اول

1 آلَ, aor. ـُ (T, S, M, &c.,) inf. n. أَوْلٌ (T, M, Mgh, Msb, K) and مَآلٌ (M, K) and إِيَالٌ, which last is used as a subst. in relation to objects of the mind, (Msb,) and أَيْلُولَةٌ [like دَيْمُومَةٌ], (TA,) He, or it, returned; syn. رَجَعَ; (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K;) and عَادَ; (T;) [and he resorted; (see an instance voce إِيَّلٌ;)] إِلَيْهِ to it; (M, K;) namely a thing [of any kind; the thing, or place, whence he, or it, originated, or came; his, or its, origin, or source; his, or its, original state, condition, quantity, weight, &c.; any place; and a former action, or saying, or the like: see رَجَعَ, by which, as the explanation of آلَ, may be meant to be implied some other significations, here following, which these two verbs have in common]: (M:) and آلَ عَنْهُ he (a man, M) returned, or reverted, from it. (M, K.) b2: From آلَ as syn. with رَجَعَ is the phrase, فُلَانٌ يَؤُولُ إِلَى كَرَمٍ

[meaning either Such a one returns to generosity, or, as كَرَمٌ is used in the sense of كِرَامٌ, is referable to generous, or noble, ancestors]. (TA.) [And hence the phrase,] آلَ إِلَيْهِ بِنَسَبٍ [He bore a relation to him, as a member to a head, by kindred], and بِدِينٍ [by religion]. (Ibn-'Arafeh.) And the saying, in a trad., مَنْ صَامَ الدَّهْرَ فَلَا صَامَ وَ لَا آلَ, i. e. (tropical:) [He who fasts ever, or always, may he neither fast] nor return to what is good. (TA.) [In the Mgh, art. دهر, for آل I find أَفْطَرَ; and it is there said that this is an imprecation uttered by the Prophet, lest a man should believe this kind of fasting to be ordained by God; or, through impotence, should become insincere; or because, by fasting all the days of the year, he would do so on the days on which fasting is forbidden. See other readings voce أَلَا in art. الو.]) b3: Hence also the saying, آلتِ الضَّرْبَهُ إِلَى

النَّفْسِ, meaning (assumed tropical:) The blow, or stroke, resulted in destroying life; in slaying, or killing. (Mgh.) b4: Hence also, آلَ الأَمْرُ إِلَى كَذَا [The affair, or case, became ultimately reduced to such a state, or condition; came to such a result; came to be thus]. (Msb.) b5: Hence also, طَبَخْتُ الشَّرَابَ فَآلَ إِلَى قَدْرِ كَذَا I cooked the wine, or beverage, and it became reduced (رَجَعَ) to such a quantity. (S.) And طَبَخَهُ حَتَّى آلَ إِلَى الثُّلُثِ أَوِالرُّبعِ He cooked it (namely نَبِيذ [i. e. must, or mead, or wort,]) until it became reduced (رَجَعَ) to the third, or to the fourth: (T:) or, said of the same, (Mgh,) or of medicine, (TA,) حَتَّى آلَ المَنَّانِ مَنَّا وَاحِدًا, (Mgh,) or إِلَى مَنٍّ وَاحِدٍ, (TA,) until twice the quantity, or weight, of a مَنّ became [reduced to] (صَارَ) one مَنّ. (Mgh.) b6: [Hence also, مَجَازُ الأَوْلِ The proleptic, or anticipative, trope; as فَصِيلٌ applied to “a young camel” before it is weaned, because it is to be weaned.] b7: [And hence also, app.,] آلَ الشَّىْءُ, inf. n. مَآلٌ, The thing [became reduced in quantity or size;] decreased; diminished; or became defective, or deficient. (M, K.) And آلَ لَحْمُ النَّاقَةِ The flesh of the she-camel went away, so that she became lean, or slender and lean, or lean and lank in the belly. (T, K.) b8: آلَ, (T, S, M, K,) inf. n. أَوْلٌ (T, M, K) and إِيَالٌ, (M, K,) is also said of tar, (T, S, M,) and of honey, (S,) and of milk, (M,) and of wine, or beverage, (TA,) and of urine, (M,) or of the urine of camels that have been contented with green pasture instead of water, at the end of their being in that state, (T,) and of oil, (M, K,) and other things, (K,) as meaning It became thick: (T, S, M, K:) said of milk, it thickened and coagulated: (M:) said of wine, or beverage, it thickened, and became intoxicating in its utmost degree: (Az, TA:) and said of oil, it attained its full perfume, or sweetness of odour, by being well prepared or compounded. (T.) b9: مَا لَكَ تَؤُولُ إِلَى كَتِفَيْكَ [written in the TA without any vowel-signs, app. meaning (tropical:) What aileth thee that thou shruggest thy shoulders? lit., drawest thyself together to thy two shoulder-blades?] is said [to a man] إِذَا انْضَمَّ إِلَيْهِمَا وَاجْتَمَعَ [when he draws himself together to them, and contracts himself]; and is a tropical phrase: so says Z. (TA.) b10: آلَ مِنْ فُلَانٍ He escaped, or became safe or secure, from such a one: a dial. var. of وَأَلَ: (T, K:) of the dial. of the Ansár. (TA.) b11: You say also, آلَ, aor. ـُ (T, Msb;) or ـِ aor. ـْ (K;) meaning He, or it, preceded; went before; was, or became, before, beforehand, first, or foremost; (T, Msb, K;) and came: (Msb:) with this, also, وَأَلَ is syn.; and from it [says Az] is most probably derived أَوَّلُ, so that its original form is أَأْوَلُ: [or, as Fei says,] hence is derived the phrase, used by the vulgar, العَشْرُ الأَوَّلُ with fet-h to the hemzeh [as meaning “the first, or preceding, ten (nights of the month),” for الأُوَلُ, pl. of الأُولَى, fem. of الأَوَّلُ; but this is generally regarded as being originally الأَوْأَلُ, from وَأَلَ]. (Msb.) A2: آلَهُ: see 2. b2: Accord. to Lth, (TA,) أُلْتُهُ, (M, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. أَوْلٌ, (TA,) signifies I made it (namely, milk, M, or oil &c., K) to thicken, (M, K,) and to coagulate; (M;) the verb being both intrans. and trans.: (K:) but Az says that it is not known as trans., in this sense, in the language of the Arabs [of the classical ages]. (TA.) A3: آلَ رَعِيّتَهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. أَوْلٌ (S) and إِيَالٌ, (S, M, K,) of which the simple subst. is إِيَالَةٌ, (S, * Msb,) He (a prince or commander, S, or a king, M, K) ruled, or governed, his subjects; presided over their affairs, as commander or governor; (S, M, Msb, K;) and did so well: (S:) and آلَ عَلَيْهِمْ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ and إِيَالٌ and إِيَالَةٌ, [or this last, as said above, is a simple subst.,] he presided over them; held command, or authority, over them; (M, K;) namely, a people, or company of men; (K;) or, over their affairs. (TA.) It is said in a prov., (M,) قَدْ أُلْنَا وَإِيلَ عَلَيْنَا (T, S, M) We have ruled and been ruled; (T;) we have presided and been presided over. (M.) b2: آلَ مَالهُ, (T, S, M, * Msb, K,) inf. n. إِيَالَةٌ, (T, Msb,) He put into a good, or right, state, or condition, and managed, or tended, his مال [meaning cattle]; (T, S, M, * K;) as also ↓ ائتالهُ [written with the disjunctive alif اِيتَالَهُ], (K,) inf. n. اِيتِيَالٌ: (S:) or he managed his camels, and his sheep or goats, in such a manner that they throve, or became in a good state or condition, by his management. (Msb.) Lebeed describes a female singer إِبْهَامُهَا ↓ بِمُوَتَّرٍتَأْتَالُهُ (T, S,) meaning with a stringed lute, (EM p. 169,) which her thumb adjusts; (S, EM;) from أُلْتُ, (T, S,) signifying I put into a good, right, or proper, state, or condition. (T. [But see another reading in the first paragraph of art. اوي.]) You say also, أُلْتُ الشَّىْءَ meaning I composed, or collected together, the thing, and put it into a good, right, or proper, state, or condition: and some of the Arabs say, اللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ ↓ أَوَّلَ

أَمْرَكَ, i. e. May God compose for thee thine affair: and, by way of imprecation, اللّٰهُ ↓ لَا أَوَّلَ عَلَيْهِ شَمْلَهُ [May God not compose for him his discomposed, disorganized, deranged, or unsettled, affair, or affairs]. (T.) b3: أُلْتُ الإِبلَ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ and إِيَالٌ, also signifies I drove the camels: (M:) or, accord. to the T, I bound the camels' udders with the أَصِرَّة (صَرَرْتُهَا) until the time of milking, when I loosed them. (TA.) 2 أوّلهُ إِلَيْهِ, (M, K,) inf. n. تَأْوِيلٌ, (TA,) He returned it (namely, a thing, M) to him, or it; he made it, or caused it, to return to him, or it; syn. رَجَعَهُ: (M, K: in the CK رَجَّعَهُ:) and ↓ آلَهُ also signifies the same; syn. رَدَّهُ. (TA.) Yousay, أَوَّلَ اللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ ضَالَّتَكَ May God restore to thee thy stray; (T, * TA;) cause it to return to thee; (TA;) bring together thee and it. (T.) And أَوَّلْتُهُ إِلَى كَذَا I caused him, or it, to come to such a state or condition; brought, or reduced, him, or it, thereto; syn. صَيَّرْتُهُ إِلَيْهِ. (T.) b2: See also 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places. b3: تَأْوِيلٌ also signifies The discovering, detecting, revealing, developing, or disclosing, or the explaining, expounding, or interpreting, that to which a thing is, or may be, reduced, or that which it comes, or may come, to be: (S, O, TA:) you say, أَوَّلْتُهُ, inf. n. تَأْوِيلٌ; and ↓ تَأَوَّلْتُهُ, inf. n. تَأَوُّلٌ; in one and the same sense: and hence the saying of El-Aashà: حُبِّهَا ↓ عَلَى أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ تَأَوُّلُ رِبْعِىِّ السِّقَابِ فَأَصْحَبَا ↓ تَأَوُّلَ (S:) or حُبَّها ↓ تاوَّل: (so in a copy of the T: [the former word being, accord. to this reading, a contraction of تَتَأَوَّلُ; but this does not altogether agree with what here follows:]) AO says, تَأَوُّلُ حُبِّهَا means تَفْسِيرُهُ وَمَرْجِعُهُ: [i. e., the explanation of her love, or of the (poet's) love of her, and the state, or condition, to which it eventually came, is this:] (S:) it was small in his heart, and ceased not to grow until it became great; like as the little young camel [born in the season called ربيع, or in the beginning of the breeding-time,] ceases not to grow until he becomes great like his mother, (T, * S,) and has a son accompanying him: (S:) [or] أوّلهُ and ↓ تأوّلهُ, (M, K,) inf. n. of the former as above, (K,) when said of language, signify دَبَّرَهُ وَقَدَّرَهُ وَفَسَّرَهُ [he considered its end, or what it might be to which it led or pointed, and compared one part of it with another, and then explained, or expounded, or interpreted, it]: (M, K:) hence, [if the explanation in the M and K be meant to denote three distinct meanings, which I do not think to be the case,] it would seem as though تَأْوِيلٌ and تَفْسِيرٌ were syn.; but accord. to other authorities, they differ: (TA:) [Az says,] accord. to Ahmad Ibn-Yahyà, these two words and مَعْنًى are all one: but تأويل seems to me to signify the collecting the meanings of dubious expressions by such expression as is clear, or plain, without dubiousness: or, accord. to Lth, it is the interpreting of language that has different meanings; and this cannot be rightly done but by an explanation which changes the expression; as also ↓ تأَوُّلٌ: (T:) or the turning a verse of the Kur-án from its apparent meaning to a meaning which it bears, or admits, when the latter is agreeable with the Scripture and the Sunneh: for instance, in the words of the Kur [vi. 95, &c.], يُخْرِجُ الْحَىَّ مِنَ المَيِّتِ, if the meaning be [thus explained] “He produceth the bird from the egg,”

this is تفسير: and if [it be explained as meaning]

“He produceth the believer from the unbeliever,” or “the knowing from the ignorant,” this is تأويل: so says Ibn-El-Kemál: (TA:) [hence, although it may often be rendered by interpretation, like تفسير, it more properly signifies the rendering in a manner not according to the letter, or overt sense; explaining the covert, or virtual, meaning; interpreting in a manner not according to the obvious meaning:] or the reducing a thing to its ultimate intent, whether it be a saying or an action: (Er-Rághib, TA:) or تفسير signifies the “discovering, detecting, revealing, or disclosing, what is meant by a dubious expression;” and تأويل, the reducing one of two senses, or interpretations, which an expression bears, or admits, to that which suits the apparent meaning: (L and K in art. فسر, and TA in that and in the present art.:) or the former signifies the “expounding, explaining, or interpreting, the narratives which occur collected without discrimination in the Kur-án, and making known the significations of the strange words or expressions, and explaining the occasions on which the verses were revealed;” and the latter, the explaining the meaning of that which is مُتَشَابِهِ, [or what is equivocal, or ambiguous,] i. e., what is not understood without repeated consideration. (TA: [in which are some further explanations; but these add nothing of importance.]) b4: [Hence, أوّل لَفْظًا, in grammar, He rendered a word, or an expression, or a phrase, in grammatical analysis, by another word, or expression, or phrase.] b5: and [hence likewise,] تَأْوِيلٌ signifies also The interpretation, or explanation, of a dream; the telling the final sequel, or result, thereof: (M, K:) as in the Kur xii. 101. (M.) b6: It is also used [as a simple subst.] to signify The end, issue, result, or final sequel, of a thing; syn. عَاقِبَةٌ; (Bd in iv. 62 and xvii. 37;) or ↓ مَآلٌ; (Jel in the same places;) or مَرْجِعٌ, and مَصِيرٌ; as in the Kur [iii. 5], وَمَا يعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللّٰهُ [But none knoweth the end, &c., thereof, except God]: (A'Obeyd, T:) or this phrase means, but none knoweth when will be the resurrection, and to what the case will eventually come, (T, M,) when the hour shall arrive, (TA,) except God: (T, M:) so says Aboo-Is-hák: (T:) and in like manner, [in the Kur vii. 51,] هَلْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَّا تَأْوِيلَهُ means Do they wait for aught save the result to which their case will come by the resurrection? (Aboo-Is-hák, T, M:) or, the result to which it will come (Bd, Jel) in the manifestation of its truth by the appearance of the promises and threats of which it has told? (Bd:) in like manner, also, the saying, تَقْوي اللّٰهِ

أَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا means The fear of God is best in respect of result; syn. عَاقِبَةً. (TA.) 5 تَاَوَّلَ see 2, in the former half of the paragraph, in six places. b2: تأوّل فِيهِ الخَيْرَ He discovered in him the existence of good, or goodness, from its outward signs: and he sought, or looked for, good, or goodness, in him. (TA.) You say also, تَأَوَّلْتُ فِى فُلَانٍ الأَجْرَ I sought, or looked for, recompense in (or of or from) such a one. (T.) 8 إِاْتَوَلَ see 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places.10 استآل الرُّؤْيَا He sought the interpretation of the dream, by consideration. (TA in art. سوأ.) آلٌ A man's أَهْل [or family]; (T, S, M, Msb, K;) i. e. his relations: (Msb:) his عَشِيرَة [or kinsfolk; or nearer, or nearest, relations by descent from the same father or ancestor; &c.]; from أَوْلٌ as signifying رُجُوعٌ, because recourse is had to them in all affairs: (Har p. 578:) and his household; (S, TA;) the people of his house: (Msb:) and his followers; (S, Msb, K;) including soldiers: (S, TA:) and his أَوْلِيَآء [i. e. friends, and the like]: (K:) those who bear a relation to him, as members to a head, (مَنْ آلَ إِلَيْهِ,) by religion or persuasion or kindred; as in the Kur iii. 9 and viii. 54 and 56 &c.: (Ibn-'Arafeh:) [or in these and many other instances, it may be rendered people:] but in general it is not used save in relation to that in which is eminence, or nobility; so that one does not say, آلُ الإِسْكَافِ, like as one says أَهْلُهُ: (K:) and it is peculiarly used as a prefix to the proper names of rational beings; not to indeterminate nouns, nor to nouns of places or of times; so that one says, آلُ فُلَانٍ; but not آلُ رَجُلٍ, nor آلُ زَمَانِ كَذَا, nor آلُ مَوْضَعِ كَذَا, like as one says, [أَهْلُ رَجُلٍ, and أَهْلُ زَمَانِ كَذَا, and] أَهْلُ بَلَدِ كَذَا and مَوْضِعِ كَذَا: (TA:) Ks disallows its being prefixed to a pronoun; so that one should not say, آلُهُ, but أَهْلُهُ; but his opinion in this matter is not correct: it is originally أَوَلٌ; the و being changed into ا, (M, * Msb,) as in قَالَ [which is originally قَوَلَ]: so say some: (Msb:) or it is originally أَهْلٌ, (T, M, Msb, K,) then أَأْلٌ, and then آلٌ: (K:) so say some, arguing thus from its having أُهَيْلٌ for its dim.: (T, Msb:) but accord. to Ks, it assumes the form ↓ أُوَيْلٌ as a dim.: (T:) or each of these is its dim. (M, K.) By the آل of the Prophet are meant, accord. to some persons, His followers, whether relations or others: and his relations, whether followers or not: (Ahmad Ibn-Yahyà, T:) or, as some say, his family (أَهْلُهُ [q. v.]) and his wives: [but it seems to be indicated that what I have rendered “and his wives” is meant as an explicative adjunct to اهله:] or, as some say, the people of his religion: (Esh-Sháfi'ee, T:) being himself asked who were his آل, he answered all pious persons: (Anas, TA:) but in a trad. in which it is said that the poor-rates are prohibited to him and to his آل, by this is meant those to whom was appropriated the fifth [of the spoils] instead of the poor-rates; and these were the genuine descendants of Háshim and El-Muttalib. (Esh-Sháfi'ee, T.) b2: يَا لَزَيْدٍ and يَالَ زَيْدٍ, accord. to the Koofees, are contractions of يَا آلَ زَيْدٍ [O family of Zeyd]. (Mughnee, on the letter ل; and El-Ashmoonee on the Alfeeyeh of Ibn-Málik, section الاستغاثة. [See the letter ل.]) b3: [See also إِيلَةٌ.]

A2: (tropical:) I. q. شَخْصٌ [meaning The body, or corporeal form or figure or substance, (of anything, as is said in the T,) which one sees from a distance; or, in this case, often, though not always, the person, or self]; (AA, T, S, M, K;) of a man: a metaphorical application, from آلٌ as signifying أَهْلٌ and عَشِيرَةٌ; because comprising the members and the senses. (Har p. 578.) b2: Sometimes, it is redundant, or pleonastic; [being only used for the sake of metre in verse, or to give more force to an expression;] as in the following instance: أُلَاقِى مِنْ تَذَكُّرِ آلِ لَيْلَى

كَمَا يَلْقَى السَّلِيمُ مِنَ العِدَادِ [I experience, from remembrance of Leylà, or of Leylà's person or self, the like of what the person bitten or stung by a venomous reptile experiences from the paroxysm of pain occasioned by the bits or sting]. (TA.) [See also another ex., voce جَأْبٌ; and another, voce مِزْمَارٌ.] b3: [Like شَخْصٌ, it seems to be sometimes applied to Any material thing that is somewhat high, and conspicuous: and hence, perhaps, the signification next following.] b4: مَا أَشْرَفَ مِنَ البَعِيرِ [app. meaning The overtopping, or higher, part, or parts, of the camel]. (M, K.) b5: A [tent of the kind called]

خَيْمَة. (M.) b6: The poles of the خَيْمَة; (M, K;) as also ↓ آلَةٌ; of which the pl. is آلاتٌ: (K:) or ↓ آلَةٌ is the sing. of آلٌ and آلَاتٌ, [or n. un. of the former and pl. of the latter,] which signify the pieces of wood (خَشَبَات) upon which the خيمة is raised, or constructed: and hence Kutheiyir likens the legs of his she-camel to four آلات of the [wood of the tree called] طَلْح. (S.) b7: The pieces of wood (خَشَب, T, M, K) of خَيْم [or tents], (M,) stripped [of the tent-cloths]. (T, TA.) b8: Also, [app. because rising from the general surface of the ground,] The extremities and sides of a mountain. (M, K. *) A3: The سَرَاب [or mirage]: (As, T, M, K:) or peculiarly applied to that which is in the first part of the day, (K,) as though raising figures seen from a distance (شُخُوص), and making them to quiver: (TA:) or that which one sees in the first part of the day, and in the last part thereof, as though raising figures seen from a distance (شخوص); not the same as the سراب: (S:) or what resembles the سراب: (Msb:) or, as some say, that which is in the ضُحَى [or early part of the day when the sun is yet low], like water between the sky and the earth, [in appearance] raising figures seen from a distance (شخوص), and making them to quiver; whereas the سراب is that which is at mid-day, [apparently] cleaving to the ground, as though it were running water: Th says, the آل is in the first part of the day: (M:) As says that the آل and the سراب are one: but others say that the former is from the ضُحَى [see above] to the declining of the sun from the meridian; whereas the سراب is after the declining of the sun from the meridian to the prayer of the عَصْر; and in favour of their assertion they urge, that the former [in appearance] raises everything so that it becomes what is termed آل, i. e. شَخْص; for the آل of everything is its شخص; and that the سراب [in appearance] lowers every شخص in it so that it becomes [as though it were] cleaving to the ground, having no شخص: Yoo says, the Arabs say that the آل is from the غُدْوَة [or period between the prayer of daybreak and sunrise] to the time when the sun is very high, or near the meridian; then it is called سراب for the rest of the day: ISk says, the آل is that which [in appearance] raises figures seen from a distance (شخوص), and is in the ضُحَى [explained above]; and the سراب is that which is upon the surface of the ground, as though it were water, and is at midday: and this, I [namely Az] say, is what I have found the Arabs in the desert to say: (T:) El-Hareeree speaks of the glistening of the آل; app. using this word in the sense of سراب; for it is the latter that glistens; not the former: (Har p. 363:) the word is masc. and fem. (Msb, K.) The phrase يَرفَعُ الْآلَا, ending a verse (S, M) of En-Nábighah, (M, TA,) i. e. Edh-Dhubyánee, (TA,) or El-Jaadee, (S,) [variously cited in the S and M and TA,] is an instance of inversion; the meaning being يَرْفَعُهُ الْآلُ [The آل raising it]: (S, TA:) or the meaning is, making the آل conspicuous more than it would otherwise be; the agent of the verb being a prominent portion of a mountain, which, being itself raised [in appearance] by the آل, has the effect of doing this. (M.) A4: See also the next paragraph.

A5: And see أَلَيَانٌ, in art. الي.

آلَةٌ i. q. أَدَاةٌ [i. e. An instrument; a tool; an implement; a utensil: and instruments; tools; implements; utensils; apparatus; equipments; equipage; accoutrements; furniture; gear; tackling;] (S, M, K) with which one works, for himself or for another: it is both sing. and pl.: (M, K:) or, (K,) as some say, (M,) it is a pl. having no sing. (M, K) as to the letter: (M:) [but it is very often used as a sing.:] and the pl. is آلَاتٌ. (S, K.) In the saying of 'Alee, يَسْتَعْمِلُ

آلَةَ الدِّينِ فِى طَلَبِ الدُّنيَا [lit. He makes use of the instrument of religion in seeking the goods of the present world], (assumed tropical:) science, or knowledge, is meant; because thereby only is religion. (M.) b2: [A musical instrument;] a lute; a musical reed, or pipe; the [kind of mandoline called] طُنْبُور. (TA.) b3: The male organ of generation. (TA.) b4: The bier of a corpse. (Abu-l-'Omeythil, S, M, K.) Thus, accord. to some, in the following verse, (S, * M,) of Kaab Ibn-Zuheyr: كُلُّ ابْنِ أُنْثَى وَإِنْ طَالتْ سَلَامَتُهُ يَوْمًا عَلَى آلَةٍ حَدْبَآءَ مَحْمُولُ [Every son of a female, though his health, or safety, long continue, is one day borne upon a gibbous bier: for the bier of the Arabs of the desert was generally composed of two poles connected by a net-work of cords upon which the corpse lay depressed]: (S, M:) or, as some say, [in a distressing state, or condition; for, they say,] آلَة here signifies حَلَة. (TA.) b5: See also آلٌ, in two places, near the middle of the paragraph.

A2: A state, or condition; i. q. حَالَةٌ [as mentioned above]: (T, S, M, K:) pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.] ↓ آلٌ. (T, S.) You say, هُوَبِآلةِ سَوْءٍ

[He is in an evil state or condition]. (S.) b2: I. q. شِذَّةٌ [Straitness; difficulty; distress; &c.]. (M, K.) إِيلَةٌ sometimes signifies The relations to whom one goes [or is traced] back in genealogy. (Ibn-'Abbád.) [See also آلٌ.] b2: You say also, رَدَدْتُهُ

إِلَى إِيلَتِهِ I made him to go back, or revert, to his natural disposition: or, to his [original] state or condition. (Ibn-'Abbád.) أُولُو, in the gen. and accus. أُولِى: see أُلُو, in art. أُولَى.

أُولَى fem. of أَوَّلُ: see the latter in art. وأل.

A2: أُولَى as a pl., and its var. أُولَآءِ; and أُولٰئِكَ, or أُولَآئِكَ; &c.: see أُلَى, in art. الى.

أَوَالٌ A certain idol of [the tribes of] Bekr and Teghlib, (K, TA,) the two sons of Wáïl. (TA.) أوَيْلٌ dim. of آلٌ, q. v. (Ks, T, M, K.) إِيَالٌ The vessel, or receptacle, of thickening, or thick, milk: (M:) [or, accord. to the K, this seems to be termed ↓ أُيَّلٌ: see آئِلٌ:] or, in which wine (شَرَاب), or expressed juice, or what is pressed, or squeezed, so that its juice is forced out, or the like thereof, is made to thicken. (TA.) A2: [Also an inf. n. of 1, which see throughout.]

إِيَالَةٌ Rule, or government: (S, Msb:) [accord. to some, an inf. n. of آلَ as a trans. verb: accord. to others,] a simple subst. (Msb.) أَوَّلُ and its variations &c., see art. وأل: some, on account of difference of opinion from others respecting its radical letters, have mentioned this word in the present art. (TA.) أَيِّلٌ: see إِيَّلٌ: A2: and see also آئِلٌ, last sentence.

أُيَّلٌ: see إِيَّلٌ: A2: and see also آئلٌِ, in four places; and إِيَالٌ.

إِيَّلٌ and ↓ أُيَّلٌ (T, S, Mgh, Msb, K, the first and third and fourth in art. ايل) and ↓ أيِّلٌ, (T, K,) the last on the authority of IAar, (TA,) but A'Obeyd says that it is إِيَّلٌ, with kesr, (T,) and this is the approved form, (TA,) The [animal called] وَعْل: (K:) or the male وَعْل; (ISh, T, S, Mgh, Msb;) i. e. the mountain-goat: (Msb:) accord. to some, (S,) what is called in Persian كَوَزْن; (S, Mgh;) by which word Sh explains the word إِيَّلٌ: ISh says, it is the animal that is very wide between the horns, and bulky, like the domestic bull: (T:) [see بَقَرُ الوَحْشِ in art. بقر:] and Lth says, it is called thus because it resorts (يَؤُولُ) to the mountains: sometimes the ى is changed into ج: the fem. is of the same three forms with ة: (TA:) and the pl. is أَيَائِلُ [like سَيَائِدُ pl. of سَيِّدٌ]. (Lth, T, Mgh, Msb.) b2: See also آئِلٌ, in two places.

آئِلٌ [act. part. n. of 1 in all its senses: and thus, particularly,] Thickening, or thick; (T, S, M, TA;) applied to the urine of camels that have been contented with green pasture instead of water, at the end of their being in that state; (T;) or to milk, (S, M, TA,) and to oil, and other things, such as tar, and honey, and wine, or beverage: (TA:) pl. ↓ أُيَّلٌ: (S, M:) which last word [in one copy of the M written إِيلٌ, but this I think a mistranscription,] signifies also the remains of thickening, or thick, milk; or, as some say, the [seminal] water in the womb: (M:) or this same word (أُيَّلٌ) has the last of these significations; and also, [as a sing. epithet,] the first of the meanings explained in this paragraph; as also آئِلٌ, applied to milk; (K;) or to milk thickening, or thick, and mixed; not excessively thick, but in a somewhat good degree, and changed in its flavour: (AHát, TA:) or it [app. أُيَّلٌ, as in the TK,] signifies the vessel, or receptacle, thereof; (K;) [a meaning assigned in the M to إِيَالٌ;] in which milk thickens: (TA:) Sh says that ↓ إِيَّلٌ signifies the milk of the أَيَائِل [pl. of إِيَّلٌ]; and so says AA: but AHeyth says that this is absurd; and that the right word is ↓ أُيَّلٌ, having the signification first explained in this paragraph, i. e. thickening, or thick, milk: En-Nadr says that ↓ إِيَّلٌ signifies thick urine of she-goats of the mountain; which, when drunk by a woman, excites her venereal faculty: (T:) or this last word is used to signify milk of an إِيَّل, which is said to strengthen in the venereal faculty, and to fatten, as Ibn-Habeeb asserts; and ↓ أُيَّلٌ, which he affirms to be wrong, is a dial. var. thereof; and it may also be a quasi-pl. n. thereof: (M:) as a pl. [of آئِلٌ], applied to milk, ↓ آُيَّلٌ is extr. in two respects; as a pl., of this form, of an epithet not applied to an animal; and as being regularly أُوَّلٌ. (IJ, M.) A2: إِنَّهُ لَآئِلُ مَالٍ and مَالٍ ↓ أَيِّلُ Verily he is a good manager, or tender, of cattle, or camels, or the like. (M, TA.) تَأْوِيلٌ used as a simple subst. in the sense of عَاقِبَةٌ

&c.: see 2, last sentence.

مَآلٌ inf. n. of آلَ, in two senses pointed out above. (M, K, TA.) b2: [Hence, مَآلُهُ إِلَى كَذَا His, or its, return, or course, or transition, is to such a state or condition.]

A2: Also, [as a noun of place &c.,] i. q. مَرْجِعٌ [as signifying A place, and a state, or condition, to which a person, or thing, returns; and, to which he, or it, ultimately, or eventually, comes]. (TA, [where this is given as a signification not mentioned in the K; so that مرجع is not here used as an inf. n.: it is, moreover, a signification well known.]) See also 2, last sentence. b2: A refuge: applied in this sense to God. (Har p. 361.) هُوَ مُؤْتَالٌ لِقَوْمِهِ مُقْتَالٌ عَلَيْهِمْ He is ruler, or governor, of his people; a possessor of dictatorship over them, or of authority over them to judge or give judgment or pass sentence or decide judicially. (A, TA.) هٰذَا مُتَأَوَّلٌ حَسَنٌ [app. This is a good discovery made from outward signs]. (TA, where it immediately follows تَأَوَّلَ فِيهِ الخَيْرَ with its explanations given above.) مُتَأَوِّلٌ: see its verb. b2: [Sometimes it signifies] Veracious: opposed to مُتَقَوِّلٌ. (Har p. 256.)

ذود

1 ذَادَ, (M, A,) first Pers\. ذُدْتُ, (T, S,) aor. ـُ (T, A,) inf. n. ذَوْدٌ, (T,) or ذِيَادٌ, (S,) or both, (M, A, K,) He drove: (S, M, K:) he drove away: (T, S, M, A, K:) and he repelled. (M, K.) You say, ذَدْتُ الإِبِلَ I drove the camels: (S:) and I drove them away: (T, S:) and [so ↓ ذَوَّدْتُهَا, for] تَذْوِيدٌ signifies the same as ذِيَادٌ. (S.) And ذاد الإِبَلِ عَنِ المَآءِ, (A, Msb,) aor. ـُ inf. n. ذَوْدٌ and ذِيَادٌ, He (the pastor) [drove away, or repelled, or] kept back, or debarred, the camels from the water; or prevented them from coming to it. (Msb.) And ذادهُ عَنْ كَذَا, (A,) and ذُدْتُهُ, (S,) He, and I, drove him away from such a thing. (S, A. [And the like is said in the M.]) And ذاد عَنِ الحَرَمِ He repelled from, or defended, the sacred territory. (L.) And الثَّوْرُ يَذُودُ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ بِمِذْوَدِهِ, i. e. (tropical:) [The bull repels from, or defends, himself] with his horn: and الفَارِسُ بِمِذْوَدِهِ, i. e. (tropical:) [the horseman] with his spear, or short spear. (A.) And ذاد عَنْ عِرْضِهِ (assumed tropical:) He defended his honour. (L.) And ذاد عَنِّى الهَمَّ (tropical:) [He dispelled from me anxiety.] (A.) 2 ذَوَّدَ see above.4 اذادهُ He aided, or assisted, him to drive, or drive away, (T, S, M, A,) his camels. (T, S, A.) [In the K, أَذَدْتُهُ is said to signify أَعَنْتُهُ عَلَى ذِيَادِ

أَهْلِهِ: but اهله is app. a mistake for إِبِلِهِ: or عَنْ is omitted before اهله; and if so, the meaning is I aided, or assisted, him to defend his family; but in this latter case, we should read ذِيَادٍ, which would be less chaste than الذِّيَادِ.]

ذَوْدٌ A number of camels, from three to ten: (Lth, Az, As, T, S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K:) this is the meaning that is of best repute: (TA:) [in this explanation in the T from Az, and in the K, the nouns of number are mase.; and so in the next here following: in the rest, fem.:] or from three to ten: and a little more: (IAar, M:) or from three to nine: (M, L:) or from three to fifteen: or from three to twenty; (M, L, K;) and a little more: (L:) or from three to thirty: (M, L, K:) or from two to nine: (M, Mgh, L, K:) [said to be] applied only to females: (Lth, A'Obeyd, T, M, Mgh, Msb, K:) so in the Bári': (Msb:) and it is of the fem. gender; (T, S, M, Msb, K;) i. e., the word is fem.: (MF:) but its dim. is [↓ ذُوَيْدٌ,] without ة; contr. to analogy: (M:) the word ذَوْدٌ is a pl., (M, K,) meaning a quasipl. n., (MF,) having no sing. (S, M, K) of the same root: (S:) or a sing.; (K;) and its pl. is أَذْوَادٌ: (T, S, M, A, Msb, K:) or a sing. and pl.: (M, K:) the Arabs said ثَلَاثُ أَذْوَادٍ and ثَلَاثُ ذَوْدٍ and so with all the inferior ns. of number, making ذَوْد a substitute for أَذْوَاد: and they also said ثَلَاثُ ذَوْدٍ meaning thereby three she-camels. (M, L.) It is said in a trad., لَيْسَ فِيمَا دُونَ خَمْسِ ذَوْدٍ مِنَ الإِبِلِ صَدَقَةٌ, (T, L,) or لَيْسَ فِىأَقَلَّ مِنْ خَمْسٍ ذَوْدٍ صَدَقَةٌ, (T, Msb,) meaning [There is not in the case of less than five] camels [any poorrate]: for the poor-rate is incumbent on him who possesses five camels whether they be males or females. (L.) And in another trad. it is said, فِى خَمْسِ ذَوْدٍ شَاةٌ [In the case of five camels, a sheep or goat shall be given]. (Mgh.) And it is said in a prov., الذَّوْدُ إِلَى الذَّوْدِ إِبِلٌ [A few she-camels with a few she-camels are a herd of camels]; (T, S, M, A;) meaning that a little with a little is much; الى being here used in the sense of مَعَ: (S, A:) or الى is here used in its proper sense; a word signifying “ joined ” or the like being understood; (TA;) i. e. a few joined to a few becomes much: (M:) [or,] accord. to the K [and the T], this prov. shows that ذود is here used in the place of اِثْنَتَانِ [i. e. two she-camels]; for two added to two are a pl.; but this requires consideration. (MF.) ذُوَيْدٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

ذَوَّادٌ: see the next following paragraph.

ذَائِدٌ Driving: driving away: and repelling: pl. ذُوَّدٌ and ذُوَّادٌ and ذَادَةٌ. (M, K.) b2: Also, and ↓ ذَوَّادٌ, [but the latter has an intensive meaning,] (assumed tropical:) A man who is a defender, or protector, of that which, or those whom, it is necessary to defend, or protect: (S, K:) who is wont to repel attacks upon his honour. (S, * TA.) مَذَادٌ A place where beasts pasture at pleasure, where they eat and drink what they please, amid abundance of herbage. (IAar, K.) مِذْوَدٌ [An instrument for driving, driving away, or repelling. b2: ] (tropical:) A spear, or short spear, with which one repels from, or defends, himself. (A.) b3: (tropical:) The horn of a bull, (T, A, K,) with which he repels from, or defends, himself. (A.) b4: (tropical:) The tongue: (S, M, A, K:) because with it a man defends his honour. (M.) Hassán Ibn-Thábit says, لِسَانِى وَسَيْفِى صَارِمَانِ كِلَاهُمَا وَيَبْلُغُ مَا لَا يَبْلُغُ السَّيْفُ مِذْوَدِى (tropical:) [My tongue and my sword are sharp, both of them; and my tongue reacheth what my sword will not reach]. (S, TA.) b5: (tropical:) [A man who defends well, or vigorously; as also ↓ مِذْوَادٌ:] you say رِجَالٌ مَذَاوِدٌ and مَذَاوِيدُ. (A.) b6: The manger (مِعْلَف, T, K, TA, in some copies of the K معتلف, TA) of a horse or similar beast. (T, K. [A manger is thus called in the present day.]) مِذْوَادٌ: see the next preceding paragraph. Quasi ذور ذَارَتْ for ذَارَّتْ or ذَآءَرَتْ: see 3 in art. ذر.

قر

أ1 قَرَأَ الشَّىْءَ, [aor. ـَ inf. n. قُرْآنٌ, He collected together the thing; put it, or drew it, together; (S, O, K, TA;) part to part, or portion to portion. (S, O, TA.) [This seems to be generally regarded as the primary signification.] b2: Hence the saying of the Arabs, مَا قَرَأَتْ هٰذِهِ النَّاقَةُ سَلًى قَطُّ and مَا قَرَأَتْ جِنِينًا, meaning This she-camel has not contracted her womb upon a young one: (S, O, TA:) but most say that the meaning is, her womb has not comprised, or enclosed, a fœtus:or the former saying means she has not borne a fœtus: accord. to AHeyth, this same saying and مَا قَرَأَتْ مَلْقُوحًا are both said to mean, by some, she has not borne in her womb a young one (??): and by some, she has not let fall a young one, ever; i. e. she has not been pregnant: and accord. to ISh, one says, ↓ ضَرَبَ الفَحْلُ النَّاقَةَ عَلَى غَيْرِ قَرْءٍ [which seems to mean The stallion covered the she-camel without her bringing forth, or becoming pregnant; for he adds that قرء الناقة means ضعتها; app. ضَعَتُهَا or ضِعَتُهَا; but I have not found ضَعَةٌ nor ضِعَةٌ among the inf. ns. of وَضَعَتْ meaning “ she brought forth; ” and I rather think that the right reading is ضَغَنُهَا or ضِغْنُهَا, and that the meaning therefore is, without her inclining, or being desirous: see 10, third sentence; and see قَرْءُ الفَرَسِ]: and there is another saying; that لَمْ تَقْرَأْ جَنِينًا means She has not, or did not, cast forth a fœtus, or a young one. (TA.) One says also, of the she-camel, (K, TA,) and of the ewe, or she-goat, (TA,) قَرَأَتْ, alone, meaning She became pregnant: (K, TA:) and likewise, of the pregnant [in general], or of the she-camel, accord. to different copies of the K, (TA,) meaning she brought forth: (K, TA:) ISh says that قَرَأَتْ is used in relation to a she-camel; and ↓ أَقْرَأَتْ, in relation to a woman: [each, app., in the former sense and in the latter:] and that one says ↓ نَاقَةٌ قَارِئٌ; pl. نُوقٌ قَوَارِئُ. (TA.) b3: See also 4.

A2: قَرَأَ الكِتَابِ, (S, O, Msb, * K, *) and بِهِ, (Msb, * K,) the verb being trans. by itself and by means of ب, or this particle is redundant, (Msb,) and sometimes the ء is suppressed, so that one says [قَرَى and] قَرَيْتُ

&c., (TA,) aor. ـَ and قَرُاَ, (K,) the latter aor. on the authority of Ez-Zejjájee, as is said in the L, but generally ignored, (TA,) inf. n. قِرَآءَةٌ and قُرْآنٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and قَرْءٌ, (Msb, K,) this last mentioned by Az; (Msb;) and ↓ اقترأهُ; (K;) He read [the book, or Scripture], or recited [it]: (K, TA:) or قَرَأْتُ القُرْآنَ means [properly, or etymologically, accord. to some,] I uttered [the words of] the Kur-án in a state of combination [or uninterruptedly]; (O, TA;) as Ktr is related to have said: (O:) [or قَرَأَ as used in a case of this kind app. signifies properly he read, or recited, the Scripture chanting; like as أَنْشَدَ properly signifies “ he recited ” poetry “ chanting with a high voice: ” (for Scripture and poetry are usually chanted:) then, he read, or recited, anything in any manner, without, or from, or in, a book.] It is said in a trad., مَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَقْرَأَ القُرْآنَ غَضًّا كَمَا أُنْزِلَ فَلْيَقْرَأْهُ قِرَآءَةَ أُمِّ عَبْدٍ [He who desires to read, or recite, the Kur-án freshly, like as it was revealed, let him read, or recite, it in the manner of Ibn-Umm-'Abd]; meaning فَلْيُرَنِّلْ كَتَرْتِيلِهِ [properly, let him read, or recite, in a leisurely manner, with distinct utterance, and with moderation; but conventionally, let him chant, in a peculiar, distinct, and leisurely, manner; like as he did]: or يُحَزِّنْ كَتَحْزِينِهِ [let him read, or recite, with a slender and plaintive voice, like as he did]: or يَحْدُرْهُ كَحَدْرِهِ [let him read it, or recite it, quickly, like as he did]. (O.) And in a trad. of I'Ab, it is said, كَانَ لَا يَقْرَأُ فِى الظُّهْرِ وَالعَصْرِ, meaning He used not to recite [the Kur-án] aloud in the [prayers of the] noon and the [period of the afternoon called the] عْصر: or he used not to make himself to hear his reciting: as though he heard persons reciting and making themselves and those near them to hear. (TA.) The saying, in the Kur [lxxv. 17 and 18], إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا جَمْعَهُ وَقُرْآنَهُ فَإِذَا قَرَأْنَاهُ فَاتَّبِع قُرْآنَهُ means, Verily on us is the collecting thereof [i. e. of the Kur-án] and the reciting thereof; and when we recite it, then follow thou the reciting thereof:or, accord. to I'Ab, and when we explain it to thee, then do thou according to that which we have explained to thee: (S, O, TA:) or the meaning [signified and implied] is, verily on us is the collecting thereof in thy mind, and the fixing the recitation thereof on thy tongue; and when we recite it to thee by the tongue of Gabriel, then follow thou the reciting thereof, and often recur therein so that it may become firmly rooted in thy understanding: (Bd:) [therefore قُرْآنَهُ in the former instance means the teaching thee to recite it; and thus we may explain the assertion that]

قَرَأَ and ↓ أَقْرَأَ are syn. in like manner as are عَلَا قِرْنَهُ and استعلاهُ. (Sb, TA.) See 4. قَرَأَ عَلَيْهِ means He read, or recited, to him the Kur-án, &c., [as a teacher, or an informant; (as is shown by phrases in the Kur xxvi. 199 and lxxxiv. 21;) like تَلَا عَلَيْهِ: and also, as a conventional and post-classical phrase,] as a pupil, or learner, to his sheykh, or preceptor. (L.) قَرَأَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامَ and السَّلَامَ ↓ أَقْرَأَهُ are syn., (S, O, Msb, K, TA,) signifying He conveyed, or delivered, to him the salutation: or the latter phrase is not used unless the salutation is written: (K, TA:) or belongs to a particular dial.; and is used when the salutation is written, meaning he made him to read the salutation: (AHát, TA:) the aor. of the verb in the former phrase is قَرَاَ, and the inf. n. is قِرَآءَةٌ: As says that the making that verb trans. by itself is a mistake; therefore one should not say اِقْرَأْهُ السَّلَامَ [meaning Convey thou, or deliver thou, to him, salutation]. (Msb.) b2: See also 5.

A3: and see 4, first quarter.2 قرّأت جَارِيَةً She kept at her abode a girl, or young woman, until she should menstruate, in order to find if she were free from pregnancy. (Aboo-'Amr Ibn-El-'Alà, S, O.) And قِرّئَتْ She was kept in confinement [for the purpose above mentioned, or] in order that the termination of her menstruations might be waited for, or awaited, (K,) or until the termination of her عِدَّة [q. v.]. (TA.) 3 قارأهُ, (O, K.) inf. n. مُقَارَأَةٌ and قِرَآءٌ, (K,) He read, or studied, with him, each of them teaching the other. (O, K.) b2: It is said of the [ch. of the Kur-án entitled] سُورَةُ الأَحْزَاب, as Ibn-Háshim related that trad., إِنْ كَانَتْ لَتُقَارِئُ سُورَةَ الــبَقَرَــةِ هِىَ أَطْوَلُ i. e. [Verily (إِنْ being here a contraction of إِنَّ as in the Kur xvii. 75 and 78 &c.)] it was equal as to the time required to read it, or to recite it, to [that which is entitled] the سورة of the بقرة [or it was longer]: but most related it as commencing with the words ان كانت لَتُوَازِى. (TA.) 4 اقرأت, said of a woman: see 1, former half. Said of a she-camel, (K, TA,) and of a ewe, or she-goat, (TA,) She retained the seed of the male in her womb: (K, TA:) and when this is the case, one says that she is فى قِرْوَتِهَا, which is anomalous, for ↓ فى قِرْأَتِهَا; (TA in the present art.;) meaning in the first period of her pregnancy, before its becoming apparent, or manifest. (TA in art. قرو.) [And accord. to Freytag, (app. in the phrase أَقْرَأَتْ سَمًّا,) the verb is expl. in the Kitáb el-Addád as said of a serpent, meaning It retained poison for the space of a month.] b2: Also, said of a woman, She menstruated: and she became pure from the menstrual discharge: (S, O, * Msb, K, TA:) and so ↓ قَرَأَتْ, in both of these senses, (Msb, TA,) aor. ـَ inf. n. قَرْءٌ; (Msb;) or in the former sense; (Akh, S, K;) and [accordingly] one says, قَرَأَتْ حَيْضَةً أَوْ حَيْضَتَيْنِ [so in copies of the S, agreeably with what immediately precedes, but in one of my copies of the S and in the O and TA, أَقْرَأَت, meaning, she menstruated once or twice]; (S, O, * TA; *) and قَرَأَتْ signifies she saw the blood [of the menses app. for the first time]: (TA:) and أَقْرَأَتْ signifies she became one who had the menstrual discharge. (Akh, S, O, TA.) [Accord. to Zj, as I gather from the TA, the second of the significations in the sentence immediately preceding is from the collection of the blood in the womb: in the opinion of IAth, it and the first signification are from relation to time: but I rather incline to think that the converse of this is the case, and that hence are deduced several other meanings here following.] b3: اقرأت الرِّيَاحُ (S, K) The winds blew, (K,) or began [to blow], (S,) in their time, or season. (S, K.) b4: اقرأ (said of a man, O, TA) He reverted, or turned back, (O, K, TA,) from his journey. (O, TA.) And He returned (K, TA) from his journey. (TA.) b5: And He, or it, approached, or drew near. (K.) You say, أَقْرَأْتُ مِنْ أَهْلِى I approached, or drew near to, my family. (O.) And أَقْرَأَتْ حَاجَتُكَ They object of want approached, or drew near; or has approached, &c. (S, O.) b6: And It set, (K, TA,) said of a star: or the time of its setting came, or drew near. (TA.) أَقْرَأَتِ النُّجُومُ signifies The stars set: (O:) b7: and also (O) The stars delayed [to bring] their rain. (S, O.) b8: And اقرأ is also syn. with أَخَّرَ, (K, TA,) in the phrase اقرأ حَاجَتَهُ [He postponed, or delayed, the object of his want:] (TA:) and, (K, TA,) as some say, (TA,) syn. with اِسْتَأْخَرَ [He, or it, was, or became, behind, backward, late, &c.:] (K, TA:) [but it should be observed that أَخَّرَ is often intrans., and syn. with اِسْتَأْخَرَ; therefore one signification may possibly in this instance be meant by both: such, however, is not the case accord. to SM, as has been shown above, and as is further shown by his saying,] perhaps the saying of the author of the K, that it is syn. with أَخَّرَ, may have been taken from the phrase أَعَتَّمْتَ قِرَاكَ أَمْ أَقْرَأْتَهُ i. e. Hast thou withheld thy entertainment for the guest, or guests, or hast thou postponed it? but his explanation is obviously loose and defective. (TA.) b9: أَقْرَأْتُ فِى الشِّعْرِ is from الأَقْرَآءُ [pl. of القَرْءُ or القُرْءُ: hence it seems to mean I rhymed, or versified: compare أَرْجَزَ from الرَّجَزُ, and أَرْمَلَ from الرَّمَلُ, &c.]. (O. [See also 8.]) A2: أَقْرَأهُ, (L, K, TA,) inf. n. إِقْرَآءٌ, (TA,) He (a sheykh, or preceptor, L, TA) made him, or taught him, to read, or recite; (L, K, TA;) [and so ↓ قَرَأَهُ, inf. n. قُرْآنٌ, as shown before:] see 1, last quarter. One says, أَقْرَأَهُ القُرْآنَ (S, O, L, TA) and الحَدِيثَ (L, TA) He made him, or taught him, to read, or recite, the Kur-án and the tradition. (L, TA.) Hence

أَقْرَأَهُ السَّلَامَ: (AHát, TA:) see 1, near the end. b2: See also what next follows.5 تقرّأ He devoted himself to religious exercises [and particularly to the reading, or reciting, of the Kur-án]; (S, K;) as also ↓ قَرَأَ; (O, TA;) and ↓ اقرأ: (K, TA:) and i. q. تَفَقَّهَ [i. e. he learned knowledge, or science; or particularly الفِقْه, meaning the science of the law. (K.) 8 إِقْتَرَاَ see 1, former half. [After the mention of اقترأهُ as syn. with قَرَأَهُ, it is added in the TA, يقال اقترأت فى الشعر, in which اقترأت is evidently a mistranscription; and not attributable to the copyist, but to the author, of the TA, for the whole sentence is misplaced.]10 استقرأ الأَشْيَآءَ, (Msb,) or استقرى الاشياءَ, (TA in art. قرو,) [both probably correct, as dial. vars.,] He investigated the أَقْرَآء [or modes, or manners of being, (pl. of ↓ قَرْءٌ or قُرْءٌ, and of قَرْوٌ,)] of the things, for acquiring a knowledge of their conditions and properties. (Msb in this art., and TA in art. قرو.) [And one says also, استقرأ الكتَابَ, meaning He investigated the book to find some particular thing.] b2: And استقرأ الجَمَلُ النَّاقَةَ The he-camel left the she-camel (تَارَكَهَا [in the CK and in my MS. copy of the K باركها]) in order that he might see whether she had conceived or not: (S, K:) [or whether she were in her state of desire: for SM adds, after stating that this is from AO,] as long as the وديق [i. e. وَدِيق, an epithet which seems to be properly applied to a female solid-hoofed animal, but here app. applied to a she-camel,] is in her وديق [a mistranscription for وِدَاق or a noun cognate there with], one says of her, ↓ هِىَ فِى قُرْئِهَا and أَقْرَائِهَا. (TA. [See also 1, first quarter; and see قَرْءُ الفَرَسِ.]) b3: And استقرأهُ signifies He desired, or demanded, of him that he should read, or recite. (MA, TA.) قَرْءٌ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, &c.) and ↓ قُرْءٌ, (Mgh, Msb, K,) or the latter is a simple subst. and the former is an inf. n., (Msb,) A menstruation: and a state of purity from the menstrual discharge: (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, &c.:) thus having two contr. meanings: (S, O, K:) said by IAth to have the latter meaning accord. to Esh-Sháfi'ee and the people of El-Hijáz, and the former meaning accord. to Aboo-Haneefeh and the people of El-' Irák: (TA:) and a time; (AA, S, Mgh, O, K;) and so ↓ قَارِئٌ; (S, Mgh, O;) as in the sayings, هَبَّتِ الرِّيحُ لِقَرْئِهَا and ↓ لِقَارِئِهَا The wind blew at its time; (KT, Mgh;) and this is the primary signification (IAth, Mgh, O) accord. to AA [and some others]; (Mgh;) whence [accord. to them] the first and second of the meanings mentioned above: (KT, S, IAth, Mgh, O:) and قَرْءٌ signifies also the termination of a menstruation: and some say, the period between two menstruations: (S:) accord. to Zj, it means the collecting of the blood in the womb; which is only in the case of becoming pure from menstruation: (TA:) the pl. is أَقْرَآءٌ and قُرُوْءٌ and أَقْرُؤٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) the last of which [as also properly the first] is a pl. of pauc.; (S, O, Msb;) or when قَرْءٌ or ↓ قُرْءٌ has the first of the meanings assigned to it above the pl. is أَقْرَآءٌ, and when it has the second thereof the pl. is قُرُوْءٌ: (K:) respecting the phrase ثَلٰثَةَ قُرُوْءٍ in the Kur [ii. 228], As says, it should by rule be ثَلٰثَةَ أَقْرُؤٍ: (Msb, TA:) the grammarians say that it is for ثَلٰثَةً مِنَ القُرُوْءِ; thus in the L: (TA:) or they say that it is for ثَلٰثَةَ أَقْرُؤٍ مِنَ القُرُوْءِ: but some of them say that it is allowable to use a pl. of mult. in relation to three and more as far as ten [inclusively] without [the necessity of] rendering the phrase otherwise in grammatical analysis. (Msb.) b2: [Hence,] A rhyme: (Z, K, TA:) أَقْرَآءٌ (Z, O, TA) and قُرُوْءٌ (O) signifying the rhymes of verses; (Z, O, TA;) which terminate like as do the اقرآء of the states of purity from menstruation; (Z, TA;) [i. e., they are thus called] because they terminate, and limit, the verses: (O:) and أَقْرَآءُ الشِّعْرِ signifies also the several modes, or manners. or species, (IAth, O, K, TA,) and metres, (IAth, TA,) and scopes, (K, * TA,) of verse, or poetry: (IAth, O, K, TA:) the sing. is قَرْءٌ (O, TA) and ↓ قُرْءٌ, and some say ↓ قِرْءٌ also, and ↓ قَرِىْ and قَرِىٌّ, and some say that it is قَرْوٌ [q. v.] with و: and the pl. of قَرِىٌّ is [also] أَقْرِيَةٌ [a pl. of pauc.]. (TA.) One says, هٰذَا الشِّعْرُ عَلَى قَرْءِ هٰذَا الشِّعْرِ i. e. This poetry is according to the mode, or manner, &c., of this poetry. (O.) See also 10, first sentence. b3: Also A periodical festival; syn. عِيدٌ. (TA.) b4: And A fever [app. an intermittent, or a periodically-recurrent, fever]. (TA.) b5: And i. q. غَائِبٌ [app. meaning A thing becoming absent, or unapparent, or setting, like a star: see 4]. (TA.) b6: And قُرْءُ الفَرَسِ means The days of the mare's desiring the stallion: or, of her being covered: one says هِىَ فِى قَرْئِهَا and فِى أَقْرَائِهَا [She is in her days of desiring &c.]. (TA.) See also 1, first quarter; and see 10, third sentence.

قُرْءٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.

قِرْءٌ: see قَرْءٌ, last quarter: b2: and see also the paragraph here following.

قِرْأَةٌ The وَبَآء [by which is here meant the common, or general, disease] (As, S, O, K) of a country; (S, O;) of which it is said that when a person has come to that country and remained in it fifteen nights [or days, accord. to one of my copies of the S,] the قرأة thereof quits him; or, as the people of El-Hijáz say, its قِرَة; meaning that if he be affected with a malady after that, it will not be from the وبآء [or قرأة] of the country: (As, S, O;) and it is also termed ↓ قِرْءٌ. (TA. [But I think it not improbable that this last word may have originated in a mistranscription of قِرَةٌ.]) A2: See also 4, second sentence.

القُرْآنُ is said by some of the erudite to be originally an inf. n. of قَرَأْتُ الشَّىْءَ meaning “ I collected together the thing,” or of قَرَأْتُ الكِتَابَ meaning “ I read, or recited, the book, or Scripture; ” and then conventionally applied to signify The Book of God that was revealed to Mo-hammad: (Kull:) it is [also expl. as signifying] the revelation, (K, TA,) meaning that which is termed العَزِيز [the mighty, or inimitable, &c.], which is read, or recited, and written in books, or volumes: (TA:) used as a subst., and unrestrictedly, it is applied in the language of the law to the substance itself [whereof the Kur-án consists], and lexically to the alphabetical letters [in which it is written] for these are what are read; as when one says, كَتَبْتُ القُرْآنَ [I wrote the Kur-án], and مَسِسْتُهُ [I touched it]: (Msb:) [and without the article ال, it is applied to any portion of the Kur-án:] accord. to AO, (S,) and Zj, (TA,) it is thus called because it collects and comprises the سُوَر [or chapters]: (S, O, TA:) and IAth says that the original meaning of the word is the collection; and that the قُرْآن is so called because it has collected the histories [of the prophets &c.], and commands and prohibitions, and promises and threats, [and the like is said in the O,] and the آيَات [i. e. verses, or signs], and the سُوَر [or chapters]: but Ismá'eel Ibn-Kustan- teen, to whom, as a disciple to his preceptor, EshSháfi'ee read, or recited, the Kur-án, is related on the latter's authority to have said that القُرَانُ is a subst., and with hemz, and not taken from قَرَأْتُ, but is a name for the Book of God, like التَّوْرَاةُ [the Book of the Law revealed to Moses] and الإِنْجِيلُ [the Gospel]: and it is related that Aboo-'Amr Ibn-El-'Alà used to pronounce القران without hemz [like many others, but it is, and always has been, pronounced by most with hemz]. (TA.) b2: It is also applied to The divinely appointed act of prayer (الصَّلَاةُ) because it comprises recitation [of words of the Kur-án]. (IAth, TA.) قَرِىْءٌ: see قَرْءٌ, last quarter.

قَرَّاءٌ A good reader or reciter [of the Kur-án]: pl. قَرَّاؤُونَ: it has no broken pl. (K, TA.) قُرَّآءٌ, (S, O, K,) an epithet applied to a man and to a woman, (Fr, TA,) and ↓ قَارِئٌ and ↓ مُتَقَرِّئٌ, (K,) A devotee; or one who devotes himself [and in the case of the first of these epithets herself] to religious exercises [and particularly to the reading, or reciting, of the Kur-án]: (S, O, K:) pl. قُرَّاؤُونَ (S, K) and قَرَارِىْءُ, (K, TA,) [in the CK قَرارِئُ and] in a MS copy of the K قَوَارِئُ, which might be a pl. of قَارِئٌ; and in the L قَرَائِئُ. (TA.) And قُرَّآءُ is sometimes a pl. of قَارِئٌ. (S.) قَارِئٌ as an epithet applied to a she-camel; pl. قَوَارِئُ: see 1, former half.

A2: Also Reading, or reciting, the Kur-án [&c.]; or a reader, or reciter, thereof: (K, TA:) and sometimes the ء is suppressed, so that one says قَارٍ: (TA:) pl. قَرَأَةٌ and قُرَّآءٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and قَارِئُونَ. (Msb, K.) b2: And syn. with قُرَّآءٌ, q. v. (K.) A3: See also قَرْءٌ, first quarter, in two places.

A4: هٰذَا وَقْتُ قَارِئِ الرِّيحِ means This is the time of the blowing of the wind. (TA.) A5: It is also said to signify The top, or upper part, of a قَصْر [or pavilion, &c.]. (O.) أَقْرَؤُكُمْ, occurring in a trad., may mean He, of you, who reads, or recites, [the Kur-án] most: or it may mean, who is most sound in his knowledge of the Kur-án, and who retains it most in his memory. (Ibn-Ketheer, TA.) مُقْرِئٌ [thus withot ة] Menstruating: (S, Msb:) and also being pure from the menstrual discharge. (Msb.) A2: And One who makes, or teaches, another or others to read, or recite, (S, TA,) the Kur-án [&c.). (S.) مُقَرَّأَةٌ One whose termination of her menstruations is waited for, or awaited (K.) [See the verb.]

صَحِيفَةٌ مَقْرُوْءَةٌ, (K, TA,) the only form of the latter word allowed by Ks and Fr, (TA,) and مَقْرُوَّةٌ and مَقْرِيَّةٌ, (K, TA,) which are extr., except in the dial. of those who say قَرَيْتُ [ for قَرَأْتُ], (TA,) [A writing read.]

مُتَقَرِئٌ: see قُرَّآءٌ.

كلّ: كل وكلّ اسم مصدر عند (فريتاج) وكذلك كلل (في معجم مسلم فوك).
كلل عنه مدبراً: تركه لمصيره (البكري 185 - 8).
كلّل: أتعب (فوك).
كلل: كلل بالجواهر (بوشر).
كلل: توّج، طوّق. إلا ان الكلمة تعني بدقة التكليل عند النصارى لعقد الزيجة لأنهم يكللون فيها العروسين (محيط المحيط) ويضعون نوعاً من التيجان على الرأس الخاطب وآخر على رأس الخطّيبي؛ ويدعى هذا الاحتفال ب: التكليل (لين 371:2) (محيط المحيط)، ومن هنا اقتبس (بوشر) هذه الكلمة وسماها: حفلة الزواج الطقوس الزواج المسيحي ويذكر أيضاً كلمة كلل ل أي احتفل بالزواج ومارس طقوسه.
تكلل وجه بالعرق: أي إن حبات العرق غطت وجهه كاللآلئ (ألف 3:411:2).
تكلل: وردت في ديوان الهذليين في المقطع 212 البيت التاسع وانظر ص213 البيت الخامس.
كَلّ. هو كلُّ عليّ، إنه على نفقتي، ينبغي أن أطعمه (معجم البلاذري 76).
كُل: في تاريخ الجاهلية لأبي الفداء نرى قوله (ص12) فكل الدواب أبى ذلك وهذا يعني أن العدد والجنس مستغرقان ب كل وهذا مخالف للمعتاد ..
بكل كاس: بكل الكؤوس، أي بعدد كبير من الكؤوس (المقري 558:2):
واللص ما بيننا صريعاً بكل كأسٍ عليه دائر.
كلما: تستعمل، عند الخوف أو الإيجاز أو الإضمار، بمعنى دائماً أو بثبات واستمرار (عبد الواحد 173، 8: كشمس الضحى يعشى بها الطرف كلّما ... الخ).
كلّما: ولا كل هذا (ذا) قَطُّ، أبداً، إطلاقاً، قطعاً (الأغاني 60:4، 15، و 60:5، 9 وبلانجيه)؛ ولا كل هذا بمرة: أبداً، حتى ولا مرة واحدة (دي جوج 109:5).
كلّما: كل قليل وكل كم يوم: غالياً (بوشر).
كلّما: من كل بدّ: أكيداً (بوشر).
كلاّ. حاشا وكلا استغفر الله! (لم أقترف هذا الذنب)؛ حاشا وكلا أن يخطر في بالي شيء كذا (بوشر).
كِلّة: وجمعها كِلال (الحريري 35، 8): ستار، ناموسية وهي كَلَّة عند (فوك).
سماء من كَلة: سماء، أعلى السرير (الكالا) ( cielo de cama) .
الكَلة: (في العقد الصقلي، معجم الأسبانية ص80).
كلّة الــبقر: باب حظيرة الــبقر (ليلو 19).
كُلّة (تركية كُلة، كولة) وجمعها كُلل: قلّة، كرة النار في المدفع (بوشر، محيط المحيط). قنبلة، كرة مثقوبة من المعدن، يوضع فيها البارود (بوشر).
كُلّة: كُريّة، كرة صغيرة من الرخام .. الخ (محيط المحيط).
كلّي وجمعها كليات: كلّية (اصطلاح في علم المنطق أي ما هو شائع بين كل الكائنات التي هي من جنس واحد) (بوشر).
الكلّيات: المبادئ العامة (مقدمة ابن خلدون 1، 65، 1).
كلال: نكهة الأرض، نضوب التربة (ابن العوام 22:1، 2).
كليل: عامية إكليل وفي (محيط المحيط: وأكثر العامة يحذفون الهمزة فيقولون كليل).
كلولة: النوم قبل صلوات العشاء وهو أمر مستهجن في الشرق كله (بيرثون 287:1).
كليلة: نوع من الجبن الذي يصنع من الحليب الذي استخرجت منه الزبدة. يزعم العرب إن هذا الغذاء يثقل الرأس ويقولون في الرجل البطيء الفهم: أكل كليلة (شيرب)؛ وفي (كاربت، جغرافيا 267): إنه من الجبن الذي يأتي من بلاد تدعى كليلة.
إكليل: حفلة التكليل عند النصارى لعقد الزيجة (محيط المحيط، انظر كلل وبوشر).
إكليل: نكليل الرأس للقبول في صف الاكليروس (المنهل) (وفي محيط المحيط .. للزيجة ولحلقة شعر مستديرة ترخى في رؤوس قسوسهم رمزاً على إكليل الشوك الذي أُلبسه المسيح).
إكليل أنوار: هالة، إكليل شعاعي للقديسين (بوشر).
إكليل الجبل أو الإكليل الجبلي: ندى البحر (بوشر، ابن البيطار)؛ ويدعى في إسبانيا، أيضاً، إكليل الشعراء وباللاتينية Zimbri وإكليل النفساء (ابن البيطار) وإكليل وحدها (وفي المعجم اللاتيني العربي نور الإكليل: romarino quod alii zimbri vocamt) .
( الكالا): remero mata conocda وتكتب عنده بالتاء المربوطة وباللغة البرتغالية: alecrim.
إكليل الملك: حندوق (الكالا) وباللاتينية ( corona de rey yerva) ( باجني: إكليل الملك: حشيشه الحجل- من النباتات الزنبقية-) (برجون).
إكليل الملك: ندى البحر (فوك، براكس، جريدة الشرق، الجزائر والمستعمرات 284:8). العظم الإكليلي: العظم الجبهي (من مصطلحات علم التشريح). (بوشر).
إكليلية: يقول ابن جلجل إنها الخيري البنفسجي ويفوح بالليل أكثر من النهار وإن العامة في الأندلس يسمونه ملول.
مكلّل: متوج بالجواهر (انظر فريتاج) مكلل بالدر، بالجواهر، باللولو، بالياقوت .. الخ (كليلة ودمنة 9: 255، 7: 256 عبد الواحد 8، 4 ألف ليلة 45:1) ومكلل وحدها، ومكلل بالجواهر حيث وردت في حياة تيمور (المقري 102:1) مكلل: كثيف، متلبد (بوشر).

خل

1 خَلَّ لَحْمُهُ, aor. ـُ (Ks, S, K, TA, in the CK خَلَّ,) [irreg. in the case of an intrans. v. of this class, unless the verb be of the measure فَعُلَ,] and خَلِّ, (K,) [agreeably with general rule,] inf. n. خَلٌّ and خُلُولٌ; (Ks, S, K;) and ↓ اختلّ; (Sgh, K;) His flesh became little, or scanty; (Ks, S;) or his flesh decreased, diminished, or wasted: (K:) he became lean, or spare. (Ks, S, K.) [But it seems, from what follows, that the verb may be of the measure فَعِلَ, aor. ـَ as well as of the measure فَعَلَ, aor. ـِ or خَلُّ; or perhaps of the measures فَعِلَ and فَعَلَ and فَعُلَ, so that the aor. may be regularly خَلَّ and خَلِّ and خَلُّ.] b2: You say also خَلِلْتُ مِنْ كَذَا I missed such a thing. (JK.) And خَلَّ البَعِيرُ مِنَ الرَّبِيعِ The camel missed the [herbage called] ربيع, and became lean in consequence thereof. (JK, Ibn-'Abbád, TA.) b3: and خَلَّ, (JK, S, K,) inf. n. خَلٌّ; (TA;) and ↓ أَخَلَّ, (JK, Msb, TA,) or ↓ أُخِلَّ, (K,) and بِهِ ↓ أُخِلَّ; (S, TA;) and ↓ اختلّ; (MA, KL;) said of a man, (JK, S, Msb,) He was, or became, poor, or in want or need. (JK, S, MA, KL, Msb, K, AT.) A2: خَلَّ الشَّىْءَ, (K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. خَلٌّ, (TA,) He, or it, perforated the thing; transpierced it, or pierced it through; as also ↓ تخللّٰهُ: (K:) so in the M. (TA.) You say, خَلَلْتُ الشَّىْءَ بِالخِلَالِ, aor. ـُ I transfixed, or transpierced, the thing with the [pin called] خلال. (JK,) [And خَلَّ اللَّحْمَ He skewered the flesh-meat.] And خَلَلْتُهُ بِالرُّمْحِ I pierced him with the spear. (JK.) And بِالرُّمْحِ ↓ اختلّهُ He transpierced him, or transfixed him, with the spear; (T, M, K, TA;) and so بِالسَّهْمِ with the arrow: (S:) or the former signifies he pierced him with the spear and transfixed his heart: (TA:) accord. to Az, الاِخْتِلَالُ relates to the heart and the liver. (M in art. نظم.) And CCC الثَّوْرُ ↓ يَخْتَلًّ

الكَلْبَ بِقَرْــنِهِ [The bull pierces the dog with his horn]. (JK. [It is there vaguely indicated that ↓ خِلَّةٌ signifies The act, or perhaps the effect, of a bull's piercing a dog with his horn.]) and بِالرُّمْحِ ↓ تخللّٰهُ He pierced him time after time with the spear. (M, K.) b2: And خَلَّ الفَصِيلَ, (K,) inf. n. خَلٌّ, (TA,) He slit the tongue of the young camel, and inserted into it a wooden pin called خِلَال, in order that he might not such: (K:) or [simply] he slit the tongue of the young camel, in order that he might not be able to such [any longer], so that he became lean; as also خَلَّ لِسَانَ الفَصِيلِ: (S:) or الخَلُّ signifies the fixing a خِلَال above the nose of the young camel, to prevent his sucking. (TA in art. لهج.) b3: and خَلَّةُ, (T, Mgh, Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـُ inf. n. خَلٌّ, (S, Msb, TA,) namely, a thing, (TA,) a garment, (T, TA,) a [garment such as is called] كِسَآء (S, K, TA) or رَدَآء (Mgh, Msb) &c., (TA,) and a [tent such as is called] خِبَآء, (S, TA,) He pinned it with the [pin called] خِلَال; (T, TA;) he conjoined (Mgh, Msb, TA) its two edges, (Mgh, Msb,) or its edges, (TA,) or he fastened it, (K,) with a خِلَال: (S, Mgh, Msb, K, TA:) and ↓ خللّٰهُ has a similar, but intensive, signification. (Msb) A poet says, سَمِعْنَ بِمَوْتِهِ فَظَهَرْنَ نَوْحًا قِيَامًا مَا يُخَلُّ لَهُنَّ عُودُ meaning, لَا يُخَلُّ لَهُنَّ ثَوْبٌ بِعُودٍ [i. e. They (the women) heard of his death, and appeared, wailing, standing; no garment of theirs having its edges fastened together with a pointed piece of wood]. (TA.) A3: خَلَّ الإِبِلَ, (K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. خَلٌّ, (TA,) He removed, transferred, or shifted, the camels to what is termed خُلَّة [after they had been pasturing upon حَمْض]; as also ↓ أَخَلَّهَا: (K:) or the latter signifies he pastured them upon خُلَّة. (S.) A4: خَلَّ, (Lh, S, K,) [aor. ـُ inf. n. خَلٌّ, (TA,) is also syn. with خَصَّ [He particularized, or specified]; (Lh, S, K;) contr. of عَمَّ; (K;) and so ↓ خلّل: (JK, S, TA:) thus in the phrase, عَمَّ فِى دُعَائِهِ وَخَلَّ (S, TA) and وَخَلَّلَ (JK, S, TA) [He included, or comprehended, persons or things in common, or in general, in his prayer or supplication &c., and particularized, or specified, some person or thing, or some persons or things].2 خلّل أَسْنَانَهُ, inf. n. تَخْلِيلٌ, [He picked his teeth;] he extracted the remains of food between his teeth with a خِلَال [or toothpick]; (Msb, K, * in which latter the pass. form of the verb is mentioned;) and so ↓ تخلّل, alone; (T, S, * O, TA;) but accord. to the K, you say, تخللّٰهُ [he extracted it], meaning the remains of food between the teeth. (TA.) b2: خلّل الشَّعَرَ بِالمُشْطِ [He separated the hair with the comb; he combed the hair]. (Mgh voce تَشْرِيحٌ.) b3: خلّل لِحْيَتَهُ, (S, * Msb, K,) and أَصَابِعَهُ, (S, * K,) inf. n. as above, (S,) He made the water to flow into the interstices of his beard, (Msb, K,) and of his fingers or toes, (K,) in the ablution termed وُضُوْء; (S, TA;) and ↓ تخلّل, alone, signifies the same. (S.) It (the former) is as though it were taken from تَخَلَّلْتُ القَوْمَ meaning “I entered amid the breaks, or interspaces, of the people. ” (Msb.) Hence the trad., خَلِّلُوا أَصَابِعَكُمْ لَا تُخَلَّلَهَا نَارٌ قَلِيلٌ بُقْيَاهَا [Make ye the water to flow into the interstices of your fingers or toes, lest fire that shall spare little be made to flow into their interstices]. (TA.) b4: خللّٰهُ كِلْسًا He put صَارُوج [or كِلْس, i. e. quick lime, &c.,] into the interstices of its (a building's) stones. (TA in art. كلس.) b5: خلّل القِثَّآءَ, and البِطِّيخَ, inf. n. as above, He investigated the state of the cucumbers, and the melons, or water-melons, so as to see every one that had not grown, and put another in its place. (AA, TA.) b6: See also 1, in the latter half of the paragraph.

A2: And see 1 again, last sentence.

A3: خلّل, inf. n. تَخْلِيلٌ, said of wine and of other beverages, It became acid, or sour; and spoiled: (K:) or, said of شَرَاب [i. e. wine and the like], (Mgh,) or of نَبِيذ [i. e. must and the like], (Msb,) or of expressed juice, (K,) it became vinegar; (Mgh, Msb, K;) as also ↓ اختلّ; (Lth, K;) but this is disallowed by Az; (TA;) and ↓ تخلّل; but this is of the language of the lawyers; (Mgh;) or, said of نبيذ, this last signifies it was made into vinegar: (Msb:) or خلّل, said of شراب, signifies it spoiled, (JK, T,) and became vinegar. (T.) A4: تَخْلِيلٌ also signifies The making vinegar; (S;) and so ↓ اِخْتِلَالٌ; (K;) i. e. of the expressed juice of grapes and of dates. (TA.) You say, خلّل الخَمْرَ, (K,) or الشَّرَابَ, (Mgh,) or النَّبِيذ, inf. n. as above, (Msb,) the verb being trans. as well as intrans., (Mgh, Msb, K,) and النَّبِيذَ ↓ تخلّل, (TA,) He made the wine, or beverage, or must or the like, into vinegar. (Mgh, Msb, K, TA.) A5: And خلّل البُسْرَ He put the full-grown unripe dates in the sun, and then sprinkled them (نَضَحَهُ, in some copies of the K نضجه,) with vinegar, and placed them in a jar: (K:) so in the M: and in like manner, other things than بُسْر; as cucumbers, and cabbage, and بَاذَنْجَان [q. v.], and onions. (TA.) [Accord. to modern usage, the verb signifies He pickled.]3 خالّهُ, (JK, Mgh, K,) inf. n. مُخَالَّةٌ and خِلَالٌ (JK, S, K) and [quasi-inf. n.] ↓ خُلَّةٌ, (JK,) He acted, or associated, with him as a friend, or as a true, or sincere, friend. (JK, S, * Mgh, K.) لَا بَيْعٌ فِيهِ وَلَا خِلَالٌ, in the Kur [xiv. 36], is said to mean [Wherein shall be no buying or selling] nor mutual befriending: or [and no friends, or true friends, for], as some say, خِلَالٌ is here pl. of ↓ خُلَّةٌ, like as جِلَالٌ is pl. of جُلَّةٌ. (TA.) 4 أَخَلَّ and أُخِلَّ and أُخِلَّ بِهِ: see 1, near the beginning. b2: أخَلَّ بِهِ He (a man) fell, or stopped, short in it; fell short of accomplishing it; fell short of doing what was requisite, or due, or what he ought to have done, in it, or with respect to it; or flagged, or was remiss, in it; namely, a thing; syn. قَصَّرَ فِيهِ; (Msb;) as, for instance, in belief, and in confession thereof, and in works: (Ksh and Bd in ii. 2:) he left it, neglected it, omitted it; or left it undone: (Har p. 402:) or i. q. أَجْحَفَ بِهِ [app. as meaning he was near to falling short of accomplishing it, or of doing what was requisite in it; or was near to being remiss in it]; namely, a thing. (K.) b3: He failed of fulfilling his compact with him, or his promise to him. (K.) b4: He became absent, or he absented himself, from it; he left, abandoned, or quitted, it; namely, a place &c. (K.) You say, اخلّ بِمَرْكَزِهِ He (a man, S, or a horseman, Mgh) left, abandoned, or quitted, his station (S, Mgh) which the commander had appointed him. (Mgh.) And اخلّ بِهِمْ He became absent, or he absented himself, from them. (JK.) b5: اخلّ الوَالِى بِالثُّغُورِ The prefect made the frontiers to be kept by a small body of troops. (K.) A2: أَخَلَّ إِلَيْهِ: see 8.

A3: اخلّهُ He made him, or caused him, to want, or be in need. (JK, S, K.) Yousay, مَا أَخَلَّكَ إِلَى هٰذَا What has made thee, or caused thee, to want, or be in need of, this? (S.) And مَا أَخَلَّكَ اللّٰهُ إِلَيْهِ What has God made thee, or caused thee, to want, or be in need of? (Lh, K.) A4: اخلّ الأِبِلَ: see 1, near the end of the paragraph.

A5: اخلّوا, (K,) inf. n. إِخْلَالٌ, (TA,) Their camels pastured upon what is termed خُلَّة. (K.) b2: Hence, اخلّ said of a man signifies (assumed tropical:) أَخَذَ مِنْ قُبُلٍ [i. e. He took frontways]: opposed to أَحْمَضَ [and حَمَّضَ, q. v.], meaning أَخَذَ مِنْ دُبُرٍ. (TA.) A6: اخلّت النَّخْلَةُ The palmtree produced bad fruit. (A' Obeyd, JK, S, K.) b2: And The palm-tree produced dates such as are termed خَلَال: [like أَبْلَحَت from بَلَحٌ:] thus it bears two contr. significations. (K.) 5 تخلّل [primarily signifies It entered, or penetrated, or passed through, the خِلَال, i. e. interstices, &c., of a thing]. You say, تَخَلَّلْتُ القَوْمَ I entered amid the breaks, or interspaces, of the people. (S, M, Msb, K. *) And تَخَلَّلُوا الدِّيَارَ [They went through the midst of the houses]. (S in art. جوس.) And تخلّل الرَّمْلَ He passed through the sands. (Az, TA.) And تخلّل القَلْبَ (assumed tropical:) [It penetrated the heart]; said of admonition. (TA in art. بهم.) And تخلّل الاشَّىْءُ The thing [i. e. anything] went, or passed, through. (JK, * S, K.) b2: [Hence, It intervened; said of a time &c. And hence the phrase مِنْ غَيْرِ تَخَلُّلِ Without interruption.] b3: And تخلّل المَطَرُ The rain was confined to a particular place, or to particular places; was not general. (S, K.) b4: See also 1, in two places, in the former half of the paragraph. b5: تخلّل الرُّطَبَ He sought out the fresh ripe dates in the interstices of the roots of the branches (M, K) after the cutting off of the racemes of fruit. (M.) And تخلّل النَّخْلَةَ He picked the dates that were among the roots of the branches of the palm-tree; as also تَكَرَّبَهَا. (AHn, TA.) b6: For other significations, see 2, in four places.6 تَخَالٌّ [said of several persons] The being friendly, one with another. (KL.) [You say, تَخَالُّوا They acted together, or associated, as friends, or as true friends.]8 اختلّ [primarily signifies] It had interstices, breaks, chinks, or the like. (MA. [See خَلَلٌ.]) b2: [And hence,] It was, or became, shaky, loose, lax, uncompact, disordered, unsound, corrupt, (Msb,) faulty, or defective, (KL, Msb,) [and weak, or infirm, (see خَلَلٌ and مُخْتَلٌّ,)] said of a thing or an affair; (KL;) it became altered for the worse. (Msb.) [You say, اختلّ مِزَاجُهُ His constitution, or temperament, became in a corrupt or disordered state. And اختلّ alone He was, or became, disordered in temper; (see تَحَمَّضَ;) but this seems to be from the same verb said of a camel; (see اختلّت الأِبِلُ, below;) for the camel becomes disordered in his stomach by pasturing long upon خُلَّة, without shifting to حَمْض. And اختلّ عَقْلَهُ His mind, or intellect, was, or became, unsound, or disordered.] and اختلّ أَمْرُهُ [His affair, or state, was, or became, unsound, corrupt, or disordered]; (S, voce اِضْطَرَبَ;) i. e. وَقَعَ فِيهِ الخَلَلُ. (JM.) b3: He was, or became, lean, meagre, or emaciated; (KL;) and so اختلّ جِسْمُهُ. (S.) See 1, first sentence. b4: See also خَلَّ as syn. with أَخَلَّ or أُخِلَّ &c., near the beginning of the first paragraph. [Hence,] اختلّ إِلَيْهِ He wanted it, or needed it; (S, Msb, K;) namely, a thing; (S, Msb;) as also اليه ↓ أَخَلَّ: (TA:) whence the saying of Ibn-Mes'ood, عَلَيْكُمْ بِالعِلْمِ فَإِنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ لَايَدْرِى مَتَى يُخْتَلُّ إِلَيْهِ [Keep ye to the pursuit of knowledge, or science; for any one of you knows not, or will not know, when it will be wanted, or needed]; i. e., when men will want, or need, that [knowledge] which he possesses. (S.) You say also, اُخْتُلَّ إِلَى فُلَانٍ Such a one was wanted, or needed. (JK.) A2: See also 2, in two places.

A3: اختلّهُ بِالرُّمْحِ, and بِالسَّهْمِ: and يَخْتَلُّ الثَّوْرُ الكَلْبَ بِقَرْــنِهِ: see 1, in the former half of the paragraph. b2: اختلّ also signifies He served together. (KL.) b3: اُخْتُلَّ said of herbage: see خُلَّةٌ, near the end of the paragraph.

A4: اختلّ المَكَانُ The place had in it خُلَّة [q. v.]. (MA.) b2: And اختلّت الإِبِلُ The camels were confined in [pasturage such as is termed] خُلَّة. (K.) R. Q. 1 خَلْخَلَهَا He attired her with the خِلْخَال [or anklet, or pair of anklets]. (TA.) A2: خلخل العَظْمَ He took the flesh that was upon the bone. (K.) R. Q. 2 تَخَلْخَلَتْ She attired herself with the خَلْخَال [or anklet, or pair of anklets]. (K.) A2: تخلخل It (a garment, or piece of cloth,) was, or became, old, and worn out. (JK.) خَلٌّ a word of well-known meaning, (S, Msb.) Vinegar; i. e. expressed juice of grapes (JK, Mgh, K) and of dates (JK) &c. (K) that has become acid, or sour: (JK, * Mgh, K:) so called because its sweet flavour has become altered for the worse (اِخْتَلَّ): (Msb:) a genuine Arabic word: (IDrd, K:) the best is that of wine: it is composed of two constituents (K) of subtile natures, (TA,) hot and cold, (K,) the cold being predominant: (TA:) and is good for the stomach; and for the gums, (K,) which it strengthens, when one rinses the mouth with it; (TA;) and for foul ulcers or sores; and for the itch; and for the bite, or sting, of venomous reptiles; and as an antidote for the eating of opium; and for burns; and for toothache; and its hot vapour is good for the dropsy, and for difficulty of hearing, and for ringing in the ears: (K: [various other properties &c. are assigned to it in the TA:]) ↓ خَلَّةٌ signifies somewhat (lit. a portion) thereof; [being the n. un.:] (Aboo-Ziyád, K;) or it may be a dial. var. thereof, like as خَمْرَةٌ is [said by some to be] of خَمْرٌ: (Aboo-Ziyád, TA:) see also خَلَّةٌ: the pl. is خُلُولٌ [meaning sorts, or kinds, of vinegar]. (Msb.) It is said in a trad., نِعْمَ الإِدَامُ الخَلُّ [Excellent, or most excellent, is the seasoning, vinegar!]. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] أُمُّ الخَلِّ [The mother of vinegar; meaning] wine. (JK, TA.) b3: [Hence also the saying,] مَا فُلَانٌ بِخَلٍّ وَلَا خَمْرٍ, (A'Obeyd, JK, S,) or مَا لَهُ خَلٌّ وَلَا خَمْرٌ, (K,) or مَا عِنْدَ فُلَانٍ خَلٌّ وَلَا خَمْرٌ, (S, in art. خمر,) Such a one, or he, possesses neither good nor evil: (A'Obeyd, JK, S, K:) [or neither evil nor good: for] AA says that some of the Arabs make الخَمْرُ to be good, and الخَلُّ to be evil; [and thus the latter is explained in one place, in this art., in the K;] and some of them make الخمر to be evil, and الخلّ to be good. (Har p. 153.) A2: I. q. حَمْضٌ [i. e. A kind of plants in which is saltness: or salt and bitter plants: or salt, or sour, plants or trees: &c.: opposed to خُلَّةٌ]. (K.) A poet says, لَيْسَتْ مِنَ الخَلِّ وَلَا الخِمَاطِ [She is not, or they are not, of the plants or trees called خلّ, nor of the kind called خماط (pl. of خَمْطٌ)]. (TA.) A3: A road in sands: (S:) or a road passing through sands: or a road between two tracts of sand: (K:) or a road passing through heaped-up sands: (JK, K:) masc. and fem. [like طَرِيقٌ]: (S, K:) pl. [of pauc.] أَخْلٌّ and [of mult.] خِلَالٌ. (K.) One says حَيَّةُ خَلٍّ

[A serpent of a road in sands, &c.]; like as one says أَفْعَى صَرِيمَةٍ. (S.) b2: An oblong tract of sand. (Ham p. 709.) b3: b4: A vein in the neck (JK, K) and in the back, (K,) communicating with the head. (JK, TA.) b5: A slit, or rent, in a garment, or piece of cloth. (K.) A4: An old and worn-out garment, or piece of cloth, (JK, S, K, TA,) in which are streaks: (TA:) [or so ثَوْبٌ خَلٌّ:] and ↓ خَلْخَلٌ and ↓ خَلْخَلٌ, applied to a garment, or piece of cloth, (JK, K,) signify old and worn out, (JK,) or thin, (K,) like هَلْهَلٌ and هَلْهَالٌ. (TA.) b2: A bird having no feathers: (JK:) or having few feathers. (K.) b3: A man (JK, S) lean, meagre, or emaciated; (JK, S, K;) as also ↓ خَلِيلٌ (K) [a meaning said in the TA to be tropical] and ↓ مَخْلُولٌ and ↓ مُخْتَلٌّ: (TA:) or light in body: (IDrd, TA:) and [the fem.] خَلَّةٌ, applied to a woman, light (K, TA) in body, lean, or spare: (TA:) the pl. of خَلٌّ is خُلُولٌ. (JK.) Also Fat: thus bearing two contr. significations: (K:) and so ↓ مَخْلُولٌ. (TA.) It is applied to a man and a camel. (TA.) Accord. to the K, it also signifies A [young camel such as is termed]

فَصِيل: (TA:) but it means such as is lean, or emaciated: (TA:) and so ↓ مَخْلُولٌ, applied to a فصيل as an epithet, for a reason mentioned above, in an explanation of the phrase خَلَّ الفَصِيلَ. (S, TA.) b4: Also i. q. اِبْنُ مَخَاضٍ [i. e. A male camel in his second year]; (JK, K;) and so ↓ خَلَّةٌ; which is also applied to the female: (As, S, K:) and i. q. اِبْنُ لَبُونٍ [i. e. a male camel in, or entering upon, his third year]; and in like manner ↓ خَلَّةٌ is applied to the female; (JK;) or, as in the M, to a she-camel; (TA;) and, as some say, (JK,) a large she-camel: (JK, TA:) and اِبْنُ

↓ الخَلَّةِ signifies the same as اِبْنُ اللَّبُونِ (T in art. بنى) or اِبْنُ مَخَاضٍ [or ابن المَخَاضِ]. (TA in that art.) You say, أَتَاهُمْ بِقُرْــصٍ كَأَنَّهُ فِرْسِنُ

↓ خَلَّةٍ, (S, TA,) or كَأَنَّهُ خُفُّ خَلَّةٍ, (JK,) [They brought them a round cake of bread as though it were the foot of a camel in its second, or third, year,] meaning small. (JK. [In the TA, meaning سَمِينَة (i. e. fat); but this seems to be a mistranscription.]) A5: A cautery. (TA.) خُلٌّ: see خَلِيلٌ, in two places.

خِلٌّ: see خُلَّةٌ, in two places: b2: and see خَلِيلٌ, in four places.

خَلَّةٌ A road between two roads. (TA.) b2: A hole, perforation, or bore, that penetrates, or passes through, a thing, and is small: or, in a general sense: (K:) or a gap, or breach, in a booth of reeds or canes. (T, TA.) [See also خَلَلٌ.]

b3: [And hence,] The gap that is left by a person who has died: (As, T, S, TA:) or the place, of a man, that is left vacant after his death. (K.) One says, of him who has lost a person by death, اَللّٰهُمَّ اخْلُفْ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ بِخَيْرٍ وَاسْدُدْ خَلَّتَهُ, i. e. [O God, supply to his family, with that which is good, the place of him whom they have lost,] and fill up the gap which he has left by his death. (As, T, S, * TA.) b4: And The interval, or inter-vening space, between the piercer, or thruster, and the pierced, or thrust: whence the saying, رَقَعَ خَلَّةَ الفَارِسِ, explained in art. رقع. (O and K and TA in that art.) b5: [Hence also,] Want, or a want: poverty; (S, Msb, K;) need, straitness, or difficulty. (Lh, K.) One says, بِهِ خَلَّةٌ شَدِيدَةٌ He has pressing, or severe, need or straitness or difficulty. (Lh, TA.) And سَدَّ اللّٰهُ خَلَّتَهُ May God supply his want. (TA.) And it is said in a prov., الخَلَّةُ تَدْعُو إِلَى السَّلَّةِ Want invites to theft. (K, * TA.) A2: I. q. خَصْلَةٌ; (JK, S, Mgh, Msb, K;) both signify A property, quality, nature, or disposition: and a habit, or custom: (KL, PS, TK:) [and app. also a practice, or an action:] in a man: (TA: [see the latter word:]) pl. خِلَالٌ. (JK, Mgh, Msb, K.) One says, فُلَانٌ خَلَّتُهُ حَسَنَةٌ [Such a one, his nature, or disposition, is good]. (IDrd, TA.) And hence, خَيْرُ خِلَالِ الصَّائِمِ السِّوَاكُ [The best of the habits, or customs, of the faster is the use of the tooth-stick]. (Mgh.) b2: See also خُلَّةٌ.

A3: An isolated tract of sand, (Fr, K,) separate from other sands. (Fr, TA.) b2: And i. q. هَضْبَةٌ [which signifies An elevated tract of sand: but more commonly a hill; or a spreading mountain; &c.]. (JK, TA.) A4: Wine, (K,) in a general sense: (TA:) or acid, or sour, wine: (S, K:) or wine altered for the worse, (K, TA,) in flavour, (TA,) without acidity, or sourness: (K, TA:) pl. [or coll. gen. n.] ↓ خَلٌّ. (K.) b2: See also خَلٌّ, first sentence.

A5: And see this last word near the end of the paragraph, in four places.

خُلَّةٌ an inf. n. [or rather quasi-inf. n.] of خَالَّهُ, q. v.: (JK:) True, or sincere, friendship, love, or affection; as also ↓ خُلُولَةٌ and ↓ خُلَالَةٌ and ↓ خَلَالَةٌ and ↓ خِلَالَةٌ: (S:) or all these signify a particular true or sincere friendship, or love, or affection, in which is no unsoundness, or defect, and which may be chaste and may be vitious: (K: [in which all are said to be substs., except خُلَّةٌ, as though this were properly speaking an inf. n., though having a pl., as shown below:]) [and sometimes simply friendship: see an ex. in a verse cited voce مَرْحَبٌ, in art. رحب:] or خُلَّةٌ and ↓ خَلَّةٌ, (Msb,) or ↓ خِلٌّ and ↓ خِلَّةٌ, each with kesr, (K,) signify true, or sincere, friendship, or love, or affection, (Msb, K,) and brotherly conduct: the last two as used in the phrases, إِنَهُ

↓ لَكَرِيمُ الخِلِّ and ↓ الخِلَّةِ [Verily he is generous in respect of true, or sincere, friendship, &c.]: (K:) the pl. of خُلَّةٌ in the sense explained above is خِلَالٌ. (S, K.) b2: See also خَلِيلٌ, in three places.

A2: A kind of plants or herbage [or trees]; (JK, S, Msb, K;) namely, the sweet kind thereof; (S, K;) not حَمْض: (JK:) or any pasture, or herbage, that is not حَمْض; all pasture, or herbage, consisting of حَمْض and خُلَّة, and حَمْض being such as has in it saltness [or sourness]: (TA:) the [kind of plant, or tree, called] عَرْفَج; and every tree that remains in winter: (JK:) accord. to Lh, it is [applied to certain kinds] of trees &c.: accord. to IAar, peculiarly of trees: but accord. to A'Obeyd, [shrubs, i. e.] not including any great trees: (TA:) and a certain thorny tree: also a place of growth, and a place in which is a collection, of [the plants, or trees, called] عَرْفَج: (K:) and any land not containing [the kind of plants, or herbage, or trees, called] حَمْض; (AHn, K;) even though containing no plants, or herbage: (AHn, TA:) the pl. is خُلَلٌ: (K:) one says أَرْضٌ خُلَّةٌ and أَرَضُونَ خُلَلٌ: ISh says that أَرْضٌ خَلَّةٌ and خُلَلُ الأَرْضِ mean land, and lands, in which is no حَمْض, sometimes containing [thorny trees such as are called] عِضَاه, and sometimes not containing such; and that خُلَّةٌ is also applied to land in which are no trees nor any herbage: (TA:) some say that خُلَّةٌ, as meaning the pasture, or herbage, which is the contrary of حَمْض, has for a pl. خِلَالٌ, and then, from خِلَال is formed the pl. أَخِلَّةٌ: and some say that this last means herbage that is cut (وَاجْتُزّ ↓ اُخْتُلّ [in which the latter verb seems to be an explicative adjunct to the former]) while green. (Ham p. 662, q. v.) They say that the خُلَّة is the bread of camels, and the حَمْض is their fruit, (JK, T, Sudot;, TA,) or their flesh-meat, (S, TA,) or their خَبِيص. (TA.) b2: Hence, by way of comparison, it is applied to (tropical:) Ease, or repose; freedom from trouble or inconvenience, and toil or fatigue; or tranquillity; and ampleness of circumstances: and حَمْض, to evil, and war: (T, TA:) and the former, to life: and the latter, to death. (Ham p. 315.) b3: Also Acid, or sour, leaven or ferment. (IAar, TA.) خِلَّةٌ: see 1, near the middle of the paragraph: A2: and see also خُلَالةٌ, in four places: A3: and خُلَّةٌ, first sentence, in two places: A4: and خَلِيلٌ, in two places.

A5: Also The جَفْن [i. e. the scabbard, or the case,] of a sword, covered with leather: (K:) or a lining with which the جَفْن of a sword is covered, (S, K, and Ham pp. 330 et seq.,) variegated, or embellished, with gold &c.; (S;) but the pl. is also used as meaning scabbards: (Ham p. 331:) and a thong that is fixed upon the outer side of the curved extremity of a bow: (S, K:) in the T it is explained as meaning the inner side of the thong of the جَفْن, which is seen from without, and is an ornament, or a decoration: (TA:) and any piece of skin that is variegated, or embellished: (M, K:) the pl. is خِلَلٌ (S, K, and Ham p. 330) and خِلَالٌ, and pl. pl. أَخِلَّةٌ, (K,) i. e. pl. of خِلَالٌ. (TA.) خَلَلٌ An interstice, an interspace or intervening space, a break, a breach, a chink, or a gap, between two things; (JK, S, Msb, K;) pl. خِلَالٌ: (JK, S, Msb:) and particularly the places, (K,) or interstices, (S,) of the clouds, from which the rain issues; as also ↓ خِلَالٌ; (S, K;) both occurring in this sense, accord. to different readings, in the Kur xxiv. 43 and xxx. 47: (S, TA:) the latter may be [grammatically] a sing. [syn. with the former], or it may be pl. of the former: (MF, TA:) and الدَّارِ ↓ خِلَالُ signifies what is around the limits of the house; (JK, K;) or around the walls thereof; thus in the M; (TA;) and what is between the chambers thereof. (K.) You say, دَخَلْتُ بَيْنَ خَلَلِ القَوْمِ and ↓ خِلَالِهِمْ [I entered amid the breaks, or interspaces, of the people]. (S, Msb.) And هُوَ خَلَلَهُمْ and ↓ خِلَالَهُمْ (M, K) and ↓ خَلَالَهُمْ (K [but in the CK these words are with damm to the second ل]) He is amid them. (M, K.) And بُيُوتِ الحّى ↓ جُسْنَا خِلَالَ, and دُورِ القَوْمِ ↓ خِلَالَ, i. e. [We went, or went to and fro, or went round about, &c.,] amid the tents of the tribe, and in the midst of the houses of the people; like a phrase in the Kur xvii. 5. (TA.) b2: And [hence] Shakiness, looseness, laxness, or want of compactness, and disorder, or want of order, of a thing; (Msb;) unsoundness, or corruptness, (S, Msb, *) in an affair or a thing, (S,) or of a thing; (Msb;) [a flaw in a thing;] defect, imperfection, or deficiency; (Ham p. 300;) weakness, or infirmity, in an affair, (JK, K, TA,) as though some place thereof were left uncompact, or unsound, (TA,) and in war, (JK,) and in men: (JK, K: *) and (tropical:) unsettledness in an opinion. (K, * TA.) b3: الخَلَلُ The night. (JK, Ibn-'Abbád.) خُلَلٌ: see خُلَالَةٌ, in two places.

خِلَلٌ: see خُلَالَةٌ, in three places.

خِلَلَةٌ: see خُلَالَةٌ, in two places.

خَلَالٌ [Dates in the state in which they are termed] بَلَحٌ, (JK, T, S, K,) in the dial. of the people of El-Basrah; (T, TA;) i. e. green dates: (JK:) [but see بَلَحٌ and بُسْرٌ:] n. un. with ة. (JK, TA.) A2: هُوَ خَلَالَهُمْ: see خَلَلٌ.

خُلَالٌ: see خُلَالَةٌ.

A2: Also An accident that happens in anything sweet so as to change its flavour to acidity, or sourness. (K.) خِلَالٌ A thing with which one perforates, or transpierces, a thing, (JK, K,) either of iron or of wood: (JK:) pl. أَخِلَّةٌ. (K.) b2: A wooden thing [or pin] (S, Msb,) with which one pins a garment, (T, S, Mgh, Msb, K,) conjoining its two edges: (Mgh, Msb:) pl. as above: (S, Msb:) which also signifies the small pieces of wood with which one pins together the edges of the oblong pieces of cloth of a tent. (TA.) b3: [A skewer for flesh-meat.] b4: A wooden pin which is inserted into the tongue of a young camel, in order that he may not such: (K:) or which is fixed above the nose of a young camel, for that purpose. (TA in art. لهج.) b5: [A toothpick;] a thing (of wood, S, Msb) with which one extracts the remains of food between his teeth; (S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ خِلَالَةٌ. (Har p. 101.) b6: [A long thorn or prickle: such being often used as a pin and as a toothpick.]

A2: See also خُلَالَةٌ.

A3: And see خَلَلٌ, in six places.

خَلِيلٌ Perforated, or transpierced; like

↓ مَخْلُولٌ. (K.) b2: See also خَلٌّ, in the latter half of the paragraph. b3: Poor; needy; in want; (JK, S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ مُخِلٌّ, (so in some copies of the K and in the M,) or ↓ مُخَلٌّ, (so in other copies of the K,) and ↓ مُخْتَلٌّ and ↓ أَخَلُّ (K:) and أَخِلَّةٌ may be a pl. of خَلِيلٌ in this sense. (Ham p. 662.) b4: A friend; or a true, or sincere, friend; (S, Mgh, Msb;) as also ↓ خِلٌّ, and ↓ خُلَّةٌ, which is used alike as masc. and fem., because originally an inf. n., [or a quasi-inf. n., i. e. of 3, q. v.,] (S,) or ↓ خِلَّةٌ, [thus in the copies of the K, but what precedes it, though not immediately, seems to show that the author perhaps meant خُلَّةٌ,] used alike as masc. and fem. and sing. and pl.: (K:) or a special, or particular, friend or true or sincere friend; as also ↓ خِلٌّ and ↓ خُلٌّ; or this latter is only used in conjunction with وُدٌّ, as when you say, كَانَ لِى وُدًّا وَخُلًّا [He was to me an an object of love and a friend &c.]; (K;) or, as ISd says, ↓ خِلٌّ is the more common, and is applied also to a female; (TA;) as is also ↓ خُلَّةٌ, (K,) and ↓ خِلَّةٌ: (TA:) خَلِيلٌ also signifies veracious; (K;) thus accord. to IAar: (TA:) or a friend in whose friendship is no خَلَل [i. e. unsoundness, or defect, or imperfection]: (Zj, TA:) or one who is pure and sound in friendship, or love: (IDrd, K:) the pl. is أَخِلَّآءُ (Msb, K) and خُلَّانٌ (JK, K) and أَخِلَّةٌ: (Ham p. 662, and MA:) the fem. is خَلِيلَةٌ; (S, M, K;) of which the pl. is خَلِيلَاتٌ and خَلَائِلُ: (M, K:) the pl. of ↓ خِلٌّ or ↓ خُلٌّ is أَخْلَالٌ: (K:) and the pl. of ↓ خُلَّةٌ is خِلَالٌ, (S,) mentioned before, see 3, second sentence. It is applied in the Kur iv. 124 to Abraham; who is called خَلِيلُ اللّٰه, (TA,) and الخَلِيلُ. (K.) and it is said that the pl. أَخِلَّةٌ means also Pastors; because they act to their beasts like أَخِلَّآء [or friends, &c.], in labouring to do good to them. (Ham p. 662.) b5: Also One who advises, or counsels, or acts, sincerely, honestly, or faithfully. (IAar, TA.) b6: And الخَلِيلُ also signifies The heart. (IAar, JK, K.) b7: And The liver. (JK, TA.) b8: And The nose. (JK, K.) b9: And The sword. (IAar, TA.) [And] A sword of Sa'eed Ibn-Zeyd Ibn-' Amr Ibn-Nufeyl. (K.) b10: and The spear. (IAar, TA.) خَلَالَةٌ: see خُلَّةٌ, first sentence.

خُلَالَةٌ i. q. كُرَابَةٌ; (AHn, JK;) i. e. The scattered dates that remain at the roots of the branches [after the racemes of fruit have been cut off]; (AHn, TA;) the fresh ripe dates that are sought out in the interstices of the roots of the branches; as also ↓ خُلَالٌ. (K.) b2: Also What comes forth from the teeth when they are picked; (JK, S, * Msb;) as also ↓ خِلَلٌ (JK, S) and ↓ خُلَلٌ (S) and ↓ خِلَّةٌ: (JK:) or ↓ خِلَلٌ and ↓ خِلَالٌ and خُلَالَةٌ (K) and ↓ خِلَّةٌ (S) and ↓ خَالٌّ (TA) signify the remains of food between the teeth; (S, K;) and the sing. [of خِلَلٌ] is ↓ خِلَّةٌ and [the n. un. of the same] ↓ خِلَلَةٌ. (K, TA. [In the CK, for خِلَلَةٌ is erroneously put خَلَّلَهُ.]) You say, فُلَانٌ يَأْكُلُ خُلَالَتَهُ and ↓ خَلَلَهُ (JK, S) and ↓ خُلَلَهُ (S) and ↓ خِلَّتَهُ (JK) and ↓ خِلَلَتَهُ (TA) Such a one eats what comes forth from his teeth when they are picked. (JK, S, * TA.) A2: See also خُلَّةٌ, first sentence.

خِلَالَةٌ: see خُلَّةٌ, first sentence: A2: and see also خِلَالٌ.

خُلُولَةٌ: see خُلَّةٌ, first sentence.

خَلَّالٌ A seller of vinegar. (K, * TA.) خُلِّىٌّ a rel. n. from خُلَّةٌ as meaning the “ sweet kind of plants or herbage.” (S.) You say بَعِيرٌ خُلِّىٌّ, (Yaakoob, S,) and إِبِلٌ خُلِّيَّةٌ (Yaakoob, S, K) and ↓ مُخْلَّةٌ and ↓ مُخْتَلَّةٌ, (K,) meaning [A camel, and camels,] pasturing upon خُلَّة. (K.) And hence the prov., فَتَحَمَّضْ ↓ إِنَّكَ مُخْتَلٌّ (assumed tropical:) [meaning Verily thou art disordered in temper, therefore sooth thyself; or] shift from one state, or condition, to another: accord. to IDrd, said to him who is threatening: (TA. [See also 5 in art. حمض:]) [or it may mean verily thou art weary of life, therefore submit to death: see Ham p. 315.] And the saying of El- 'Ajjáj, فَلَاقَوْا حَمْضَا ↓ كَانُو مُخَلِّينَ [lit. They were pasturing upon خُلَّة, and they found حَمْض; meaning (assumed tropical:) they were seeking to do mischief, and found him who did them worse mischief]: applied to him who threatens, and finds one stronger than he. (TA. [See also حَمْضٌ.]) خَلْخَلٌ: see خَلٌّ, in the latter half of the paragraph: A2: and see also خَلْخَالٌ.

خُلْخُلٌ: see the next paragraph.

خَلْخَالٌ: see خَلٌّ, in the latter half of the paragraph. b2: رَمْلٌ خَلْخَالٌ Rough sand. (TA.) A2: Also, and ↓ حَلْخَلٌ, (JK, S, K,) which is a dial. var. of the former, or a contraction thereof, (S,) and ↓ خُلْخُلٌ, (JK, K,) A well-known ornament (K) of women; (S, K; *) i. e. an anklet: (KL:) [or a pair of anklets; for you say,] فِى سَاقَيْهَا خَلْخَالٌ [Upon her legs is a pair of anklets]: (TA in art. حجل:) pl. (of the first, S) خَلَاخِيلُ (S, TA) and [of the second and third] خَلَاخِلُ. (TA.) خَالٌّ (K) and ↓ مُتَخَلْخِلٌ (Mgh, K) [and ↓ مُخْتَلٌّ all signify Having interstices, breaks, chinks, or the like:] uncompact, or incoherent: (Mgh, K:) the first and second applied in this sense to an army. (K.) b2: For the first, see also خَالٌ, in art. خيل.

A2: And see خُلَالَةٌ.

أَخَلُّ More, and most, poor, or needy: (K, TA:) from أَخَلَّ إِلَيْهِ signifying “ he wanted it,” or “ needed it. ” (TA.) Hence the phrase أَخَلُّ إِلَيْهِ [meaning More, or most, in need of him, or it]. (TA.) b2: See also خَلِيلٌ.

مُخَلٌّ: see خَلِيلٌ.

مُخِلٌّ: see خَلِيلٌ: A2: and see also خُلِّىٌّ, in two places: b2: and what here follows.

أَرْضٌ مَخَلَّةٌ, or ↓ مُخِلَّةٌ, (accord. to different copies of the S,) A land abounding with خُلَّة, not containing any حَمْض. (S.) مَخْلُولٌ: see خَلِيلٌ, first sentence: A2: and see also خَلٌّ, in the latter half of the paragraph, in three places.

مُخَلْخَلٌ The part, of the leg, which is the place of the خَلْخَال [or anklet]; (JK, K;) i. e., of the leg of a woman. (TA.) مُخْتَلٌّ: see خَالٌّ: b2: and see خَلٌّ, in the latter half of the paragraph: b3: and خَلِيلٌ. b4: Also Vehemently thirsty. (ISd, K.) b5: أَمْرٌ مُخْتَلٌّ An affair in a weak, or an unsound, state. (K.) A2: See also خُلِّىٌّ, in two places.

مُتَخَلْخِلٌ: see خَالٌّ.

ظب

ى5 تظبّى, if used, means He acted like the ظَبْى, or gazelle; being similar to تَذَأَّبَ and تَنَمَّرَ

&c.: its part. n. is mentioned in the first paragraph of art. ربض.]

ظَبْىٌ A certain animal, (TA,) well known; (S, Msb, K, TA;) the غَزَال [or gazelle; to which the former word is applied when used unrestrictedly, and which is app. here meant by the latter word, though this seems properly to signify “ a young gazelle ”]; (M;) [it is the gazella dorcas, also called antilope dorcas, of which the ariel, or antilope Arabica, is said to be a variety; or, accord. to some, each is a distinct species of gazelle: the name seems to be properly, but not always (as is shown by an explanation of رِئْمٌ), applied only to the true antelope of Arabia and adjacent countries, as distinguished from the cervine and bovine antelopes:] it is a name for the male; which is also called تَيْسٌ, when he has become what is termed a ثَنِىّ [q. v.], which he continues to be termed until he dies: (AHát, Msb, TA:) the female is called ظَبْيَةٌ, (AHát, T, M, Msb, K, TA,) and عَنْزٌ and مَاعِزَةٌ: (AHát, Msb, TA:) the dual is ظَبْيَانِ: (Msb, TA:) and the pl. is أَظْبٍ, (S, M, Msb, K,) originally أَظْبُىٌ, (S, Msb,) a pl. of pauc., (S,) and ظُبِىٌّ and ظِبَآءُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) which last is of the masc. and fem., (M, Msb,) and ظَبَيَاتٌ, (S, M, Msb, K,) which is of the fem. (M, Msb.) One says, بِهِ دَآءُ ظَبْىٍ [lit. In him is the disease of a gazelle]; meaning in him is no disease; as there is [said to be] no disease in the ظبى. (AA, T.) And لَكَ عِنْدِى مِائَةٌ سِنَّ الظَّبْىِ [To thee I owe a hundred camels of the age of the gazelle], i. e., all of them ثُنْيَان [pl. of ثَنِىٌّ, q. v.], because the ظبى does not exceed what is termed إِثْنَآءٌ. (M.) [See also a verse cited voce سِنٌّ; in which the phrase فَجَآءَتْ كَسِنِّ الظَّبْىِ means And they came; like the age of the gazelle was the age of every one of them.] It is said in a prov., ↓ لَأَتْرُكَنَّهُ تَرْكَ ظُبَىٍّ

ظِلَّهُ [I will assuredly forsake him as a little gazelle forsakes the place of its shade]; because the ظبى, when it leaves its covert, does not return to it: it is said in confirming the relinquishing of anything. (T. [See ظِلٌّ, where other relations of this prov. are mentioned.]) And in another prov., الظِّبَآءَ عَلَى الــبَقَرِ, said when the tie of relationship and friendship between two men is severed, and it was used in the Time of Ignorance as a form of divorce: الظباء is in the accus. case by reason of اِخْتَرْتُ, or اِخْتَارَ, understood, [so that the meaning is I have preferred, or he has preferred, the gazelles to the wild cows,] by the بقر being meant the women: whence the saying, جَآءَ يَجُرُّ بَقَرَــهُ [expl. in art. بقر]. (Meyd. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 61.]) And one says, أَتَيْتُهُ حِينَ شَدَّ الظَّبْىَ ظِلُّهُ i. e. [I came to him when its shade] confined the ظبى [or gazelle] by reason of the vehemence of the heat: or, as some relate it, حِينْ نَشَدَ الظَّبْىُ ظِلَّهُ, meaning طَلَبَهُ [i. e., when the gazelle sought its shade]. (TA.) And it is said in a trad., إِذَا أَتَيْتَهُمْ فَارْبِضْ فِى دَارِهِمْ ظَبْيًا [expl. voce رَبَضَ]. (T, TA.) بِهِ لَا بِظَبْىٍ, (S, TA,) or بِهِ لَا بِظَبْىٍ أَعْفَرَ, a prov., meaning May this accident befall him, (لِيَنْزِلْ بِهِ هٰذِهِ الحَادِثَةُ,) not a white antelope, (Meyd,) is said on an occasion of rejoicing at another's affliction, (S, Meyd, TA,) by way of imprecation, i. e. may God make that which has befallen him to cleave to him. (S, TA. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. i. 148.]) b2: [الظِّبَآءُ and أَوْلَادُ الظِّبَآءِ are mentioned by Freytag as names of Certain stars: in relation to the former of which he refers to Ideler's

“ Unters. ” pp. 20-21; and in relation to the latter, to the same work p. 21.] b3: And الظَّبْىُ is the name of A brand, or mark made with a hot iron, peculiar to some of the Arabs. (T, K.) ظَبْيَةٌ fem. of ظَبْىٌ [q. v.]. (AHát, T, &c.) b2: Also a name for (assumed tropical:) A woman; [or, app. a young woman;] and so أُمُّ ظَبْيَةٍ. (Msb, TA.) b3: and (assumed tropical:) A man who is stupid, dull, wanting in intel-ligence, inert, or wanting in vigour. (K, TA: but not in the CK.) b4: And accord. to the K, i. q. شَاةٌ: and بَقَرَــةٌ: but this is a great mistake, caused by a misunderstanding of what is cited in the passage here next following from the M. (TA.) b5: Also The vulva of a woman: (Lth, T, S, M, K:) and, (M,) accord. to As, (T, S,) of any solid-hoofed beast: (T, S, M:) accord. to some, (M,) or accord. to Fr, (T, S,) of the bitch: (T, S, M:) and accord. to Lth, of the she-camel: (T:) IAar makes it to be peculiarly of the she-ass, and of the ewe or she-goat, and of the cow; (M;) meaning that it signifies the vulva of these: (TA:) and it signifies also the vagina of the mare. (M.) b6: Also 1 [bag for travellingprovisions &c., such as is called] جِرَاب: (M, K:) or peculiarly a small جِرَاب: (M, K: *) or one made of the skin of the ظَبْى [or gazelle]: (M:) or a thing [i. e. a pouch] like the خَرِيطَة and the كِيس: dim. ↓ ظُبَيَّةٌ: and pl. ظِبَآءٌ. (T.) b7: and A [tent such as is called] خِبَآء. (TA.) b8: and A place of bending, or turning, of a valley; (M, K;) as also ظُبَةٌ [mentioned in art. ظبو]: pl. of the former ظِبَآءٌ. (M.) A2: ظَبْيَةُ is one of the names of The well Zemzem. (TA.) ظُبَىٌّ: see ظَبْىٌ [of which it is the dim.].

ظُبَيَّةٌ dim. of ظَبْيَةٌ, q. v.

أَرْضٌ مَظْبَاةٌ A land abounding with ظِبَآء [or gazelles]. (M.)

بَغْدَادُ:
أم الدنيا وسيدة البلاد، قال ابن الأنباري:
أصل بغداد للأعاجم، والعرب تختلف في لفظها إذ لم يكن أصلها من كلامهم ولا اشتقاقها من لغاتهم، قال بعض الأعاجم: تفسيره بستان رجل، فباغ بستان وداد اسم رجل، وبعضهم يقول: بغ اسم للصنم، فذكر أنه أهدي إلى كسرى خصيّ من المشرق فأقطعه إياها، وكان الخصيّ من عباد الأصنام ببلده فقال: بغ داد أي الصنم أعطاني، وقيل: بغ هو البستان وداد أعطى، وكان كسرى قد وهب لهذا الخصي هذا البستان فقال: بغ داد فسميت به، وقال حمزة بن الحسن: بغداد اسم فارسي معرّب عن باغ داذويه، لأن بعض رقعة مدينة المنصور كان باغا لرجل من الفرس اسمه داذويه، وبعضها أثر مدينة دارسة كان بعض ملوك الفرس اختطّها فاعتل فقالوا:
ما الذي يأمر الملك أن تسمى به هذه المدينة؟ فقال:
هلدوه وروز أي خلّوها بسلام، فحكي ذلك للمنصور فقال: سميتها مدينة السلام، وفي بغداد سبع لغات:
بغداد وبغدان، ويأبى أهل البصرة ولا يجيزون بغداذ في آخره الذال المعجمة، وقالوا: لأنه ليس في كلام العرب كلمة فيها دال بعدها ذال، قال أبو القاسم عبد الرحمن بن إسحاق: فقلت لأبي إسحاق إبراهيم بن السري فما تقول في قولهم خرداد؟ فقال: هو فارسي ليس من كلام العرب، قلت أنا: وهذا حجة من قال بغداد فإنه ليس من كلام العرب، وأجاز الكسائي بغداد على الأصل، وحكى أيضا مغداذ ومغداد ومغدان، وحكى الخارزنجي: بغداد بدالين مهملتين، وهي في اللغات كلها تذكّر وتؤنث، وتسمى مدينة السلام أيضا، فأما الزوراء: فمدينة المنصور خاصة، وسميت مدينة السلام لأن دجلة يقال لها وادي السلام، وقال موسى بن عبد الحميد النسائي:
كنت جالسا عند عبد العزيز بن أبي روّاد فأتاه رجل فقال له: من أين أنت؟ فقال له: من بغداد، فقال:
لا تقل بغداد فإن بغ صنم وداد أعطى، ولكن قل مدينة السلام، فإن الله هو السلام والمدن كلها له، وقيل: إن بغداد كانت قبل سوقا يقصدها تجار أهل الصين بتجاراتهم فيربحون الرّبح الواسع، وكان اسم ملك الصين بغ فكانوا إذا انصرفوا إلى بلادهم قالوا:
بغ داد أي إن هذا الربح الذي ربحناه من عطية
الملك، وقيل إنما سميت مدينة السلام لأن السلام هو الله فأرادوا مدينة الله، وأما طولها فذكر بطلميوس في كتاب الملحمة المنسوب إليه أن مدينة بغداد طولها خمس وسبعون درجة وعرضها أربع وثلاثون درجة داخلة في الإقليم الرابع، وقال أبو عون وغيره: إنها في الإقليم الثالث، قال: طالعها السماك الأعزل، بيت حياتها القوس، لها شركة في الكف الخضيب ولها أربعة أجزاء من سرّة الجوزاء تحت عشر درج من السرطان، يقابلها مثلها من الجدي عاشرها مثلها من الحمل عاقبتها مثلها من الميزان، قلت أنا: ولا شك أن بغداد أحدثت بعد بطليموس بأكثر من ألف سنة ولكني أظنّ أن مفسري كلامه قاسوا وقالوا، وقال صاحب الزيج: طول بغداد سبعون درجة، وعرضها ثلاث وثلاثون درجة وثلث، وتعديل نهارها ست عشرة درجة وثلثا درجة، وأطول نهارها أربع عشرة ساعة وخمس دقائق، وغاية ارتفاع الشمس بها ثمانون درجة وثلث، وظلّ الظهر بها درجتان، وظل العصر أربع عشرة درجة، وسمت القبلة ثلاث عشرة درجة ونصف، وجهها عن مكة مائة وسبع عشرة درجة، في الوجود ثلاثمائة درجة، هذا كله نقلته من كتب المنجمين ولا أعرفه ولا هو من صناعتي، وقال أحمد ابن حنبل: بغداد من الصّراة إلى باب التبن، وهو مشهد موسى الكاظم بن جعفر الصادق بن محمد الباقر ابن علي زين العابدين بن الحسين الشهيد ابن الإمام علي ابن أبي طالب، ثم زيد فيها حتى بلغت كلواذى والمخرّم وقطربّل، قال أهل السير: ولما أهلك الله مهران بأرض الحيرة ومن كان معه من العجم استمكن المسلمون من الغارة على السواد وانتقضت مسالح الفرس وتشتت أمرهم واجترأ المسلمون عليهم وشنوا الغارات ما بين سورا وكسكر والصراة والفلاليج والأستانات، قال أهل الحيرة للمثنى: إن بالقرب منا قرية تقوم فيها سوق عظيمة في كل شهر مرة فيأتيها تجار فارس والأهواز وسائر البلاد، يقال لها بغداد، وكذا كانت إذ ذاك، فأخذ المثنى على البرّ حتى أتى الأنبار، فتحصّن فيها أهلها منه، فأرسل إلى سفروخ مرزبانها ليسير إليه فيكلّمه بما يريد وجعل له الأمان، فعبر المرزبان إليه، فخلا به المثنى وقال له: أريد أن أغير على سوق بغداد وأريد أن تبعث معي أدلّاء فيدلّوني الطريق وتعقد لي الجسر لأعبر عليه الفرات، ففعل المرزبان ذلك، وقد كان قطع الجسر قبل ذلك لئلا تعبر العرب عليه، فعبر المثنى مع أصحابه وبعث معه المرزبان الأدلاء، فسار حتى وافى السوق صحوة، فهرب الناس وتركوا أموالهم فأخذ المسلمون من الذهب والفضة وسائر الأمتعة ما قدروا على حمله ثم رجعوا إلى الأنبار، ووافى معسكره غانما موفورا، وذلك في سنة 13 للهجرة، فهذا خبر بغداد قبل أن يمصّرها المنصور، لم يبلغني غير ذلك.

فصل
في بدء عمارة بغداد، كان أول من مصّرها وجعلها مدينة المنصور بالله أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد بن علي ابن عبد الله بن عباس بن عبد المطلب ثاني الخلفاء، وانتقل إليها من الهاشمية، وهي مدينة كان قد اختطّها أخوه أبو العباس السّفّاح قرب الكوفة وشرع في عمارتها سنة 145 ونزلها سنة 149، وكان سبب عمارتها أن أهل الكوفة كانوا يفسدون جنده فبلغه ذلك من فعلهم، فانتقل عنهم يرتاد موضعا، وقال ابن عيّاش: بعث المنصور روّادا وهو بالهاشمية يرتادون له موضعا يبني فيه مدينة ويكون الموضع واسطا رافقا بالعامة والجند، فنعت له موضع قريب من
بارمّا، وذكر له غذاؤه وطيب هوائه، فخرج إليه بنفسه حتى نظر إليه وبات فيه، فرأى موضعا طيبا فقال لجماعة، منهم سليمان بن مجالد وأبو أيوب المرزباني وعبد الملك بن حميد الكاتب: ما رأيكم في هذا الموضع؟ قالوا: طيب موافق، فقال: صدقتم ولكن لا مرفق فيه للرعية، وقد مررت في طريقي بموضع تجلب إليه الميرة والامتعة في البرّ والبحر وأنا راجع إليه وبائت فيه، فإن اجتمع لي ما أريد من طيب الليل فهو موافق لما أريده لي وللناس، قال: فأتى موضع بغداد وعبر موضع قصر السلام ثم صلى العصر، وذلك في صيف وحرّ شديد، وكان في ذلك الموضع بيعة فبات أطيب مبيت وأقام يومه فلم ير إلا خيرا فقال: هذا موضع صالح للبناء، فإن المادة تأتيه من الفرات ودجلة وجماعة الأنهار، ولا يحمل الجند والرعية إلا مثله، فخطّ البناء وقدّر المدينة ووضع أول لبنة بيده فقال: بسم الله والحمد لله والأرض لله يورثها من يشاء من عباده والعاقبة للمتقين، ثم قال: ابنوا على بركة الله، وذكر سليمان بن مختار أن المنصور استشار دهقان بغداد، وكانت قرية في المربّعة المعروفة بأبي العباس الفضل بن سليمان الطوسي، وما زالت داره قائمة على بنائها إلى أن خرب كثير مما يجاورها في البناء، فقال: الذي أراه يا أمير المؤمنين أن تنزل في نفس بغداد، فإنك تصير بين أربعة طساسيج: طسّوجان في الجانب الغربي وطسّوجان في الجانب الشرقي، فاللذان في الغربي قطربل وبادوريا، واللذان في الشرقي نهر بوق وكلواذى، فإن تأخرت عمارة طسوج منها كان الآخر عامرا، وأنت يا أمير المؤمنين على الصّراة ودجلة، تجيئك بالميرة من القرب وفي الفرات من الشام والجزيرة ومصر وتلك البلدان، وتحمل إليك طرائف الهند والسند والصين والبصرة وواسط في دجلة، وتجيئك ميرة أرمينية وأذربيجان وما يتصل بها في تامرّا، وتجيئك ميرة الموصل وديار بكر وربيعة وأنت بين أنهار لا يصل إليك عدوك إلا على جسر أو قنطرة، فإذا قطعت الجسر والقنطرة لم يصل إليك عدوك، وأنت قريب من البرّ والبحر والجبل، فأعجب المنصور هذا القول وشرع في البناء، ووجه المنصور في حشر الصّنّاع والفعلة من الشام والموصل والجبل والكوفة وواسط فأحضروا، وأمر باختيار قوم من أهل الفضل والعدالة والفقه والأمانة والمعرفة بالهندسة، فجمعهم وتقدم إليهم أن يشرفوا على البناء، وكان ممن حضر الحجاج بن أرطاة وأبو حنيفة الإمام، وكان أول العمل في سنة 145، وأمر أن يجعل عرض السور من أسفله خمسين ذراعا ومن أعلاه عشرين ذراعا، وأن يجعل في البناء جرز القصب مكان الخشب، فلما بلغ السور مقدار قامة اتّصل به خروج محمد بن عبد الله بن حسن بن حسن بن علي بن أبي طالب، فقطع البناء حتى فرغ من أمره وأمر أخيه إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن حسن ابن حسن.
وعن علي بن يقطين قال: كنت في عسكر أبي جعفر المنصور حين سار إلى الصراة يلتمس موضعا لبناء مدينة، قال: فنزل الدير الذي على الصراة في العتيقة فما زال على دابته ذاهبا جائيا منفردا عن الناس يفكر، قال: وكان في الدير راهب عالم فقال لي: لم يذهب الملك ويجيء؟ قلت: إنه يريد أن يبني مدينة، قال: فما اسمه؟ قلت: عبد الله بن محمد، قال: أبو من؟ قلت: أبو جعفر، قال:
هل يلقب بشيء؟ قلت: المنصور، قال: ليس هذا الذي يبنيها، قلت: ولم؟ قال: لأنا قد وجدنا في كتاب عندنا نتوارثه قرنا عن قرن أن الذي يبني
هذا المكان رجل يقال له مقلاص، قال: فركبت من وقتي حتى دخلت على المنصور ودنوت منه، فقال لي: ما وراءك؟ قلت: خير ألقيه إلى أمير المؤمنين وأريحه من هذا العناء، فقال: قل، قلت:
أمير المؤمنين يعلم أن هؤلاء معهم علم، وقد أخبرني راهب هذا الدير بكذا وكذا، فلما ذكرت له مقلاص ضحك واستبشر ونزل عن دابته فسجد وأخذ سوطه وأقبل يذرع به، فقلت في نفسي: لحقه اللجاج، ثم دعا المهندسين من وقته وأمرهم بخط الرماد، فقلت له: أظنّك يا أمير المؤمنين أردت معاندة الراهب وتكذيبه، فقال: لا والله ولكني كنت ملقّبا بمقلاص وما ظننت أن أحدا عرف ذلك غيري، وذاك أننا كنا بناحية السراة في زمان بني أمية على الحال التي تعلم، فكنت أنا ومن كان في مقدار سنّي من عمومتي وإخوتي نتداعى ونتعاشر، فبلغت النوبة إليّ يوما من الأيام وما أملك درهما واحدا فلم أزل أفكر وأعمل الحيلة إلى أن أصبت غزلا لداية كانت لهم، فسرقته ثم وجّهت به فبيع لي واشتري لي بثمنه ما احتجت إليه، وجئت إلى الداية وقلت لها:
افعلي كذا واصنعي كذا، قالت: من أين لك ما أرى؟ قلت: اقترضت دراهم من بعض أهلي، ففعلت ما أمرتها به، فلما فرغنا من الأكل وجلسنا للحديث طلبت الداية الغزل فلم تجده فعلمت أني صاحبه، وكان في تلك الناحية لص يقال له مقلاص مشهور بالسرقة، فجاءت إلى باب البيت الذي كنا فيه فدعتني فلم أخرج إليها لعلمي أنها وقفت على ما صنعت، فلما ألحّت وأنا لا أخرج قالت: اخرج يا مقلاص، الناس يتحذّرون من مقلاصهم وأنا مقلاصي معي في البيت، فمزح معي إخوتي وعمومتي بهذا اللقب ساعة ثم لم أسمع به إلا منك الساعة فعلمت أن أمر هذه المدينة يتم على يدي لصحة ما وقفت عليه، ثم وضع أساس المدينة مدوّرا وجعل قصره في وسطها وجعل لها أربعة أبواب وأحكم سورها وفصيلها، فكان القاصد إليها من الشرق يدخل من باب خراسان والقاصد من الحجاز يدخل من باب الكوفة والقاصد من المغرب يدخل من باب الشام والقاصد من فارس والأهواز وواسط والبصرة واليمامة والبحرين يدخل من باب البصرة.
قالوا: فأنفق المنصور على عمارة بغداد ثمانية عشر ألف ألف دينار، وقال الخطيب في رواية: إنه أنفق على مدينته وجامعها وقصر الذهب فيها والأبواب والأسواق إلى أن فرغ من بنائها أربعة آلاف ألف وثمانمائة وثلاثة وثمانين ألف درهم، وذاك أن الأستاذ من الصّنّاع كان يعمل في كل يوم بقيراط إلى خمس حبّات والروزجاري بحبتين إلى ثلاث حبات، وكان الكبش بدرهم والحمل بأربعة دوانيق والتمر ستون رطلا بدرهم، قال الفضل بن دكين: كان ينادى على لحم الــبقر في جبانة كندة تسعون رطلا بدرهم، ولحم الغنم ستون رطلا بدرهم، والعسل عشرة أرطال بدرهم، قال: وكان بين كل باب من أبواب المدينة والباب الآخر ميل، وفي كل ساف من أسواف البناء مائة ألف لبنة واثنان وستون ألف لبنة من اللبن الجعفري، وعن ابن الشّروي قال: هدمنا من السور الذي يلي باب المحوّل قطعة فوجدنا فيها لبنة مكتوبا عليها بمغرة:
وزنها مائة وسبعة عشر رطلا، فوزناها فوجدناها كذلك.
وكان المنصور كما ذكرنا بنى مدينته مدوّرة وجعل داره وجامعها في وسطها، وبنى القبة الخضراء فوق إيوان، وكان علوّها ثمانين ذراعا، وعلى رأس القبة صنم على صورة فارس في يده رمح، وكان السلطان إذا رأى أن ذلك الصنم قد استقبل بعض الجهات ومدّ
الرمح نحوها علم أن بعض الخوارج يظهر من تلك الجهة، فلا يطول عليه الوقت حتى ترد عليه الأخبار بأن خارجيّا قد هجم من تلك الناحية، قلت أنا:
هكذا ذكر الخطيب وهو من المستحيل والكذب الفاحش، وإنما يحكى مثل هذا عن سحرة مصر وطلسمات بليناس التي أوهم الأغمار صحتها تطاول الأزمان والتخيل أن المتقدّمين ما كانوا بني آدم، فأما الملة الإسلامية فإنها تجلّ عن مثل هذه الخرافات، فإن من المعلوم أن الحيوان الناطق مكلف الصنائع لهذا التمثال لا يعلم شيئا مما ينسب إلى هذا الجماد ولو كان نبيّا مرسلا، وأيضا لو كان كلما توجهت إلى جهة خرج منها خارجيّ لوجب أن لا يزال خارجيّ يخرج في كل وقت لأنها لا بدّ أن تتوجه إلى وجه من الوجوه، والله أعلم، قال: وسقط رأس هذه القبة سنة 329، وكان يوم مطر عظيم ورعد هائل، وكانت هذه القبة تاج البلد وعلم بغداد ومأثرة من مآثر بني العباس، وكان بين بنائها وسقوطها مائة ونيف وثمانون سنة، ونقل المنصور أبوابها من واسط، وهي أبواب الحجّاج، وكان الحجاج أخذها من مدينة بإزاء واسط تعرف بزندورد، يزعمون أنها من بناء سليمان بن داود، عليه السلام، وأقام على باب خراسان بابا جيء به من الشام من عمل الفراعنة وعلى باب الكوفة بابا جيء به من الكوفة من عمل خالد القسري وعمل هو بابا لباب الشام، وهو أضعفها، وكان لا يدخل أحد من عمومة المنصور ولا غيرهم من شيء من الأبواب إلّا راجلا إلا داود بن عليّ عمه، فإنه كان متفرّسا وكان يحمل في محفّة، وكذلك محمد المهدي ابنه، وكانت تكنس الرحاب في كل يوم ويحمل التراب إلى خارج، فقال له عمه عبد الصمد: يا أمير المؤمنين أنا شيخ كبير فلو أذنت لي أن أنزل داخل الأبواب، فلم يأذن له، فقال: يا أمير المؤمنين عدني بعض بغال الرّوايا التي تصل إلى الرّحاب، فقال: يا ربيع بغال الروايا تصل إلى رحابي تتخذ الساعة قنيّ بالساج من باب خراسان حتى تصل إلى قصري، ففعل ومدّ المنصور قناة من نهر دجيل الآخذ من دجلة وقناة من نهر كرخايا الآخذ من الفرات وجرّهما إلى مدينته في عقود وثيقة، من أسفلها محكمة بالصاروج والآجر من أعلاها، فكانت كل قناة منها تدخل المدينة وتنفذ في الشوارع والدروب والأرباض، تجري صيفا وشتاء لا ينقطع ماؤها في شيء من الأوقات، ثم أقطع المنصور أصحابه القطائع فعمّروها وسميت بأسمائهم، وقد ذكرت من ذلك ما بلغني في مواضعه حسب ما قضى به ترتيب الحروف، وقد صنّف في بغداد وسعتها وعظم رفعتها وسعة بقعتها وذكر أبو بكر الخطيب في صدر كتابه من ذلك ما فيه كفاية لطالبه.

فلنذكر الآن ما ورد في مدح بغداد
ومن عجيب ذلك ما ذكره أبو سهل بن نوبخت قال:
أمرني المنصور لما أراد بناء بغداد بأخذ الطالع، ففعلت فإذا الطالع في الشمس وهي في القوس، فخبّرته بما تدلّ النجوم عليه من طول بقائها وكثرة عمارتها وفقر الناس إلى ما فيها ثم قلت: وأخبرك خلّة أخرى أسرك بها يا أمير المؤمنين، قال: وما هي؟ قلت: نجد في أدلة النجوم أنه لا يموت بها خليفة أبدا حتف أنفه، قال: فتبسم وقال الحمد لله على ذلك، هذا من فضل الله يؤتيه من يشاء والله ذو الفضل العظيم، ولذلك يقول عمارة بن عقيل بن بلال بن جرير بن الخطفى:
أعاينت في طول من الأرض أو عرض، ... كبغداد من دار بها مسكن الخفض
صفا العيش في بغداد واخضرّ عوده، ... وعيش سواها غير خفض ولا غضّ
تطول بها الأعمار، إنّ غذاءها ... مريء، وبعض الأرض أمرأ من بعض
قضى ربّها أن لا يموت خليفة ... بها، إنه ما شاء في خلقه يقضي
تنام بها عين الغريب، ولا ترى ... غريبا بأرض الشام يطمع في الغمض
فإن جزيت بغداد منهم بقرضها، ... فما أسلفت إلّا الجميل من القرض
وإن رميت بالهجر منهم وبالقلى، ... فما أصبحت أهلا لهجر ولا بغض
وكان من أعجب العجب أن المنصور مات وهو حاجّ، والمهدي ابنه خرج إلى نواحي الجبل فمات بما سبذان بموضع يقال له الرّذّ، والهادي ابنه مات بعيساباد قرية أو محلّة بالجانب الشرقي من بغداد، والرشيد مات بطوس، والأمين أخذ في شبارته وقتل بالجانب الشرقي، والمأمون مات بالبذندون من نواحي المصّيصة بالشام، والمعتصم والواثق والمتوكل والمنتصر وباقي الخلفاء ماتوا بسامرّا، ثم انتقل الخلفاء إلى التاج من شرقي بغداد كما ذكرناه في التاج، وتعطّلت مدينة المنصور منهم.
وفي مدح بغداد قال بعض الفضلاء: بغداد جنة الأرض ومدينة السلام وقبة الإسلام ومجمع الرافدين وغرّة البلاد وعين العراق ودار الخلافة ومجمع المحاسن والطيبات ومعدن الظرائف واللطائف، وبها أرباب الغايات في كل فنّ، وآحاد الدهر في كل نوع، وكان أبو إسحاق الزّجّاج يقول: بغداد حاضرة الدنيا وما عداها بادية، وكان أبو الفرج الببغا يقول: هي مدينة السلام بل مدينة الإسلام، فإنّ الدولة النبوية والخلافة الإسلامية بها عشّشتا وفرّختا وضربتا بعروقهما وبسقتا بفروعهما، وإنّ هواءها أغذى من كل هواء وماءها أعذب من كل ماء، وإنّ نسيمها أرقّ من كل نسيم، وهي من الإقليم الاعتدالي بمنزلة المركز من الدائرة، ولم تزل بغداد موطن الأكاسرة في سالف الأزمان ومنزل الخلفاء في دولة الإسلام، وكان ابن العميد إذا طرأ عليه أحد من منتحلي العلوم والآداب وأراد امتحان عقله سأله عن بغداد، فإن فطن بخواصّها وتنبّه على محاسنها وأثنى عليها جعل ذلك مقدّمة فضله وعنوان عقله، ثم سأله عن الجاحظ، فإن وجد أثرا لمطالعة كتبه والاقتباس من نوره والاغتراف من بحره وبعض القيام بمسائله قضى له بأنه غرّة شادخة في أهل العلم والآداب، وإن وجده ذامّا لبغداد غفلا عما يحب أن يكون موسوما به من الانتساب إلى المعارف التي يختص بها الجاحظ لم ينفعه بعد ذلك شيء من المحاسن، ولما رجع الصاحب عن بغداد سأله ابن العميد عنها، فقال: بغداد في البلاد كالأستاذ في العباد، فجعلها مثلا في الغاية في الفضل، وقال ابن زريق الكاتب الكوفي:
سافرت أبغي لبغداد وساكنها ... مثلا، قد اخترت شيئا دونه الياس
هيهات بغداد، والدنيا بأجمعها ... عندي، وسكان بغداد هم الناس
وقال آخر:
بغداد يا دار الملوك ومجتنى ... صوف المنى، يا مستقرّ المنابر
ويا جنّة الدنيا ويا مجتنى الغنى، ... ومنبسط الآمال عند المتاجر
وقال أبو يعلى محمد بن الهبّارية: سمعت الشيخ الزاهد أبا إسحاق إبراهيم بن علي بن يوسف الفيروزآباذي يقول: من دخل بغداد وهو ذو عقل صحيح وطبع معتدل مات بها أو بحسرتها، وقال عمارة بن عقيل ابن بلال بن جرير:
ما مثل بغداد في الدنيا ولا الدين، ... على تقلّبها في كلّ ما حين
ما بين قطربّل فالكرخ نرجسة ... تندى، ومنبت خيريّ ونسرين
تحيا النفوس بريّاها، إذا نفحت، ... وخرّشت بين أوراق الرّياحين
سقيا لتلك القصور الشاهقات وما ... تخفي من الــبقر الإنسيّة العين
تستنّ دجلة فيما بينها، فترى ... دهم السّفين تعالى كالبراذين
مناظر ذات أبواب مفتّحة، ... أنيقة بزخاريف وتزيين
فيها القصور التي تهوي، بأجنحة، ... بالزائرين إلى القوم المزورين
من كلّ حرّاقة تعلو فقارتها، ... قصر من الساج عال ذو أساطين
وقدم عبد الملك بن صالح بن علي بن عبد الله بن عباس إلى بغداد فرأى كثرة الناس بها فقال: ما مررت بطريق من طرق هذه المدينة إلّا ظننت أن الناس قد نودي فيهم، ووجد على بعض الأميال بطريق مكة مكتوبا:
أيا بغداد يا أسفي عليك! ... متى يقضى الرجوع لنا إليك؟
قنعنا سالمين بكلّ خير، ... وينعم عيشنا في جانبيك
ووجد على حائط بجزيرة قبرص مكتوبا:
فهل نحو بغداد مزار، فيلتقي ... مشوق ويحظى بالزيارة زائر
إلى الله أشكو، لا إلى الناس، إنه ... على كشف ما ألقى من الهمّ قادر
وكان القاضي أبو محمد عبد الوهّاب بن علي بن نصر المالكي قد نبا به المقام ببغداد فرحل إلى مصر، فخرج البغداديون يودّعونه وجعلوا يتوجعون لفراقه، فقال: والله لو وجدت عندكم في كل يوم مدّا من الباقلّى ما فارقتكم، ثم قال:
سلام على بغداد من كلّ منزل، ... وحقّ لها منّي السلام المضاعف
فو الله ما فارقتها عن قلى لها، ... وإني بشطّي جانبيها لعارف
ولكنها ضاقت عليّ برحبها، ... ولم تكن الأرزاق فيها تساعف
وكانت كخلّ كنت أهوى دنوّه، ... وأخلاقه تنأى به وتخالف
ولما حج الرشيد وبلغ زرود التفت إلى ناحية العراق وقال:
أقول وقد جزنا زرود عشيّة، ... وكادت مطايانا تجوز بنا نجدا
على أهل بغداد السلام، فإنني ... أزيد بسيري عن ديارهم بعدا
وقال ابن مجاهد المقري: رأيت أبا عمرو بن العلاء في النوم فقلت له: ما فعل الله بك؟ فقال: دعني مما فعل الله بي، من أقام ببغداد على السّنّة والجماعة ومات نقل من جنة إلى جنة، وعن يونس بن عبد الأعلى قال: قال لي محمد بن إدريس الشافعي، رضي الله عنه: أيا يونس دخلت بغداد؟ فقلت: لا، فقال: أيا يونس ما رأيت الدنيا ولا الناس، وقال طاهر بن المظفّر بن طاهر الخازن:
سقى الله صوب الغاديات محلّة ... ببغداد، بين الخلد والكرخ والجسر
هي البلدة الحسناء، خصّت لأهلها ... بأشياء لم يجمعن مذ كنّ في مصر
هواء رقيق في اعتدال وصحّة، ... وماء له طعم ألذّ من الخمر
ودجلتها شطّان قد نظما لنا ... بتاج إلى تاج، وقصر إلى قصر
ثراها كمسك، والمياه كفضّة، ... وحصباؤها مثل اليواقيت والدّر
قال أبو بكر الخطيب: أنشدني أبو محمد الباقي قول الشاعر:
دخلنا كارهين لها، فلما ... ألفناها خرجنا مكرهينا
فقال يوشك هذا أن يكون في بغداد، قيل وأنشد لنفسه في المعنى وضمنه البيت:
على بغداد معدن كلّ طيب، ... ومغنى نزهة المتنزّهينا:
سلام كلما جرحت بلحظ ... عيون المشتهين المشتهينا
دخلنا كارهين لها، فلما ... ألفناها خرجنا مكرهينا
وما حبّ الديار بنا، ولكن ... أمرّ العيش فرقة من هوينا
قال محمد بن عليّ بن حبيب الماوردي: كتب إليّ أخي من البصرة وأنا ببغداد:
طيب الهواء ببغداد يشوّقني ... قدما إليها، وإن عاقت معاذير
وكيف صبري عنها، بعد ما جمعت ... طيب الهواءين ممدود ومقصور؟
وقلّد عبيد الله بن عبد الله بن طاهر اليمن، فلما أراد الخروج قال:
أيرحل آلف ويقيم إلف، ... وتحيا لوعة ويموت قصف؟
على بغداد دار اللهو منّي ... سلام ما سجا للعين طرف
وما فارقتها لقلى، ولكن ... تناولني من الحدثان صرف
ألا روح ألا فرج قريب، ... ألا جار من الحدثان كهف
لعلّ زماننا سيعود يوما، ... فيرجع آلف ويسر إلف
فبلغ الوزير هذا الشعر فأعفاه، وقال شاعر يتشوق بغداد:
ولما تجاوزت المدائن سائرا، ... وأيقنت يا بغداد أني على بعد
علمت بأنّ الله بالغ أمره، وأن قضاء الله ينفذ في العبد وقلت، وقلبي فيه ما فيه من جوى، ودمعي جار كالجمان على خدّي: ترى الله يا بغداد يجمع بيننا فألقى الذي خلّفت فيك على العهد؟
وقال محمد بن عليّ بن خلف النيرماني:
فدى لك يا بغداد كل مدينة ... من الأرض، حتى خطّتي ودياريا
فقد طفت في شرق البلاد وغربها، ... وسيّرت خيلي بينها وركابيا
فلم أر فيها مثل بغداد منزلا، ... ولم أر فيها مثل دجلة واديا
ولا مثل أهليها أرقّ شمائلا، ... وأعذب ألفاظا، وأحلى معانيا
وقائلة: لو كان ودّك صادقا ... لبغداد لم ترحل، فقلت جوابيا:
يقيم الرجال الموسرون بأرضهم، ... وترمي النوى بالمقترين المراميا

في ذمّ بغداد
قد ذكره جماعة من أهل الورع والصلاح والزهّاد والعبّاد، ووردت فيها أحاديث خبيثة، وعلّتهم في الكراهية ما عاينوه بها من الفجور والظلم والعسف، وكان الناس وقت كراهيتهم للمقام ببغداد غير ناس زماننا، فأما أهل عصرنا فأجلس خيارهم في الحشّ وأعطهم فلسا فما يبالون بعد تحصيل الحطام أين كان المقام، وقد ذكر الحافظ أبو بكر أحمد بن عليّ من ذلك قدرا كافيا، وكان بعض الصالحين إذا ذكرت عنده بغداد يتمثل:
قل لمن أظهر التنسّك في النا ... س وأمسى يعدّ في الزّهّاد:
الزم الثغر والتواضع فيه، ... ليس بغداد منزل العبّاد
إن بغداد للملوك محلّ، ... ومناخ للقارئ الصياد
ومن شائع الشعر في ذلك:
بغداد أرض لأهل المال طيّبة، ... وللمفاليس دار الضّنك والضيق
أصبحت فيها مضاعا بين أظهرهم، ... كأنني مصحف في بيت زنديق
ويروى للطاهر بن الحسين قال:
زعم الناس أن ليلك يا بغ ... داد ليل يطيب فيه النسيم
ولعمري ما ذاك إلّا لأن خا ... لفها، بالنهار، منك السّموم
وقليل الرّخاء يتّبع الش ... دة، عند الأنام، خطب عظيم
وكتب عبد الله بن المعتز إلى صديق له يمدح سرّ من رأى ويصف خرابها ويذم بغداد: كتبت من بلدة قد أنهض الله سكانها وأقعد حيطانها، فشاهد اليأس فيها ينطق وحبل الرجاء فيها يقصر، فكأن عمرانها يطوى وخرابها ينشر، وقد تمزقت بأهلها الديار، فما يجب فيها حقّ جوار، فحالها تصف للعيون الشكوى، وتشير إلى ذم الدنيا، على أنها وإن جفيت معشوقة السّكنى، وحبيبة المثوى،
كوكبها يقظان، وجوّها عريان، وحصباؤها جوهر، ونسيمها معطّر، وترابها أذفر، ويومها غداة، وليلها سحر، وطعامها هنيء، وشرابها مريء، لا كبلدتكم الوسخة السماء، الومدة الماء والهواء، جوها غبار، وأرضها خبار، وماؤها طين، وترابها سرجين، وحيطانها نزوز، وتشرينها تموز، فكم من شمسها من محترق، وفي ظلّها من عرق، صيقة الديار، وسيئة الجوار، أهلها ذئاب، وكلامهم سباب، وسائلهم محروم، وما لهم مكتوم، ولا يجوز إنفاقه، ولا يحل خناقه، حشوشهم مسايل، وطرقهم مزابل، وحيطانهم أخصاص، وبيوتهم أقفاص، ولكل مكروه أجل، وللبقاع دول، والدهر يسير بالمقيم، ويمزج البؤس بالنعيم، وله من قصيدة:
كيف نومي وقد حللت ببغ ... داد، مقيما في أرضها، لا أريم
ببلاد فيها الركايا، علي ... هن أكاليل من بعوض تحوم
جوها في الشتاء والصيف دخّا ... ن كثيف، وماؤها محموم
ويح دار الملك التي تنفح المس ... ك، إذا ما جرى عليه النسيم
كيف قد أقفرت وحاربها الدّه ... ر، وعين الحياة فيها البوم
نحن كنا سكانها، فانقضى ذا ... لك عنا، وأي شيء يدوم
وقال أيضا:
أطال الهمّ في بغداد ليلي، ... وقد يشقى المسافر أو يفوز
ظللت بها، على رغمي، مقيما ... كعنّين تعانقه عجوز
وقال محمد بن أحمد بن شميعة البغدادي شاعر عصري فيها:
ودّ أهل الزوراء زور، فلا ... تغترر بالوداد من ساكنيها
هي دار السلام حسب، فلا يط ... مع منها، إلّا بما قيل فيها
وكان المعتصم قد سأل أبا العيناء عن بغداد وكان سيّء الرأي فيها، فقال: هي يا أمير المؤمنين كما قال عمارة بن عقيل:
ما أنت يا بغداد إلّا سلح، ... إذا اعتراك مطر أو نفح،
وإن جففت فتراب برح
وكما قال آخر:
هل الله من بغداد، يا صاح، مخرجي، ... فأصبح لا تبدو لعيني قصورها
وميدانها المذري علينا ترابها ... إذا شحجت أبغالها وحميرها
وقال آخر:
أذمّ بغداد والمقام بها، ... من بعد ما خبرة وتجريب
ما عند سكّانها لمختبط ... خير، ولا فرجة لمكروب
يحتاج باغي المقام بينهم ... إلى ثلاث من بعد تثريب:
كنوز قارون أن تكون له، ... وعمر نوح وصبر أيوب
قوم مواعيدهم مزخرفة ... بزخرف القول والأكاذيب
خلّوا سبيل العلى لغيرهم، ... ونافسوا في الفسوق والحوب
وقال بعض الأعراب:
لقد طال في بغداد ليلي، ومن يبت ... ببغداد يصبح ليله غير راقد
بلاد، إذا ولّى النهار، تنافرت ... براغيثها من بين مثنى وواحد
ديازجة شهب البطون، كأنها ... بغال بريد أرسلت في مذاود
وقرأت بخط عبيد الله بن أحمد بن جخجخ قال أبو العالية:
ترحّل فما بغداد دار إقامة، ... ولا عند من يرجى ببغداد طائل
محلّ ملوك سمتهم في أديمهم، ... فكلهم من حلية المجد عاطل
سوى معشر جلّوا، وجلّ قليلهم ... يضاف إلى بذل النّدى، وهو باخل
ولا غروان شلّت يد الجود والندى ... وقلّ سماح من رجال ونائل
إذا غطمط البحر الغطامط ماؤه ... فليس عجيبا أن تفيض الجداول
وقال آخر:
كفى حزنا، والحمد لله أنّني ... ببغداد قد أعيت عليّ مذاهبي
أصاحب قوما لا ألذّ صحابهم، ... وآلف قوما لست فيهم براغب
ولم أثو في بغداد حبّا لأهلها، ... ولا أنّ فيها مستفادا لطالب
سأرحل عنها قاليا لسراتها، ... وأتركها ترك الملول المجانب
فإن ألجأتني الحادثات إليهم ... فأير حمار في حرامّ النوائب
وقال بعضهم يمدح بغداد ويذمّ أهلها:
سقيا لبغداد ورعيا لها، ... ولا سقى صوب الحيا أهلها
يا عجبا من سفل مثلهم، ... كيف أبيحوا جنّة مثلها
وقال آخر:
اخلع ببغداد العذارا، ... ودع التنسّك والوقارا
فلقد بليت بعصبة ... ما إن يرون العار عارا
لا مسلمين ولا يهو ... د ولا مجوس ولا نصارى
وقدم بعض الهجريّين بغداد فاستوبأها وقال:
أرى الريف يدنو كل يوم وليلة، ... وأزداد من نجد وساكنه بعدا
ألا إن بغدادا بلاد بغيضة ... إليّ، وإن أمست معيشتها رغدا
بلاد ترى الأرواح فيها مريضة، ... وتزداد نتنا حين تمطر أو تندى
وقال أعرابيّ مثل ذلك:
ألا يا غراب البين ما لك ثاويا ... ببغداد لا تمضي، وأنت صحيح؟
ألا إنما بغداد دار بليّة، ... هل الله من سجن البلاد مريح؟
وقال أبو يعلى بن الهبّارية أنشدني جدّي أبو الفضل محمد بن محمد لنفسه:
إذا سقى الله أرضا صوب غادية، ... فلا سقى الله غيثا أرض بغداد
أرض بها الحرّ معدوم، كأنّ لها ... قد قيل في مثل: لا حرّ بالوادي
بل كلّ ما شئت من علق وزانية ... ومستحدّ وصفعان وقوّاد
وقال أيضا أبو يعلى بن الهبارية: أنشدني معدان التغلبي لنفسه:
بغداد دار، طيبها آخذ ... نسيمه مني بأنفاسي
تصلح للموسر لا لامرئ ... يبيت في فقر وإفلاس
لو حلّها قارون ربّ الغنى، ... أصبح ذا همّ ووسواس
هي التي توعد، لكنها ... عاجلة للطاعم الكاسي
حور وولدان ومن كلّ ما ... تطلبه فيها، سوى الناس