعْقابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئاً وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ (آل عمران 144). ولم يتميز محمد من البشر إلا بأنه كالرسل بشير ونذير، قُلْ ما كُنْتُ بِدْعاً مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَما أَدْرِي ما يُفْعَلُ بِي وَلا بِكُمْ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا ما يُوحى إِلَيَّ وَما أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ مُبِينٌ (الأحقاف 9). إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ بِالْحَقِّ بَشِيراً وَنَذِيراً وَلا تُسْئَلُ عَنْ أَصْحابِ الْجَحِيمِ (البقرة 119). وهو ليس إلا مذكّرا، لا سيطرة له على القلوب، ولا مقدرة عنده على تحويل الأفئدة، فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّما أَنْتَ مُذَكِّرٌ لَسْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمُصَيْطِرٍ (الغاشية 21، 22).
ومما أكده القرآن من صفات محمد الأمّية، يصفه بها في قوله: قُلْ يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ جَمِيعاً الَّذِي لَهُ مُلْكُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ يُحيِي وَيُمِيتُ فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ النَّبِيِّ الْأُمِّيِّ الَّذِي يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَكَلِماتِهِ وَاتَّبِعُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ (الأعراف 158). ويبين حكمة اختياره أميا في قوله: وَما كُنْتَ تَتْلُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِ مِنْ كِتابٍ وَلا تَخُطُّهُ بِيَمِينِكَ إِذاً لَارْتابَ الْمُبْطِلُونَ (العنكبوت 48). وإذا كانت الأمية مما يعاب فهى المعجزة التى تحول بين رسالة النبى والشك فيها، ولو أنه كان يقرأ ويكتب، لكان للمبطلين مجال للرّيب في صدق رسالته.
والقرآن يعظم أمر الرسول، فيحدّثنا عن صلاة الله عليه والملائكة، إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (الأحزاب 56). ويعظم من أمر مبايعته، حتى لكأن من يبايعه إنما يبايع الله، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبايِعُونَكَ إِنَّما يُبايِعُونَ اللَّهَ (الفتح 10). ويشهد له القرآن بالخلق الــقويــم كما سبق أن نقلنا، وبأنه لا ينطق عن هوى النفس، ولا يميل إلى ضلالة ولا غواية، ويقسم على ذلك: وَالنَّجْمِ إِذا هَوى ما ضَلَّ صاحِبُكُمْ وَما غَوى وَما يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوى إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحى (النجم 1 - 4)، كما يقسم على رسالته فيقول: وَالْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ إِنَّكَ لَمِنَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ عَلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ تَنْزِيلَ الْعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ (يس 2 - 5). ويعدّد القرآن نعم الله عليه فيقول: أَلَمْ نَشْرَحْ لَكَ صَدْرَكَ وَوَضَعْنا عَنْكَ وِزْرَكَ الَّذِي أَنْقَضَ ظَهْرَكَ وَرَفَعْنا لَكَ ذِكْرَكَ (الشرح 1 - 4). أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيماً فَآوى وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدى وَوَجَدَكَ عائِلًا فَأَغْنى (الضحى 6 - 8). ويقسم له القرآن أن الله ما تخلى عنه وما قلاه، ويؤكد أن الذين يناصبونه العداء سيكبتون ويخذلون مذلولين، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُحَادُّونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولئِكَ فِي الْأَذَلِّينَ (المجادلة 20). ويحذر المؤمنين من معصيته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذا تَناجَيْتُمْ فَلا تَتَناجَوْا بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ (المجادلة 9). ويأمرهم بأن يقفوا عند الحدود التى رسمها الرسول، ولا يبطلوا أعمالهم بعصيانه، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَلا تُبْطِلُوا أَعْمالَكُمْ (محمد 33). وَما آتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَما نَهاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا (الحشر 7). وَما كانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلا مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْراً أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ وَمَنْ يَعْصِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلالًا مُبِيناً (الأحزاب 36). ويؤكد لهم أنهم لن يكونوا مؤمنين حقا حتى يجدوا العدالة المطلقة في أحكامه، ولا يجدوا فيها غضاضة ولا حرجا في نفوسهم، ويقسم على ذلك قائلا: فَلا وَرَبِّكَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيما شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ ثُمَّ لا يَجِدُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَرَجاً مِمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (النساء 65). ذلك أنه لا ينطق عن الهوى، إن هو إلا وحى يوحى.
وإذا كان محمد رسولا، فله حرمته ومنزلته الاجتماعية، ومن الواجب احترامه، فلا يليق أن ينادى باسمه، كما ينادى الناس بعضهم بعضا، ولا أن ترتفع أصواتهم فوق صوته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَرْفَعُوا أَصْواتَكُمْ فَوْقَ صَوْتِ النَّبِيِّ وَلا تَجْهَرُوا لَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ كَجَهْرِ بَعْضِكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ أَنْ تَحْبَطَ أَعْمالُكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لا تَشْعُرُونَ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَغُضُّونَ أَصْواتَهُمْ
عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُولئِكَ الَّذِينَ امْتَحَنَ اللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمْ لِلتَّقْوى لَهُمْ مَغْفِرَةٌ وَأَجْرٌ عَظِيمٌ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُنادُونَكَ مِنْ وَراءِ الْحُجُراتِ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ صَبَرُوا حَتَّى تَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِمْ لَكانَ خَيْراً لَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ
(الحجرات 2 - 5). ولا تَجْعَلُوا دُعاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضاً (النور 63). وفي تربية الشعب على احترام الرسول ما يدفعهم إلى طاعته، فإن الطاعة أساسها الاحترام كما وضع القرآن أساسها الثانى وهو الحب، بما وصف القرآن به محمدا من حبّ لهداية قومه، وحدب عليهم، ورحمة بهم ورأفة، وشوق ملح إلى هدايتهم، حتى صح للقرآن أن يقول: فَلَعَلَّكَ باخِعٌ نَفْسَكَ عَلى آثارِهِمْ إِنْ لَمْ يُؤْمِنُوا بِهذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَسَفاً (الكهف 6). وهكذا بنى القرآن الطاعة على أساسين من الحب والاحترام معا.
ويؤيد القرآن رسالة محمد بشهادة الله الذى لا يشهد بغير الحق، وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُ (المنافقون 1). وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَسْتَ مُرْسَلًا قُلْ كَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ الْكِتابِ (الرعد 43). لكِنِ اللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ بِما أَنْزَلَ إِلَيْكَ أَنْزَلَهُ بِعِلْمِهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةُ يَشْهَدُونَ وَكَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً (النساء 166). وبأن عيسى قد بشر به قومه، وأخبرهم برسالته، وَإِذْ قالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ يا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ مُصَدِّقاً لِما بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ مِنَ التَّوْراةِ وَمُبَشِّراً بِرَسُولٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ فَلَمَّا جاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ قالُوا هذا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (الصف 6). وبأنه فيما أتى ليس بدعا، فقد أوحى الله إلى كثير من الرسل قبله، إِنَّا أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ كَما أَوْحَيْنا إِلى نُوحٍ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَوْحَيْنا إِلى إِبْراهِيمَ وَإِسْماعِيلَ وَإِسْحاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْباطِ وَعِيسى وَأَيُّوبَ وَيُونُسَ وَهارُونَ وَسُلَيْمانَ وَآتَيْنا داوُدَ زَبُوراً (النساء 163).
وبأنه أمى ما كان يتلو قبله كتابا، ولا يخطه بيمينه. كما سبق أن ذكرنا، أوليس من يشهد الله له بالرسالة، ويبشر به رسول ذو كتاب، ويجرى على سنن من سبقه من الأنبياء- جديرا بأن يصدق إذا ادعى، وأن يطاع إذا أمر؟ ويناقش من أنكر رسالته، ويدفع دعاويهم في هدوء وقوّة معا، فأخبرنا القرآن مرّة أنهم كانوا ينسبون ما يعرفه محمد من قصص وأخبار وأحكام إلى عالم فارسى يعلمه، وما كان أسهل دحض تلك الدعوى بأن لسان من يدعون أنه يعلّم محمدا- أعجمى، أما هذا الكتاب فعربى مبين، وَلَقَدْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّما يُعَلِّمُهُ بَشَرٌ لِسانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهذا لِسانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ (النحل 103). وحينا نسبوه إلى أنه سحر أو شعر أو كهانة، بَلْ قالُوا أَضْغاثُ أَحْلامٍ بَلِ افْتَراهُ بَلْ هُوَ شاعِرٌ (الأنبياء 5)، وَيَقُولُونَ أَإِنَّا لَتارِكُوا آلِهَتِنا لِشاعِرٍ مَجْنُونٍ (الصافات 36). فوجه القرآن أنظارهم إلى أن النظرة الصائبة تنفى عن القرآن السحر والشعر والكهانة، فللحق آياته البينات التى لا تشتبه بالسحر، وَإِذا تُتْلى عَلَيْهِمْ آياتُنا بَيِّناتٍ قالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَصُدَّكُمْ عَمَّا كانَ يَعْبُدُ آباؤُكُمْ وَقالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا إِفْكٌ مُفْتَرىً وَقالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِلْحَقِّ لَمَّا جاءَهُمْ إِنْ هذا إِلَّا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (سبأ 43). ونفى القرآن عن النبى قول الشعر والكهانة، وَما عَلَّمْناهُ الشِّعْرَ وَما يَنْبَغِي لَهُ إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا ذِكْرٌ وَقُرْآنٌ مُبِينٌ (يس 69). وَما هُوَ بِقَوْلِ شاعِرٍ قَلِيلًا ما تُؤْمِنُونَ وَلا بِقَوْلِ كاهِنٍ قَلِيلًا ما تَذَكَّرُونَ (الحاقة 41، 42).
ومن أكبر ما أنكروه على الرسول أنهم وجدوه لا يمتاز على البشر في شىء فهو يأكل الطعام كما يأكلون، ويمشى في الأسواق يبيع ويشترى كما يمشون، وظنوا أنه لا يكون نبيا إلا إذا امتاز بملك ينذر الناس معه، أو أصبح غنيا غنى مطلقا عن الناس، فألقى إليه كنز، أو كانت له جنة يأكل منها، وقد حكى القرآن عنهم ذلك الحديث، وردّ عليهم ردّا رفيقا في قوله: وَقالُوا مالِ هذَا الرَّسُولِ يَأْكُلُ الطَّعامَ وَيَمْشِي فِي الْأَسْواقِ لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ فَيَكُونَ مَعَهُ نَذِيراً أَوْ يُلْقى إِلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ تَكُونُ لَهُ جَنَّةٌ يَأْكُلُ مِنْها وَقالَ الظَّالِمُونَ إِنْ تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا رَجُلًا مَسْحُوراً انْظُرْ كَيْفَ ضَرَبُوا لَكَ الْأَمْثالَ فَضَلُّوا فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ سَبِيلًا تَبارَكَ الَّذِي إِنْ شاءَ جَعَلَ لَكَ خَيْراً مِنْ ذلِكَ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهارُ وَيَجْعَلْ لَكَ قُصُوراً (الفرقان 7 - 10). فهو يشير في رفق إلى أن الحكمة إنما هى فى أن يساوى الرسول الشعب في الاحتياج، حتى لا يكون امتيازه على الناس في أمور لا تتصل بالرسالة، ولا دخل لها في النبوة، وحتى يبقى تــقويــم الرسول بعيدا عن زخارف الحياة وما ليس من صميم الرسالة، فقد يتهيأ الغنى الفاحش لفرد من الناس، من غير أن يجلب له ذلك رسالة ولا نبوّة ولو أراد الله لفعل للرسول ما اقترحوه وزاد عليه، ولكن الخير والحكمة فيما كان، أما ما اقترحوه من نزول الملك مع الرسول فقد رد عليه في قوله: وَقالُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ وَلَوْ أَنْزَلْنا مَلَكاً لَقُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ ثُمَّ لا يُنْظَرُونَ وَلَوْ جَعَلْناهُ مَلَكاً لَجَعَلْناهُ رَجُلًا وَلَلَبَسْنا عَلَيْهِمْ ما يَلْبِسُونَ (الأنعام 8، 9). ألا ترى أن نزول الملك كما اقترحوا لا يدع لهم فرصة التفكير بعد نزوله، ومن الخير أن يترك لهم مجال التدبّر وتقليب الأمر على وجوهه، وإنزال الملك لن يحل المشكل، لأنه سيكون في هيئة رجل، ويلتبس الأمر كما لو كان الرسول رجلا والقرآن برغم ذلك، يوحى بأن الرسول كانت عنده رغبة ملحة في أن يحقق لهم بعض ما اقترحوه ليؤمنوا، ولتجتمع كلمتهم على الدين، حتى صحّ للقرآن أن يقول للرسول: وَإِنْ كانَ كَبُرَ عَلَيْكَ إِعْراضُهُمْ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ أَنْ تَبْتَغِيَ نَفَقاً فِي الْأَرْضِ أَوْ سُلَّماً فِي السَّماءِ فَتَأْتِيَهُمْ بِآيَةٍ وَلَوْ شاءَ اللَّهُ لَجَمَعَهُمْ عَلَى الْهُدى فَلا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجاهِلِينَ (الأنعام 35).
ويقول في أخرى: فَلَعَلَّكَ تارِكٌ بَعْضَ ما يُوحى إِلَيْكَ وَضائِقٌ بِهِ صَدْرُكَ أَنْ يَقُولُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ جاءَ مَعَهُ مَلَكٌ إِنَّما أَنْتَ نَذِيرٌ وَاللَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ (هود 12).
وكانت صفة البشرية حائلة دون الايمان به، ومدعاة للهزء بالرسول والسخرية به، فَقالُوا أَبَشَراً مِنَّا واحِداً نَتَّبِعُهُ إِنَّا إِذاً لَفِي ضَلالٍ وَسُعُرٍ (القمر 24). وَلَئِنْ أَطَعْتُمْ بَشَراً مِثْلَكُمْ إِنَّكُمْ إِذاً لَخاسِرُونَ (المؤمنون 34). وقد رد الله تلك الدعوى بأن الحكمة تقضى بأن الرسول يكون من جنس المرسل إليهم، ليكون أدنى إلى نفوسهم، يألفونه ويسهل اتصالهم به، ولو أن في الأرض ملائكة يسكنونها، ما أرسل الله إليهم رسولا، سوى ملك من جنسهم، قال سبحانه: وَما مَنَعَ النَّاسَ أَنْ يُؤْمِنُوا إِذْ جاءَهُمُ الْهُدى إِلَّا أَنْ قالُوا أَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ بَشَراً رَسُولًا قُلْ لَوْ كانَ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَلائِكَةٌ يَمْشُونَ مُطْمَئِنِّينَ لَنَزَّلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ مَلَكاً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 94 - 95).
وعند ما تعرّض القرآن للاستهزاء بالرسول، كان لا يعنيه كثيرا الردّ على ما يتعلق بشخص الرسول، بل ينتقل مباشرة إلى صميم الدعوى يناقشهم فيها، ويحدثهم عن مغبّة كفرهم، قال تعالى: وَإِذا رَآكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي يَذْكُرُ آلِهَتَكُمْ وَهُمْ بِذِكْرِ الرَّحْمنِ هُمْ كافِرُونَ خُلِقَ الْإِنْسانُ مِنْ عَجَلٍ سَأُرِيكُمْ آياتِي فَلا تَسْتَعْجِلُونِ وَيَقُولُونَ مَتى هذَا الْوَعْدُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ لَوْ يَعْلَمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا حِينَ لا يَكُفُّونَ عَنْ وُجُوهِهِمُ النَّارَ وَلا عَنْ ظُهُورِهِمْ وَلا هُمْ يُنْصَرُونَ بَلْ تَأْتِيهِمْ بَغْتَةً فَتَبْهَتُهُمْ فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ رَدَّها وَلا هُمْ يُنْظَرُونَ (الأنبياء 36 - 40). ألا تراه قد مرّ مرّ الكرام باستهزائهم بالرسول، وكأنه لغو لا يؤبه له، ولا يستحق الالتفات إليه، ولا التّنبّه لشأنه، وانتقل من ذلك إلى الحديث عما يعنى القرآن بشأنه، من الحديث عن الله واليوم الآخر، وما ينتظرهم من عذاب كان جديرا به أن يصرفهم عن التمادى في الباطل، لو أنهم فكروا في الأمر وتدبّروا العاقبة، ويقول في موضع آخر: وَإِذا رَأَوْكَ إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رَسُولًا إِنْ كادَ لَيُضِلُّنا عَنْ آلِهَتِنا لَوْلا أَنْ صَبَرْنا عَلَيْها وَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ حِينَ يَرَوْنَ الْعَذابَ مَنْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا أَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلهَهُ هَواهُ أَفَأَنْتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًا أَمْ تَحْسَبُ أَنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ يَسْمَعُونَ أَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا كَالْأَنْعامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا (الفرقان 41 - 44). وهو هنا أيضا ينتقل إلى صميم الدعوى، فيتحدث عن اتخاذهم الهوى إلها، وأنهم لا يستخدمون آذانهم وعقولهم فيما خلقت لأجله، فصاروا بذلك أضل سبيلا من الأنعام.
ويهوّن القرآن على الرسول أمر الاستهزاء به وتكذيبه، فحينا يخبره بأن ذلك دأب الرّسل، يكذّبون برغم ما يجيئون به من البينات والهدى، ويؤكد له مرة بأن هؤلاء الساخرين سينالهم ما نبّئوا بنزوله بهم، وكانوا يسخرون ولا يطيعون، فيقول للرسول: فَإِنْ كَذَّبُوكَ فَقَدْ كُذِّبَ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ جاؤُ بِالْبَيِّناتِ وَالزُّبُرِ وَالْكِتابِ الْمُنِيرِ (آل عمران 184). وَلَقَدِ اسْتُهْزِئَ بِرُسُلٍ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَحاقَ بِالَّذِينَ سَخِرُوا مِنْهُمْ ما كانُوا بِهِ يَسْتَهْزِؤُنَ (الأنعام 10).
وينذر القرآن المكذبين والمستهزئين بأن عاقبتهم كعاقبة من كذّب الرسل من قبل: أخذ شديد وعقاب أليم، وهنا يلجأ القرآن إلى غريزة المحافظة على النفس، فيصوّر رفض الدعوة والتكذيب لها معرّضا أنفسهم للتهلكة، وجالبا الوبال عليها، فماذا تكون النتيجة إذا هم أصرّوا على كفرهم؟ أضمنوا أعمارا طويلة، يصلحون فيها ما كانوا قد أفسدوه؟ أَوَلَمْ يَنْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَما خَلَقَ اللَّهُ مِنْ شَيْءٍ وَأَنْ عَسى أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدِ اقْتَرَبَ أَجَلُهُمْ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَهُ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 185). أأمنوا مكر الله؟ أم اطمأنوا إلى أن القيامة لن تأتيهم فجأة؟ أَفَأَمِنُوا أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُمْ غاشِيَةٌ مِنْ عَذابِ اللَّهِ أَوْ تَأْتِيَهُمُ السَّاعَةُ بَغْتَةً وَهُمْ لا يَشْعُرُونَ (يوسف 107). إنهم بنهيهم عنه، ونأيهم عنه لا يضرون إلا أنفسهم ولا يهلكون غيرها، وَهُمْ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَإِنْ يُهْلِكُونَ إِلَّا أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَما يَشْعُرُونَ (الأنعام 26). ولن يضرّ الرسول بكفرهم، فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّما عَلَيْكَ الْبَلاغُ الْمُبِينُ (النحل 82). فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَما أَرْسَلْناكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظاً إِنْ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا الْبَلاغُ (الشورى 48).
أوليس في قصر أمر الرسول على البلاغ، ما يدفعهم إلى التفكير في أمر هذه الدعوة التى لن يحمل عبء أضرار رفضها غيرهم، والتى يتحمّل الرسول المشاق فى سبيل إذاعتها، لا يبغى من وراء ذلك أجرا، ولا يريد إلا أن تصل الهداية إلى قلوبهم، قُلْ ما سَأَلْتُكُمْ مِنْ أَجْرٍ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ إِنْ أَجْرِيَ إِلَّا عَلَى اللَّهِ وَهُوَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (سبأ 47).
وإن في تنزّه الرسول عن الغرض المادىّ، وإخلاصه في دعوتهم وإرشادهم، لبعثا لهم على تدبر أمر هذه الدعوة المبرأة من الهوى والغرض، والنفس بطبيعتها تنقاد لمثل هذه الدعوة وتؤمن بها. وقد دعاهم القرآن إلى التفكير في شأن الرسول، فرادى وجماعات، ليقلبوا أمره على وجوهه، ويتفكروا أبه جنّة أو شذوذ؟ وسوف يصلون إذا فكروا إلى أنه نذير لهم بين يدى عذاب شديد.
ويمضى القرآن محببا لهم إجابة دعوة محمد، مبينا طبيعتها، وأنها توافق الإنسانية السليمة، فهو لا يأمر إلا بما تعترف به النفوس الصحيحة ولا ينهى إلا عما تنكره، ولا يحلّ سوى الطّيب، ولا يحرّم سوى الخبيث، وأنه يعمل على تخليصهم من عادات ثقيلة على النفوس، وقيود كانت تغل حياتهم، وقد خفف الإسلام كثيرا من القيود التى كانت على أهل الكتاب، يقول الله: الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوباً عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْراةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهاهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّباتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبائِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالْأَغْلالَ الَّتِي كانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ وَاتَّبَعُوا النُّورَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ مَعَهُ أُولئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (الأعراف 157). أما الأميون، وقد كانوا في ضلال مبين فإنه يعلمهم الكتاب والحكمة ويهديهم، هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يَتْلُوا عَلَيْهِمْ آياتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِنْ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ (الجمعة 2). ويجعل طريق حب الله ونيل رضوانه اتباع منهجه والاقتداء به، قُلْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (آل عمران 31). ومن أطاعه فسيكون مع من أنعم الله عليهم من أكرم الرفقاء، وَمَنْ يُطِعِ اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ فَأُولئِكَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَالصِّدِّيقِينَ وَالشُّهَداءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ وَحَسُنَ أُولئِكَ رَفِيقاً (النساء 69). ومن آمن وعمل صالحا فسوف يورّثه الله الأرض، ويمكن له دينه، ويبدله بالخوف أمنا وطمأنينة، وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضى لَهُمْ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ خَوْفِهِمْ أَمْناً (النور 55).
ولا يكتفى القرآن بالوعد المحبوب حين طلب إليهم طاعة الرسول، بل أنذرهم وأوعدهم، وأكّد لهم أن النهاية ستكون نصرا مؤزرا للرسول أَلَمْ يَعْلَمُوا أَنَّهُ مَنْ يُحادِدِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَأَنَّ لَهُ نارَ جَهَنَّمَ خالِداً فِيها (التوبة 63). ويقول: فَلْيَحْذَرِ الَّذِينَ يُخالِفُونَ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ أَنْ تُصِيبَهُمْ فِتْنَةٌ أَوْ يُصِيبَهُمْ عَذابٌ أَلِيمٌ (النور 63). إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُؤْذُونَ اللَّهَ
وَرَسُولَهُ لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي الدُّنْيا وَالْآخِرَةِ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ عَذاباً مُهِيناً
(الأحزاب 57). ويخاطب الرسول قائلا:
وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُوا عَلى ما كُذِّبُوا وَأُوذُوا حَتَّى أَتاهُمْ نَصْرُنا وَلا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِ اللَّهِ وَلَقَدْ جاءَكَ مِنْ نَبَإِ الْمُرْسَلِينَ (الأنعام 34). وينزل القرآن إلى أعماق نفوسهم، فيحدثنا عن شكوكهم التى تنتابهم، فهم يقولون في أغوار قلوبهم: إذا كان محمد على صواب، ونحن على خطأ، فلم يدعنا الله أحرارا في هذه الحياة ولا يعذبنا بسبب هذه التّصرّفات، والله ينبئهم بأن جهنم مصيرهم المنتظر، أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نُهُوا عَنِ النَّجْوى ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِما نُهُوا عَنْهُ وَيَتَناجَوْنَ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ وَإِذا جاؤُكَ حَيَّوْكَ بِما لَمْ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ اللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ لَوْلا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّهُ بِما نَقُولُ حَسْبُهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ يَصْلَوْنَها فَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ (المجادلة 8).
ويعلم القرآن ما لحوادث التاريخ من الأثر في النفوس، ولذا أكثر، فى معرض الأمر بطاعة الرسول، من توجيه أنظارهم إلى من كذّب من الماضين كيف كانت عاقبتهم، فلعلهم يتّعظون بها، فيسأل: أَوَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كانَ عاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ كانُوا هُمْ أَشَدَّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَآثاراً فِي الْأَرْضِ فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَما كانَ لَهُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ مِنْ واقٍ ذلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ كانَتْ تَأْتِيهِمْ رُسُلُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ فَكَفَرُوا فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ إِنَّهُ قَوِيٌّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ (غافر 21، 22). ويقصّ عليهم قصص الماضين كقوله: فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَقُلْ أَنْذَرْتُكُمْ صاعِقَةً مِثْلَ صاعِقَةِ عادٍ وَثَمُودَ إِذْ جاءَتْهُمُ الرُّسُلُ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ قالُوا لَوْ شاءَ رَبُّنا لَأَنْزَلَ مَلائِكَةً فَإِنَّا بِما أُرْسِلْتُمْ بِهِ كافِرُونَ فَأَمَّا عادٌ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَقالُوا مَنْ أَشَدُّ مِنَّا قُوَّةً أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَهُمْ هُوَ أَشَدُّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَكانُوا بِآياتِنا يَجْحَدُونَ فَأَرْسَلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ رِيحاً صَرْصَراً فِي أَيَّامٍ نَحِساتٍ لِنُذِيقَهُمْ عَذابَ الْخِزْيِ فِي الْحَياةِ الدُّنْيا وَلَعَذابُ الْآخِرَةِ أَخْزى وَهُمْ لا يُنْصَرُونَ وَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَهَدَيْناهُمْ فَاسْتَحَبُّوا الْعَمى عَلَى الْهُدى فَأَخَذَتْهُمْ صاعِقَةُ الْعَذابِ الْهُونِ بِما كانُوا يَكْسِبُونَ وَنَجَّيْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَكانُوا يَتَّقُونَ (فصلت 13 - 18).
ولم يأل القرآن جهدا في تصوير من لا يستجيب إلى دعوة محمد في صورة ينفر منها العاقل، ويأنف من أن تكون صورته، فحينا يرسمهم أمواتا لا يعون، صما لا يسمعون، عميا لا يبصرون، فيقول: وَما يَسْتَوِي الْأَحْياءُ وَلَا الْأَمْواتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُسْمِعُ مَنْ يَشاءُ وَما أَنْتَ بِمُسْمِعٍ مَنْ فِي الْقُبُورِ إِنْ أَنْتَ إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ (فاطر 22، 23).
وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَسْتَمِعُونَ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تُسْمِعُ الصُّمَّ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تَهْدِي الْعُمْيَ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يُبْصِرُونَ (يونس 42، 43).
وأكثر القرآن من أمر الرسول بالصّبر، وهو خليقة أولى العزم من الرسل فقال:
فَاصْبِرْ كَما صَبَرَ أُولُوا الْعَزْمِ مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَلا تَسْتَعْجِلْ لَهُمْ (الأحقاف 35). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَ فَإِنَّكَ بِأَعْيُنِنا (الطور 48). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ وَما صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ وَلا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ (النحل 127). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ عَلى ما يَقُولُونَ وَاهْجُرْهُمْ هَجْراً جَمِيلًا (المزمل 10). إلى غير ذلك من كثير الآيات التى تدعو الرسول إلى الصبر، وتحثه عليه، ولا ريب أن دعوة دينية جديدة تتطلب زادا لا ينفد من الصبر على المكروه حتى تنجح وتؤتى ثمارها.
أما المنهج الذى رسمه ــالقرآن، لكى ينهجه محمد في دعوته، فقد بينه في قوله:

شقر

1 شَقِرَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. شَقَرٌ (M, L, Msb, K [in the CK and TA شَقْرٌ, which is evidently wrong,]) and شُقْرَةٌ, (Lth, K,) or the latter is a simple subst.; (M;) and شَقُرَ; and ↓ اِشْقَرَّ; (M, K;) He was, or became, of the colour termed شُقْرَةٌ. (M, L, Msb, K.) 9 إِشْقَرَّ see 1.

شَقْرٌ: see شُقُورٌ.

شَقِرٌ [The red, or blood-coloured, anemone;] i. q. شَقَائِقُ النُّعْمَانِ: (S, M, A, Msb, K:) it is not a sweet-scented flower: (Msb:) n. un. with ة; (S, M, Msb, K;) pl. [of the n. un.] شَقِرَاتٌ: (K:) as also ↓ شُقَّارٌ and ↓ شَقِرَانٌ, (so in some copies of the K,) the latter so written by IDrd and Sgh, and thought by IDrd to be a place or a plant, (TA,) or ↓ شُقْرَانٌ, (so in some copies of the K and in the TA,) and ↓ شُقَّارَى and ↓ شُقَارَى: (K:) or شَقِرٌ is the name of a certain other plant, not the شقائق, but red like it: (M, * K, * TA:) or it signifies cinnabar: (A:) or شَقِرَةٌ has this signification, (T, K,) as well as that first assigned to it above: (K:) and accord. to AHn, (M, TA,) ↓ شُقَّارَى is the name of a certain plant (S, M, TA) that grows is sands, having a pungent odour, which is tasted in the flavour of milk: and he adds that, accord. to some, it is the same as the شَقِر; but that this opinion is not well founded: (M, TA:) it is also said that it is a certain plant having a flower of a dingy red colour, the seed, or grain, of which is called خِمْخِمٌ: (TA:) and that ↓ شُقَّارَى (M, TA) and ↓ شُقَارَى, (M,) or ↓ شُقَّارٌ, (TA,) are names of a certain plant, having a flower of a colour somewhat of that termed شُكْلَةٌ, with slender, or delicate, dust-coloured leaves, which grows in the manner of قَضْب [a kind of trefoil], is approved in pasturage, and grows only in fruitful years. (M, TA.) جَآءَ بِالشُّقَرِ وَالبُقَرِ: see جآء بِالصُّقَرِ وَالبُقَرِ, in art. صقر.

شُقْرَةٌ The colours described in the explanations of the epithet أَشْقَرُ, below. (S, M, Msb, &c.) شَقِرَانٌ, or شُقْرَانٌ: see شَقِرٌ.

شَقِرَّاقٌ and its vars.: see in art. شقرق.

شَقُورٌ: see the next paragraph, in four places.

شُقُورٌ (AHeyth, Fr, A'Obeyd, S, K) and ↓ شَقُورٌ (AHeyth, As, Abu-l-Jarráh, S, K) A want; or a needful, or requisite, thing, affair, or business: (S, K:) or the former signifies wants: (Ham p.

716:) A'Obeyd says that the former word is the more correct, because شُقُورٌ signifies things, or affairs, that cleave to the heart, disquieting it; and is pl. of ↓ شَقْرٌ; and that ↓ شَقُورٌ, with fet-h, has the signification of an epithet [meaning cleaving to the heart and disquieting it]: (S:) or, accord. to some, this latter signifies grief, mourning, sorrow, or sadness; disquietude of mind: or disquietude of mind that causes one to be sleepless: the former is also expl. as signifying a man's case, and his secret: and ↓ both are also said to signify tidings: and a man's state, or condition. (TA.) One says, أَخْبَرْتُهُ بِشُقُورِى I acquainted him with my want; like as one says أَفْضَيْتُ إِلَيْهِ بِعُجَرِى

وَبُجَرِى: (S:) or I acquainted him with my tidings. (TA.) And أَفْضَيْتُ إِلَيْهِ بِشُقُورِى I acquainted him with my case, and with what I kept secret from others; (TA;) and so نَفَضْتُ لَهُ شُقُورِى: (Ham p. 716:) or I revealed to him my secret, and acquainted him with all my affairs. (Mgh.) And ↓ بَثَّهُ شَقُورَهُ, and شُقُورَهُ, He complained to him of his state, or condition. (M, TA.) شُقَارَى: see شَقِرٌ, in two places: A2: and see also جَآءَ بِالصُّقَرِ وَالبُقَرِ, in art. صقر.

شُقَّارٌ: see شَقِرٌ, in two places.

شُقَّارَى: see شَقِرٌ, in three places.

أَشْقَرُ, applied to a man, [Of a ruddy complexion combined with fairness: or] of a clear ruddy complexion, with the outer skin inclining to white: (S:) or having a red, or ruddy, tinge, over a white, or fair, complexion: (M, Msb, K:) and applied to a horse, [of a sorrel colour;] of a clear red colour, (S, IF, Msb,) or of a red colour inclining to [the dull red hue called] مُغْرَةٌ, (M, K,) with a red mane and tail: (S, M, K:) when the mane and tail are black, the epithet كُمَيْتٌ [meaning bay, or dark bay, or brown,] is applied to the horse: (S:) the اشقر is said to be the best of horses: (IAar, M: [but it is said in Har p. 399 to be regarded by the Arabs as of evil omen:]) and applied to a camel, intensely red: (S:) or of a colour resembling that of a horse thus termed: (M:) fem. شَقْرَآءُ: and pl. شُقْرٌ. (Msb.) b2: Also, applied to blood, That has become thick, (مَا صَارَ عَلَقًا, M, Msb, TA,) and not been overspread with dust. (Msb, TA.) b3: And the fem., شَقْرَآءُ, is used as [a subst.] signifying Fire. (Ham p. 718.)

غن

1 غَنَّ, (MA, Msb, K,) originally غَنِنَ, (Msb, MF,) [sec. Pers\. غَنِنْتَ,] aor. ـِ (Msb, K,) inf. n. غُنَّةٌ (MA, KL) and غَنَنٌ, (MA, [and the same seems to be indicated in the Msb by its being said that the verb is of the class of تَعِبَ,]) or غَنٌّ, (TK, [but this I think a mistake,]) He spoke (MA, Msb, KL) in, (MA,) or from, (Msb, KL,) or [rather] through, (KL,) his nose, (MA, KL,) or his خَيَاشِيم [app. here meaning the innermost parts of the air-passages of the nose]. (Msb.) [The author of the K gives no indication of the proper signification of this verb but that of its implying what he states to be meant by غُنَّةٌ, which see below.] b2: See also 4, in two places.2 غنّنهُ, inf. n. تَغْنِينٌ, It rendered him أَغَنّ [q. v.]. (K.) One says, مَا أَدْرِى مَا غَنَّنَهُ I know not what rendered him, or has rendered him أَغَنّ. (TA.) b2: And غنّن صَوْتَهُ He made his voice to have in it a غُنَّة [q. v.]. (Mughnee, art. حَرْفُ النُّونِ. [See مُغَنٍّ, voce غَنَّآءٌ, in art. غنى.]) 4 اغنّ said of a man, He made one to hear his ↓ غُنَّة, i. e. soft, or gentle, plaintive, and melodious, voice, in singing. (Har p. 645.) b2: اغنّ الذُّبَابُ The flies made a sound [or humming]. (K.) b3: اغنّ الوَادِى (tropical:) The valley had in it the sound [or humming] of flies, [or resounded therewith,] being abundant in herbs, or herbage: (S:) or abounded with trees; as also ↓ غَنَّ. (K, TA.) b4: اغنّت الأَرْض (assumed tropical:) The land had its herbs, or herbage, tall, full-grown, or of full height, and in blossom. (TA.) b5: اغنّ النَّخْلُ (tropical:) The palm-trees attained to maturity; as also ↓ غَنَّ. (K, TA.) b6: and اغنّ السِّقَآءُ (tropical:) The skin became filled (S, K, TA) with water. (S, TA.) A2: And [it is also trans.:] one says, اغنّ اللّٰهُ غُصْنَهُ (tropical:) God made its branch beautiful and bright. (K, TA.) غُنَّةٌ [mentioned above as an inf. n. of غَنَّ but generally expl. as a simple subst. signifying A sort of nasal sound, or twang:] a sound that comes forth from the nose; (Ham p. 339;) a sound (S, Msb) in, (S,) or that comes forth from, (Msb,) the خَيْشُوم [app. here meaning the innermost part of the air-passages of the nose]: (S, Msb:) or a sound from the لَهَاة [q. v., app. here meaning the arches, or pillars, of the soft palate, or the furthest part of the mouth,] and the nose, like [that which is heard in the utterance of] the ن of مِنْكَ and عَنْكَ, for the tongue has not part in it: (Mgh:) or the flowing [or passage] of the speech in the لَهَاة [app. here also meaning as expl. above]: (K:) or a mixture of the sound of the خَيْشُوم [expl. above] in the pronunciation of a letter: (Mbr, TA:) ن is that one of the letters in which it is greatest in degree: (Kh, Mgh, Msb, TA:) خُنَّةٌ is [a sound] greater in degree than غُنَّةٌ. (TA.) b2: [Also The roughness of the voice, of a boy, consequent upon the attaining to puberty; or, as Mtr says,] الغُنَّةُ signifies also what is incident to the boy on the occasion of his attaining to puberty, when his voice becomes rough. (Mgh.) b3: And A soft, or gentle, plaintive, and melodious, voice, in singing. (Har p. 645.) See 4. b4: And The sound [or humming] produced by the flying of flies; (TA;) and ↓ غُنَانٌ [likewise] signifies the sound of flies. (K, TA.) [See مُغِنٌّ and أَغَنُّ. And see also an ex. voce ثُنَّةٌ: and another voce عُنَّةٌ.] b5: And the poet Yezeed Ibn-El-Aawar has used it in relation to the sounding of stones: (K:) [or rather] he has so used the epithet ↓ أَغَنّ. (TA.) عُنَانٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, near the end.

أَغَنُّ One who speaks [with a nasal sound, or twang, i. e.] in [or rather through] his nose; (TA;) who speaks from his خَيَاشِيم [app. here meaning (as expl. before) the innermost parts of the airpassages of the nose]: (S, Msb:) or, accord. to Az, (Mgh, TA,) whose speech flows, (Mgh, K, *) or passes forth, (TA,) in his لَهَاة [app. (as expl. voce غُنَّةٌ) the arches, or pillars, of the soft palate, or the furthest part of the mouth]: (Mgh, K, TA:) fem. غَنَّآءُ, applied to a woman. (Msb.) b2: It is also applied to a gazelle (ظَبْىٌ), meaning Whose cry issues from his خَيَاشِيم [expl. above]: J has erred in saying that it is applied to طَيْر [i. e. birds, or flying things]: (K:) or if by طير he mean flies (ذُبَابٌ), his saying thus is not a mistake, for it is applied to them [as meaning making a humming sound]. (TA.) b3: [Hence,] وَادٍ أَغَنُّ (assumed tropical:) A valley abounding with herbs or herbage: for to such the flies constantly keep, and in their sounds is a غُنَّة. (S. [See also مُغِنٌّ.]) And (for this reason, TA) one says رَوْضَةٌ غَنَّآءُ i. e. (assumed tropical:) [A meadow, or garden,] abounding with herbs or herbage: or in which the winds pass with a sound that is not clear, [i. e. with a confused, humming, or murmuring, sound,] by reason of the denseness of its herbs or herbage. (K, TA.) And [for the same reason one says]

عُشْبٌ أَغَنُّ (assumed tropical:) Herbs, or herbage, tall, full-grown, or of full height, and in blossom. (TA.) b4: and (hence also, S) قَرْيَةٌ غَنَّآءُ (tropical:) [A town, or village,] abounding with inhabitants (S, K, TA) and buildings (K, TA) and herbs or herbage [so that in it is heard the hum of men and women and of flies &c.]. (S, TA.) b5: حَرْفٌ أَغْنُّ means A letter from [the utterance of] which results what is termed غُنَّة [i. e. the nasal sound thus termed]. (TA.) b6: See also غُنَّةٌ, last sentence.

وَادٍ مُغِنٌّ (tropical:) A valley in which is [heard] the sound [or humming] of flies; these not being in any valley but such as abounds with herbs or herbage; (S;) a valley of which the flies are abundant, by reason of the denseness, or luxuriance, of its herbs or herbage, so that a غُنَّة [or humming] is heard, produced by their flying: the epithet being applied to it, but being properly applicable to the flies. (TA.) [See also أَغَنُّ.]

بلو

1 بَلَاهُ, (T, S, Mgh, Msb,) aor. ـُ (T, Msb,) inf. n. بَلَآءٌ, (S,) or this is a simple subst., and the inf. n. is بَلْوٌ, (T, Msb,) He (God) tried, proved, or tested, him, (T, S, Msb,) بِخَيْرٍ [by, or with, good], or بِشَّرٍ [by, or with, evil]; (Msb;) for God tries his servant (يَبْلُوهُ) by, or with, a benefit, to test his thankfulness; and by, or with, a calamity, to test his patience; (T;) [wherefore it often means He afflicted him;] as also ↓ ابلاهُ, (T, S, Msb,) inf. n. إِبْلَآءٌ; (T, S; [in both restrieted to good; but in the Msb it seems to be common to good and evil;]) and ↓ ابتلاه: (T, S, M, Msb:) and بَلَوْتُهُ, inf. n. بَلْوٌ (S, M, K) and بَلَآءٌ, (M, K,) [but from what has been said above, it seems that the latter is used only when the agent is God, and that it is properly a simple subst.,] I tried, proved, or tested, him; (S, M, Mgh, * K;) as also ↓ اِبْتَلَيْتُهُ: (M, K:) each of these verbs implying two things; one of which is the learning the state, or condition, of the object, and becoming acquainted with what was unknown of the case thereof; and the other, the manifesting of the goodness or badness thereof; both of these things being sometimes meant, and sometimes only one of them, as when God is the agent, in which case only the latter is meant: (Er-Rághib, TA:) and ↓ التَّبَالِى, also, signifies the act of trying, proving, or testing. (S.) It is said in the Kur [xxi. 36], وَنَبْلُوكُمْ بِالشَّرِ وَالخَيْرِ فِتْنَةً [And we try you by, or with, evil and good, by way of probation]. (TA.) And in the same [ii. 118], ↓ وَإِذَ ابْتَلَى

إِبْرَاهِيمَ رَبُّهُ بِكَلَمَاتٍ [And when his Lord tried Abraham by certain words, meaning commands and prohibitions]. (TA.) And you say, ↓ لَا تُبْلِنَا

إِلَّا بِالَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ [Try Thou not us save by those things that are best]; (T;) from a trad. (TA.) [See also 4 and 8 below.] b2: [Hence,] بَلَوْتُهُ also signifies (tropical:) I smelt it. (T in art. بول, and A and TA.) b3: [And بَلَاهُ He knew it, or became acquainted with it. (See بَالٍ.)] b4: See also 4, in the latter half of the paragraph.

A2: بَلِى, aor. ـَ inf. n. بِلًا, or بِلًى, [in the CK, erroneously, بَلًى,] and بَلَآءٌ, [in the CK, erroneously, بِلاء,] (T, S, M, Msb, K,) the former with kesr and the latter with fet-h, (T, S, Msb,) said of a garment, (T, S, M, &c.,) It was, or became, old, and worn out: (Msb:) belonging to the present art. and to art. بلى. (M.) [The inf. n., used as a subst., signifies Wear; attrition; wear and tear: see an ex. in a hemistich cited near the end of the first paragraph of art. الا, where a dwelling is likened to a garment.] b2: Also said of a plant [as meaning It became old and withered, or wasted]. (K in art. عنث, &c.) b3: And of a corpse, meaning It became consumed by the earth. (Msb.) b4: and of a bone, meaning It became old, and decayed; syn. رَمَّ. (S and K &c. in art. رم.) b5: And of a man's reputation, meaning (assumed tropical:) It became worn out of regard or notice. (TA in art. دثر.) b6: and [hence,] بَلِيَتْ, (M,) or بُلِيَتْ, (K,) She (a camel, M, K, or a mare, or beast of the equine kind, M) was, or became, a بَلَيِّة; i. e., was tied at her dead master's grave (M, K) without food or water (M) until she died (M, K) and wasted away. (M in art. بلى.) 2 بَلَّوَ see 4, in six places, in the latter half of the paragraph.3 لَا أَبَالِيهِ is from البلآء, [inf. n. of بَلَاهُ,] so that it signifies [properly] I shall not, or I do not, care for him, mind him, heed him, or regard him, so as to share with him my trial and his trial: (Ham p. 94:) [and hence,] one says thus, (S, Mgh, Msb,) or مَا أَبَالِيهِ, (M, K,) and لَا أَبَالِىبِهِ, (Mgh, Msb,) or مَا أُبَالِى بِهِ, (MF, TA,) but the verb is more chastely made trans. without the preposition بِ, (A, TA,) inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ (M, Mgh, Msb, K) and بِلَآءٌ (M, K, TA [in the CK, erroneously, بَلاء]) and بَالَةٌ (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) said by some to be a quasi-inf. n. and by others to be an inf. n., (MF, TA,) [in the T it is said to be a subst., from المُبَالَاةُ,] originally بَالِيَةٌ, like عَافِيَةٌ from عَافَاهُ, (T, S, Mgh, Msb,) and بَالٌ, [which is more strange,] (M, K,) meaning [merely] I shall not, or I do not, care for, mind, heed, or regard, him, or it; (S, Mgh, Msb, K;) I shall not be, or I am not, disquieted by him, or it: (Mgh, Msb:) or, as some say, لَا أُبَالِيهِ is formed by transposition from لَا أُبَاوِلُهُ, from البَالُ, i. e. I will not, or I do not, cause him, or it, to move, or occur to, my mind; nor give, or pay, any attention to him, or it: (Z, TA: [and the like is said in the T:]) or the proper [or literal] meaning is, I will not, or I do not, contend with him for superiority in goodness, or excellence, by reason of my little care, or regard, for him: (Mgh:) or it was employed to denote the contending with another for superiority in glory, or excellence, as will be shown by the citation of a verse in the latter portion of this paragraph; and then, in consequence of frequency of usage, came to denote contempt, or mean estimation: (Ham p. 31:) or its original meaning is, I will not, or I do not, strive with him to be first; neglecting him, or leaving him to himself; from تَبَالَى القَوْمُ as explained below; see 6. (Msb.) It is said in a trad., لَا يُبَالِيهِمُ اللّٰهُ بَالَةً, or, accord. to one reading, لَا يُبَالِى بِهِمْ بَالَةً, meaning God will not hold them to be of any value or weight. (TA.) And in another, هٰؤُلآءِ فِى الجَنَّةِ وَلَا أُبَالِى وَهٰؤُلَآءِ فِى النَّارِ وَلَا أُبَالِى, said to mean [These will be in Paradise, and] I shall not disapprove; [and these will be in the fire of Hell,] and I shall not disapprove. (Az, TA.) And one says, لَا أُبَالِى مَا صَنَعْتَ [I shall not, or I do not, care for what thou didst, or hast done]. (IDrd, TA.) And مَا أُبَالِى أَقُمْتَ

أَمْ قَعَدْتَ [I care not whether thou stand or sit]: and مَا أُبَالِى بِقِيَامِكَ وَعَدَمِهِ [I care not for thy standing and thy not doing so]. (Mughnee in art. ا.) And مَا بَالَيْتُ بِهِ (Az, Msb, TA) I did not care for, mind, or regard, him, or it. (TA.) And بَالَى بِالشَّىْءِ [He cared for the thing; or] he was disquieted by the thing. (T.) The verb is sometimes thus used, in an affirmative manner; (Ham p. 94; [and the like is said in the TA;]) though some say that it is not; (Msb;) but it is not unless it occurs with a negative in the former part of the sentence or in the latter part thereof; as when one says, مَا بَالَى بِكَ صَدِيقُكَ وَلٰكِنْ بَالَى

عَبْدُكَ [Thy friend cared not for thee, but thy slave cared]; and as in the saying of Zuheyr, لَقَدْ بَالَيْتُ مَظْعَنَ أُمِّ أَوْفَى

وَلٰكِنْ أُمُّ أَوْفَى لَا تُبَالِى

[Verily I cared for the departure of Umm-Owfà, but Umm-Owfà cares not]. (Ham p. 94.) One says also, لَمْ أُبَالِ and لَمْ أُبَلْ [I did not care, &c.]: (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K: [but in the CK the latter of these is omitted:]) in the latter the ا [of prolongation] is suppressed for the purpose of alleviating the utterance, like as ى is suppressed in the inf. n. [or quasi-inf. n.] بَالَةٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb,) originally بَالِيَةٌ, (S, Msb,) and in لَا أَدْرِ: (S:) or the ا is suppressed in this case to avoid the concurrence of two quiescent letters; (Kh, Sb, M, IB;) not for the purpose of alleviating the utterance; (IB, TA;) for this is done because the ل is made quiescent. (Kh, Sb, M.) And, accord. to Kh, (Sb, M,) some of the Arabs say, لَمْ أُبَلِهِ [I did not care for him, or it], (Sb, M,) or لَمْ أُبَلِ, [in the CK, erroneously, لم اَبْلِ,] with kesr to the ل; (K, TA;) [for لم أُبَالِهِ, or لم أُبَالِ;] only suppressing the ا, as they do in عُلَبِطٌ [ for عُلَابِطٌ]. (Sb, S, M.) b2: IAar says that بَالَى, inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ, is like ↓ أَبْلَى meaning He exerted himself in a description of a war, or battle, or of generous conduct; as when one says, أَبْلَى ذٰلِكَ اليَوْمَ بَلَآءً حَسَنًا [He exerted himself well, that day, in a description of war, &c.]: and he cites the following verse [to which reference has been made above]: وَأَنْتَ قَدْمَتَّ مِنَ الهُزَالِ [What hath happened to me that I see thee standing exerting thyself in a description of generous qualities, when thou hast become like one dead by reason of leanness?]: he says that he [the poet] heard him [whom he thus addresses] saying, “We have eaten and we have drunk [with guests], and we have done [such and such things]; ” enumerating, or recounting, generous qualities or actions, and lying in doing so: (T, TA:) in another place he says that تُبَالِى means looking to see which of them [or of thee and others] is best in بال [i. e. state, or condition], while thou art dying: (TA:) he says, also, that بَالَاهُ, inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ, signifies he contended with him for superiority in glory, or excellence; (T, TA; *) and [it is said that] تبالى in the verse here cited means thus contending; syn. تُفَاخِرُ: (Ham p. 31:) and accord. to IAar, بَالَاهُ also signifies he contended with him in contradiction. (T, TA.) 4 ابلاهُ, inf. n. إِبْلَآءٌ: see 1, in two places. b2: [Hence,] ابلاهُ اللّٰهُ إِبْلَآءً حَسَنًا, (T,) or بَلَآءَ حَسَنًا, (S,) God did to him a good deed. (T.) [and hence,] it is said in the Kur [viii. 17], وَلِيُبْلِىَ المُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْهُ بَلَآءً حَسَنُا (TA) And that He might confer upon the believers a great benefit, or favour, or blessing: (Bd:) or a good gift; meaning spoil. (Jel.) And أَبْلَيْتُهُ مَعْرُوفًا [I conferred upon him a favour, or benefit]. (S.) Zuheyr says, جَزَى اللّٰهُ بِا لإِحْسَانِ مَا فَعَلَا بِكُمْ وَأَبْلَاهُمَا خَيْرَ البَلَآءِ الَّذِى يَبْلُو (T, * S,) meaning, الذى يَبْلُو بِهِ عِبَادَهُ, (T,) or الذى يَخْتَبِرُ بِهِ عِبَادَ, (S,) i. e. [May God recompense with beneficence what they two have done to you,] and do to them two the best of the deeds wherewith He tries [the thankfulness of] his servants. (T.) b3: ابلاهُ also signifies He made him to swear; [as though he tried his veracity by so doing;] (M, K;) or so ابلاهُ يَمِينًا. (TA.) [See also 8.] b4: And He swore to him: (M, K:) or this, (TA,) or ابلاهُ يَمِينًا, [as above,] (T, S,) he swore [or swore an oath] to him, and thereby soothed, or placated, his mind. (T, S, * TA.) b5: And hence, (TA,) He informed him, acquainted him, or told him. (IAar, M, K, TA.) b6: [and hence, He manifested it; revealed it; made it manifest, apparent, evident, clear, or plain; whence a phrase in a verse cited voce مُضْمَرٌ; and the phrase] مَا لَمْ يُبْلِ العُذْرَ, i. e. As long as he does not manifest, show, or make apparent, the excuse: but the verb [in this sense] is originally doubly trans.: one says, أَبْلَيْتُ فُلَانًا عُذْرًا, meaning I manifested to such a one an excuse so that I was not to be blamed after it; properly signifying I made such a one to be acquainted with my excuse, and to know the manner thereof; (Mgh;) and thus it is explained in the A: (TA: [in like manner, also, it is explained in the T:]) [or]

ابلاهُ عُذْرًا signifies He gave him an excuse which he accepted: (M, K:) and in like manner, ابلاهُ جُهْدَهُ [He gave him his endeavour, or energy, in an acceptable manner]; and نَائِلَهُ [his gift]. (M.) Hence, ابلى عُذْرَهُ signifies also He strove, laboured, or exerted himself, [and thus manifested his excuse,] in work. (Mgh.) And hence, ابلى فِى الحَرْبِ He manifested, or showed, his might, valour, or prowess, in war, or fight, [and he strove, laboured, or exerted himself, therein, (عُذْرَهُ being understood,)] so that men proved him and knew him. (Mgh.) See also 3, where another explanation of ابلى is given, in the latter portion of the paragraph.

A2: ابلى الثَّوْبَ [He wore out the garment;] trans. of بَلِىَ; (T, S, M, K;) as also ↓ بَلَّاهُ; (M, K;) belonging to the present art. and to art. بلى. (M.) One says to the مُجِدّ [i. e. him who makes, or puts on, a new garment], أَبْلِ وَ يُخْلِفُ اللّٰهُ [Wear out thy garment, and God will replace it with another; or, may God replace &c.]. (S.) And أَبْلِ وَ أَجِدَّ وَاحْمِدَ الكَاسِى Wear out, and make new, [or put on new,] and praise the Clother [meaning God]. (S in art. جد.) b2: [Hence,] السَّفَرُ ↓ بَلَّاهُ [Journeying, or travel, wore him, or wasted him]; namely, a man; (M, K; but in the copies of the latter, ↓ بَلَاهُ [which I think an evident mistranscription];) as also عَلَيْهِ ↓ بلّى; and ابلاهُ: (M:) and so الهَمُّ [anxiety], (M, K,) and the like, (M,) and التَّجَارِبُ [tryings, or trying events]: (K:) and ابلاها السَّفَرُ (T, S) or ↓ بلّاها (thus in a copy of the S) [journeying, or travel, wore her, or wasted her]; namely, a she-camel. (T, S.) El-'Ajjáj says, وَالمَرْءُ يُبْلِيهِ بَلَآءَ السِّرْبَالْ كَرُّاللَّيالِى وَاخْتِلَافُ الأَحْوَالُ [And man, the returning of the nights time after time, and the alternation of states of being, wear him out as the wearing out of the shirt]: (S, M: *) he means, إِبْلَآءَ السِرْبَال, or فَبَلِىَ بَلَآءَ السِّرْبَال. (M.) And Ibn-Ahmar says, لَبِسْتُ أَبِى حَتَّى تَمَلَّيْتُ عُمْرَهُ وَبَلَّيْتُ أَعْمَامِى وَ بَلَّيْتُ خَالِيَا he means I lived the period that my father lived [so that I had long enjoyment of his life, and I outwore my paternal uncles, and I outwore my maternal uncle]: or, as some say, I lived with my father for the length of his life &c. (M, TA. * [In the latter, ↓ تَبَلَّيْتُ is put in the place of تَمَلَّيْتُ; and hence it is there said that تَبَلَّاهُ is like بَلَّاهُ: but I think that تبلّيت is a mistranscription.]) b3: أَبْلَيْتُ and ↓ بَلَّيْتُ also signify I bound the foreshank of a she-camel to her arm at the grave of her [dead] master, and left her without food or water until she died; or I dug for her a pit, and left her in it until she died. (S, TA. [See بَلِيَّةٌ, and مُبَلًّى.]) 5 تَبَلَّوَ see 4, near the end of the paragraph.6 التَّبَالِى [inf. n. of تَبَالَى]: see 1.

A2: تبالى القَوْمُ The people, or company of men, vied, or strove, one with another, in hastening to a little water, and drew from it. (Msb.) 8 ابتلاهُ: see 1, in three places. [Hence, اُبْتِلِىَ بِكَذَا (vulg. اِبْتَلَى) He was tried, proved, or tested, by, or with, such a thing; generally meaning he was afflicted thereby, or therewith; as, for instance, by, or with, a disease.] b2: Also He asked, or sought, or desired, of him information, or news, or tidings. (M, K.) And ابتلى signifies also He conjured, or adjured, and asked if any had knowledge; syn. اِسْتَحْلَفَ and اِسْتَعْرَفَ [explained by what here follows]. (M, K, TA. [In the CK, both the verb and the explanation are here wrong: the former is written اُبْلِىَ; and the latter, اسْتُحْلِفَ و اسْتُعْرِفَ.]) A poet says, تَبَغَّى أَبَاهَا فِى الرِّفَاقِ وَ تَبْتَلِى

وَ أَوْدَي بِهِ فِى لُجَّةِ البَحْرِ تَمْسَحُ [She seeks for her father among the travellingcompanions, and conjures, or adjures, and asks. if any have knowledge, when a crocodile has destroyed him in the depth of the great river: تَبَغَّى is for تَتَبَغَّى]: he means that she says to them, “I conjure you, or adjure you, by God, (نَاشَدْتُكُمْ اللّٰهَ,) [tell me,] do ye know any tidings of my father? ” (M, TA.) But Aboo-Sa'eed says that تتبلى here means tries, proves, or tests; and that الاِبْتِلَآءُ signifies the trying, proving, or testing, whether by an oath or otherwise. (TA.) b3: [Also He desired it; he sought it.] It is said in a trad., النَّذْرُ مَا ابْتُلِىَ بِهِ وَجْهُ اللّٰهُ, i. e. [The vow that a man makes to be binding, or obligatory, on himself is that whereby the recompense of God] is desired, or sought. (TA.) b4: And He chose him, made choice of him, or elected him. (Sh and T, from a trad.) 12 اِبْلَوْلَى It (herbage) became tall, so that the camels were able to avail themselves of it. (K.) بِلْوُ سَفَرٍ, (T, S, M, A,) with kesr to the ب, (S,) and بِلْىُ سَفَرٍ, (S, A,) Worn, or wasted, by journeying, or travel; applied to a she-camel, (T, S, M, A,) and in like manner to a man, and to a he-camel: (M:) and بِلْىُ أَسْفَارٍ (M, K) and بِلْوُ

أَسْفَارٍ, (K, TA,) with kesr to the ب in both, (TA, [in the CK written with fet-h,]) a man worn, or wasted, by journeyings, or travels, and anxiety, (M, K, *) and the like, (M,) and tryings, or trying events: (K:) pl. أَبْلَآءٌ. (S, M.) And بِلْوٌ شَرٍّ and بِلْىُ شَرٍّ [both written in the CK with fet-h to the ب] A man having strength, or power, to endure evil; tried, proved, or tested, thereby: (M, K:) and in like manner, بِلْوُ خَيْرٍ and بِلْىُ خَيْرٍ

[tried, &c., by good, or prosperity]. (TA.) and إِنَّهُ لِبَلْوٌ مِنْ أَبْلَآءِ المَالِ and بِلْىٌ [both written in the CK with fet-h to the ب as before] Verily he is one of those who manage, or tend, camels, or the like, well. (M, * K, * TA.) The ى in بِلْى, in all these instances, is originally و, changed into ى because of the kesreh, and the weakness of the intervening letter, ل; as is the case in عِلَْيَةٌ: so says IJ. (M.) بَلَى: see art. بلى.

بِلْوَةٌ: see what next follows.

بِلْيَةٌ: see what next follows.

بَلْوَي: see what next follows.

بَلَآءٌ (T, S, Msb) and ↓ بَلْوَى (T, S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ بَلِيَّةٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ بِلْوَةٌ, (S, M, K,) with kesr, (S, K,) and ↓ بِلْيَةٌ, (so in a copy of the S, beside the third,) thus in the handwriting of Aboo-Zekereeyà, in the place of the third, (TA,) substs. (T, M, Msb, K) from بَلَاهُ اللّٰهُ, (T, Msb,) or from اِبْتَلَاهُ اللّٰهُ, [which is the same in meaning,] (M,) or from بَلَوْتُهُ, (K,) are one [in their signification; which is A trial, as meaning a probation, or a test; and as meaning particularly a trouble or an affliction of any kind by which one's patience or any other grace or virtue is tried, proved, or tested]; (S;) and the pl. (S, TA) of ↓ بَلِيَّةٌ (TA) is بَلَايَا, of the measure فَعَائِلُ changed to فَعَالَى: (S, TA:) [or] بَلَآءٌ is [properly, or originally,] an inf. n., (S, M, K,) and signifies the act of trying, proving, or testing, by, or with, good, and by, or with, evil: (S, M:) it is evil and good: (T, M: *) a trial, or an affliction, (T, K,) which is its original meaning; (T;) and a [probationary] benefit, favour, or blessing, (T,) or a [probationary] gift; (K;) the former of these requiring patience, and the latter being the greater of the two [as being commonly the more dangerous to the soul]; (TA;) [but the latter meaning is generally indicated only by the addition of an epithet: thus] بَلَآءٌ حَسَنٌ means a great benefit, or favour, or blessing, of God; (Bd in viii. 17;) or a good gift of God: (Jel ibid.:) بَلَآءٌ also means grief; as though it tried the body: (Er-Rághib, K:) and the imposition of a difficult, or troublesome, thing; a requirement; an exaction; because it is difficult, or distressing, to the body; or because it is trying. (K.) بَلَآءِ (like قَطَامِ, S, K) is syn. with البَلَآءُ: (S, M, K:) occurring in the saying, نَزَلَتْ بَلَآءِ عَلَى الكُفَّارِ [Trial, or affliction, befell the unbelievers]: (S, M, * K: *) mentioned by El-Ahmar, as heard by him from the Arabs. (S.) بِلَآءٌ, like كِتَابٌ in form, [is an inf. n. of 3, q. v.: A2: and also signifies] Anxiety respecting which one talks to himself, or soliloquizes. (Msb. [Compare a meaning of بَلَآءٌ, above.]) بَلِىٌّ: see the paragraph next following; last sentence.

بَلِيَّةٌ: see بَلَآءٌ, in two places.

A2: Also A she-camel that has her fore shank bound to her arm at the grave of her master, and is left without food until she dies: (T:) or a she-camel, (M in arts. بلو and بلى, and K,) or a mare, or beast of the equine kind, (M in art. بلو,) that is bound at the grave of her master, (M, K,) he being dead, and is left without food or water (M) until she dies (M, K) and wastes away; for they used to say that her master would be raised from the dead upon her: (M:) or a she-camel which, in the Time of Ignorance, had her fore shank bound to her arm at the grave of her master, and was left without food or water until she died: or for which was dug a pit, wherein she was left until she died: for they used to assert that men would be raised from the dead riding upon the بَلَايَا, [pl. of بَلِيَّةٌ in the sense above explained, (T, TA,)] or walking if their beasts whereon they rode were not bound, with the head turned backwards, at their graves: (S:) or a cow, or she-camel, or sheep, or goat, which, in the Time of Ignorance, they used to hamstring, or slaughter, at the grave: so in a trad. (TA.) Suh says that this custom proves that, in the Time of Ignorance, they held the doctrine of the resurrection of the body: but they who held it were the fewer number. (TA.) It is said that بَلِيَّةٌ is originally ↓ مُبْلَاةٌ or ↓ مُبَلَّاةٌ. (TA.) Et-Tirimmáh says, مَنَازِلُ لَا تَرَى الأَنْصَابَ فِيهَا وَلَا حُفَرَ المُبَلَّى لِلْمَنُونِ [Places of abode in which thou wilt not see the stones, or other things, that have been set up to be worshipped, nor the pits of the beast left by the grave of the master to die]; meaning places of abode of the people of El-Islám, exclusively of the pagans. (S.) IAar says that ↓ بَلِىٌّ and بَلِيَّةٌ signify Such as is wearied, or jaded, and emaciated, and dying. (TA.) بَالٍ [act. part. n. of بَلَاهُ; Trying, proving, or testing. b2: And hence,] Knowing, or being acquainted [with a thing]; as in the phrase, جَعَلْتُهُ بَالِيًا بِعُذْرِى I made him to be acquainted with my excuse, and to know the manner thereof. (Mgh.) A2: Also Old, and wearing out [or worn out]; applied to a garment. (Msb.) b2: [Hence,] بَالِيَاتٌ is used as meaning The places of tents. (Ham p. 492.) مُبْلَاةٌ, fem. of مُبَلًى: see بَلِيَّةٌ.

مُبْلًّى, and its fem. مُبَلَّاةٌ: see بَلِيَّةٌ.

مُبَلِّيَاتُ Women that stand around a man's riding-camel [which they bind, or place in a pit, by his grave, to die of hunger and thirst,] when he has died or been slain, wailing for him. (T, S. *) You say, قَامَتْ مُبَلِّيَاتُ فُلَانٍ يَنُحْنَ عَلَيْهِ [The women that bound, or placed, the بَلِيَّة by the grave of such a one stood around it wailing for him]. (T, S.)

بزو

1 بَزَا, aor. ـْ i. q. تَطَاوَلَ [app. as meaning He stretched out his neck, looking at a thing far off]; and تَأَنَّسَ [here meaning the same, or he looked, raising his head; said of a hawk, or falcon]: (Az, ISd, K:) and hence IJ says that ↓ بَازٌ is [originally] of the measure فَلْعٌ from this verb: (TA: [and it is said in the K that بَازٍ

seems to be hence derived:]) for [or تطاول may here be used in another sense; for, accord. to Fei,] بَزَا, aor. as above, signifies he overcame, or subdued; and hence is derived ↓ بَازٍ. (Msb.) Yousay also, بَزَا عَلَيْهِ, aor. as above, meaning تطاول [i. e., thus followed by عليه, He held up his head with an assumption of superiority over him; behaved haughtily towards him; exalted himself above him; or overpowered, subdued, or oppressed, him]. (S.) And بُزِىَ بِالقَوْمِ The people, or company of men, were overcome, or subdued. (TA.) And بَزَاهُ, aor. as above, (K,) inf. n. بَزْوٌ, (TA,) He overcame, or subdued, him; and laid violent hands upon him, or assaulted him; as also ↓ ابزى

بِهِ: (K:) or this last signifies he overcame him, and subdued him: (S:) and بَزَاهُ, he wronged him; or treated him wrongfully, or injuriously: and ↓ ابزاهُ may signify the same; or this may mean he induced him to become أَبْزَى, q. v.: (Ham p.

502:) and accord. to Aboo-Riyásh, ↓ ابزى signifies he pressed heavily upon his adversary, or imposed on him that which he was unable to do, or to bear, in order to treat him wrongfully, or injuriously. (Ham pp. 104 and 105.) [It is said that] بَزَوَانٌ [an inf. n. of which the verb, if it have one, is بَزَا,] signifies the act of Leaping; syn. وَثْبٌ. (S: [but I think it not improbable that this may have been taken from a mistranscription of نَزَوَانٌ, an inf. n. of نَزَا.]) A2: بَزِىَ, (K,) aor. ـَ (Ham p. 502;) and بَزَا, aor. ـُ (K;) inf. n. بَزًا (S, * K, * TA) and بَزْوٌ, (TA,) He (a man, TA) had what is termed بَزًا; (K;) i. e., prominence of the breast and depression of the back: (S, K, and Ham ubi suprà:) or depression of the back and prominence of the belly: or, as some say, prominence of the breast and depression of the lower part of the belly: (Ham ubi suprà:) or depression of the breast and prominence of the lower part of the belly: (Ham p. 105:) or a bending in the back next the posteriors: (K, TA:) or a projecting of the middle of the back over the posteriors: or a backward bulging of the posteriors: (K:) or he was as though his posteriors projected over the hinder part of the thighs: or he had the breast bulging forward and the posteriors backward, so that he appeared unable to straighten his back. (T, TA.) [See also 4.] The epithet is أَبْزَى: fem. بَزْوَآءُ. (S, K.) 4 ابزى: see 1, in three places.

A2: Also, (S, K,) inf. n. إِبْزَآءٌ, (A 'Obeyd, S,) He (a man, A 'Obeyd, S) elevated his posteriors; (A 'Obeyd, S, K;) as also ↓ تبازى: (S, K:) or the latter signifies he acted in such a manner in his walk as to cause it to be imagined that he was أَبْزَى; (Ham p. 105;) or he moved his posteriors in walking, like as does a woman; or he bent, or bowed, himself to others. (TA.) Accord. to IAar, البزاء [probably a mistranscription for الإِبْزَآءُ] signifies الصلف [i. e. الصَّلَفُ, app. meaning An extravagant affecting of elegance of carriage, such as is common with women]. (TA.) 6 تبازى: see 4. b2: Also He stepped wide. (K.) b3: And He made a vain, or false, boast of abundance, or riches; or a boast of more than he possessed; or invested himself with that which did not belong to him. (K.) بَزْوٌ The equal, equivalent, or like, of a thing. (S, K.) You say, أَخَذْتُ مِنْهُ بَزْوَ كَذَا [I took from him, or of it, the equal, equivalent, or like, of such a thing]. (S.) بَازٍ (S, Msb, K) and بَازٌ [mentioned in art. بوز] (Msb, TA, and so in some copies of the K in this art.) and بَازٌ [mentioned in art. بأز] and ↓ بَازِىٌّ (TA) [A name given to several varieties of the hawk, or falcon;] a species of صَقْر, (K,) that preys, or hunts or catches game; (S;) the proudest and fiercest of birds of prey, found in the country of the Turks: it is said that this name is only given to the female, and that the male is of another kind, a kite, or a white falcon (شَاهِين), and hence the varieties of form &c. in different individuals of the species: that of which the prevailing colour is white is the best, and the fullest in body, and the boldest, and the easiest to train: this variety (the أَشْهَب) is found only in the country of the Turks, and Armenia, and the country of the Khazar: (Kzw:) [see also بَاشَقٌ:] respecting the derivation, see 1, in two places: the pl. (of بَازٍ, S, ISd, Msb) is بُزَاةٌ (S, ISd, Msb, K) and بَوَازٍ; (ISd, K;) and (of بَازٌ, Msb) بِيزَانٌ (Msb, K) and أَبْوَازٌ, (Msb,) the former a pl. of mult., and the latter a pl. of pauc., (TA,) or the former is originally بُزْيَانٌ [and therefore a pl. of بَازٍ]; (IKtt, TA in art. ميد;) and (of بَأْزٌ, K in art. بأز,) أَبْؤُزٌ [a pl. of pauc.] and بُؤُوزٌ (K in this art. and in art. بأز) and بِئْزَانٌ. (K in the latter art.) بَازِىٌّ: see بَازٍ.

أَبْزَى, applied to a man, (S, Mgh,) Having what is termed بَزًا; (S, K;) i. e., prominence of the breast and depression of the back, (S, Mgh, K, and Ham p. 105,) or of the part between the shoulder-blades: (Ham ubi suprà:) &c.: [see 1, latter part:] fem. بَزْوَآءُ: (S, K:) the masc. is sometimes coupled with أَبْزَخُ; and the fem., with بَزْخَآءُ, applied to an old woman who, when she walks, is as though she were bowing down her head and body: and the fem. is said by some to signify sticking out her posteriors to be seen of men. (TA.) هُوَ مُبْزٍ بِهٰذَا الأَمْرِ He is strong, or able, to perform this affair; a prudent, or sound, manager thereof. (S.)

سد

1 سَدَّ, (S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (S, M, Msb, K,) inf. n. سَدٌّ; (S, M, Mgh, Msb;) and ↓ سدّد; (M;) [but the latter has an intensive signification, or relates to several objects;] He closed, or closed up, an interstice, or intervening space: (M:) and stopped, or stopped up, (M,) or repaired, and made firm or strong, (S, A, K,) a breach, or gap, (S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) and the like. (S, Msb.) b2: [Hence one says,] سُدَّتْ عَلَيْهِ الطَّرِيقُ (assumed tropical:) [The road, or way, became closed, or stopped, against him]. (K.) And سُدَّ طَرِيقُهُ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ وَمَنْ خَلْفِهِ (assumed tropical:) [His road, or way, became closed, or stopped, before him and behind him]. (Zj, M.) And سَدَّ الأُفُقَ (tropical:) [It obstructed the horizon]; said of a multitudinous swarm of locusts. (S, A, * K.) And سَدَّ عَلَيْهِمْ, and ↓ أَسَدَّ, It closed, or obstructed, against them, the horizon; [الأُفُقَ being understood;] said of a collection of clouds rising. (M.) And سَدَّ مَا وَرَآءَهُ [It barred, or excluded, what was behind it]. (M.) b3: [Hence also,] سَدَدْتُ عَلَيْهِ بَابَ الكَلَامِ (assumed tropical:) [I closed, or stopped, to him the door of speech; i. e.] I prevented him from speaking; as though I closed, or stopped, his mouth. (Msb.) And مَا سَدَدْتُ عَلَى لَهَوَاتِ خَصْمٍ قَطُّ (assumed tropical:) I never stopped the way of speech of an adversary, nor prevented his saying what was in his mind. (Shureyh, Mgh.) And مَا سَدَدْتُ عَلَى خَصْمٍ قَطُّ (assumed tropical:) I never stopped an adversary from speaking; (El-Fáïk, Mgh, L;) on the authority of Esh-Shaabee: (Mgh:) occurring in a trad. (L.) b4: And أَبِيهِ ↓ هُوَ يَسُدُّ مَسَدَّ (tropical:) [He fills up, or supplies, the place of his father]: and ↓ يَسُدُّونَ مَسَدَّ أَسْلَافِهِمْ (tropical:) [They fill up, or supply, the place of their ancestors]. (A, TA.) And يُسَدُّ بِهِ الحَاجَةُ (tropical:) Want is supplied thereby: (M, * TA:) [whence the saying,] تَصَدَّقُوا وَلَوْ بِتَمْرَةٍ فَإِنَّهَا تَسُدُّ مِنَ الجَائِعِ (assumed tropical:) [Give ye something as alms, though it be but a date, or a dried date; for it will supply somewhat of the want of the hungry]: a trad. (El-Jámi' es-Sagheer.) and يَسُدُّ الرَّمَقَ (assumed tropical:) [It stays, or arrests, the remains of life; as though it stopped the passage of the last breath from the body; or] it maintains, and preserves, the strength. (Msb in art. رمق.) b5: and سَدَّهُ (assumed tropical:) He attributed, or imputed, to him, or he charged him with, or accused him of, a fault; [as though he thereby stopped his mouth; (see سَدٌّ;)] as also سَتَّهُ. (TA in art. ست.) A2: سَدَّ, aor. ـِ (S, L, K,) with kesr, (S,) inf. n. سَدَادٌ and سُدُودٌ, (L, the former inf. n. expl. in the S and K as signifying اِسْتِقَامَةٌ,) said of a spear, and an arrow, (TA,) and a saying, (S,) and an action, (TA,) or a thing [absolutely]; (L;) or سَدَّ, [sec. Pers\. سَدِدْتَ,] aor. ـَ with fet-h to the س, (A,) inf. n. سَدَدٌ, (TK, expl. in the S and K as signifying اِسْتِقَامَةٌ, like سَدَادٌ, of which it is said in the S to be a contraction,) said of a saying, and an affair; (A;) or سَدَّ, aor. ـِ and يَسَدُّ, inf. n. سَدَدٌ; (MA;) i. q. صَارَ سَدِيدًا [i. e. It was, or became, right, direct, or in a right state; it had, or took, a right direction or tendency; it tended towards the right point or object]: (S, A, L, K, TA:) and [in like manner] ↓ استدّ is syn. with اِسْتَقَامَ [which signifies the same]; (S, K;) as also ↓ اسدّ and ↓ تسدّد: (TA:) ↓ استدّ said of an affair signifies it was, or became, rightly ordered or disposed; in a right state. (Msb.) You say, لَهُ ↓ تسدّد and ↓ استدّ It was, or became, rightly directed towards it. (M.) And سَاعِدُهُ ↓ استدّ and ↓ تسدّد His fore arm was, or became, in a right state, or rightly directed, عَلَى الرَّمْىِ [ for shooting]; syn. استقام. (A.) A poet says, سَاعِدُهُ رَمَانِى ↓ فَلَمَّا اسْتَدَّ أُعَلِّمُهُ الرِّمَايَةَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ [I teaching him the art of shooting every day; and when his fore arm became in a right state, he shot me]: As says that [the reading] اشتدّ, with ش, is not to be regarded. (S, TA.) b2: and سَدَّ, aor. ـِ with kesr to the س, (A, Msb, TA,) inf. n. سُدُودٌ (Msb) [and app. also, as above, سَدَادٌ, q. v. infrà], is said of a man, (A, Msb, TA,) in like manner meaning صَارَ سَدِيدًا [i. e. He was, or became, in a right state; he had, or took, a right direction or tendency; he tended towards the right point or object]: (A, TA:) or, (Msb,) as also ↓ اسدّ, (S, K, TA,) he hit the right thing (S, Msb, K, TA,) in his saying (S, Msb, TA) and in his action: (Msb:) or ↓ اسدّ signifies he said, or did, what was right: (Msb:) or he sought what was right; (L, K;) as also ↓ سدّد; (L;) or it has this last meaning also. (S, * L.) You say, ↓ إِنَّهُ لَيُسِدُّ فِى القَوْلِ Verily he hits the right thing in the saying. (S, L.) And قَدْ أَسْدَدْتَ ↓ مَا شِئْتَ (S, * L) is said to a man when he seeks [or has sought] what is right, (S,) meaning Thou hast sought what is right; whether the person thus addressed have hit the right thing or not. (L.) One says also, سَدَّ عَلَيْكَ الرَّجُلُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. سد [app. a mistranscription for سَدَاد or سُدُود], The man said, or did, what was right [against thee]: so in the handwriting of Sh. (Az, TA.) 2 سَدَّّ see 1, first sentence. b2: [Hence,] سدّد مَلْأَهُ [He filled it up]; namely, a vessel, and a water-ing-trough. (Aboo-Sa'eed, TA in art. خنق.) b3: And سدّد عَلَيْهِمْ كُلَّ شَىْءٍ قَالُوهُ (assumed tropical:) He annulled, in opposing them, everything that they said. (Jábir, as related by Aboo-'Adnán.) A2: سدّدهُ, (S, A, L, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَسْدِيدٌ, (K,) He directed it, (A, * L, Msb, K,) namely, an arrow, (A, Msb,) نَحْوَهُ towards him or it, (A,) or إِلَى الصَّيْدِ towards the game; (Msb;) and شدّدهُ, with ش, is a dial. var. thereof: (Towsheeh, TA:) and [in like manner] his spear; contr. of عَرَضَهُ, (S, Msb,) or عَرَّضَهُ. (L.) b2: And He taught him the art of shooting. (TA.) b3: Also, (M, A, K,) inf. n. as above, (S,) He directed, accommodated, adapted, or disposed, him (S, M, A, K) to that which was right, or words and of actions: (S, K: [and the like is implied in the M and A:]) said of God. (M, A.) And you say, سَدِّدْ صَاحِبَكَ Teach thou thy companion, and direct him to the right course. (Sh, TA.) b4: And [hence,] سَدِّدْ مَالَكَ Act thou well with thy property, or cattle. (L.) and سَدَّدَ الإِبِلَ, inf. n. as above, He gave the camels easy access to every pasturage, and to every place where the ground was soft and spacious. (L.) A3: See also 1, near the end of the paragraph.4 أَسْدَ3َ see 1, near the beginning: A2: and see also the latter half of the same paragraph, in five places.5 تَسَدَّّ see 1, in the latter half of the paragraph, in three places.7 انسدّ, said of an interstice, or intervening space, It became closed, or closed up; as also ↓ استدّ: (M:) and both, said of a breach, or gap, (M, A,) it became stopped, or stopped up, (M,) or repaired, and made firm or strong. (A.) اِسْتَدَّتْ ↓ عُيُونُ الخَرْزِ and اِنْسَدَّتْ signify the same [i. e. The punctures made in the sewing of the skin became closed]; (S, K;) expressing a consequence of pouring water into-a skin. (S.) 8 إِسْتَدَ3َ see the next preceding paragraph, in two places: A2: and see also 1, in the latter half of the paragraph, in five places.

سَدٌّ and ↓ سُدٌّ Any building, or construction, with which a place is closed or closed up, or stopped or stopped up: (M: [see also سِدَادٌ:]) a dam: (Msb:) a thing intervening, as a separation, a partition, a fence, a barrier, a rampart, or an obstacle, or obstruction, between two other things; (S, Msb, K:) and a mountain: (S, M, K: [in the last it seems that this meaning is restricted to the former word; but if restricted to either, it should be to the latter:]) or, as some say, anything that faces one, or is over against one, and bars, or excludes, (يَسُدُّ,) what is behind it: whence goats are said to be سَدٌّ يُرَى مِنْ وَرَائِهِ الفَقْرُ (assumed tropical:) [a barrier behind which is seen poverty]; meaning that they are not of great utility: (M:) or سَدٌّ signifies what is made by man; and سُدٌّ, what is created by God, (Zj, M, Msb, K,) as a mountain: (Msb:) in the Kur xviii. 92 and 93, and xxxvi. 8, some read with fet-h, and some with damm: (M, TA:) the pl. is أَسْدَادٌ, [a pl. of pauc.,] (A, Msb,) or أَسِدَّةٌ, [also a pl. of pauc.,] and سُدُودٌ, [a pl. of mult.,] the latter of these two agreeable with general analogy, and the former of them anomalous, or, [ISd says,] in my opinion, this (أَسِدَّةٌ) is pl. of سِدَادٌ. (M.) You say, ضُرِبَ بَيْنَهُمَا سَدٌّ and سُدٌّ [A barrier, or an obstacle, was set between them two]: and ضُرِبَتْ بَيْنَهُمَا الأَسْدَادُ [Barriers, or obstacles, were set between them two]. (A.) and ضَرَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ الأَرْضُ بِالأَسْدَادِ (tropical:) [The earth, or land, set barriers, or obstacles, against him]; meaning, the ways became closed, or stopped, against him, and the courses that he should pursue became obscure to him: (K: in the CK ضُرِبَتْ:) the sing. of أَسْدَادٌ [accord. to general analogy] is سُدٌّ. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] the former (سَدٌّ) also signifies, (Fr, S, M, L, K,) or ↓ سِدَادٌ, (A,) or the former and ↓ سَدَادَةٌ, (L,) (tropical:) A fault, or defect, (Fr, S, M, A, &c.,) such as blindness and deafness and dumbness, (S,) or such as closes, or stops, one's mouth, so that he does not speak: (A:) pl. of the first, (S, M, K,) or of the second, (A,) أَسِدَّةٌ, [a pl. of pauc.,] (S, M, A, K,) accord. to analogy سُدُودٌ, (S, M, K,) or أَسُدٌّ [which is a pl. of pauc.]. (M.) You say, ↓ مَا بِهِ سِدَادٌ (tropical:) There is not in him any fault &c.: and فُلَانٌ بَرِىْءٌ مِنَ الأَسِدَّةِ (tropical:) Such a one is free from faults &c. (A.) And تَسُدُّ فَاهُ عَنِ الكَلَامِ ↓ مَا بِفُلَانٍ سَدَادَةٌ (assumed tropical:) There is not in such a one a fault that stops his mouth from speaking. (Aboo-Sa'eed, L.) And لَا تَجْعَلَنَّ بِجَنْبِكَ الأَسِدَّةَ (tropical:) By no means render thou thy bosom contracted so that thou shalt be unable to return an answer, like him who is deaf or dumb. (S, K.) b3: See also سُدٌّ. b4: سدّ [so in the TA, i. e. either سَدٌّ or سُدَّ,] also signifies (assumed tropical:) A she-camel by which the sportsman conceals himself from the game; also called دَرِيْئَةٌ ند دَرِيعَةٌ whence the saying, رَمَاهُ فِى سدِّ نَاقَتِهِ (assumed tropical:) [He shot him, or shot at him, by his she-camel whereby he was concealing himself]. (IAar, TA.) b5: And سَدٌّ, (M,) or سُدٌّ, (O, K,) is also syn. with ظِلٌّ [as meaning (tropical:) Shade, or shadow; or cover, or protection]. (IAar, M, O, K, TA.) A poet cited by IAar says, قَعَدْتُ لَهُ فِى سَدِّ نِقْضٍ مُعَوَّدٍ لِذٰلِكَ فِى صَحْرَآءَ جِذْمٍ دَرِينُهَا (tropical:) [I sat for him, i. e. lay in wait for him, in the shade, or cover, of a camel rendered lean by travel, accustomed to that, in a desert whereof the dry herbage was old]: i. e. I made him a cover, or screen, to me, in order that he might not see me: and by جِذْم he means “ old,” because الجِذْمُ signifies الأَصْلُ, and there is nothing older than the أَصْل; and he uses it as an epithet because it implies the meaning of an epithet. (M.) A2: سَدٌّ also signifies A thing, (S, K,) [i. e.] a [basket such as is called] سَلَّة, (M, TA,) made of twigs, (S, M, K,) and having covers (أَطْبَاق): (S, K: [but this addition in the S and K seems properly to apply to the pl., as will be shown by what follows:]) pl. سِدَادٌ and سُدُودٌ: (M, TA:) or, accord. to Lth, سُدُودٌ signifies [baskets such as are called] سِلَال, [pl. of سَلَّةٌ,] made of twigs, and having covers (أَطْبَاق); one of which is called [not سَدٌّ but] ↓ سَدَّةٌ: and it is said also on other authority that the سَلَّة is called سَدَّةٌ and طَبْلٌ. (L, TA.) سُدٌّ: see the next preceding paragraph, passim. b2: Also (assumed tropical:) A swarm of locusts obstructing the horizon: (M:) or so سُدٌّ مِنْ جَرَادٍ: (TA:) and جَرَادٌ سُدٌّ (tropical:) locusts (S, M, A, K) that have obstructed, (S, K,) or obstructing, (M, A,) the horizon, (S, M, A, K,) by their multitude: (S, A, K:) in which case, سُدٌّ is either a substitute for جَرَادٌ and therefore a substantive, or it is pl. of ↓ سَدُودٌ signifying that which obstructs the horizon and therefore an epithet. (M.) b3: And (tropical:) A black cloud, (Az, S, K, TA,) that has risen in any tract of the sky: (TA:) or a collection of clouds rising, obstructing the horizon: (M:) pl. سُدُودٌ: (S, M, K:) [or] ↓ سَدٌّ and صَدٌّ, but the former is the more approved, signify (assumed tropical:) a cloud, or collection of clouds, rising high, and appearing like a mountain. (M and L in art. صد.) b4: And A valley: (K:) so called because it becomes closed, or stopped up. (TA.) b5: And A valley containing stones and masses of rock, in which water remains for some time, or a long time: pl. سِدَدَةٌ: (S, L, K:) or you say, أَرْضٌ بِهَا سِدَدَةٌ [a land in which are valleys containing stones and masses of rock, &c.]; and the sing. is ↓ سُدَّةٌ. (L.) b6: and (assumed tropical:) The departure [or loss] of sight: (IAar, M:) from the same word in the first of the senses expl. in the next preceding paragraph. (M.) سِدٌّ: see سَدِيدٌ.

سَدَّةٌ: see سَدٌّ, last sentence.

سُدَّةٌ A certain disease in the nose, (S, M, L, K,) which stops it up, (M, L,) attacking the passage of the breath, (L,) and preventing respiration; (S, L;) as also ↓ سُدَادٌ. (S, M, L, K.) A thing that obstructs the passage of the humours, and of the food, in the body. (KL.) [And Any obstruction in the body: pl. سُدَدٌ.] b2: See also سُدٌّ.

A2: Also [A vestibule, or porch, for shade and shelter, before the door of a house: this is a common signification of the word, and is app. what is meant by its being said that] the سُدَّة is what is before the door of a house: (M, A:) or, as some say, a سَقِيفَة [i. e. roof, or covering, such as projects over the door of a house &c.; or a place roofed over]; (M:) or a ظُلَّة [i. e. roof, or cover-ing, for shade and shelter,] over a door: (Mgh:) or it is [a thing, or place,] like a صُفَّة [or سَقِيفَة] before a بَيْت [or house, or perhaps here meaning tent]: and a ظُلَّة at the door of a house (دَار): (AA, TA:) or, accord. to Aboo-Sa'eed, (TA,) in the language of the Arabs [of the desert] it signifies [a space such as is termed] a فِنَآء pertaining to a tent of hair-cloth and the like; and those who make it to be like a صُفَّة, or like a سَقِيفَة, explain the word accord. to the way in which it is used by the people of the towns and villages: (Msb, TA:) or it signifies the door [itself]: (S, A, Mgh, K:) or it has this meaning also: (Msb:) some thus apply it to the door itself: (A'Obeyd, L:) and the surrounding portico [of the interior court] of the largest, or larger, mosque: (M, TA:) pl. سُدَدٌ. (S, L, Msb, K.) You say, رَأَيْتُهُ قَاعِدًا بِسُدَّةِ بَابِهِ [I saw him sitting in the vestibule of his door]: (S, TA:) and بِسُدَّةِ دَارِهِ [in the vestibule before the door, or at the door, of his house]. (TA.) Abu-d-Dardà

said, مَنْ يَغْشَ سُدَدَ السُّلْطَانِ يَقُمْ وَيَقْعُدْ, (S, L,) or مَنْ يَأْتِ الخ, i. e. [He who comes to the vestibules, or gates, of the Sultán] experiences returns of recent and old griefs, disquieting him so that he is not able to remain at rest, but stands up and sits down: (Mgh in art. قدم:) this he said when he came to the gate of Mo'áwiyeh and did not receive permission to enter. (L.) And it is said in a trad., الشُّعْثُ الرُّؤُوسِ الَّذِينَ لَا تُفْتَحُ لَهُمُ السُّدَدُ, (S, A,) meaning الأَبْوَابُ [i. e. The shaggy, or dishevelled, and dusty, in the heads are those to whom the doors will not be opened]. (A.) b2: Hence, Umm-Selemeh, addressing' Áïsheh, termed her a سُدَّة, i. e. a بَاب [meaning (assumed tropical:) A means of communication[, between the Prophet and his people. (L, from a trad.) A3: Also Palm-sticks, i. e. palmbranches stripped of their leaves, bound together, [side by side,] upon which one sleeps. (M.) سَدَدٌ: see the next paragraph, in four places: b2: and see also سَدِيدٌ.

سَدَادٌ [an inf. n. of the intrans. verb سَدَّ; as also ↓ سَدَدٌ]. [Hence,] one says, إِنَّهُ لَذُو سَدَادٍ Verily he has a faculty of hitting the right thing, or his object or aim, in speaking, and in the managing or disposing of affairs, and in shooting. (TA.) b2: [Hence also, as a subst.,] A thing that is right, syn. صَوَابٌ, (S, A, Msb, K,) and قَصْدٌ, (S,) of what is said and of what is done; (S, A, * Msb, K;) as also ↓ سَدَدٌ, (S, A,) which is a contraction of the former. (S.) One says, قَالَ سَدَادًا مِنَ القَوْلِ He said a right thing [lit. of what is said, i. e., a right saying]; (S, A;) as also ↓ سَدَدًا. (A.) And يُصِيبُ السَّدَادَ He hits the right thing in speech [or action]. (S.) And هُوَ عَلَى سَدَادٍ مِنْ

أَمْرِهِ and ↓ سَدَدٍ [He is following a right course of action in respect of his affair]. (A.) and أَمْرُ فُلَانٍ يَجْرِى عَلَى السَّدَادِ The affair of such a one goes on according to that which is right. (S.) b3: [And hence the saying,] أَتَتْنَا رِيحٌ مِنْ سَدَادِ أَرْضِهِمْ (tropical:) A wind came to us from the direction of their land. (A, TA.) b4: It is also used as an epithet, syn. with سَدِيدٌ, q. v. (L.) b5: and السَّدَادُ [as though meaning The right projecter] is a name that was given to a bow belonging to the Prophet, as ominating the hitting of the object aimed at by that which was shot from it. (TA.) A2: See also سِدَادٌ, in three places.

سُدَادٌ: see سُدَّةٌ, first sentence.

سِدَادٌ A thing with which an interstice, or intervening space, is closed, or closed up: (AO, M, L: [see also سَدٌّ:]) and a thing with which a breach, or gap, (M, A,) is stopped, or stopped up, (M,) or repaired, and made firm or strong: (A:) pl. أَسِدَّةٌ. (M.) Primarily, accord. to ISh, (Meyd, in explanation of a prov. mentioned in what follows,) Somewhat of milk that dries up in the orifice of a she-camel's teat; (Meyd, K;) because it stops up the passage of the milk. (Meyd.) Also A stopper of a bottle (S, * Mgh, * Msb, K, * TA) &c.: (Msb:) in this sense [as well as in those before mentioned] with kesr (S, Mgh, Msb, K) only [to the س]: and so in the sense next following. (S, K.) A body of horse and foot serving as blockaders of the frontier of a hostile country. (S, K, * TA.) b2: سِدَادٌ مِنْ عَوَزٍ and ↓ سَدَادٌ, (ISk, S, M, Msb, K,) but the former is the more chaste, (S,) and it alone is mentioned by most authors in this saying, because it is from سداد as meaning the “ stopper ” of a bottle; (Msb;) and some say that ↓ سَداد, with fet-h, is a corruption; (Msb, K;) expressly disallowed by As and ISh; (Msb;) a prov.; (Meyd;) meaning (tropical:) A thing by which want is supplied, (S, M, Msb, K,) and by which life is preserved; accord. to ISh, if incomplete; and accord. to As, a thing by which somewhat of the entire wants of one's case is supplied. (Msb.) One says also, أَصَبْتُ بِهِ سِدَادًا مِنَ العَيْشِ and ↓ سَدَادًا (tropical:) I attained thereby a thing by which want was supplied; (S, K, * TA;) or a means of sustaining life. (AO, L.) b3: See also سَدٌّ, in two places.

سَدُودٌ: see سُدٌّ.

سَدِيدٌ, applied to a spear, Seldom missing; and [to the same, and] to an arrow, that hits the mark; (TA;) and to a saying, (S, M, L,) as also ↓ سَدَادٌ (M, L) and ↓ سَدَدٌ; (L;) and an action; (TA;) and an affair, as also ↓ أَسَدُّ; (S, A, L;) right, direct, or in a right state; having, or taking, a right direction or tendency; tending towards the right point or object: (S, M, A, L, TA:) and ↓ سِدٌّ, applied to speech, signifies the same; (TA;) and true. (K, TA.) b2: And applied to a man, meaning Who pursues a right course; as also ↓ أَسَدٌّ; (M;) and [in an intensive sense] ↓ سَدَّادٌ: (TA:) or, (Msb,) as also ↓ مُسِدٌّ, (S,) who hits the right thing in his saying (S, Msb) and in his action. (Msb.) سَدَادَةٌ: see سَدٌّ, in two places.

سَدَّادٌ: see سَدِيدٌ.

سَادَّةٌ (tropical:) An eye (عَيْنٌ) of which the sight has gone; (A;) that has become white, and with which one does not see, but which has not yet burst: (Az, A, * L, K:) or that is open, but does not see strongly: (IAar, L, K:) pl. سُدُودٌ, (IAar, L,) or سُدُدٌ. (K.) b2: Also (assumed tropical:) An old and weak she-camel. (IAar, K.) أَسَدُّ: see سَدِيدٌ, in two places.

مَسَدٌّ [properly A place of closing, or stopping, &c.]: see 1, in two places.

مُسِدٌّ: see سَدِيدٌ.

مُسَدَّدٌ Directed; pointed in a right direction. (S TA.) b2: And A man directed, accommodated, adapted, or disposed, to that which is right [of words and of actions]; (L;) who does that which is right, (يَعْمَلُ بِالسَّدَادِ وَالقَصْدِ, S, L,) keeping to the right way; in which sense it is related by some with kesr, ↓ مُسَدِّدٌ. (L.) [Golius explains it as meaning, on the authority of the S, who executes his affairs with sure and good judgment, and with happy success: and Freytag thus explains ↓ مُسَدِّدٌ, as from the S.]

مُسَدِّدٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.