ورس

1 وَرَسَ, inf. n. وُرُوسٌ, It (a plant) became green. (AA, A, Hn, M.) b2: See also 4. b3: وَرِسَ, (M, K,) aor. ـْ (K,) It (a rock, M, K, in water, K) became overspread with [the green substance called] طُحْلُب, so that it became green and smooth. (IDrd, M, K.) b4: See also 4.2 ورّسهُ, inf. n. تَوْرِيسٌ, He dyed it (a garment, or piece of cloth,) with وَرْس, q. v. (S, K.) 4 اورس المَكَانُ The place produced the plant called وَرْس. (S.) b2: اورس الرِّمْثُ The [trees called] رمث produced وَرْس, a thing yellow like the [garments termed] مُلَآء; as also ↓ وَرَسَ: so it is asserted, on trustworthy authority: (M:) or became yellow in their leaves, (S, K,) after attaining to maturity, (S,) and had upon them what was like yellow مُلَآء; (S, K;) and in like manner one says of a place, اورس المَكَانُ: (TA:) or became yellow in its fruit: (A:) b3: اورس الشَّجَرُ The trees put forth leaves; (K;) as also ↓ وَرِسَ. (IKtt.) وَرْسٌ A certain plant, (S, A, Msb, K,) of a yellow colour, (S, Msb,) resembling sesame, (A, K,) with which one dyes, (A, Msb,) and of which is made the [liniment called] غُمْرَة for the face, (S,) existing in El-Yemen, (S, K,) and nowhere else, (K,) being there sown; (Msb;) it is not wild, but is sown one year, and remains ten years, (AHn, M,) or twenty years, (K,) without ceasing to be profitable, resembling sesame in its manner of growth; and when it dries, on its attaining to maturity, its pericarps (خَرَائِط) burst, and it is shaken, and the وَرْس shakes out from it: (AHn, M,) it is useful for the [discolouration of the face termed] كَلَف, used as a liniment; and for the [leprous-like discolouration of the skin termed بَهَق, [prepared] as a drink; and the wearing of a garment dyed with it strengthens the venereal faculty: (K:) or a certain yellow dye: or, as some say, a certain plant, of sweet odour: or, as is said in the قَانُون [of Ibn-Seenà, or Avicenna,] a certain thing of an intensely red colour, resembling powdered saffron, brought from El-Yemen, and said to be scraped or rubbed off, or to fall off, from its trees: (Mgh:) or, as some say, a species of كُرْكُم, q. v.: or, as some say, resembling كُرْكُم: (Msb:) or a certain thing, yellow, like the [garments of the kind called مُلَآء, that comes forth upon the [trees called] رِمْث, between the last part of summer and the first part of winter, (M, TA,) which, when it touches a garment, soils it: (TA:) or it also, sometimes, [accord. to certain persons who seems to misapply the word, is a substance which] pertains to the [trees called] عَرْعَر and رِمْث, and to other trees, above all in Abyssinia; but this is inferior to that first mentioned (K, TA) in virtue and properties: as to that of the عرعر, it is found between its rind and the main substance, when it dries up; and when it is rubbed, it rubs off; and there is no good in it; but ورس [properly so called] is adulterated with it: and as to that of the رمث, when it is the end of summer, and it has attained its utmost state, it becomes intensely yellow, so that what envelops it becomes yellow, and with this also one adulterates: so says AHn: (TA:) ورس is called in Persian اسپرك [إِسْپَرِكْ]; and in Turkish, آلاجهره. (TK.) [Freytag adds to what he has given on this word from the K, S, TK. as follows: “ Memecylon tinctorium. Sprengel. hist. med., t. ii., p. 444, ed. tert. (ubi ورز scriptum est). Spreng. hist. rei herb., t. i., p. 258.

Avicenn. p. 165 ”]

وَرِسٌ: see وَرِيسٌ.

وَرْسِىٌّ A yellow bowl: (A:) or a bowl made of نُضَار, (M,) which is a yellow wood: (TA:) or of the best kind of those made of نُضَار. (Lth, K.) b2: A pigeon that is red inclining to yellowness: (M:) or a pigeon inclining to redness and yellowness. (K.) b3: See also وَرِيسٌ.

وَرِيسٌ A garment dyed with وَرْس; as also ↓ وَرِسٌ and ↓ وَارِسٌ (M) and ↓ مُوَرَّسٌ. (M, A.) You say, مَلْحَفَةٌ وِرِيسَةٌ, (so in some copies of the S and K) or ↓ وَرْسِيَّةٌ, (as in other copies of the S and K, and thus in a copy of the Msb,) [An outer wrapping garment] dyed with وس; (S, Msb, K;) i. q. ↓ مُوَرَّسَةٌ; (K;) which latter epithet is sometimes used. (Msb.) b2: See also وَارِسٌ.

وَارِسٌ applied to a place [Producing the plant called وَرْس]. (TA.) b2: Applied to a tree of the kind called رِمْث, Producing وَرْس, a thing yellow like the [garments termed] مُلَآء: (M:) or becoming yellow in the leaves, (S, K,) after attaining to maturity, (S,) and having upon it what is like yellow مُلَآءُ: (S, K:) or becoming yellow in its fruit: (A:) or, app., having وَرْس, like as تَامِرٌ signifies “ possessing dates; ” (AHn;) and ↓ وَرِيسٌ likewise has the last of these significations: (TA:) ↓ مُورِسٌ also signifies the same as وَارِسٌ, applied to a tree of the kind abovementioned; (A, K;) but is very rare, though agreeable with analogy: (K:) it is said (M) one should not say مُوْرِسٌ; (S, M;) but it occurs in a poem of Ibn-Harmeh. (M.) b3: Applied to a tree [of any other kind], Putting forth leaves. (TA.) b4: Applied to a plant, Becoming green. (M.) You say also, صَخْرَةٌ وَارِسَةٌ بِالطُّحْلُبِ, A rock overspread with the green substance called طحلب, so that it is green and smooth: see 1]. (A.) b5: It also denotes intenseness of colour, in the phrase أَصْفَرُ وَارِسٌ Yellow intensely bright. (M.) And [in like manner] you say, جَمَلٌ وَارِسُ الحُمْرَةِ A camel intensely red. (Sgh.) and زَعْفَرَانٌ وَارِسٌ [app., Bright-coloured saffron]. (A.) See also وَرِيسٌ.

مُورِسٌ: see وَارِسٌ.

مُوَرَّسٌ: see وَرِيسٌ, in two places.

صر

1 صَرَّ, (S, A, TA,) aor. ـِ (S, TA,) inf. n. صَرِيرٌ, said of the جُنْدَب [which is app. a species of locust], and of a writing-reed, and of a door, (S, A, TA,) or of a dog-tooth, (ناب, so in a copy of the S in the place of باب in other copies as in the A and TA,) It made a sound, or noise; (S, A, TA;) or a prolonged sound or noise; [meaning it creaked; or made a creaking, or grating, sound;] and so anything that makes a similar prolonged sound: and [in like manner] ↓ اِصْطَرَّت said of a mast (سَارِيَة), it creaked, or made a creaking sound: (TA:) but when there is a lightness, or slightness, and reiteration, of the sound, they use the reduplicative form, ↓ صَرْصَرَ, inf. n. صَرْصَرَةٌ, (S, * TA,) signifying he (the bird called أَخْطَب, S, A, TA, and the hawk, or falcon, S, M, TA, or other bird, or flying thing, M) uttered his [reiterated quavering] cry; (S, M, A, TA;) as though they imitated prolongation in the cry of the جُنْدَب [and the like], and reiteration in the cry of the أَخْطَب [and the like thereof]. (S, TA.) صَرَّ الجُنْدَبُ is a prov., expl. in art. جدب [q. v.]. (TA in that art.) b2: Also He (a sparrow) [chirped, or] uttered a cry, or cries. (TA.) b3: صَرَّ, aor. ـِ inf. n. صَرٌّ and صَرِيرٌ; and ↓ صَرْصَرَ; He cried, called out, or raised a cry or clamour, (M, K,) with vehemence, (K,) or with the utmost vehemence: (M:) and [in like manner] one says, ↓ جَآءَ يَصْطَرُّ He came [making a clamour, or] in clamour. (TA.) b4: And صَرَّ صِمَاخُهُ, inf. n. صَرِيرٌ, His ear-hole sounded, (M, K,) or tingled, or rang, (A,) by reason of thirst. (M, A, K.) And صَرَّتِ الأُذُنُ The ear tingled, or rang. (ISk, A.) b5: And صَرَّ, aor. as above, He thirsted [app. so as to hear a ringing in his ears]. (IAar.) A2: صَرٌّ [as inf. n. of صَرَّ] also signifies The act of binding [a captive, &c.: see the pass. part. n., مَصْرُورٌ]. (Mgh.) b2: You say, صَرَّ, [aor. ـُ (S, M, A,) inf. n. صَرٌّ, (M, TA,) He tied up a purse, (S, M, * TA,) and money in a purse. (A.) b3: And صَرَّالنَّاقَةَ (S, M, K) and بِالنَّاقَةِ, (M, K,) or صَرَّ النَّاقَةَ بِالصِّرَارِ, (Msb,) aor. ـُ (M, Msb, K,) inf. n. صَرٌّ; (M, K;) [and app. ↓ صَرَّرَهَا; (see the pass. part. n., voce مَصْرُورٌ;)] He bound the صِرَار [q. v.] upon the she-camel; (S;) [i. e.] he bound the she-camel's udder with the صِرَارِ: (M, Msb, K, * TA:) and صَرَّ الأَطْبَآءَ بِالصِّرَارِ [He bound the teats with the صرار]. (A.) [See a verse of ElKumeyt cited voce رِجْلٌ: and see also what there follows it.] b4: [Hence,] صَرَّهَا means also (assumed tropical:) He left off milking her [i. e. the camel]. (Msb.) b5: And تُصَرُّ, [aor. of صُرَّت,] said of a leathern bucket (دَلْو) that has become flaccid, It is tied, and has a loop-shaped handle affixed within it, having another such opposite to it. (K, * TA.) b6: And one says, صَرَّ عَلَىَّ الطَّرِيقَ قَلَا

أَجِدُ مَسْلَكًا (tropical:) [He closed, or has closed, against me the road, or way, so that I find not any passage]. (A.) And صُرَّتْ عَلَىَّ هٰذِهِ البَلْدَةُ فَلَا أَجِدُ مِنْهَا مَخْلَصًا (tropical:) [This town has become closed against me so that I find not any way of escape from it]. (A.) b7: And صَرَّ أُذُنَيْهِ, [aor. ـُ inf. n. صَرٌّ,] He (a horse) contracted his ears to his head: (ISk, S:) or pointed and raised his ears; which a horse does only when he exerts himself and hastens in his pace: (TA:) or he (an ass) straightened and erected his ears to listen; as also ↓ أَصَرَّهُمَا: (A:) and ↓ أَصَرَّ used intransitively, (ISk, S,) without the mention of the ears, (A,) signifies the same as صَرَّ أُذُنَيْهِ: (ISk, S, A:) and صَرَّ بِأُذُنِهِ and صَرَّ أُذُنَهُ, aor. and inf. n. as above; and بِهَا ↓ أَصَرَّ; he (a horse, and an ass,) straightened and erected his ear to listen; (M, K;) as also ↓ صَرَّرَهَا. (TA.) b8: [The inf. n.] صَرٌّ signifies also The act of confining, withholding, hindering, or preventing. (TA.) b9: And صُرَّ (tropical:) He had an iron collar put upon his neck, or round his neck and hands together. (A.) b10: And صَرَّ, aor. ـُ He collected together a thing, or things, (IAar,) or anything. (TA.) And كَلَامًا ↓ صَرَّرَ (assumed tropical:) He collected something to be said in his bosom, or mind. (L and TA, from a trad.) And المَالَ ↓ صَرْصَرَ, inf. n. صَرْصَرَةٌ, He collected together the property, or the camels or the like, and put back what had become scattered of the extreme portions thereof. (T, TA.) A3: And صُرَّ It (a plant, or herbage,) became smitten by cold, or by intense cold. (M, K.) 2 صَرَّّ see 1, in three places.

A2: صَرَّرَتْ said of a she-camel, She preceded. (Aboo-Leylà, M, K.) 3 صارّهُ عَلَى الشَّىْءِ He compelled him against his will to do the thing. (S, K.) 4 أَصْرَ3َ see 1, latter part, in three places.

A2: اصرّ عَلَيْهِ, (S, TA,) inf. n. إِصْرَارٌ, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) He persevered, or persisted, in it; or kept to it perseveringly. (S, TA.) You say, اصرّ عَلَى فِعْلِهِ (assumed tropical:) He persevered, or persisted, in doing it. (Msb.) and اصرّ عَلَى الذَّنْبِ (tropical:) He persevered, or persisted, in the crime, sin, or act of disobedience. (M, TA.) The verb is used in this sense when its object is evil, or crime, or the like. (TA.) b2: And (assumed tropical:) He determined, resolved, or decided, upon it. (M, Mgh, K.) You say, اصرّ عَلَى فِعْلِهِ (assumed tropical:) He determined, resolved, or decided, upon going on in doing it, and not turning back. (TA.) b3: اصرّ يَعْدُو (assumed tropical:) He hastened (M, K) somewhat (M) in running: (M, K: [in the CK, for أَصَرَّ يَعْدُو أَسْرَعَ, is put اَصَرَّ بَعُدَ وَاَسْرَعَ:]) accord. to A 'Obeyd, the verb in this sense is أَضَرَّ; but Et-Toosee asserts that this is a mistranscription. (M.) A3: اصرّالسُّنْبُلُ The ears of corn became such as are termed صَرَر [q. v.]: (M, K:) [or] accord. to ISh, one says, اصرّ الزَّرْعُ, inf. n. إِصْرَارٌ, meaning The seed-produce [i. e. corn] put forth the extremities of its awn, before its ears had become developed. (TA.) 8 إِصْتَرَ3َ see 1, former half, in two places.

A2: اصطرّ said of a solid hoof, It was, or became, narrow, or contracted, (S, TA,) in an unseemly manner, or immoderately. (TA.) R. Q. 1 صَرْصَرَ, inf. n. صَرْصَرَةٌ: see 1, former half, in two places: A2: and the same paragraph, last sentence but one.

صَرٌّ A leathern bucket (دَلْو) that, in consequence of its having become flaccid, is tied, and has a loop-shaped handle affixed within it, having another such opposite to it. (K, * TA.) A2: See also صَرِيرَةٌ.

صِرٌّ (S, M, A, Msb, K) and ↓ صِرَّةٌ (M, A, K) Cold: (Th, M, A, Msb, K:) or intense cold; (Zj, M, A, K;) as also ↓ صَرْصَرٌ: (Ham p. 719:) or cold that smites the herbage and the seed-produce of the field: (S:) in the Kur iii. 113, the first of these words has the first of the meanings expl. above: (IAmb:) or the second meaning: (Zj:) or signifies noise and commotion: or, accord. to I 'Ab, fire. (IAmb.) b2: And رِيحٌ صِرٌّ (M, A, K) and ↓ صَرْصَرٌ (S, M, A, K) A wind intensely cold: (S, M, A, K:) or very intensely cold: (T in explanation of the latter:) or vehemently loud: (M, A, K:) of ↓ صَرْصَرٌ some say that it is originally صَرَّرٌ, from صِرٌّ meaning “ cold; ” the incipient letter being repeated, and put in the place of the medial ر: others, that it is from صَرِيرُ البَابِ [ “ the creaking of the door ”], and from صَرَّةٌ meaning “ vociferation, or clamour. ” (ISk.) b3: And صِرٌّ is the name of A certain bird, like the sparrow (K, TA) in size, (TA,) of a yellow colour: (K, TA:) so called because of its cry: or, as some say, the sparrow (عُصْفُور) itself. (TA.) صَرَّةٌ Vociferation, or clamour: (S, M, A, TA:) so in the Kur li. 29: (TA:) or the most vehement vociferation or clamour or crying (Zj, M, K *) of a man and of a bird &c. (Zj, M.) [In the K, this meaning is erroneously assigned to صِرَّةٌ.] b2: And Vehemence of grief or anxiety (S, M, K) and of war (M, K) and of heat, (K,) or of the hot season, (M,) &c.: (S, M:) and vehemence of the heat of summer. (S, A.) b3: And A contraction, or much contraction, and sternness, or moroseness, of the face, (K, TA,) by reason of dislike, or hatred. (TA.) A2: Also A company, a collection, or an assemblage. (S, M, K.) So in the following words of Imra-el-Keys: جَوَاحِرُهَا فِى صَرَّةٍ لَمْ تُزَيَّلِ (S, M) i. e. Those of them that remained behind, in a herd, not dispersed: (EM p. 48: [see the entire verse voce دُونٌ:]) or فى صرّة here means in [the midst of] clamour: (S:) or in vehemence of grief or anxiety. (S, M.) A3: Also i. q. عَطْفَةٌ (M, K) [i. e.] A certain bead (خَرَزَةٌ) by which women fascinate men so as to withhold them from other women. (Lh, M, K, TA. [This is evidently what is meant by عَطْفَة, but is given in the M and K as a signification distinct therefrom.]) A4: See also مُصَرَّاةٌ.

صُرَّةٌ A purse (شَرَجٌ, M, K, in the CK شَرْجٌ,) for money; (S, M, A, Msb, K;) as also ↓ مَصَرٌّ, with fet-h, (TA,) or ↓ مِصَرٌّ: (so in a copy of the A:) pl. of the first, صُرَزٌ. (Msb.) Hence the prov., اِفْتَحْ صُرَرَكَ تَعْلَمْ عُجَرَكَ, meaning (assumed tropical:) Return to thyself, [or lay open the recesses of thy mind,] and thou wilt know [thy vices, or faults, or] thy good from thy evil. (Meyd. [See also صُرَدٌ, last explanation.]) صِرَّةٌ: see صِرٌّ.

صَرَرٌ Ears of corn (سُنْبُل) after the culm is produced, (M, K, [in the CK, يُقَصَّبُ is put in the place of يُقَصِّبُ,]) before they become apparent: (M:) or ears of corn while the farina has not come forth into them: n. un. with ة: (AHn, M, K:) or, accord. to ISh, corn when the leaves become twisted, and the extremity of the ears becomes dry, or tough, though the farina have not come forth into them. (TA.) [See 4, last sentence.]

صَرَارٌ: see صَرُورَةٌ, in two places.

صِرَارٌ The thing with which a she-camel's udder is bound: (M, K:) the string which is tied over the she-camel's udder and over the [piece of wood called] تَوْدِيَة, in order that her young one may not suck her; (S;) and in order that it may not make any impression upon her, they smear her teats with fresh [dung of the kind called] بَعَر: (TA:) or a piece of rag which is bound upon the she-camel's teats, in order that her young one may not such her: (Msb:) pl. أَصِرَّةٌ. (M, A, K.) It is a custom of the Arabs to bind the صرار upon the udders of their milch camels when they send them to pasture by themselves; and when they return in the evening, they loose the اصرّة, and milk. (IAth.) b2: [Hence,] جَعَلْتُ دُونَ فُلَانٍ صِرَارًا (tropical:) I put an obstruction, or obstacle, in the way of such a one. (A.) A2: Also Elevated places over which the water does not come. (S.) صَرُورٌ: see صَرُورَةٌ.

صَرَارَةٌ: see the next paragraph, in three places.

صَرُورَةٌ (S, M, A, Msb, K) and ↓ صَارُورَةٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ صَرُورٌ and ↓ صَارُورٌ (M, K) and ↓ صَرَارَةٌ (S, M, K) and ↓ صَرُورِىٌّ (S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ صَارُورِىٌّ (M) or ↓ صَارُورَآءُ, (Sgh, K,) the last like عَاشُورَآءُ, mentioned on the authority of Ks, (TA,) A man who has not performed the pilgrimage to Mekkeh: (S, M, A, Msb, K:) so called from صَرٌّ, signifying the “ act of confining, withholding, hindering, or preventing; ” (TA;) or because the person so called refrains from expending of his property in pilgrimage: (Msb:) you say also, اِمْرَأَةٌ صَرُورَةٌ a woman who has not performed the pilgrimage to Mekkeh: (S, Msb:) pl. ↓ صَرَارٌ and ↓ صَرَارَةٌ: (K:) [or, rather, the former is a coll. gen. n., of which صَرَارَةٌ is the n. of un.; and the latter is a quasi-pl. n., like صَحَابَةٌ, as well as n. un. of صَرَارٌ:] Fr cites, from certain of the Arabs, ↓ صَرَارٌ as used collectively; and one of the number is termed ↓ صَرَارَةٌ: (S:) each of the forms ending with the relative ى receives the dual and pl. and fem. inflections: and accord. to IAar, the forms preceding those receive also the dual and pl. inflections: (M, * TA:) and some say that صَوَارِيرُ is pl. of ↓ صَارُورَةٌ: (TA:) or ↓ صَارُورَةٌ and ↓ صَارُورٌ, (M,) or صَرُورَةٌ, (Lh, S, M, A, Msb,) as occurring in the poetry of En-Nábighah, (Yaakoob, S,) not used without ة, (Lh, M,) or all the sing. forms above mentioned, (K,) signify one who has not married: (M, A, K:) or who has not had intercourse with women: as though he had determined (أَصَرَّ) upon relinquishing them: (Yaakoob, S, Msb: *) applied in like manner to a woman, and to a plurality of persons: (M, K:) the ة in صَرُورَةٌ applied to a man and to a woman is not to denote the fem. gender, but to give the utmost intensiveness to the signification. (IJ, M.) b2: It is said in a trad., لَا صَرُورَةَ فِى الإِسْلَامِ, (S, M,) meaning, accord. to A 'Obeyd, There is no abstinence from intercourse with women in El-Islám: (M, TA:) i. e., no one should say, I will not marry: (TA:) thus he makes صرورة a noun signifying an accident: but it is better known as an epithet: (M:) and IAth says that the meaning is, he who slays another in the حَرَم [or sacred territory of Mekkeh] shall be slain: his saying, “ I am a صرورة; I have not performed the pilgrimage, and I know not the sacredness of the حَرَم; ” shall not be accepted of him: for in the Time of Ignorance, the Kaabeh was a place of refuge. (TA.) دَرَاهِمُ صَرِيرَةٌ i. q. مَصْرُورَةٌ [i. e. Dirhems, or pieces of money, tied up in a purse]: (K:) termed in the present day ↓ صَرٌّ. (TA.) A2: See also صَارَّةٌ.

صَرَارِىٌّ A sailor: (S, M, K:) like صَارٍ: (S:) pl. صَرَارِيُّونَ: (S, M, K:) it has no broken pl.: (M:) or صَرّارِىّ should be [without tenween, imperfectly decl., and] mentioned in art. صرى; for it is pl. of صُرَّآءٌ, which is pl. of صَارٍ, which J has mentioned in art. صرى: AHát used to say that صُرَّآءٌ is a sing., like حُسَّانٌ; but without sufficient authority: and J has regarded صَرَارِىّ as a sing. in consequence of his finding it to have the same construction as a sing, in verses of Arabs; whence he imagined the ى in it to be the relative ى, as is shown by his mentioning the word in this place. (IB.) صَرُورِىٌّ: see صَرُورَةٌ.

صُرَّى: see صِرَّى: A2: and see also art. صرى.

صُرِّى: see the next paragraph.

هِىَ مِنِّى صِرَّى, said of an oath, (S,) or هُوَ مِنِّى, صِرَّى, (M, K,) and ↓ أَصِرَّى, and ↓ صِرِّى, and ↓ أَصِرِّى, (Yaakoob, S, M, K,) and ↓ صُرَّى and ↓ صُرِّى, (K, TA,) or ↓ صُرِّىٌّ and ↓ صِرِّىٌّ, (as in a copy of the M,) It is a determination, or resolution, from me; (S, M, K;) a serious assertion; not a jest. (S, K.) Aboo-Semmál El-Asadee, his she-camel having strayed, said, “I swear to Thee, [O God,] that, if Thou restore her not to me, I will not serve Thee: ” (S:) or, “O God, if Thou restore her not to me, I will not say a prayer to Thee: ” (TA:) and he found her, her nose-rein having caught to a thorntree (عَوْسَجَة); and he took her, and said, عَلِمَ رَبِّى أَنَّهَا مِنِّى صِرَّى My Lord knew that it was a determination, or resolution, or serious assertion, from me: (S:) or a confirmed determination: (ISk:) it is derived from أَصْرَرْتُ عَلَى الشَّىْءِ “ I persevered, or persisted, in the thing: ” (S:) [or “ I determined, or resolved, upon the thing: ”] AHeyth says, ↓ صِرِّى, i. e., Determine thou, or resolve thou; as though he addressed himself; from أَصَرَّ عَلَى فِعْلِهِ “ he determined, or resolved, upon going on in doing it, and not turning back: ”

it is also said that ↓ أَصِرّى is changed into ↓ أَصِرَّى, like as they say بِأَبِى أَنْتَ and بِأَبَا أَنْتَ: and in like manner, ↓ صِرِّى is changed into صِرَّى; the ا in أَصِرِّى being elided: not that they are two dial. vars., صَرَرْتُ عَلَى الشَّىْءِ and أَصْرَرْتُ: and Fr. says that صِرَّى and ↓ أَصِرَّى are originally imperatives; and that, when they desired to change them [i. e. the imperatives] into nouns, they changed the ى into | [written ى after fet-h]: and in like manner, [changing verbs into nouns,] they say, نُهِىَ عَنْ قِيلٍ وَقَالٍ; &c. (TA.) Accord. to Az, one says, ↓ إِنَّهَا مِنِّى لَأَصِرَّى meaning Verily, it is a truth, or reality, from me; and Aboo-Málik says the same of ↓ أَصِرِّى. (TA.) صِرِّى: see the next preceding paragraph, in three places.

صَرِّىٌّ and ↓ صِرّىٌّ A dirhem, (S, M, A, K,) and a deenár, (A,) that sounds, (S, M, K,) or rings, (A,) when struck: (S, M, A, K; in some copies of the last of which, in the place of إِذَا نُقِرَ, is put اذا نُقِدَ: TA:) accord. to some, used only in negative phrases: (IAar, M:) thus used in the phrase, مَا لِفُلَانٍ صَرِّىٌّ, [expl. as] meaning Such a one has not a dirhem nor a deenár: (IAar, A: *) and so used, as meaning a dirhem, by Khálid Ibn-Jembeh; who does not assign to it a dual nor a pl. (TA.) صُرِّىٌّ: see صِرّى.

صِرِّىٌّ: see صَرِّىّ: A2: and see also صِرَّى.

الصَّرَّارُ, (Msb,) or صَرَّارُ اللَّيْلِ, (S, K,) or both, (Mgh in art. خطب,) and ↓ الصَّرْصَرُ, (M and L in art. جد,) The جُدْجُد; [a cricket, which is called the صَرَّار in the present day]; (S, M, Mgh, L;) a certain thing that creaks (يَصِرُّ); (Msb;) a small flying thing; (K;) it is larger than the جُنْدَب, and is called by some of the Arabs الصَّدَى: (S, Mgh:) A 'Obeyd says that this last term signifies a certain flying thing that creaks (يَصِرُّ) by night, and hops, and flies, thought by the [common] people to be the جُنْدَب, and found in the deserts. (Msb.) صُرَّانٌ Such as grow in hard ground (جَلَد [in the CK, erroneously, جِلْد]) of the trees termed شَجَرُ العِلْكِ, (K, TA,) and of other trees. (TA.) صَرْصَرٌ: see صِرٌّ, in three places.

A2: and see الصَّرَّارُ. b2: Also A certain insect (دُوَيْبَّةٌ), (M, K, TA,) beneath the ground, that creaks (تَصِرُّ) in the days of the [season called] رَبِيع; (TA;) and so ↓ صُرْصُرٌ and ↓ صُرْصُورٌ. (M, K, TA.) [Accord. to Forskål, (Descr. Animal., p. xxii.,) صرصر, pronounced “ sursur,” is applied to an insect which he terms Blatta Aegyptiaca.] b3: And The cock: (K, TA: [written by Golius and Freytag صِرْصِرٌ:]) so called because of his cry. (TA.) b4: See also صُرْصُورٌ.

صُرْصُرٌ: see صَرْصَرٌ: b2: and see also صُرْصُورٌ.

صَرْصَرَانٌ: see the next paragraph, in two places.

صَرْصَرَانِىٌّ sing. of صَرْصَرَانِيَّاتٌ, (S, Msb,) which signifies Camels between the بَخَاتِىّ [or Bactrian (in the CK, erroneously, نَجاتِى)] and the Arabian: (S, M, Msb, K:) or such as are called فَوَالِج: (S, M, K:) and ↓ صَرْصَرَانٌ [if not a mistranscription] signifies the same. (TA.) [See also صُرْصُورٌ.] b2: And صَرْصَرَانِىٌّ (S, M, K) and ↓ صَرْصَرَانٌ (M, K) A species of fish, (S,) a certain smooth fish, (M, K,) of the sea. (S, M.) صُرْصُورٌ Large camels; (S, M, K;) as also ↓ صُرْصُرٌ and ↓ صَرْصَرٌ. (TA.) b2: And A camel of the species called بُخْتِىّ [i. e. Bactrian]: (M, K:) [see also صَرْصَرَانِىٌّ:] or its offspring; as also سُرْسُورٌ: (M:) or an excellent stallion-camel. (IAar.) b3: See also صَرْصَرٌ.

A2: Also A ship, or boat: [or a long, or great, ship or boat:] and so قُرْقُورٌ. (TA.) الصَّرَاصِرَةُ The Nabathæans of Syria. (S, K.) رَجُلٌ صَارٌّ بَيْنَ عَيْنَيْهِ A man contracted in the part between the eyes, like him who is grieving, or mourning. (TA.) b2: And صَارٌّ signifies Trees (شَجَر) tangled, or luxuriant, or abundant and dense, not without shade (K, TA) in their lower parts, by reason of their perplexedness. (TA.) صَارَّةٌ A want; a thing wanted; an object of want; or a needful, or requisite, thing: (S, M, K:) pl. صَوَارُّ. (TA.) One says, لِى قِبَلَ فُلَانٍ صَارَّةٌ [I have a want to be supplied to me on the part of such a one]. (A 'Obeyd, S.) b2: Also Thirst: (S, K:) pl. صَرَائِرُ, (K,) which is extr., (TA,) and صَوَارُّ: (K:) or the latter is pl. of صارّة in the sense first expl. above; as A 'Obeyd says; and this is meant in the K: (TA:) AA says that its pl. in the latter sense is صَرَائِرُ; and he cites the following words of Dhu-r-Rummeh: فَانْصَاعَتِ الحُقْبُ لَمْ تَقْصَعْ صَرَائِرَهَا [And the wild asses turned back, retreating quickly, not having quenched their thirst]: but fault has been found with AA for this; and it is said that صَرَائِرُ is pl. of ↓ صَرِيرَةٌ, [which is not expl.,] and that the pl. of صارّة is صَوَارُّ. (S.) One says, قَصَعَ الحِمَارُ صَارَّتَهُ, meaning The ass drank water until he quenched his thirst. (S.) صَارُورٌ: see صَرُورَةٌ, in two places.

صَارُورٌ: see صَرُورَةٌ, in three places.

صَارُورَآءُ: see صَرُورَةٌ.

صَارُورِىٌّ: see صَرُورَةٌ.

صُوَيْرَّةٌ Narrow in disposition and in mind or judgment or opinion. (Sgh, K.) حَجَرٌ أَصَرُّ A hard stone: (Tekmileh, TA:) and صَخْرَةٌ صَرَّآءُ a hard rock: (M, K:) or a smooth rock. (L.) أَصِرَّى: see صِرَّى, in four places.

أَصِرِّى: see صِرَّى, in three places.

مَصَرٌّ or مِصَرٌّ: see صُرَّةٌ.

مَصَرَّتَا البَوْلِ وَالغَائِطِ [The two sphincters that serve as repressers of the urine and dung]. (K in art. اسر.) مُصِرَّةٌ A she-camel that does not yield her milk copiously. (M, K.) مُصَرَّاةٌ That has been left unmilked for some days, in order that the milk may collect in her udder, or until it has collected in her udder; (M, K;) as also ↓ صَرَّةٌ; applied to a ewe, or she-goat: or the former is from صَرَّى, aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. تَصْرِيَةٌ, and therefore should be mentioned in art. صرى [q. v.]. (TA.) مُصَرَّرَةٌ: see the next paragraph.

مَصْرُورٌ Bound, as a captive. (Mgh.) b2: and مَصْرُورَةٌ and ↓ مُصَرَّرَةٌ A she-camel having her udder bound with the صِرَار. (IAth, TA.) b3: and مَصْرُورٌ applied to a solid hoof, Contracted: or narrow: (M, K:) or narrow and contracted: (S:) and ↓ مُصْطَرٌّ signifies the same; (M, K;) or narrow in an unseemly manner, or immoderately. (TA.) b4: Also (tropical:) A man having an iron collar put upon his neck, or round his neck and hands together. (A.) مَصَارّ [app. an irregular pl. of مَصِيرٌ, and therefore without tenween,] The أَمْعَآء [or guts, bowels, or intestines, into which the food passes from the stomach]. (M, K.) One says, شَرِبَ حَتَّى مَلَأَ مَصَارَّهُ, meaning [He drank until he filled] his

أَمْعَآء: mentioned by AHn on the authority of IAar, with no more explanation than this. (M.) مُصْطَرٌّ: see مَصْرُورٌ. b2: One says also اِمْرَأَةٌ مُصْطَرَّةُ الحَقْوَيْنِ [meaning (tropical:) A woman narrow in the flanks]. (A.) A2: See also مُصْطَرِدٌ, in art. صرد.

برقع

Q. 1 بَرْقَعَهُ, (S, K,) inf. n. بَرْقَعَةٌ, (TA,) He attired him with a بُرْقُع: (S, K:) and بَرْقَعَ المَرْأَةَ he attired the woman with a بُرْقُع (Msb.) b2: بَرْقَعَ لِحْيَتَهُ [He veiled his beard with a بُرْقُع;] He assumed the guise of such as wear the بُرْقُع; (TA;) i. e. صَارَ مَأْبُونًا [he became effeminate, or a catamite]. (K, TA.) A poet says, أَلَمْ تَرَ قَيْسًا قَيْسَ عَيْلَانَ بَرْقَعَتْ لِحَاهَا وَبَاعَتْ نَبْلَهَا بِالمَغَازِلِ

[Dost thou no see that Keys, Keys-'Eylan, have veiled their beards, and sold their arrows for spindles?]. (TA.) b3: بَرْقَعَ فُلَانًا بِالعَصَا, (K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) He struck such a one with the staff, or stick, between his ears, (K, TA,) so that it became like the بُرْقُع upon his head. (TA.) Q. 2 تَبَرْقَعَ He attired himself with a بُرْقُع (S , K:) and تَبَرْقَعَتْ she (a women) attired herself with a بُرْقُع. (Msb.) بُرْقَعٌ: see what next follows.

بُرْقُعٌ (IAar, S, Mgh, Msb, K) and ↓ بُرْقَعٌ (IAar, S, Msb, K ,) but some disallow this latter, (Msb,) and ↓ بُرْقُوعٌ, (IAar, S, K,) but AHát disallows this, as well as the second, (TA,) A thing pertaining to women and to horses or similar beasts, (K,) or to horses or similar beasts and to the women of the Arabs of the desert; (S;) a thing with which a woman veils her face; (Msb;) having in it two holes for the eyes: (Lth:) a small piece of cloth, or rag, pierced for the eyes, worn by horses or similar beasts and by the women of the Arabs of the desert: (Mgh:) [or, accord. to the general fashion of the present time, a long strip of cotton or other cloth, black, blue, or of some other colour, or white, concealing the whole of the face of the woman wearing it, except the eyes, and reaching nearly to the feet, suspended at the top by a narrow band, or other fastening, which passes up the middle of the forehead, and which is sewed, as are also the two upper corners, to a band which is tied round the head, beneath the head-veil: (see my “ Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,” ch. i.:)] ↓ بُرْقَعَةٌ, if correct, is a more particular term: (Mgh:) the pl. is بَرَاقِعُ. (Lth, Msb.) [See نِقَابٌ.] b2: [البُرْقُعُ The curtain of the door of the Kaabeh.] b3: See also بِرْقِعُ.

بِرْقَعُ: see what next follows.

بِرْقَعُ, (S, K, * TA,) imperfectly decl., (S, TA,) and ↓ بِرْقَعُ, (Fr, Az, Ibn-'Abbád,) of a rare form, like هِجْرَع, (Fr, Az, *) or البِرْقِعُ and ↓ البُرْقُعُ, (K, * TA,) but perhaps this last is a mistranscription, for بِرْقَعُ, (TA,) a name of The heaven, or sky: (Fr:) or the seventh heaven: (AAF, S, K:) or the fourth heaven: (Lth, Az, K:) or the first heaven; (K;) i. e. the lowest heaven: IDrd says, so they assert; and in like manner says IF; and he says, the ب is augmentative, the radical letters being ر ق ع, for every heaven is termed رَقِيعٌ, and the heavens [together] are termed أَرْقِعَةٌ: (TA:) or the lowest heaven is termed الرَّقِيعُ. (S, TA.) [See an ex. voce سَدِرٌ.]

بُرْقَعَةٌ: see بُرْقُعٌ.

بُرْقُوعٌ: see بُرْقُعٌ.

فَرَسٌ مُبَرْقَعٌ, (TA,) or فَرَسٌ أَغَرٌّ مُبَرْقَعٌ, (Mgh,) A horse having what is termed غُرَّةٌ مُبَرْقِعَةٌ: (TA:) or a horse having the whole of his face white. (Mgh.) And شَاةٌ مُبَرْقَعَةٌ A sheep, or ewe, having the head white. (S, K.) غُرَّةٌ مُبَرْقِعَةٌ A blaze, or whiteness, on the face of a horse, occupying the whole of his face, except that he looks (يَنْظُرُ [for which يُنْظَرُ is erroneously substituted in the CK]) in blackness; (S, L, K;) [i. e.] this whiteness passing downwards to the cheeks without reaching to the eyes. (L, TA.)

دِجْلَةُ:
نهر بغداد، لا تدخله الألف واللام، قال حمزة: دجلة معرّبة على ديلد، ولها اسمان آخران وهما: آرنك روذ وكودك دريا أي البحر الصغير، أخبرنا الشيخ مسمار بن عمر بن محمد أبو بكر المقري البغدادي بالموصل أنبأنا الشيخ الحافظ أبو الفضل محمد ابن ناصر بن محمد بن عليّ السّلامي أنبأنا الشيخ العالم أبو محمد جعفر بن أبي طالب أحمد بن الحسين السّرّاج القارئ أنبأنا القاضي أبو الحسين أحمد بن عليّ بن الحسين التّوّزي في شهر ربيع الآخر سنة 440، قال أبو عبد الله محمد بن عمران بن موسى المرزباني قال: دفع إليّ أبو الحسن عليّ بن هارون ورقة ذكر أنها بخط
عليّ بن مهدي الكسروي، ووجدت فيها أول مخرج دجلة من موضع يقال له عين دجلة على مسيرة يومين ونصف من آمد من موضع يعرف بهلورس من كهف مظلم، وأول نهر ينصبّ إلى دجلة يخرج من فوق شمشاط بأرض الروم يقال له نهر الكلاب، ثم أول واد ينصبّ إليه سوى السواقي والرواضع والأنهار التي ليست بعظيمة وادي صلب، وهو واد بين ميّا فارقين وآمد، قيل: إنه يخرج من هلورس، وهلورس الموضع الذي استشهد فيه عليّ الأرمني، ثم ينصبّ إليه وادي ساتيدما وهو خارج من درب الكلاب بعد أن ينصبّ إلى وادي ساتيدما وادي الزور الآخذ من الكلك، وهو موضع ابن بقراط البطريق من ظاهر أرمينية، وينصبّ أيضا من وادي ساتيدما نهر ميّافارقين ثم ينصب إليه وادي السّربط، وهو الآخذ من ظهر أبيات أرزن، وهو يخرج من خوويت وجبالها من أرض أرمينية، ثم توافي دجلة موضعا يعرف بتلّ فافان فينصب إليها وادي الرّزم، وهو الوادي الذي يكثر فيه ماء دجلة، وهذا الوادي مخرجه من أرض أرمينية من الناحية التي يتولّاها موشاليق البطريق وما والى تلك النواحي، وفي وادي الرّزم ينصب الوادي المشتق لبدليس، وهو خارج من ناحية خلاط، ثم تنقاد دجلة كهيئتها حتى توافي الجبال المعروفة بجبال الجزيرة فينصب إليها نهر عظيم يعرف بيرنى يخرج من دون أرمينية في تخومها ثم ينصب إليها نهر عظيم يعرف بنهر باعيناثا ثم توافي أكناف الجزيرة المعروفة بجزيرة ابن عمر فينصب إليها واد مخرجه من ظاهر أرمينية يعرف بالبويار ثم توافي ما بين باسورين والجزيرة فينصب إليها الوادي المعروف بدوشا، ودوشا يخرج من الزوزان فيما بين أرمينية وأذربيجان، ثم ينصب إليها وادي الخابور، وهو أيضا خارج من الموضع المعروف بالزّوزان وهو الموضع الذي يكون فيه البطريق المعروف بجرجيز، ثم تستقيم على حالها إلى بلد والموصل فينصب إليها ببلد من غربيها نهر ربما منع الراجل من خوضه، ثم لا يقع فيها قطرة حتى توافي الزاب الأعظم مستنبطه من جبال أذربيجان يأخذ على زركون وبابغيش فتكون ممازجته إياها فوق الحديثة بفرسخ، ثم تأتي السّنّ فيعترضها الزاب الأسفل مستنبطه من أرض شهرزور، ثم توافي سرّ من رأى، إلى هنا عن الكسروي. وقيل: إن أصل مخرجه من جبل بقرب آمد عند حصن يعرف بحصن ذي القرنين من تحته تخرج عين دجلة، وهي هناك ساقية، ثم كلما امتدّت انضمّ إليها مياه جبال ديار بكر حتى تصير بقرب البحر مدّ البصر، ورأيته بآمد وهو يخاض بالدواب، ثم يمتدّ إلى ميّافارقين ثم إلى حصن كيفا ثم إلى جزيرة ابن عمر، وهو يحيط بها، ثم إلى بلد والموصل ثم إلى تكريت، وقيل: بتكريت ينصب فيه الزابان:
الزاب الأعلى من موضع يقال له تلّ فافان والزاب الصغير عند السنّ، ومنها يعظم، ثم بغداد ثم واسط ثم البصرة ثم عبّادان ثم ينصب في بحر الهند، فإذا انفصل عن واسط انقسم إلى خمسة أنهر عظام تحمل السّفن، منها: نهر سياسي ونهر الغرّاف ونهر دقلة ونهر جعفر ونهر ميسان، ثم تجتمع هذه الأنهار أيضا وما ينضاف إليها من الفرات كلها قرب مطارة، قرية بينها وبين البصرة يوم واحد.
وروي عن ابن عباس، رضي الله عنه، أنه قال:
أوحى الله تعالى إلى دانيال، عليه السلام، وهو دانيال الأكبر، أن احفر لعبادي نهرين واجعل مفيضهما البحر فقد أمرت الأرض أن تطيعك، فأخذ خشبة وجعل يجرها في الأرض والماء يتبعه وكلما مرّ بأرض يتيم أو
أرملة أو شيخ كبير ناشدوه الله فيحيد عنهم، فعواقيل دجلة والفرات من ذلك، قال في هذه الرواية:
ومبتدأ دجلة من أرمينية.
ودجلة العوراء: اسم لدجلة البصرة علم لها، وقد أسقط بعض الشعراء الهاء منه ضرورة، قال بعض الشعراء:
روّاد أعلى دجل يهدج دونها ... قربا يواصله بخمس كامل
وقال أبو العلاء المعرّي:
سقيا لدجلة، والدنيا مفرّقة، ... حتى يعود اجتماع النجم تشتيتا
وبعدها لا أحبّ الشرب من نهر ... كأنما أنا من أصحاب طالوتا
ذمّ الوليد، ولم أذمم بلادكم، ... إذ قال ما أنصفت بغداد حوشيتا
وقال أبو القاسم عليّ بن محمد التنوخي القاضي:
أحسن بدجلة والدّجى متصوّب، ... والبدر في أفق السماء مغرّب
فكأنها فيه بساط أزرق، ... وكأنه فيها طراز مذهب
ولابن التمّار الواسطي يصف ضوء القمر على دجلة:
قم فاعتصم من صروف الدهر والنّوب، ... واجمع بكأسك شمل اللهو والطرب
أما ترى الليل قد ولّت عساكره ... مهزومة، وجيوش الصبح في الطلب
والبدر في الأفق الغربيّ تحسبه ... قد مدّ جسرا، على الشطّين، من ذهب
ودجلة: موضع في ديار العرب بالبادية، قال يزيد ابن الطّثرية:
خلا الفيض ممن حله فالخمائل ... فدجلة ذي الأرطى فقرن الهوامل
وقد كان محتلّا، وفي العيش غرّة، ... لأسماء مفضى ذي سليل وعاقل
فأصبح منها ذاك قفرا وسامحت ... لك النفس، فانظر ما الذي أنت فاعل

فرض

1 فَرَضَهُ, (S, A, O, Msb, &c.,) aor. ـِ (Msb, TA, &c.,) inf. n. فَرْضٌ, (S, O, Msb, K, &c.,) He made a mark in it, or upon it, by notching, or otherwise: (O:) he notched it: made a notch, or an incision, in it; (S, O, Msb, K;) namely, a piece of wood, (Msb,) a زَنْد, [or rather فَرَضَهَا said of a زَنْدَة, from which fire is produced,] and a سِوَاك [or toothstick], (S, O,) and in like manner a bow; (A;) as also [↓ افترضهُ; (see this verb below;) and] ↓ فرّضهُ, inf. n. تَفْرِيضٌ: (K:) or this last signifies he notched it much; or made notches in it; (S, O, TA;) or you say, فَرَضَ قَوْسَهُ and فَرَّضَ قِسِيَّهُ: (A:) and فَرَضَهُ signifies he notched it with his teeth; namely, a tooth-stick: (As:) and he cut it; namely, a thing; or a hard thing; which is said by some to be the primary signification: (TA:) and he (a tailor) cut it out; namely a garment: (Kull p. 275:) and he cut it out and made it round; namely a shield: (TA:) and فَرْضٌ also signifies the cutting, or dividing, lengthwise; cleaving; or the like; applied in a general manner; or the making a trench, or an oblong excavation, in the middle of a grave; فَرَضْتُ لِلْمَيِّتِ signifying I made a trench, or an oblong excavation, in the middle of a grave, for the corpse. (TA.) A2: فَرَضَ لَهُ, [aor. and] inf. n. as above, (K, &c.,) He apportioned to him [a thing]: he appointed to him [a thing]: (Bd in xxxiii. 38, and TA: *) because that which is apportioned, or appointed, [to a person] is cut off from the thing from which it is apportioned, or appointed: (TA:) he made [a thing] lawful, or allowable, to him; (Jel in xxxiii. 38, and Kull in p. 275, and TA; *) relating to a case into which a man has brought himself: (Kull:) this is said to be the meaning when the phrase فَرَضَ اللّٰهُ لَهُ occurs in the Kur: (TA:) he appointed, or assigned, to him a definite portion; (K;) as also له ↓ افرض. (O, L, K.) You say فَرَضَ لَهُ فِى

العَطَآءِ [He appointed, or assigned, to him a definite portion in the gift]. (As, S.) And فَرَضَ لَهُ فِى الدِّيوَانِ (As, S, A) [He appointed, or assigned, to him a definite portion in the register of soldiers or pensioners; or] he registered his stipend therein. (As, A, TA.) And فَرَضَهُ, (S,) and ↓ افرضهُ, (S, K,) He gave to him. (S, O, K.) b2: فَرَضَ, (S, A, Mgh, Msb,) aor. as above, (TA,) and so the inf. n., (Msb, TA,) also signifies He (God, S, A, Mgh, Msb) made a thing, (S, TA,) or prayer, (A, Mgh,) or statutes or ordinances, (Msb,) obligatory, or binding, syn. أَوْجَبَ, (S, A, Mgh, Msb, TA,) by a known decree, (TA,) [or He imposed a thing &c.,] عَلَى إِنْسَانٍ on a man, (TA,) or عَلَيْنَا on us; (S;) and so ↓ اِفْتَرَضَ: (S, A, Mgh, O, K:) or فَرْضٌ is like إِيجَابٌ; but the latter is so termed in consideration of its befalling; and the former is so called in consideration of the sentence, or decree, respecting it: (B:) [this is said in books on the law, in explanation of the opinion of Aboo-Haneefeh, as opposed to that of Esh-Sháfi'ee: for] accord. to Esh-Sháfi'ee, these two terms are alike; (L, TA;) but accord. to Aboo-Haneefeh, the difference between الوَاجِبُ and الفَرْضُ is like the difference between heaven and earth: (TA:) this distinction, however, is founded upon contested derivations of the two terms: (Kull p. 276:) and it is said that wherever the phrase فَرَضَ اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ occurs, it means إِيجَابٌ. (TA.) Also He (the apostle of God) instituted, or prescribed, [a thing as a statute, or an ordinance, or a command or prohibition;] syn. سَنَّ; (O, K;) on the authority of IAar alone: (O, TA:) but accord. to others, he made necessarily obligatory or binding; and this, says Az, is the obvious meaning. (TA.) Also He (a judge) decreed, or adjudged, [TA.) Also He (a judge) decreed, or adjudged, [a thing, as, for instance,] expenses [&c.]. (Msb.) Also He assigned, or appointed, a particular time for doing a thing; or he determined, defined, or limited, a thing as to time, or otherwise; the inf. n., فَرْضٌ, being syn. with تَوْقِيتٌ: (Ibn-'Arafeh, A, O, K:) as in the phrase فَمَنْ فَرَضَ فِيهِنَّ الحَجَّ [And whoso determineth the performance of the pilgrimage therein]; (Ibn-'Arafeh, O, K;) occurring in the Kur [ii. 193]; and in like manner it is expl. by Ibn-'Arafeh as occurring in xxxiii. 38 of the Kur (O, TA:) but the phrase quoted above is also expl. as meaning and whoso maketh it obligatory, or binding, on himself to perform the pilgrimage therein, by his entering upon the state of إِحْرَام. (TA.) b3: سُورَةٌ أَنْزَلْنَاهَا وَفَرَضْنَاهَا, (K,) in the Kur, [commencing chap. xxiv.,] (TA,) means [This is a chapter which we have revealed and] in which we have set down the obligatory statutes: (O, K:) or in which we have bound you to do according to what is made obligatory therein: (Az, O:) or, as some read, ↓ وَفَرَّضْنَاهَا, (S, O, K, *) meaning and in which we have set down obligatory statutes, (O, L, K,) one after another: (O, K:) or which we have distinctly explained: (Az, S, O, K:) or we have distinctly explained what is in it, of lawful and unlawful [things]. (T, TA.) b4: فَرْضٌ also signifies The act of reading, or reciting. (IAar, O, K.) You say, فَرَضْتُ جُزْئِى I read, or recited, my portion. (O, TA.) A3: فَرُضَ, inf. n. فَرَاضَةٌ, He was, or became, skilled in the فَرَائِض; (A, O, K, TA;) i. e. in the science of the division of inheritances. (TA.) MF says that, accord. to IKtt, the verb is also written فَرَضَ, like كَتَبَ: but [says SM] what I find in his “ Kitáb el-Abniyeh ” is the mention of the two modes of writing in the instance of فرضت said of a cow; and the verb applied to a man he has not mentioned. (TA.) A4: فَرَضَتْ, aor. ـِ inf. n. فُرُوضٌ; and فَرُضَتْ, inf. n. فَرَاضَةٌ; She (a cow) became old, aged, far advanced in age, (S, O, K,) or extremely old. (TA.) b2: And فَرَضَ, inf. n. فُرُوضٌ, signifies It (a thing) became wide; it widened, or dilated. (TA.) 2 فَرَّضَ see 1, first sentence: and again, in the last quarter of the paragraph.

A2: فرّض, inf. n. تَفْرِيضٌ, said of a man, He had a فَرِيضَة [to give from] among his camels. (O, K.) 4 افرض لَهُ: and افرضهُ: see 1, latter part of the first half of the paragraph.

A2: أَفْرَضَتِ المَاشِيَةُ The beasts amounted to the number which rendered it obligatory on the owner to give from among them a فَرِيضَة. (S, O, K. *) 8 افترضهُ: see 1, first sentence. b2: لَمْ يَفْتَرِضْهَا وَلَدٌ, occurring in a trad., means [A child had not been brought forth by her; lit.] لَمْ يَحُزَّهَا, and لَمْ يُوءَتِّرْهَا [a mistake for لم يُوءَشِّرْهَا]. (TA.) A2: See also 1, latter part of the first half of the paragraph.

A3: افترض الجُنْدٌ The soldiers received their stipends. (A, K.) A4: افترض القَوْمُ The people, or company of men, perished, none of them remaining; syn. انقرض. (K.) فَرْضٌ A mark [made by notching, or otherwise; as is shown by the first explanation of 1]: (TA:) a notch, or an incision, in a thing: (O, TA:) of a bow, (S, A, K,) the place of the string; (K;) the notch (S, A, O) in the curved extremity thereof, (A,) into which the string falls; (S, O;) as also ↓ فُرْضَةٌ; (A, TA;) or this is the place of the notch for the string thereof: (Msb:) pl. of the former فِرَاضٌ (S, O, K) and فُرُوضٌ; (TA;) and of the latter فُرَضٌ (Msb, TA) and فِرَاضٌ: (Msb:) also, of a زَنْد, (S, K,) or [rather] of a زَنْدَة, (A,) the notch; (K;) or the place, or part, whence the fire is produced; (S, K;) the hole, or perforation, that is made in the head thereof, into which the زَنْد is put, and then twisted round, in producing fire; also called وَكْرٌ; (A;) and ↓ فُرْضَةٌ signifies the same: (TA:) and فُرَضٌ also signifies notches in an unfeathered and headless arrow [such as is used in the game called المَيْسِر]. (TA.) A2: I. q. ↓ مَفْرُوضٌ (A, Msb, K) [Apportioned: appointed; made lawful, or allowable: and] a thing made obligatory, or binding, by God; (S, A, O, K;) for neglecting which one will be punished; like وَاجِبٌ; accord. to EshSháfi'ee; (TA in art. وجب;) because it has marks and limits; (S, O, TA;) said to be from the same word signifying “ a mark,” because it inseparably pertains to a man, like a mark; (TA;) or, as some say, because it necessarily pertains to a man like as does the فَرْض, i. e. notch, to the arrow; (O, TA;) as also ↓ مُفْتَرَضٌ: (TA:) pl. فُرُوضٌ. (Msb.) As a law-term, it is of two sorts, فَرْضُ عَيْنٍ and فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ: the former is That whereof the observance is obligatory on every one, and does not become of no force in respect of some in consequence of the observance [thereof] by some [others]; as religious belief, and the like: the latter is That whereof the observance is obligatory on the collective body of the Muslims, and, in consequence of the observance [thereof] by some, becomes of no force in respect of the rest; as warring against unbelievers, and the prayer over the dead in the bier. (KT.) Yousay, هٰذَا أَمْرٌ فَرْضٌ عَلَيْهِمْ, and ↓ مَفْرُوضٌ, and ↓ مُفْتَرَضٌ, This is [a thing] made obligatory, or binding, on them by God. (TA.) And حَقُّكَ فَرْضٌ, and ↓ مَفْرُوضٌ, and ↓ مُفْتَرَضٌ, Thy right, or due, is [a thing] made obligatory, or binding, by God. (A.) ↓ نَصِيبًا مَفْرُوضًا, in the Kur [iv. 8 and 118], means A share, or portion, determined, defined, or limited, as to time, or otherwise: (Zj, Ibn-'Arafeh:) or, in iv. 118, a share, or portion, cut off and limited. (S, O.) [See also فَرِيضَةٌ.]

b2: A statute, an ordinance, a command or prohibition, of the Apostle of God; syn. سُنَّةٌ. (IAar, O, K.) [But فَرْضٌ is generally distinguished from سُنَّةٌ: the former, for instance, being applied to prayer appointed in the Kur-án; and the latter, to prayer appointed by Mohammad without allegation of a divine order.] b3: A gift, or a soldier's stipend or pay, syn. عَطَآءٌ, (A,) or عَطِيَّةٌ, (S, O, K,) assigned, or appointed. (S, O, K. *) In the copies of the K, مَوْسُومَة is put by mistake for مَرْسُومَة. (TA.) You say, مَا أَصَبْتُ مِنْهُ فَرْضًا وَلَا قَرْضًا I did not obtain from him an assigned, or appointed, gift, or soldier's stipend, (S, O, TA,) nor a gift to be requited, or a loan. (O, TA.) And فَرْضٌ also signifies A thing which one makes obligatory, or binding, on himself, and freely gives: or a thing which one gives liberally, not for a recompense. (IDrd, O, K.) A3: Also Soldiers who receive stipends; (K:) so accord. to Lth, as related by Az; but [Sgh says] I have not found it in the book of Lth: (O:) or soldiers having definite portions assigned to them: (A:) pl. فُرُوضٌ. (A, TA.) Yousay, عِنْدَهُ مِائَةٌ مِنَ الفَرْضِ He has with him a hundred soldiers &c. (A.) A4: A shield. (S, O, K.) Sakhr-el-Gheí says, describing lightning, (O, TA,) likening it to a light shield which an announcer of tidings was turning over and over with his hands that a party might see it and be gladdened [by the signal], (TA,) أَرِقْتُ لَهُ مِثْلَ لَمْعِ البَشِيرِ يُقَلِّبُ بِالكَفِّ فَرْضًا خَفِيفًا [I was sleepless by reason of it, it being (in its flickering) like the signalling of the announcer of tidings turning over and over with the hand a light shield]: one should not say قُرْصًا خفيفا. (S, O, TA: but my copies of the S have قَلَّبَ instead of يُقَلِّبُ.) [See also what follows.] b2: And A stick, or piece of wood; syn. عُودٌ; thus [it means] in the verse (فِى البَيْتِ) accord. to El-Jumahee, (O, TA,) i. e. in the verse above-cited: (TA:) he says, الفَرْضُ فِى البَيْتِ عُودٌ: (O, TA:) whence the author of the K has been misled to explain الفَرْضُ as meaning عُودٌ مِنْ أَعْوَادِ البَيْتِ. (TA.) b3: And An arrow before it has been furnished with feathers and a head: (Akh, S, O, TA:) a meaning also heard by El-Jumahee: (O, TA:) and to this, in the hand of the player, 'Abeed ElAbras has likened lightning, accord. to the S; but Sgh says, in the TS, that he did not find the verse cited by J in the poetry of 'Abeed. (TA.) b4: And A piece of rag: another explanation heard by El-Jumahee. (O.) b5: And A garment, or piece of cloth: (O, K:) a meaning mentioned by As on the authority of some one or more of the Arabs of the desert, of Hudheyl. (O.) [See also فِرَاضٌ.] b6: And it is said that in the verse cited above it means the notch in the زَنْد [or rather زَنْدَة, mentioned in the first sentence of this paragraph]. (O, TA.) A5: A sort of dates (S, O, Msb, K) of 'Omán: (Msb:) As says that the best dates of 'Omán are these and the بَلْعَق: (S, O:) and AHn says, Certain of the desertArabs of 'Omán informed me that when the tree thereof has its fruit ripened, and the gathering is delayed, the fruit falls from its stones, and the raceme remains with nothing upon it but stones hanging to the ثَفَارِيق [by which they are attached to the ends of the stalks]. (TA.) فِرْضٌ The fruit of the دَوْم [or Theban palm] while continuing red. (AA, O, * K.) فُرْضَةٌ: see فَرْضٌ, first sentence, in two places, b2: A gap, or an opening, in a wall and the like: pl. فُرَضٌ. (Msb.) b3: A gap, or breach, in the bank of a river, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) whence one draws water, (S, O, K,) or by which one descends to the water, (Mgh, Msb,) and by which the ships, or boats, ascend; (Msb;) i. e. (Mgh) its مَشْرَعَة: (As, A, Mgh:) pl., in this and the following senses, فُرَضٌ (TA) and فِرَاضٌ. (A, TA.) Hence the saying, in a trad., فَاجْعَلُوا السُّيُوفَ لِلْمَنَايَا فُرَضًا (assumed tropical:) Therefore make ye the swords to be مَشَارِع [here used in the sense of means of access] to death; (O, TA;) and offer, or expose, yourselves to martyrdom. (TA.) Hence also, فِرَاضٌ is used in the sense of ثُغُورٌ [pl. of ثَغْرٌ, q. v.]. (TA.) b4: Of a sea, or great river, The place where ships unload; syn. مَحَطُّ السُّفُنِ: (S, O, K:) or where they are stationed, near the bank of a river, or near the land. (Mgh.) b5: Of a receptacle for ink, The place of the ink. (S, O, K.) b6: Of a door, The نَجْرَان [or piece of wood in which is the foot; i. e. upon which turns the foot]. (S, O, K.) b7: Of a mountain, A part sloping down from the middle and side. (TA.) A2: فُرْضَتَانِ i. q. فَرِيضَتَانِ, q. v., accord. to ISk. (IB.) فَرَضِىٌّ and ↓ فَارِضٌ (S, A, Mgh, O, K) and ↓ فَرَّاضٌ (A, Mgh, B) and ↓ فَرِيضٌ (A, O, L, K) A man skilled in the science of the فَرَائِض; (S, * A, Mgh, O, K, * B;) i. e. in the science of questions relating to inheritance; (Mgh;) or in the science of the division of inheritances. (TA.) فِرَاضٌ The mouth of a river or rivulet. (S, O, K. *) b2: And Roads, or ways. (Lth, O, K.) [In this latter sense, app., (as well as in others shown above,) pl. of فُرْضَةٌ, q. v.]

A2: Also The fire that is elicited from the زَنْدَة. (AHn, TA.) [See also فَرْضٌ (of which it is a pl.), first sentence.]

A3: and Clothing: (S, O, K:) one says, مَا عَلَيْهِ فِرَاضٌ There is not upon him any clothing; (S, O;) or, accord. to AHeyth, covering. (TA.) [See also فَرْضٌ, near the end.]

فَرِيضٌ An arrow having its notch cut; (S, A, O, K;) as also ↓ مَفْرُوضٌ. (TA.) b2: See also فَرَضِىٌّ: A2: and see فَارِضٌ.

A3: Also The cud of the camel; accord. to Kr: but accord. to others this is called, قَرِيض [q. v.], with ق. (TA.) فَرِيضَةٌ, of the measure فَعِيلَةٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولَةٌ: pl. فَرَائِضُ: said by some to be derived from فَرْضٌ signifying the act of “ apportioning,” or “ appointing; ” because فرائض are apportioned, or appointed: by others said to be from فَرْضٌ in relation to a bow. (Msb.) [These remarks apply to the word in all the senses here following.] b2: A subst. signifying A thing made obligatory, or binding, on a person or persons, (S, Mgh, TA) by God; (S, TA;) an obligatory statute or ordinance of God, in a general sense: pl. as above. (TA.) b3: A portion, or share, made obligatory, or binding, (K, * TA,) on a man: (TA:) or anything apportioned, or appointed: [and particularly a primarily-apportioned inheritance: (see an ex. in the first paragraph of art. عول:)] and hence, فَرَائِضُ is applied to the portions, or shares, of inheritances; [i. e. the fixed primary portions of inheritances assigned by the Kur-án; which are a half, third, fourth, sixth, and eighth;] because they are apportioned, or appointed, to their several owners. (Mgh.) and hence, (Mgh,) عِلْمُ الفَرَائِضِ, and elliptically الفَرَائِضُ, (S, * Mgh, O, * Msb,) The science of the division of inheritances; (S, O, TA;) or the science of questions relating to inheritance. (Mgh.) It is said in a trad., (Mgh,) تَعَلَّمُوا الفَرَائِضَ وَعَلِّمُوهَا النَّاسَ فَإِنَّهَا نِصْفُ العِلْمِ, accord. to the relation commonly followed, with the pron. fem., referring to الفرائض; and وَعَلِّمُوهُ فَإِنَّهُ, with the pron. masc., referring to عِلْم understood as prefixed to الفرائض; [i. e. Learn ye the science of the division of inheritances, &c., and teach ye it to (other) men, for it is the half of science:] it is said to be called the half of science in consideration of the division of statutes into those which pertain to the living and those which pertain to the dead; or by way of amplification. (Mgh, * Msb.) The phrase الفَرِيضَةُ العَادِلَةُ [The equitable portion of inheritance], in a trad. of Ibn-'Omár, is that respecting which the Muslims have agreed: or that for which the authority is elicited from the Kur-án and the Sunneh without there being in these any express statute respecting it: or that is equitably divided, agreeably with the portions and shares mentioned in the Kur-án and the Sunneh. (TA.) b4: What is made obligatory, or binding, [on the owner, to give,] of pasturing beasts, [i. e. camels,] in payment of the poor-rate; (S, O, K;) the camel that is taken in payment of the poor-rate: so termed because it is made obligatory to be given, of a certain number of camels: the ة is added because the word is made a subst., not an epithet: pl. فَرَائِضُ: (TA:) فَرَائِضُ الإِبِلِ signifying the dues of the poor-rate, of camels: (A, Mgh: *) the فريضة of twenty-five camels is a بِنْت مَخَاض, (Mgh,) or she-camel one year old; (AHeyth;) that of thirty-six, a بِنْت لَبُون, (AHeyth, Mgh,) or she-camel two years old; (AHeyth;) that of forty-six, a حِقَّة, or she-camel three years old; and that of sixty-one, a جَذَعَة, or she-camel four years old. (AHeyth.) الفَرِيضَتَانِ signifies The جَذَعَة of sheep, or goats, with the حِقَّة of camels; (ISk, S, O, K;) and ↓ الفُرْضَتَانِ signifies the same, accord. to ISk. (IB.) And فَرِيضَةٌ, by an extension of its meaning, is applied to A camel, in other cases than those of the poor-rate. (TA.) b5: See also فَارِضٌ.

فِرْيَاضٌ Wide, or broad. (O, K.) فَرَّاضٌ: see فَرَضِىٌّ.

فَارِضٌ: see فَرَضِىٌّ.

A2: Old, aged, or advanced in age; applied to a cow; (S, A, O;) in the Kur ii. 63; (S, O;) and to a ram: (TA:) or extremely aged; or old and weak; applied to a cow; (Fr, Katádeh;) as also فَارِضَةٌ and ↓ فَرِيضٌ (TA) and ↓ فَرِيضَةٌ: (K, TA: [but to what these are applied is not shown further than by their being mentioned as fem. epithets:]) or large and fat; applied to a cow: pl. فَوَارِضُ: (Az:) and the pl. also signifies sound, or healthy, and large; (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TS, K;) not small, nor diseased: (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TS:) and, contr., diseased. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TS, K.) b2: (tropical:) Old, aged, or advanced in age, and large, big, or bulky; applied to a man: (TA:) or large, big, or bulky; applied to a man; (S, A, O, K;) and to a full-grown unripe date (بُسْرَة); (A, TA;) and to the bursa faucium of a camel (شِقْشِقَة); and to a uvula (لَهَاة); (O, K;) and to a skin for water or milk (سِقَآء); (IB;) and to a beard (لِحْيَة); (A, O, K;) or, applied to this last, it is with ة; (Akh, S;) or with and without ة: (L:) and without ة, applied in the same sense to anything; (S, O, K;) being masc. and fem.: (As, O:) pl. فُرَّضٌ, (IAar, S, A, O, K,) applied to men; (IAar, S, A, O;) or this, so applied, signifies goodly, or handsome: (TA:) and فَوَارِضُ is applied to dates [&c.]. (A, TA.) Also (assumed tropical:) Old, or ancient; (K;) applied to a thing. (TA.) You say ضِغْنٌ فَارِضٌ (tropical:) Great rancour, or malevolence, or malice; (L;) as also ضَغِينَةٌ فَارِضٌ: (A, L:) or old rancour, &c. (O.) And ضَبٌّ فَارِضٌ (tropical:) Great enmity. (IAar.) أَفْرَضُ The most [and more] skilled, of men, in the science of the فَرَائِض; (S, Mgh, O, K; *) i. e. in the science of the division of inheritances; (S, O, TA;) or in the science of questions relating to inheritance. (Mgh.) It is said in a trad., أَفْرَضُكُمْ زَيْدٌ The most skilled, of you, &c., is Zeyd. (S, Mgh.) مِفْرَضٌ An iron instrument with which notches, or incisions, are made. (S, O, K.) مُفَرَّضٌ Notched much, or in many places; serrated; or jagged. (El-Báhilee.) b2: And hence, The [kind of beetle called] جُعَل: (El-Báhilee:) or the male of the [beetles called] خَنَافِس. (IAar.) مَفْرُوضٌ: see فَرِيضٌ: A2: and see also فَرْضٌ, as syn. with مَفْرُوضٌ, in four places.

مُفْتَرَضٌ: see فَرْضٌ, as syn. with مَفْرُوضٌ, in three places.

السَّوَادُ:
موضعان: أحدهما نواحي قرب البلقاء سميت بذلك لسواد حجارتها فيما أحسب، والثاني يراد به رستاق العراق وضياعها التي افتتحها المسلمون على عهد عمر بن الخطّاب، رضي الله عنه، سمي بذلك لسواده بالزروع والنخيل والأشجار لأنّه حيث تاخم جزيرة العرب التي لا زرع فيها ولا شجر كانوا إذا خرجوا من أرضهم ظهرت لهم خضرة الزروع والأشجار فيسمونه سوادا كما إذا رأيت شيئا من بعد قلت ما ذلك السواد، وهم يسمون الأخضر سوادا والسواد أخضر، كما قال الفضل بن العباس بن عتبة بن أبي لهب وكان أسود فقال:
وأنا الأخضر من يعرفني؟ ... أخضر الجلدة من نسل العرب
فسموه سوادا لخضرته بالزروع والأشجار، وحدّ السواد من حديثة الموصل طولا إلى عبّادان ومن العذيب بالقادسيّة إلى حلوان عرضا فيكون طوله مائة وستين فرسخا، وأما العراق في العرف فطوله يقصر عن طول السواد وعرضه مستوعب لعرض السواد لأنّ أوّل العراق في شرقي دجلة العلث على حدّ طسوج بزرجسابور، وهي قرية تناوح حربى موقوفة على العلوية، وفي غربي دجلة حربى ثمّ تمتد إلى آخر أعمال البصرة من جزيرة عبّادان، وكانت تعرف بميان روذان معناه بين الأنهر، وهي من كورة بهمن أردشير، فيكون طوله مائة وخمسة وعشرين فرسخا، يقصر عن طول السواد بخمسة وثلاثين فرسخا، وعرضه كالسواد ثمانون فرسخا، قال قدامة: يكون ذلك منكسرا عشرة آلاف فرسخ وطول الفرسخ اثنا عشر ألف ذراع بالذراع المرسلة ويكون بذراع المسافة وهي الذراع الهاشمية تسعة آلاف ذراع، فيكون الفرسخ إذا ضرب في مثله اثنين وعشرين ألفا وخمسمائة جريب، فإذا ضربت في عشرة آلاف بلغت مائتي ألف ألف وعشرين ألف جريب يسقط منها بالتخمين آكامها وآجامها وسباخها ومجاري أنهارها ومواضع مدنها وقراها ومدى ما بين طرقها الثلث فيبقى مائة ألف ألف وخمسون ألف ألف جريب، يراح منها النصف على ما فيها من الكرم والنخل والشجر والعمارة الدائمة المتصلة مع التخمين بالتقريب على كلّ جريب قيمة ما يلزمه للخراج درهمان وذلك أقلّ من العشر على أن
يضرب بعض ما يؤخذ منها من أصناف الغلّات ببعض فيبلغ ذلك مائة ألف ألف وخمسين ألف ألف درهم مثاقيل، هذا سوى خراج أهل الذمّة وسوى الصدقة، فإن ذلك لا مدخل له في الخراج، وكانت غلّات السواد تجري على المقاسمة في أيّام ملوك فارس إلى ملك قباذ بن فيروز فإنّه مسحه وجعل على أهله الخراج، وقال الأصمعي: السواد سوادان: سواد البصرة دستميسان والأهواز وفارس، وسواد الكوفة كسكر إلى الزاب وحلوان إلى القادسية، وقال أبو معشر: إن الكلدانيين هم الذين كانوا ينزلون بابل في الزمن الأوّل، ويقال: إن أوّل من سكنها وعمّرها نوح، عليه السلام، حين نزلها عقيب الطوفان طلبا للرفاء فأقام بها وتناسلوا فيها وكثروا من بعد نوح وملّكوا عليهم ملوكا وابتنوا بها المدائن واتصلت مساكنهم بدجلة والفرات إلى أن بلغوا من دجلة إلى أسفل كسكر ومن الفرات إلى ما وراء الكوفة، وموضعهم هذا هو الذي يقال له السواد، وكانت ملوكهم تنزل بابل، وكان الكلدانيّون جنودهم، فلم تزل مملكتهم قائمة إلى أن قتل دارا، وهو آخر ملوكهم، ثمّ قتل منهم خلق كثير فذلوا وانقطع ملكهم، وقد ذكرت بابل في موضعها، وقال يزيد بن عمر الفارسي: كانت ملوك فارس تعدّ السواد اثني عشر استانا وتحسبه ستين طسوجا، وتفسير الاستان اجارة، وترجمة الطسوج ناحية، وكان الملك منهم إذا عني بناحية من الأرض عمّرها وسمّاها باسمه، وكانوا ينزلون السواد لما جمع الله في أرضه من مرافق الخيرات وما يوجد فيها من غضارة العيش وخصب المحلّ وطيب المستقرّ وسعة ميرها من أطعمتها وأوديتها وعطرها ولطيف صناعتها، وكانوا يشبهون السواد بالقلب وسائر الدنيا بالبدن، وكذلك سموه دل إيرانشهر أي قلب إيرانشهر، وإيرانشهر: الإقليم المتوسط لجميع الأقاليم، قال:
وإنّما شبهوه بذلك لأن الآراء تشعّبت عن أهله بصحة الفكر والرويّة كما تتشعّب عن القلب بدقائق العلوم ولطائف الآداب والأحكام، فأمّا من حولها فأهلها يستعملون أطرافهم بمباشرة العلاج، وخصب بلاد إيرانشهر بسهولة لا عوائق فيها ولا شواهق تشينها ولا مفاوز موحشة ولا براري منقطعة عن تواصل العمارة والأنهار المطردة من رساتيقها وبين قراها مع قلّة جبالها وآكامها وتكاثف عمارتها وكثرة أنواع غلّاتها وثمارها والتفاف أشجارها وعذوبة مائها وصفاء هوائها وطيب تربتها مع اعتدال طينتها وتوسط مزاجها وكثرة أجناس الطير والصيد في ظلال شجرها من طائر بجناح وماش على ظلف وسابح في بحر، قد أمنت ممّا تخافه البلدان من غارات الأعداء وبواثق المخالفين مع ما خصّت به من الرافدين دجلة والفرات إذ قد اكتنفاها لا ينقطعان شتاء ولا صيفا على بعد منافعهما في غيرها فإنّه لا ينتفع منهما بكثر فائدة حتى يدخلاها فتسيح مياههما في جنباتها وتنبطح في رساتيقها فيأخذون صفوه هنيئا ويرسلون كدره وأجنه إلى البحر لأنّهما يشتغلان عن جميع الأراضي التي يمرّان بها ولا ينتفع بهما في غير السواد إلّا بالدوالي والدواليب بمشقة وعناء، وكانت غلات السواد تجري على المقاسمة في أيّام ملوك الفرس والأكاسرة وغيرهم إلى أن ملك قباذ بن فيروز فإنّه مسحه وجعل على أهله الخراج، وكان السبب في ذلك أنّه خرج يوما متصيّدا فانفرد عن أصحابه بصيد طرده حتى وغل في شجر ملتفّ وغاب الصيد الذي اتبعه عن بصره فقصد رابية يتشوّفه فإذا تحت الرابية قرية كبيرة، ونظر إلى بستان قريب منه فيه نخل ورمّان
وغير ذلك من أصناف الشجر وإذا امرأة واقفة على تنّور تخبز ومعها صبيّ لها كلّما غفلت عنه مضى الصبي إلى شجرة رمّان مثمرة ليتناول من رمّانها فتعدو خلفه وتمنعه من ذلك ولا تمكّنه من أخذ شيء منه، فلم تزل كذلك حتى فرغت من خبزها والملك يشاهد ذلك كلّه، فلمّا لحق به أتباعه قصّ عليهم ما شاهده من المرأة والصبيّ ووجّه إليها من سألها عن السبب الذي من أجله منعت ولدها من أن يتناول شيئا من الرّمّان فقالت: للملك فيه حصّة ولم يأتنا المأذون بقبضها وهي أمانة في أعناقنا ولا يجوز أن نخونها ولا أن نتناول ممّا بأيدينا شيئا حتى يستوفي الملك حقّه، فلمّا سمع قباذ ذلك أدركته الرّقّة عليها وعلى الرعيّة وقال لوزرائه: إن الرعية معنا لفي بليّة وشدّة وسوء حال بما في أيديهم من غلاتهم لأنهم ممنوعون من الانتفاع بشيء من ذلك حتى يرد عليهم من يأخذ حقنا منهم، فهل عندكم حيلة نفرّج بها عنهم؟
فقال بعض وزرائه: نعم، يأمر الملك بالمساحة عليهم ويأمر أن يلزم كلّ جريب من كل صنف بقدر ما يحصّ الملك من الغلّة فيؤدّى ذلك إليه وتطلق أيديهم في غلاتهم ويكون ذلك على قرب مخارج المير وبعدها من الممتارين، فأمر قباذ بمساحة السواد وإلزام الرعية الخراج بعد حطيطة النفقة والمؤونة على العمارة والنفقة على كري الأنهار وسقاية الماء وإصلاح البريدات وجعل جميع ذلك على بيت المال فبلغ خراج السواد في السنة مائة ألف ألف وخمسين ألف ألف درهم مثاقيل، فحسنت أحوال الناس ودعوا للملك بطول البقاء لما نالهم من العدل والرفاهية، وقد ذكرنا المشهور من كور السواد في المواضع التي قضى بها الترتيب حسب وضع الكتاب، وقد وقع اختلاف مفرط بين مساحة قباذ ومساحة عمر بن الخطاب، رضي الله عنه، ذكرته كما وجدته من غير أن أحقّق العلة في هذا التفاوت الكبير: أمر عمر بن الخطاب، رضي الله عنه، بمسح السواد الذي تقدّم حدّه لم يختلف صاحب هذه الرواية فيه فكان بعد أن أخرج عنه الجبال والأودية والأنهار ومواضع المدن والقرى ستة وثلاثين ألف ألف جريب فوضع على جريب الحنطة أربعة دراهم وعلى جريب الشعير درهمين وعلى جريب النخل ثمانية دراهم وعلى جريب الكرم والشجر ستة دراهم وحتم الجزية على ستمائة ألف إنسان وجعلها طبقات، الطبقة العالية ثمانية وأربعون درهما والوسطى أربعة وعشرون درهما والسّفلى اثنا عشر درهما، فجبى السواد مائة ألف ألف وثمانية وعشرين ألف ألف درهم، وقال عمر بن عبد العزيز: لعن الله الحجّاج! فإنّه ما كان يصلح للدنيا ولا للآخرة، فإن عمر بن الخطّاب، رضي الله عنه، جبى العراق بالعدل والنصفة مائة ألف ألف وثمانية وعشرين ألف ألف درهم، وجباه زياد مائة ألف ألف وخمسة وعشرين ألف ألف درهم، وجباه ابنه عبيد الله أكثر منه بعشرة آلاف ألف درهم، ثمّ جباه الحجاج مع عسفه وظلمه وجبروته ثمانية عشر ألف ألف درهم فقط وأسلف الفلاحين للعمارة ألفي ألف فحصل له ستة عشر ألف ألف، قال عمر بن عبد العزيز: وها أنا قد رجع إليّ على خرابه فجبيته مائة ألف ألف وأربعة وعشرين ألف ألف درهم بالعدل والنصفة وإن عشت له لأزيدنّ على جباية عمر بن الخطّاب، رضي الله عنه، وكان أهل السواد قد شكوا إلى الحجاج خراب بلدهم فمنعهم من ذبح الــبقر لتكثر العمارة، فقال شاعر:
شكونا إليه خراب السّواد، ... فحرّم جهلا لحوم الــبقر
وقال عبد الرحمن بن جعفر بن سليمان: مال السواد ألف ألف ألف درهم، فما نقص ممّا في يد السلطان منه فهو في يد الرعية، وما نقص من يد الرعية فهو في بيت مال السلطان، قالوا: وليس لأهل السواد عهد إلّا الحيرة وأليس وبانقيا فلذلك يقال لا يصحّ بيع أرض السواد دون الجبل لأنّها فيء للمسلمين عامّة إلّا أراضي بني صلوبا وأرض الحيرة، قالوا: وكتب عمر بن الخطّاب إلى سعد بن أبي وقّاص حين افتتح السواد: أمّا بعد فقد بلغني كتابك تذكر أن الناس قد سألوك أن تقسم بينهم ما أفاء الله عليهم، وإن أتاك كتابي فانظر ما أجلب عليه العسكر بخيلهم وركابهم من مال وكراع فاقسمه بينهم بعد الخمس واترك الأنهار والأرض بحالها ليكون ذلك في عطيات المسلمين فإنّك إذا قسمتها بين من حضر لم يبق لمن بعدهم شيء، وسئل مجاهد عن أرض السواد فقال: لا تباع ولا تشترى لأنّها فتحت عنوة ولم تقسم فهي فيء للمسلمين عامة، وقيل: أراد عمر قسمة السواد بين المسلمين فأمر أن يحصوا فوجدوا الرجل يصيبه ثلاثة من الفلاحين فشاور أصحاب رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، في ذلك فقال عليّ، رضي الله عنه:
دعهم يكونوا مادّة للمسلمين، فبعث عثمان بن حنيف الأنصاري فمسح الأرض ووضع الخراج ووضع على رؤوسهم ما بين ثمانية وأربعين درهما وأربعة وعشرين درهما واثني عشر درهما، وشرط عليهم ضيافة المسلمين وشيئا من برّ وعسل، ووجد السواد ستة وثلاثين ألف ألف جريب فوضع على كل جريب درهما وقفيزا، قال أبو عبيد: بلغني أن ذلك القفيز كان مكوّكا لهم يدعى السابرقان، وقال يحيى بن آدم: وهو المحتوم الحجاجيّ، وقال محمد ابن عبد الله الثقفي: وضع عمر، رضي الله عنه، على كلّ جريب من السواد، عامرا كان أو غامرا يبلغه الماء، درهما وقفيزا وعلى جريب الرطبة خمسة دراهم وخمسة أقفزة وعلى جريب الكرم عشرة دراهم وعشرة أقفزة، ولم يذكر النخل، وعلى رؤوس الرجال ثمانية وأربعين وأربعة وعشرين واثني عشر درهما، وحتم عثمان بن حنيف على رقاب خمسمائة ألف وخمسين ألف علج بأخذ الجزية، وبلغ الخراج في ولايته مائة ألف ألف درهم، ومسح حذيفة بن اليمان سقي الفرات، ومات بالمدائن، والقناطر المعروفة بقناطر حذيفة منسوبة إليه، وذلك لأنّه نزل عندها، وكان ذراعه وذراع ابن حنيف ذراع اليد وقبضة وإبهاما ممدودة.

فنو

فِنْوٌ, said to be sing. of أَفْنَآءٌ: see the latter, below.

فَنًا: see the next paragraph: A2: and see also فَنًى, in art. فنى.

فَنَاةٌ A bull or cow; syn. بَقَرَــةٌ; (AA, T, S, M, K;) [i. e.] a بَقَرَــة وَحْشِيَة [or wild bull or cow; an antelope of the bovine kind]: so says Aboo-'Alee El-Kálee: (TA:) it occurs in a verse of Lebeed; and is said, as on the authority of IAar, to be قَنَاة, with ق: (TA in art. قنو:) pl. فَنَوَاتٌ (AA, T, S, M, K) and [coll. gen. n.] ↓ فَنًا. (Aboo-'Alee El-Kálee, TA.) شَعَرٌ أَفْنَى i. q. فَيْنَانٌ [i. e. Hair having locks like the branches of trees; or long and beautiful hair]; (M, K, TA;) [or] meaning long hair. (TA.) [The fem. of أَفْنَى is فَنْوَآءُ. Hence,] اِمْرَأَةٌ فَنْوَآءُ A woman having much hair: (IAar, M, K:) and شَجَرَةٌ فَنْوَآءُ A tree having أَفْنَان [or branches]; (AA, T, S, M;) or a tree having wide shade: (K:) by rule it should be فَنَّآءُ [q. v. in art. فن]. (S, M, K.) أَفْنَآءٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ means Mixed sorts of men or people; like أَعْنَآءٌ: and the sings. are [said to be]

فِنْوٌ and عِنْوٌ: (IAar, T:) one says, هُوَ مِنْ أَفْنَآءِ النَّاسِ when it is not known of whom he is: (S:) or رَجَلٌ مِنْ أَفْنَآءِ القَبَائِلِ, meaning a man such that one knows not of what tribe he is: but some hold that one says only, قَوْمٌ من افنآء القبائل; not رَجُلٌ; and that there is no sing. of أَفْنَآء: (M in art. فنى:) accord. to AHeyth, one says, هٰؤُلَآءِ مِنْ أَفْنَآءِ النَّاسِ, meaning these are of the strangers from this and that place: but one does not say, speaking of one person, رَجُلٌ من افنآء الناس: and Umm El-Heythem knew not a sing. of أَفْنَآء. (T in art. فنى.)