قص

1 قَصَّهُ, (S, M, A, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. قَصٌّ, (M, Msb,) He cut it; (S, Msb;) or he clipped it, or shore it, or cut off from it; (A, K;) namely, hair, (S, M, A, K,) and wool, (M,) and plumage, (A,) and a nail of a finger or toe; (M, K;) with the مِقَصّ, q. v.: (A, K:) as also ↓ قصّصهُ, (M, A,) and, by permutation, قَصَّاهُ: (M:) or these two forms have an intensive signification: or you say, الظُّفْرَ وَنَحْوَهُ ↓ قَصَّيْتُ, meaning, I pared the nail and the like. (Msb.) b2: Also, He (a weaver) cut off from it, namely, a garment, or piece of cloth, its unwoven end, or extremity, consisting of warp without woof. (M.) b3: And He cut off the extremities of his ears. (IAar, M.) قُصِّيهِ occurs in a trad., as meaning, Take thou from the extremities of his ears. (TA.) [But this may be from the root قصو, q. v.] b4: And [hence,] قَصَّ اللّٰهُ خَطَايَاهُ (assumed tropical:) God diminished, or took or deducted from, [the account of] his sins. (TA, from a trad.) A2: قَصَّ أَثَرَهُ, (S, M, A, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (M, TA,) inf. n. قَصَصٌ, (S, M, A, O, L, K,) in [some of] the copies of the K قَصِيصٌ, but the former is the right, (TA,) and قَصٌّ, (T, M, K,) He followed, or followed after, his track, or footsteps, in pursuit; endeavoured to trace him, or track him; (S, M, A, Msb, K, &c.;) or he did so by degrees: (TA:) or by night: or at any time: (M, TA:) which last is the correct explanation: (TA:) and قَصَّهُ signifies the same, (A, TA,) and so اثره ↓ اقتصّ, (S, K,) and اثره ↓ تقصّص: (S, M, K:) and قَسَّ is a dial. form of the same. (TA.) You say, خَرَجَ فُلَانٌ قَصَصًا فِى أَثَرِ فُلَانٍ Such a one went forth following, or following after, the footsteps of such a one, in pursuit. (TA.) And it is said in the Kur, [xviii. 63,] (S,) فَارْتَدَّا عَلَى آثَارِهِمَا قَصَصًا (S, K) And they both returned by the way by which they had come, retracing their footsteps. (K, TA.) b2: [And hence,] قَصَّ عَلَيْهِ الخَبَرَ, (S, M, Msb, * K, *) and الحَدِيثَ, and الرُّؤْيَا, (A,) aor. ـُ (M, TA,) inf. n. قَصَصٌ, (M, TA,) or this is a subst. put in the place of the inf. n. so that it has become predominant over it, (S,) and قَصٌّ, (M, TA,) or the latter only is the inf. n., and the former is [only] a subst., (Msb,) He related to him the piece of news, or information, (S, M, Msb,) and the tradition, or story, and the dream, (A,) in its proper manner (عَلَى وَجْهِهِ): (S, Msb:) or he made it known [to him]: (K:) and الحَدِيثَ ↓ اقتصّ he related the tradition, or story, in its proper manner (عَلَى وَجْهِهِ); (S, K, TA;) as though he followed its traces, in pursuit, and related it accordingly: (TA:) [i. e., he pursued the course of the tradition, or story:] and الخَبَرَ ↓ تقصّص he pursued, or sought after, the particulars of the news, or information, gradually, and deliberately. (M.) قَصَّ is also said to signify He recited, or delivered, a [discourse such as is termed] خُطْبَة. (TA.) And it is said in the Kur, [xii. 3,] نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ أَحْسَنَ القَصَصِ We explain unto thee with the best explanation: (K, TA:) or, as some say, قَصٌّ is the inf. n. of the verb used in this sense, and قَصَصٌ is a subst. [syn. with قِصَّةٌ, q. v.]. (TA.) And in a trad. respecting the Children of Israel it is said, لَمَّا قَصُّوا هَلَكُوا: or لَمَّا هَلَكُوا قَصُّوا: accord. to different relations: meaning, When they relied upon words, and neglected works, they perished: or when they perished, by neglecting works, they inclined to, and relied upon, stories. (TA.) A3: قَصَّهُ المَوْتُ, and قَصَّهُ عَلَى المَوْتِ, or مِنَ المَوْتِ: see 4.2 قصّصهُ and قَصَّاهُ: see I, first signification.

A2: قصّص, (S,) inf. n. تَقْصِيصٌ, (A, K,) He plastered, or built, (TA,) a house, (S, K, TA,) and a tomb, which it is forbidden to do, (A, TA,) with gypsum; (TA;) syn. جَصَّصَ: (S, K:) of the dial. of El-Hijáz. (TA, art. جص.) 3 قاصّهُ, (Msb,) inf. n. مُقَاصَّةٌ (A, Mgh, Msb) and قِصَاصٌ, (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) [which latter is the more common,] He (the relation of a slain man, A, Mgh, TA, or one who has been wounded, Mgh, [or mutilated,]) retaliated upon him by slaying him, or wounding him, (S, * Mgh, Msb, K,) or mutilating him, (S, * Msb, K, *) so as to make him quit, or even, with him. (Mgh.) See also 8. b2: Hence, (A, Mgh,) (tropical:) He made him quit, or even, with himself: used in a general way. (Mgh.) You say, قاصّ صَاحِبَهُ, (S, Mgh, Msb, * K,) inf. ns. as above, (Msb,) (tropical:) He made his fellow quit, or even, with him, (Mgh,) in a reckoning, (S, Mgh, K,) or other thing, (S, K,) by withholding from him the like of what the latter owed to him; (Mgh;) he made a debt which his fellow owed him to be as a requital of a like debt which he owed his fellow: [but Fei adds,] this is taken from إِقْتِصَاصُ الأَثَرِ: and hence the former signification, relating to retaliation of slaughter and wounding and mutilation, which, however, is the predominant signification. (Msb.) You say also, قَاصَصْتُهُ بِمَا كَانَ لِى قَبْلَهُ, [or, more probably, قِبَلَهُ, or perhaps عَلَيْهِ,] (tropical:) I withheld from him the like of what he owed me. (A, TA.) ISd says, (TA,) The phrase قُوصَّ زَيْدٌ مَا عَلَيْهِ has been mentioned; and means, in my opinion, (assumed tropical:) Zeyd was reckoned with for what he owed: though made trans. without a particle, as implying the meaning of أُغْرِمَ and the like. (M, TA.) 4 اقصّهُ, inf. n. إِقْصَاصٌ, He retaliated for him; (M;) as also ↓ اقتصّهُ; (A; [so in a copy of that work; but I think it is a mistake for اقصّهُ, or for اقتصّ لَهُ, q. v.]) or اقتصّ مِنْهُ. (TA [but this seems to be a mistake for اقتصّ لَهُ.]) You say, اقصّ فُلَانًا مِنْ فُلَانٍ He (a governor, or prince,) retaliated for such a one upon such a one, (S, K,) by wounding the latter like as he had wounded the former, (S, Msb, K,) or by slaying the latter for the slaughter of the former; (S, K;) and the like. (TA.) b2: اقصّ الرَّجُلُ مِنُ نَفْسِهِ The man gave power, or authority, to retaliate upon himself, (K, TA,) by doing to him the like of that which he had done, whether it be slaughter or mutilation or beating or wounding. (TA.) [Whence the saying,] أَقْصَصْتُكَ الجُرْحَةَ (tropical:) I authorize thee to adduce anything whereby to invalidate the testimony. (A, * TA, art. جرح.) A2: ضَرَبَهُ حَتَّى أَقَصَّهُ مِنَ المَوْتِ, (S, K,) and عَلَى المَوْتِ ↓ قَصَّهُ, (K,) He beat him until he made him to be near to death: (S, K:) and Fr used to say, ضربه حتّى

أَقَصَّهُ المَوْتَ [meaning as above]. (S.) You say [also], أَقْصَصْتُهُ عَلَى المَوْتِ [I made him to be near to death]. (M.) And a poet says, فَقَدْ أَقْصَصْتَ أُمَّكَ بِالْهُزَالِ meaning, Thou hast made thy mother to be near to death. (TA.) b2: Fr also said, (S,) المَوْتُ ↓ قَصَّهُ and أَقَصَّهُ المَوْتُ [in the L and TA قَصَّهُ مِنَ المَوْتِ and أَقَصَّهُ مِنْهُ, which seems to be a mistranscription,] both signifying Death became near to him: (S, K:) or he became at the point of death, and then escaped; (TA;) and so أَقَصَّتْهُ شَعُوبُ: (M:) and أَقَصَّ على المَوْتِ he became at the point of death. (M.) 5 تقصّص and تَقَصَّى: see 8.

A2: تقصّص أَثَرَهُ: see قَصَّ اثره. b2: تقصّص الخَبَرَ: see قَصَّ عَلَيْهِ الخَبَرَ. b3: تقصّص كَلَامَهُ He preserved in his memory his speech, or discourse. (Az, M, K.) 6 تقاصّوا They made themselves quits, or even, one with another, by retaliation, (M, TA,) slaying for slaying, or wounding for wounding. (M.) A poet says, فَرُمْنَا القِصَاصَ وَكَانَ التَّقَاص صُ حُكْمًا وَعَدْلًا عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَا [And we sought retaliation so as to make a party quit, or even, with us; for people's making themselves quits, or even, one with another, by retaliation, is a statute, and an act of justice, appointed to the Muslims]: in which التَّقَاصُّ is an instance of a deviation from a general rule, as it presents two quiescent letters together in poetry; wherefore some relate it differently, saying, القِصَاصُ: and there is no other instance of the kind excepting one verse cited by Akh: وَلَوْلَا خِدَاشٌ أَخَدْتُ دَوَاب بَ سَعْدٍ وَلَمْ أَعْطِهِ مَا عَلَيْهَا but Aboo-Is-hák thinks, that, if this verse be genuine, the right reading is دَوَابِبَ سَعْدٍ, as the making the duplication of a letter distinct is allowable in poetry; or رَوَاحِلَ سَعْدٍ. (M, TA.) This is the primary signification of the verb. (TA.) b2: and hence, (A, * Mgh, * TA,) [or, accord. to Fei, the reverse is the case, (see 3,)] (tropical:) They made themselves quits, or even, one with another, in a reckoning, (S, A, Mgh, K,) or other thing (S, A, K) one withholding from another the like of what the latter owed him. (Mgh.) 8 اقتصّ It (hair [or the like]) was, or became, cut, or clipped, or shorn, (M, TA,) with the مِقَصّ; (TA;) as also ↓ تقصّص and تَقَصَّى. (M, TA.) A2: اقتصّ أَثَرَهُ: see قَصَّ اثره. b2: اقتصّ الحَدِيثَ: see قَصَّ عَلَيْهِ الخَبَرَ.

A3: He retaliated, slaying for slaying, or wounding for wounding. (M.) Yousay, اقتصّ لِفُلَانٍ مِنْ فُلَانٍ (S, A, K) He retaliated for such a one upon such a one, by wounding the latter like as he had wounded the former, or by slaying the latter for the slaughter of the former, (S, K, TA,) and the like; (TA;) as also مِنْهُ ↓ أَقَصَّهُ. (S, K.) [See the latter verb, first signification.] And ↓ أَفَصَّهُ, inf. n. إِقْصَاصٌ, signifies [also] He (the Sultán) slew him in retaliation. (Msb.) b2: اِقْتِصَاصٌ, as a subst., [i. e., having no verb corresponding to the signification here following, though I do not see how this can be asserted, for one may certainly say اُقْتُصَّ مِنْهُ,] also signifies The being done to like as one has done, whether it be slaughter or mutilation or beating or wounding. (TA.) b3: See also 10.10 استقصّ He sought, or demanded, retaliation, i. e., slaying for slaying, or wounding for wounding. (M.) b2: استقصّهُ He asked of him to retaliate for him: (S, A, Msb, K:) and ↓ اقتصّهُ signifies the same accord. to the K; but the author has been misled into saying this by misunderstanding the following passage in the O; تقصّص اثره مثل قَصَّهُ واقتصّهُ واستقصّهُ سَأَلَهُ أَنْ يُقِصَّهُ, in which واقتصّه terminates a clause. (TA.) قَصٌّ (M, K) and ↓ قَصَصٌ (M, TA) What is cut, or clipped, or shorn, of the wool of a sheep. (M, K, TA.) See also قُصَاصَةٌ.

A2: Also, both words, (S, M, A, K,) and ↓ قَصْقَصٌ (M, TA) The breast (M, A, K) of anything: (M:) or the head thereof, (S, K,) called in Persian سر سينه [i. e.

سَرْسِينَهْ, applied to the pit at the head of the breast]; and such is the قَصَص of the sheep or goat, &c.: (S:) or the middle thereof: (M, K:) or the bone thereof, (M, K,) of a man or other animal; (TA;) [i. e. the sternum;] the soft bone into which are set the cartilaginous ends of the [seven upper pairs of the] ribs, in the middle of the breast: (Lth, TA:) pl. قِصَاصٌ [a reg. pl. of the first]. (K.) Hence the saying, هُوَ أَلْزَمُ لَكَ مِنْ شُعَيْرَاتِ قَصِّكَ, (S,) or هُوَ أَلْزَمُ بِكَ مِنْ شَعَرَاتِ قَصِّكَ, and ↓ قَصَصِكَ, (M, TA,) [He is more closely adherent to thee than the little hairs, or the hairs, of thy breast, &c.:] because as often as they are cut they grow [afresh]: (As, TA:) meaning, he will not separate himself from thee, nor canst thou cast him from thee: applied to him who denies his relation: and also to him who denies a due that is incumbent on him. (Sgh, TA.) b2: Also, the same three words, (the first and ↓ second accord. to the TA, and the ↓ third accord. to the K) and ↓ قَصِيصٌ, (K,) The place of growth of the hair of the breast. (K, TA.) A3: قَصٌّ, (JK, and so in one place in a copy of the M, and in the TA,) or ↓ قِصٌّ, (so in one place in a copy of the M) and ↓ قَصَّةٌ and ↓ قِصَّةٌ, (M,) i. q. جَصٌّ, (JK,) or جِصٌّ, (M,) [i. e. Gypsum;] قَصَّةٌ is syn. with جصّ (S, Msb) in the dial. of El-Hijáz: (S:) or ↓ قَصَّةٌ and ↓ قِصَّةٌ, (K,) the latter on the authority of IDrd, (TA,) and said by Aboo-Bekr to be with kesr, but by others said to be with fet-h, (Seer, TA,) are syn. with جَصَّةٌ [and جِصَّةٌ, ns. un. of جَصٌّ and جِصٌّ]: (K:) or signify stones of جصّ [or gypsum]: (TA:) pl. قِصَاصٌ [reg. as pl. of قَصَّةٌ]: (K:) and ↓ قَصَّاصٌ is a dial. form of قَصٌّ [app. as syn. with جَصٌّ and جِصٌّ], a subst., like جَيَّارٌ [which is nearly, if not exactly, syn. with جِيرٌ and جَِصٌّ]. (M, L.) In a trad. of Zeyneb, occurs this expression: عَلَى مَلْحُودَةٍ ↓ يَاقَصَّةً [O gypsum upon buried corpses!] by which she likens the bodies of the persons addressed to tombs made of جصّ, and their souls to the corpses contained in the tombs. (TA.) قِصٌّ: see قَصٌّ, last signification; the latter in three places.

قَصَّةٌ: see قَصٌّ, last signification; the latter in three places.

قُصَّةٌ The hair over the forehead; syn. نَاصِيَةٌ, (M, A,) or شَعَرُ النَّاصِيَةِ; (S, K;) accord. to some, (TA,) of a horse: (M, TA:) or what comes forward, thereof, over the face: (M, TA:) and the ناصية of a woman: (M:) or the طُرَّة, i. e., the ناصية, [or front hair of the head,] which is cut over (lit. over against, حِذَآءَ,) the forehead: (Mgh, Msb:) or what a woman makes, in the fore part of her head, by cutting the hair of that part, excepting over her temples: (TA:) or it signifies, as some say, (Mgh,) or signifies also, (M, A,) any lock of hair: (M, A, Mgh:) pl. قُصَصٌ (M, Msb, K) and قِصَاصٌ. (M, K) See also قُصَاصٌ.

قِصَّةٌ A story; a narrative: (S, M, TA:) and what is written: (S, K:) and an affair; or a case: (S, Msb, K:) and ↓ قَصَصٌ is syn. therewith, in the first of the above senses; (S, * M, A, * Msb, * TA;) and signifies a story, or narrative, related: (M, TA:) and ↓ قَصِيصَةٌ also is syn. with قِصَّةٌ [in the first of the above senses], (A, K,) and so is ↓ قَصِيصٌ: (A:) the pl. of قِصَّةٌ is قِصَصٌ, (S, Msb, K,) and أَقَا صِيصُ is a pl. pl.: (A, * TA:) and the pl. of ↓ قَصِيصَةٌ is قَصَائِصُ. (A, * TA.) Yousay, لَهُ قِصَّةٌ عَجِيبَةٌ and قَصَصٌ &c. [He has, or to him, or it, relates, a wonderful story]. (A.) And فِى رَأْسِهِ قِصَّةٌ (tropical:) In his head is a speech; or the like. (TA.) And مَا قِصَّتُكَ What is thine affair? or thy case? (Msb.) And رَفَعَ قِصَّةً إِلَى

السُّلْطَانِ [He referred an affair, or a case, to the Sultán]. (A.) A2: See also قَصٌّ, last signification.

قَصَصٌ: see قَصٌّ, first signification.

A2: See also قِصَّةٌ.

A3: See also قصٌّ, again, second and third significations.

قَصَاصٌ: see قُصَاص.

قُصَاصُ الشَّعَرِ and ↓ قِصَاصُهُ and ↓ قَصَاصُهُ, (S, M, A, Mgh, K,) of which three forms the first is the most common, (S,) The part where the growth of the hair terminates, (As, S, M, A, * Mgh, K,) in the fore part and the hind part (As, S, M) of the head; (M;) or in the fore part or the hind part; (K;) or in the fore part of the head and around it; (A;) or in the fore part of the head or around it; (Mgh;) or in the middle of the head: (TA:) or the extremity of the back of the neck: (M, TA:) or the whole circuit [of the hair], behind and before and around; and one says also الشَّعَرِ ↓ قُصَاصَةُ: (TA:) and الشَّعَرِ ↓ مَقَصُّ, of which the pl. is مَقَاصُّ, signifies the same as قُصَاصُهُ; (As, TA;) or the part where it is taken with the scissors: (TA:) القُصَاصُ also signifies the place along which the scissors run in the middle of the head: (M, K:) or the extremity of the back of the neck: (K:) or the part where the growth of the hair terminates (K, TA) in the fore part of the head; or in the fore part and the hind part thereof; as before explained. (TA.) b2: You say also, عَضَّ بِقُصَاصِ كَفَّيهْهِ, meaning, (tropical:) He bit the extremities of his two hands, where they meet together. (A, TA.) قِصَاصٌ: see قُصَاص.

A2: Also, (S, M, Msb, K,) and ↓ قَصَاصَآءُ, (so in a copy of the M, and in the CK, and in a MS copy of the K [in the TA ↓ قُصَاصَآءُ, which I think a mistake,]) and ↓ قِصَاصَآءُ, (M, K,) [the first an inf. n. of 3, q. v.,] i. q. قَوَدٌ; (S, K;) Retaliation, by slaying for slaying, and wounding for wounding, (M, Msb, TA,) and mutilating for mutilating. (Msb.) قَصِيصٌ: see مَقْصُوصٌ: A2: and قِصَّةٌ: A3: and قَصٌّ, third signification.

قُصَاصَةٌ Cuttings, or what is cut off (M, A) with the مِقَصّ, (A,) of hair, (Lh, M, A,) and of the unwoven end, or extremity, of a garment, or piece of cloth. (M.) b2: See also قُصَاص.

قَصِيصَةٌ A camel, (M, K,) or horse, or the like, (M,) with which one follows, or follows after, (M, K,) footsteps, (M,) or the footsteps of travellingcamels: (K:) pl. قَصَائِصُ. (Ibn-'Abbád, TA.) A2: See also قِصَّةٌ, in two places.

قَصَاصَآءُ, or قُصَاصَآءُ, and قِصَاصَآءُ: see قِصَاصٌ.

قَصَّاصٌ: see قَصٌّ, last signification.

قَصْقَصٌ: see قَصٌّ, second and third significations.

قَاصٌّ A relater of a story or narrative (K, TA) in its proper course; as though he followed its meanings and expressions; or of stories, or narratives; as some say, because he pursues story after story: (TA:) pl. قُصَّاصٌ. (A, TA.) b2: And One who recites, or delivers, the kind of discourse termed خُطْبَة. (TA.) أَقَاصِيصُ: see قِصَّةُ.

مَقَصُّ الشَّعَرِ: see قُصَاص.

مِقَصٌّ A مِقْرَاض [or single blade of scissors or shears], (S, A, K,) with which one cuts, or clips, or shears; (TA;) one of the things whereof a pair is called مِقَصَّانِ: (S, K:) or مِقَصَّانِ signifies the thing with which one cuts hair [&c.]; and has no sing., accord. to the lexicologists, though Sb assigns to it a sing.: (M:) some say, that the use of the sing. is a mistake of the vulgar: (MF:) the pl. is مَقَاصُّ. (A, TA.) مُقَصَّصٌ: see مَقْصُوصٌ, in two places.

A2: A tomb plastered with قَصّ [or gypsum]: and in like manner مُقَصَّصَةٌ applied to a city (مَدِينَة). (M, TA.) مَقْصُوصٌ Cut, clipped, or shorn; applied to hair [&c.]; as also ↓ قَصِيصٌ: (M, TA:) and to a wing; as also ↓ مُقَصَّصٌ. (A.) مَقْصُوصُ الخَنَاحِ A bird having the wing clipped. (S.) and ↓ مُقَصَّصٌ Having the forelocks clipped, or shorn. (Meyd, in Golius.)

قص: قص: جز، اجتز، جلم، (هلو).
قس: عرض، شرح، وضح، بين، فسر. ففي النويري (أفريقية ص47 ق): فقص عليهم عبد الله عقائد الإسلام وقواعده. وقد وردت الكلمة في نفس المعنى فيما يظهر مع المصدر قص عند ابن البيطار (1: 20): وأورد فيه ما أوردته عنه فيما تقدم نصا وقصا.
قص، والمصدر قصص: حكى في المساجد أو في الطريق سيرا من التوراة أو من الأساطير القديمة الممتعة المسلية وهي مختلفة أحيانا. وقد ظهر القصاص (جمع قاص) منذ صدر الإسلام. وكان ذوو الوقار والرصانة من الرجال ينكرون عليهم ما يفعلون وذلك لأنهم كانوا يضعون الأحاديث. غير أن جمهور الناس كانوا يستمعون إليهم ويصغون لهم بسرور وشغف. وكان ذوو السلطان يعتبرونهم في عداد المنجمين والكهان ويتخذون ضدهم أحيانا تدابير قاسية.
ومع ذلك فإن الفعل قص أصبح يدل شيئا فشيئا على معنى بشر وعلم الدين وألقى موعظة، صار مرادفا لكلمة ذكر ووعظ. ويقال: قص على فلان. (أماري ص196) وانظر (زيشر 28: 32 رقم 2، معجم البلاذري ص 00 - 90، معجم الطرائف).
قص إلى: قصد إلى، اتجه إلى. (فوك).
قص وقص من والمصدر قصاص: وضع في الحساب شيئا ليحل آخر. (معجم البلاذري).
قصص اشعر: قصه، قطعه بالمقص (محيط المحيط، فوك، الكالا وفيه مقصص).
قصص: قاص، عاقب. (هلو).
قصص الابريسم: يظهر أن لها معنى لا أدري ما هو. ففي ابن البيطار (1: 7) مادة ابريسم: أجوده أنعمه وأنقاه واستعماله يكون محرقا وصفة حرقة بأن يجعل في قدر حديد ويطبق رأسها بطبق مثقب ثم يجعل على النار ولو كان أمكن استعماله مقصصا لكان أبقى لقوته.
قاصص فلانا، وقاصص ب: أدخل ووضع في حسابه (معجم البلاذري).
قاصص: عوض. (هلو) ومقاصة: تعويض. (فان دنبرج ص 111).
قاصص: قاص، عاقب. (بوشر).
قاصص: انقص، نقص. (هلو).
تقصص (الشعر): قطع. (فوك).
تقصص: كان مقصوصا ومجزوزا (المعجم اللاتيني- العربي).
تقاصص. يتقاصص لأجل ذنبه: يعاقب بسبب ذنبه. وتقاصص لأجل الغير: عوقب بدل الآخرين. عوقب وحده بسبب ذنب عام (بوشر).
اقتص: أخذ القصاص، أخذ بثأره. (الكالا).
قص: فسرت في معجم المنصوري بالخرزات الصغار التي فيوسط الصدر ويرتكز فيها أضلاع الصدر العليا من قدام.
قص: محكي، مروي. (بوشر).
قصة: قص الشعر واجتزازه، جلم (بوشر).
قصة: نوع من النسيج (شيرب) وهو نسيج صوفي رقيق ينسج في مدينة بارج الفرنسية ويسمى بارج.
قصة: عريضة، طلب، التماس، استرحام. 0مملوك 1، 1: 236، معجم البيان، معجم أبو الفدا).
ومنها سمى القصة دار، وهو موظف يتولى استلام العرائض والطلبات والالتماسات والاسترحام طوال أيام الأسبوع ليحملها يوم الجمعة إلى مجلس السلطان إذا أراد السلطان أن يجلس في هذا اليوم لمقابلة العامة. ولهذه الوظيفة أهمية وشأن كبير. (مملوك 1، 1: 237).
قصة: خصلة شعر، شعر الناصية. شعر مقدم الرأس (بوشر).
قصة الماس: حلية طويلة من الماس والذهب تضعها المرأة على جبينها. (لين عادات 2: 231، 399).
قصاص: النحلي، قوطس (تمنش). بوشر، برجرن ص846، ابن البيطار 2: 304، ولم تضبط الكلمة في معجم بوشر ولا في مخطوطة ب من ابن البيطار غير أن على هامشها قصاص وكذلك عند سونثيمر وفي مخطوطة 1: قصاص غير أن اللغويين العرب ينطقونها قصاص كما هي عند (برجرن).
قصاص: عقاب، عقوبة، جزاء (بوشر).
قصاص: غرامة نقية. (بوشر).
قصاص: ردع، زجر، قمع. (بوشر).
قصاص، والواحدة قصاصة: قرمة، قراضة والجمع: قصاصات. (المجلة الآسيوية 1850، 1: 244 - 245).
قصاصي: عذاب مؤلم، عقوبة مؤلمة (بوشر).
قصاصي: تأديبي، (بوشر).
قصاص: جزاز. (بوشر، محيط المحيط).
قصاص: ماهر في تتبع أثار الأقدام (معجم ابن جبير).
قصاص: شرطي. (ألف ليلة برسل 7: 312).
فقصاص إذن= قاص.
قصاص: مؤرخ. (الكالا).
قصاص: جبس، جبسين. ففي المستعيني: جبسين: هو الجص والجص وهو الشيد وهو القص والقصة والقصاص والجصاص. ولم تضبط قصاص بالشكل في مخطوطاتنا. والشدة في جصاص في مخطوطة ن.
قاص وجمعه قصاص. (انظر مادة قص).
قاصوصة: عند العامة من القصب لها أذنان كالسل. (محيط المحيط).
مقص: اسم مكان من قص بمعنى قطع، وبمعنى تتبع الأثر. (معجم مسلم).
مقص: مقراض، جلم، وجمعه مقصات. (بوشر).
مقص: مقراض الشمعة (الكالا) وفيه مكاس، والجمع مكيسات. وفي معجم بوشر: مقص الشمعة.
مقص: انظر مقص في حرف الميم.
مقصص: مؤرخ. (الكالا).
مقصص: تاريخي. 0الكالا).
مقصوص، والجمع مقاصيص: خصلة شعر أصلها من الصدفين (بوشر). والنساء يحلقن بهذه الخصلة من الشعر فيقلن: وحياة مقصوصي. (ألف ليلة 3: 429، لين عادات 1: 60).

عمق

1 عَمُقَ, (S, O, K,) or عَمُقَتْ, (Msb,) [aor. ـُ inf. n. عَمَاقَةٌ (S, O, Msb) and عُمْقٌ, (Msb,) said of a well (رَكِىٌّ, S, O, or بِئْرٌ Msb), It was, or became, deep: (S, * O, * Msb, K, * TA:) and so مَعُقَ. (TA.) One says, مَا أَبْعَدَ عَمَاقَةَ هٰذِهِ الرَّكِيَّةِ (O, K *) and ↓ مَا أَعْمَقَهَا (K) [How great, or far-extending, is the depth of this well !]: and so مَا أَمْعَقَهَا. (TA.) b2: And عَمُقَ and عَمِقَ, inf. n. (of the former, TA) عُمْقٌ and (of the latter, TA) عَمَاقَةٌ, said of a [road such as is termed] فَجّ, It was, or became, far-extending: or long: (K:) but accord. to a saying of IAar, app. not used in the latter sense when said of a road. (TA.) and عَمُقَ said of a place, It was, or became, distant, remote, or far off. (Msb.) 2 عَمَّقَ see 4. b2: [Hence,] عمّق النَّظَرَ فِى الأُمُورِ, (S, O, K,) inf.n. تَعْمِيقٌ, (S,) He exceeded the usual bounds [in looking, or examining, or rather he looked, or examined, deeply, into affairs, or the affairs]. (K, TA.) 4 اعمق البِئْرَ, (Msb, K,) inf. n. إِعْمَاقٌ; (S, O;) and ↓ عَمَّقَهَا, (Msb, K,) inf. n. تَعْمِيقٌ; (S, O;) and ↓ اِعْتَمَقَهَا; (O, K;) He made the well deep: (S, O, Msb, K, TA:) and so امعقها. (TA.) b2: مَا أَعْمَقَهَا: see 1.5 تعمّق فِى كَلَامِهِ He went deeply, or far, in in his speech; syn. تَنَطَّعَ. (S, O, K.) And تعمّق فِى الشَّىْءِ He went, or dived, deeply, or far, in, or into, the thing. (MA.) And تعمّق فِى الأَمْرِ He was, or became, nice, exquisite, refined, or scrupulously nice and exact; or he chose what was excellent, or best to be done; and exceeded the usual bounds; in the affair. (TA. [See also the part. n., below.]) 8 إِعْتَمَقَ see 4.

عَمْقٌ (S, O, Msb, K, TA) and ↓ عُمْقٌ, (S, O, K, TA,) or the latter is an inf. n., (Msb,) and ↓ عُمُقٌ, (K, TA,) The bottom (قَعْر) of a well (S, O, K, TA) and the like, (K, TA,) and of a [road such as is termed] فَجّ, and of a valley: (S, O, TA:) or the depth of a well (Msb, TA) and the like; [i. e.] the distance to the bottom: (TA:) [and عُمُوقٌ, which may be a pl. of the first or second, and perhaps of the third, signifies deep places of the ground: (see خَسْفٌ:) and ↓ عُمْقٌ signifies also depth of anything; or distance between the two opposite surfaces thereof:] but accord. to IAar, ↓ عُمْقٌ as an attribute of a road signifies distance: and as an attribute of a well it is the length of its cavity, or interior, from top to bottom. (TA.) b2: And عَمْقٌ and ↓ عُمْقٌ signify also The distant, or remote, extremity of a desert, or waterless desert: pl. أَعْمَاقٌ: (S, O, K, TA:) which is also expl. as signifying sides, regions, or tracts; and extremities; without restriction: and sides, regions, or tracts, of the earth, or of a land. (TA.) Ru-beh says, فِى سَبْسَبٍ مُنْجَرِدِ الأَعْلَاقِ الأَعْمَاقِ ↓ غَيْرِ الفِجَاجِ عَمِقِ [In a desert, or waterless desert, bared of the beaten tracks, except the far-extending (?) remote in respect of the extremities]. (O.) A2: And عَمْقٌ Full-grown unripe dates put in the sun to dry (AHn, K, TA) and to ripen. (AHn, TA.) b2: [And accord. to Forskål, (Flora Aeg. Arab. p. cxii.,) The Euphorbia officin. arborea; mentioned by him as found at a place in Tihámeh, which suggests that its name may perhaps be correctly عِمْقَى, q. v.]

عُمْقٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in four places.

عَمَقٌ A right, or due. (ISh, O, K.) So in the saying, فِى هٰذِهِ الدَّارِ عَمَقٌ [In this house is a right, or due, pertaining to some one]: (ISh, O:) and لَهُ فِيهِ عَمَقٌ [There pertains to him, in it, a right, or due]. (K.) عَمِقٌ: see عَمِيقٌ, and the verse cited above.

عُمُقٌ: see عَمْقٌ, first sentence. b2: [And see عَمِيقٌ.]

عَمَقَةٌ Feculence (وَضَرٌ) of clarified butter, [adhering to the interior] in a skin: (Lh, O, K:) the م is asserted by Lh to be a substitute for ب. (TA voce عَبَقَةٌ.) عِمْقَى, (S, O, K,) said by Aboo-Nasr to be of the fem. gender, (O,) A species of trees, (S,) or a certain plant, (O, K,) in El-Hijáz and Tihá-meh, (S, [see عَمْقٌ, last sentence,]) of which AHn states his not having found any one who described its qualities, or attributes, (O,) and said by IB to be spoken of as more bitter than the colocynth; (TA;) also called ↓ عَمَاقِيةٌ, (O, K,) which occurs in a verse of Sá'ideh Ibn-El-'Ajlán, or, as some relate it, the word there is عَبَاقِيَة [q. v.]. (O.) عُمْقِىُّ الكَلَامِ A man whose speech has depth. (TA.) عَمِيقٌ is of the dial. of the people of El-Hijáz: and the tribe of Temeem say مَعِيقٌ. (Fr, TA.) One says بِئْرٌ عَمِيقَةٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and مَعِيقَةٌ, formed by transposition, (O,) A deep well: (S, * O, * Msb, K, * TA:) pl. عُمُقٌ and عِمَقٌ and عَمَائِقُ and عِمَاقٌ. (K.) b2: Also, applied to a [road such as is termed] فَجّ, (O, K,) as in the Kur xxii. 28, (O,) Remote, or far-extending; (Mujáhid, O, K;) and so as applied to a place; (Msb;) [so too ↓ عَمِقٌ, applied to a desert, as in the verse cited above, voce عَمْقٌ;] and, applied to a road, عَمِيقٌ is more used than مَعِيقٌ: (Lth, TA:) or عَمِيقٌ applied to a فَجّ signifies long; (K;) or, app., accord. to IAar, not thus when applied to a فَجّ as meaning a road. (TA. [See عَمْقٌ.]) عَمَاقِيَةٌ: see عِمْقَى.

بَعِيرٌ عَامِقٌ A camel feeding upon the [trees, or plants, called] عِمْقَى: (S, O, K;) and إِبِلٌ عَامِقَةٌ camels so feeding. (TA.) أَعْمَقُ [Deeper: and deepest]. IAar mentions his having heard one of the Arabs of chaste speech say, رَأَيْتُ خَلِيقَةً فَمَا رَأَيْتُ أَعْمَقَ مِنْهَا i. e. [I saw] a recently-dug well [and I have not seen any deeper than it]. (O.) مُتَعَمِّقٌ One who exceeds the usual bounds in an affair; who acts with forced hardness, vigour, or hardiness, therein; seeking to accomplish the utmost thereof. (TA.)

سرف

1 سَرِفَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. سَرَفٌ, He was ignorant: or he was unmindful, negligent, or heedless. (Msb.) [In these senses it is trans.: you say,] سَرِفَهُ, (S, M, K,) aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. سَرَفٌ, (S, * M, K, *) He was unmindful, negligent, or heedless, of it; (S, M, K;) namely, a thing: (S, M:) and he was ignorant of it: (S, K:) and he missed it; (S, * M, K; * [in the first and third of which, only the inf. n. of the verb in this sense in mentioned, and expl. as syn. with خَطَأٌ;]) syn. أَخْطَأَهُ. (M.) And طَلَبْتُهُمْ فَسَرِفْتُهُمْ I sought them and missed them: or was ignorant of them. (Msb.) And سَرِفَ القَوْمَ He passed by the people, or party, and left them behind him. (M.) As relates, of an Arab of the desert, with whom some companions of his made an appointment to meet him in a certain place of the mosque, and to whom he broke his promise, that, being asked respecting that, he said, مَرَرْتُ بِكُمْ فَسَرِفْتُكُمْ, meaning [I passed by you and] I was unmindful of you. (S.) And hence the saying of Jereer, (S, TA,) praising the Benoo-Umeiyeh, (TA,) أَعْطَوْا هُنَيْدَةَ يَحْدُوهَا ثَمَانِيَةٌ مَا فِى عَطَائِهِمُ مِنٌّ وَلَا سَرَفُ meaning [They gave a hundred camels, eight persons driving them, or urging them by singing to them: there was not in their gift reproach for a benefit conferred, nor] unmindfulness: or the meaning is, nor missing (خَطَأٌ); that is, they did not miss the proper place of the gift by their giving it to such as did not deserve it and refusing it to the deserving. (S, TA.) You say also, سَرِفْتُ يَمِينَهُ I was unacquainted with, or knew not, his oath. (TA.) b2: [سَرَفٌ is also, as expl. below, syn. with إِسْرَافٌ, but as a subst., having no verb properly belonging to it.]

A2: سَرَفَتِ الشَّجَرَةَ, (ISk, S, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. سَرْفٌ, (ISk, S,) said of the سُرْفَة [q. v.], It ate the leaves of the tree: (ISk, S, K:) and سَرَفَتِ الخَشَبَ is likewise said of the سُرْفَة [as meaning it ate the wood]. (Z, TA.) And سُرِفَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ, (ISk, S, M, TA,) inf. n. سَرْفٌ, (ISk,) The tree had its leaves eaten by the سُرْفَة: (S:) or was smitten, or lighted on, by the سُرْفَة: (ISk, M, TA:) and سَرِفَ الخَشَبُ [the wood was eaten by the سُرْفَة], the verb in this phrase being quasi-pass. of the verb in the phrase سَرَفَتِ السُّرْفَةُ الخَشَبّ, like as حَطِمَ and صَعِقَ are quasi-passives of the verbs in the phrases حَطَمَتْهُ السِّنُّ and صَعَقَتْهُ السَّمَآءُ: (Z, TA:) and [hence] one says also, سَرِفَ الطَّعَامُ (tropical:) The wheat, or food, was, or became, cankered, or eaten away; as though smitten, or lighted on, by the سُرْفَة. (M, TA.) b2: [Hence also,] سُرِفَتْ أُذُنُ الشَّاةِ (tropical:) The ear of the sheep, or goat, was entirely cut off. (A, TA.) b3: And سَرَفَتْ وَلَدَهَا (tropical:) She (a mother) injured her child by too much milk. (A, K, * TA.) 4 اسرف, (Msb,) inf. n. إِسْرَافٌ, (M, Msb,) He exceeded, or transgressed, the just, or right, bound, or limit, or measure; acted extravagantly, exorbitantly, or immoderately: (M, Msb:) or إِسْرَافٌ signifies the being extravagant in expenditure, syn. تَبْذِيرٌ; (K) or so إِسْرَافٌ فِى النَّفَقَةِ: (S, TA:) or, as some say, تبذير means the “ exceeding in respect of the right objects of expenditure,” which is ignorance of the [right] manner, and of things that should prevent it; and اسراف means the exceeding with respect to quantity [in expenditure], and is ignorance of the values of the right objects: (MF in art. بذر:) or the latter signifies the expending otherwise than in obedience of God, (Sufyán, K, * TA,) whether little or much; (TA;) as also ↓ سَرَفٌ: (M, TA:) it is also said to mean the eating that which it is not lawful to eat; and this is said to be meant in the Kur vi. 142 or vii. 29: and the putting a thing in a wrong place [as when one expends his money upon a wrong object]: and accord. to Iyás Ibn-Mo'áwiyeh, الإِسْرَافُ is that [action] whereby one falls short of what is due to God. (TA.) You say also, اسرف فِى مَالِهِ, meaning He was hasty in respect of his property, [i. e. in expending it,] without pursuing the just course, or keeping within due bounds. (M.) And اسرف فِى الكَلَامِ and فِى القَتْلِ He exceeded the due bounds, or just limits, in speech, and in slaying. (M.) الإِسْرَافُ فِى القَتْلِ, which is forbidden in the Kur xvii. 35, is said to mean The slaying of another than the slayer of one's companion: (Zj, M, Mgh: *) or the slaying the slayer without the authority of the Sultán: or the not being content with slaying one, but slaying a number of persons, because of the high rank of the slain and the low condition of the slayer: or the slaying one higher in rank than the slayer: (Zj, M:) or the slaying two when the slayer is one: or the maining or mutilating [before slaughter]. (Mgh.) إِسْرَافٌ also signifies The committing of many faults, offences, or crimes, and sins. (TA.) and you say, أَكَلَهُ إِسْرَافًا (TA) and ↓ سَرَفًا, (M, TA,) meaning He ate it hastily. (M, TA.) 5 تسرّف He sucked: and ate, gnawed, or devoured. (KL. [App. from سُرْفَةٌ, q. v. See also سَرَفَتِ الشَّجَرَةَ, &c., in the latter half of the first paragraph.]) سَرَفْ inf. n. of سَرِفَ [q. v.]. (S, * M, Msb, K. *) b2: And also a subst. from أَسْرَفَ; (Msb;) i. q. إِسْرَافٌ; (M;) signifying Excess, or transgression, of the just, or right, bound, or limit, or measure; extravagant, exorbitant, or immoderate, action or conduct; (M, Msb, TA;) contr. of قَصْدٌ. (S, K.) See also 4, in two places. b3: [Hence,] (tropical:) The overflowing of water from the sides of a watering-trough, or tank; as in the saying, ذَهَبَ مَآءُ الحَوْضِ سَرَفًا (tropical:) The water of the watering-trough, or tank, [went away running to waste, or] overflowed from its sides: (K, TA:) or سَرَفُ المَآءِ means (assumed tropical:) what goes, of water, without irrigating and without profit: [or rather its going for nought:] you say, أَرْوَتِ البِئْرُ النَّخِيلَ وَذَهَبَ بَقِيَّةُ المَآءِ سَرَفًا (assumed tropical:) [The well irrigated the palmtrees, and the rest of the water went for nought, in waste]. (Sh, TA.) b4: And Addictedness (ضَرَاوَةٌ, S, K, or لَهَجٌ M) to a thing, (M,) or in respect of wine. (K, TA.) It is said in a trad. (S, M) of 'Áïsheh, (TA,) إِنَّ لِلَّحْمِ سَرَفًا كَسَرَفِ الخَمْرِ [Verily there is an addictedness to flesh-meat like the addictedness to wine]: (S, M, TA:) i. e. he who is accustomed to it is addicted to the eating thereof, like as he who is constantly drinking wine is addicted thereto, having little selfrestraint therefrom: or the meaning here is unmindfulness [of consequences with respect to flesh-meat &c.]: or corruptness of conduct, arising from hardness of heart, and daringness to disobey, and self-impulsion to the gratification of appetite: (TA:) or it may be [that the meaning is, there is an extravagance with respect to flesh-meat &c.,] from الإِسْرَافُ (S, TA) in expenditure for that which is not needed, or otherwise than in obedience [to the law of God]. (TA.) b5: It is also said in a trad., لَا يَنْتَهِبُ الرَّجُلُ نُهْبَةً ذَاتَ سَرَفٍ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ, meaning, ذَاتَ شَرَفٍ وَقَدْرٍ كَبِيرٍ

[i. e. The man shall not take a thing as spoil that is of high and great estimation, he being a believer]: (K, TA:) [for] people disapprove of that: (TA:) and it is also related with ش [i. e.

ذات شَرَفٍ]. (K.) سَرِفٌ Ignorant; (IAar, M, Msb, TA;) as also ↓ مُسْرِفٌ: (IAar, TA:) or unmindful, negligent, or heedless. (Msb.) And رَجُلٌ سَرِفٌ الفُؤَادِ (tropical:) A man missing, or mistaking, in heart, or mind; negligent, or heedless, therein. (S, K, TA.) and رَجُلٌ سَرِفُ العَقْلِ (assumed tropical:) A man having little intellect, or intelligence: or (tropical:) corrupt in intellect; accord. to Z, from سَرَفَتِ السُّرْفَةُ الخَشَبَ, of which the quasipass. is سَرِفَ [q. v.; meaning that it is from سَرِفٌ as a part. n. of this latter verb]. (TA.) b2: أَرْضٌ سَرِفَةٌ, (S, M, K,) and وَادٍ سَرِفٌ, (M, TA,) A land, and a valley, abounding with the [worm, or caterpillar, or small creeping thing, called] سُرْفَة. (S, M, * K, TA.) سُرُفٌ A certain white thing [or substance] resembling the web of the silkworm. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) سُرْفَةٌ [A certain worm, or caterpillar, or small creeping thing;] a small creeping thing that makes for itself a habitation, (S, K,) four-sided, or square, (S,) of fragments of wood, (S, K,) joining them together by means of its spittle, in the form of a نَاؤُوس [here meaning coffin], (S,) which it then enters, and [therein it] dies: (S, K:) or the silkworm: or a certain small creeping thing, dust-coloured, that constructs a beautiful habitation in which it is: or a very small creeping thing, like the half of a lentil, that bores a tree, and then constructs therein a habitation of pieces of wood, which it conjoins by means of what resembles the web of the spider: or a very small dust-coloured creeping thing, that comes to a piece of wood and excavates it, and then brings a bit of wood and puts it therein, then another, then another, and then weaves what resembles the web of the spider: or, accord. to AHn, a certain small creeping thing, like the worm, inclining in some degree to blackness, found upon the [plants called] حَمْض, that constructs a four-sided, or square, habitation, of pieces of wood, joining the extremities of these together by means of a thing [or substance] resembling the web of the spider: or the worm [or caterpillar] that weaves [a web] upon certain trees, and eats their leaves, and destroys the rest thereof by that weaving: or a certain worm [or caterpillar] like the finger, hairy, speckled with black or white, that eats the leaves of trees so as to make them bare: or a certain worm [or caterpillar] that weaves upon itself, of the size of the finger in length, a thing like the قِرْطَاس [or roll, or scroll, of paper], which it enters, so becoming unattainable: or a certain light, small creeping thing, like a spider: (M:) pl. سُرَفٌ. (TA.) Hence the prov., أَصْنَعُ مِنْ سُرْفَةٍ [More skilled in fabricating than a سُرْفَة]. (S, M, K.) And one says also, أَخَفُّ مِنْ سُرْفَةٍ [Lighter than a سُرْفَة]. (M.) سَرَافٌ, accord. to Freytag, (but he has not named his authority,) The erosion of a tree by wood-fretters (“ teredines,” by which he means سُرَف, pl. of سُرْفَةٌ).]

سَرُوفٌ Hard, severe, or difficult; great, momentous, or formidable: (O, K, TA:) an epithet applied to a day. (O, TA.) سَرِيفٌ A row of grape-vines. (O, K.) سَرَافِيلُ: see إِسْرَافِيلُ, below.

أُسْرُفٌ i. q. آنُكٌ [i. e. Lead, or black lead, or tin, or pewter]; (O, K;) of Pers\. origin, (O,) arabicized, from سُرُبْ, (O, L, K,) or أُسْرُبْ. (CK.) [See also أُسْرُبٌ.]

إِسْرَافِيلُ, (S, M, O, K,) and El-Kanánee used to say ↓ سَرَافِيلُ, the name of A certain angel; (M; [in which it is mentioned among quadriliteral-radical words; but it is there said that the إ may be radical;]) the angel who is to blow the horn on the day of resurrection: (Jel in vi. 73, &c.:) [see رُوحَانِىٌّ:] a foreign word (S, O, K) prefixed, (K,) or as though prefixed, (S, O,) to إِيلُ: (S, O, K:) and إِسْرَافِينُ is a dial. var. of the same; (Kh, S, M, O, K;) like as they said جَبْرِينُ and إِسْمَاعِينُ and إِسْرَائِينُ. (Akh, S, O.) مُسْرِفٌ [Exceeding, or transgressing, the just, or right, bound, or limit, or measure; acting extravagantly, &c.: see its verb (4)]. b2: See also سَرِفٌ. b3: [Also] Denying, or disacknowledging, the favours, or benefits, or the unity, and the prophets and law, of God; a disbeliever, an unbeliever, or an infidel: it is said to be used in this sense in the Kur xl. 36. (TA.) مَسْرُوفٌ Eaten by the سُرْفَة [q. v.]. (TA.) and شَجَرَةٌ مَسْرُوفَةٌ A tree of which the leaves have been eaten by the سُرْفَة; (S;) or smitten, or lighted on, by the سُرْفَة. (ISk, TA.) b2: شَاةٌ مَسْرُوفَةٌ (tropical:) A sheep, or goat, that has had its ear entirely cut off. (M, A.) سرفل and سرفن سَرَافِيلُ and إِسْرَافِيلُ and إِسْرَافِينُ: see the next preceding art. سرق.1 سَرَقَ مِنْهُ مَالًا, (S, Mgh, O, Msb,) or الشَّىْءَ, (K,) and سَرَقَهُ مَالًا, (S, Mgh, O, Msb,) thus also they sometimes said, (S, O,) the prep. being suppressed for the sake of alleviation, but meant to be understood, (Ham p. 155,) aor. ـِ inf. n. سَرَقٌ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and سَرِقٌ and سَرَقَةٌ (Mgh, K) and سَرِقَةٌ and سَرْقٌ, (K,) He stole from him property, [or the thing,] i. e. he took it [from him] secretly, and by artifice; (Mgh;) or he came clandestinely to a place of custody, and took what belonged to him, namely, another person; (O, K;) as also ↓ استرقهُ [followed by مِنْهُ]. (IAar, K.) And سَرَقَهُمْ [alone, He stole from them; or robbed them]. (JK and K in art. بوق.) It is said in a prov., سُرِقَ السَّارِقُ فَانْتَحَرَ (S, O) The thief was robbed, and in consequence slew himself: applied to him who has a thing not belonging to him taken from him, and whose impatience consequently becomes excessive. (Meyd, * O.) And ↓ سرّقهُ, inf. n. تَسْرِيقٌ signifies the same as سَرَقَهُ: El-Farezdak says, لَا تَحْسِبَنَّ دَرَاهِمًا سَرَّقْتَهَا تَمْحُو مَخَازِيكَ الَّتِى بِعُمَانِ [By no means reckon thou that dirhems which thou stolest will efface thy disgraceful practices that were committed in 'Omán]. (IB, TA.) And you say in selling a slave, بَرِئْتُ إِلَيْكَ مِنَ الإِبَاقِ وَالسَّرَقِ [I am irresponsible to thee for running away and stealing]. (TA.) b2: One says also, سَرَقَ السَّمْعَ, meaning استرقهُ . (Msb. See 3.) b3: And سُرِقَ صَوْتُهُ [lit. His voice was stolen], meaning (tropical:) he became hoarse. (Z, TA.) b4: And سرقت يا قوم [app. سُرِقْتُ يَا قَوْمِ, expl. as meaning سرقت عرضى, which I think a mistranscription for سُرِقْتُ عِرْضِى, i. e. (assumed tropical:) I have been robbed of my honour, or reputation, O my people]. (TA.) b5: And سَرَقْنَا لَيْلَةً مِنَ الشَّهْرِ (assumed tropical:) We passed pleasantly, or with enjoyment, a night of the month. (TA.) b6: And سَرَقَتْنِى عَيْنِى (tropical:) My eye overcame me. (TA.) A2: سَرِقَ, aor. ـَ (Yoo, IDrd, K,) inf. n. سَرَقٌ, (TK,) said of a thing, (Yoo, IDrd,) i. q. خَفِىَ [It was, or became, unperceived, or imperceptible, or hardly perceived or perceptible, &c.]. (Yoo, IDrd, K.) b2: And سَرِقَتْ مَفَاصِلُهُ, aor. as above, (IDrd, K,) and so the inf. n., (TA,) His joints became weak, or feeble; (IDrd, K;) as also ↓ انسرقت. (K.) 2 سرّقهُ: see 1. b2: Also, (S,) inf. n. تَسْرِيقٌ, (K,) He attributed to him [or accused him of] theft. (S.) It is said in the Kur [xii. 81], accord. to one reading, إِنَّ ابْنَكَ سُرِّقَ [Verily thy son has been accused of theft]. (S.) 3 هُوَ يُسَارِقُ النَّظَرَ إِلَيْهِ (tropical:) He avails himself of, (S, O,) or seeks, (K,) his inadvertence, to look at him: (S, O, K:) [he takes an opportunity of looking at him by stealth:] and in like manner one uses the phrases النَّظَرِ ↓ اِسْتَراقُ and ↓ تَسَرُّقُهُ [as meaning (tropical:) the taking an opportunity of looking by stealth]: and ↓ التَّسَرُّقُ [alone] signifies (assumed tropical:) the taking an opportunity of looking and of hearing: (TA:) [and the hearing discourse by stealth; as is indicated in the TA:] and السَّمْعَ ↓ استرق [and استرق alone, as appears from an explanation of the part. n. مُسْتَرِقٌ, below,] (tropical:) He listened, (S, O,) or heard, (Msb,) by stealth; (S, O, Msb;) as also السَّمْعَ ↓ سَرَقَ. (Msb.) 5 تسرّق He stole [by degrees, or] one thing and then another. (O, K.) So in the phrase تسرّق شِعْرِى [He stole my poetry, bit by bit], used by Ru-beh. (O, TA.) b2: See also 3, in two places.7 انسرق He went, drew, or shrank, back, in order to go away, عَنْهُمْ from them. (K, TA. [In this and the following sense, the verb is erroneously written in the CK اَسْرَقَ.]) b2: and He was, or became, languid, and weak, or feeble. (O, K, TA.) See also 1, last sentence.8 استرق: see 1, first sentence: b2: and see 3, in two places. [See also كَبِيسٌ.] b3: Also (tropical:) He deceived, or circumvented, secretly, [or by stealth,] like him who [so] listens. (TA.) b4: And you say, استرق الكَاتِبُ بَعْضَ المُحَاسَبَاتِ (tropical:) The writer suppressed some of the items of the reckoning. (TA.) Q. Q. 1 سَرْقَنَ الأَرْضَ He manured the land with سِرْقِين. (L in art. سرقن.) سَرَقٌ Oblong pieces (S, O, Msb, * K) of silk; (S, O, Msb;) accord. to A'Obeyd, (S, O,) of white silk: (S, O, K:) or silk in general: (K:) said by A'Obeyd to be arabicized from the Pers\.

سَرَهْ, meaning “ good: ” (S, O:) n. un. with ة; (S, O, Msb;) which is expl. as meaning a piece of good silk. (TA.) سَرِقٌ and ↓ سَرِقَةٌ [the former of which is said in the Mgh and K, and the latter in the K, to be an inf. n., are also said to be] substs. from سَرَقَ, [as such signifying Theft,] as also ↓ سَرْقَةٌ, (O, K,) or ↓ سِرْقَةٌ. (Msb.) سَرْقَةٌ: see what next precedes.

سِرْقَةٌ: see what next precedes.

سَرِقَةٌ: see سَرِقٌ. b2: Also, (Msb,) A thing stolen; (Mgh, Msb;) and so ↓ سُرَاقَةٌ; [pl. of the latter سُرَاقَاتٌ;] whence the saying عِنْدَهُ سُرَاقَاتُ الشِّعْرِ [He has stolen things of poetry or verse]. (TA.) سِرْقِينٌ, (K, and S and Msb in art. سرج,) sometimes written سَرْقِينٌ, (K,) as also سَرْجِين, (Msb, TA,) Dung of horses or other solid-hoofed animals, syn. رَوْثٌ, and زِبْلٌ, (Msb,) or fresh dung of camels, sheep and goats, wild oxen, and the like; (TA in art. ذأر;) a manure for land: (L:) arabicized from سركين [or سَرْگِينْ], (Msb, K,) a Pers\. word. (Msb.) [See سِرْجِينٌ, in art. سرج.]

سَرُوقٌ [Thievish; a great thief]; an epithet applied to a man, and to a dog: pl. سُرُقٌ. (TA.) سُرَاقَةٌ: see سَرِقَةٌ. b2: Also A stealer of poetry or verses. (TA.) سَرُوقَةٌ [Very thievish; a very great thief]: it has no pl. (TA.) سَارِقٌ [Stealing; a thief; or] one who comes clandestinely to a place of custody, and takes what does not belong to him: (O:) pl. سَرَقَةٌ and سُرَّاقٌ (TA) and سُرَّقٌ. (Mgh.) سُورَقٌ A certain disease in the members, or limbs. (Ibn-'Abbád, O.) سَارِقَةٌ sing. of سَوَارِقُ, which signifies [Collars by means of which the two hands are confined together to the neck, called also] جَوَامِعُ, (O, K, TA,) of iron, attached to fetters or shackles. (TA.) b2: And the pl., سَوَارِقُ, signifies also The adjuncts (زَوَائِد) in the catches (فَرَاش [q. v.]) of a lock. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) مَسْرُوقُ الصَّوْتِ [lit. Having the voice stolen,] means (tropical:) hoarse in voice. (Z, TA.) And hence, مَسْرُوقُ البُغَامِ (tropical:) [A young gazelle] having a nasal sound, or twang, in its cry; as though its voice were stolen: a phrase used by El-Aashà. (TA.) مُسْتَرِقٌ (tropical:) Listening by stealth, (K, TA,) like the thief. (TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) Defective, weak in make. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b3: مُسْتَرِقُ القَوْلِ (tropical:) Weak in speech or saying. (A, TA.) b4: مُسْتَرِقُ العُنُقِ (tropical:) Short in the neck; (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K, TA;) applied to a man; (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TA;) contracted therein. (A, TA.) [In the CK, المُسْرِقُ is erroneously put for المُسْتَرِقُ.]

عقص

1 عَقَصَتْ شَعَرَهَا, aor. ـِ (Msb,) inf. n. عَقْصٌ, (Lth, S, Mgh, IAth, Msb,) She (a woman, Lth, Msb) twisted her hair, and inserted the ends thereof into the parts next the roots: (Mgh, IAth, Msb:) this is the primary signification: (IAth:) or she took each lock of her hair, and twisted it, then tied it, so that there remained in it a twisting, and then let it hang down; (Lth, O; *) each of the said locks is termed عَقِيصَةٌ: (Lth:) and she tied her hair upon the back of her neck: (TA:) and she plaited her hair: (Msb:) or عَقْصُ الشَّعَرِ signifies the gathering of the hair together upon the head: (Mgh:) or the plaiting of the hair: and the twisting it upon the head: (S:) and you say, عَقَصَ شَعَرَهُ, aor. as above, (and so the inf. n., O,) meaning, he plaited his hair: and he twisted it. (A, O, K.) A2: عَقِصَ, (S, TA,) aor. ـَ (TA,) inf. n. عَقَصٌ, [q. v.], (S, O, TA,) (tropical:) He was, or became, niggardly, or close-handed, (S, O, * TA,) and evil in disposition. (S.) b2: And عَقِصَتْ عَلَىَّ الدَّابَّةُ [as also عَكِصَتْ] (tropical:) The beast became restive, or refractory, to me, and stopped. (TA.) 2 عقّص أَمْرَهُ (tropical:) He rendered his affair difficult, or intricate, and involved in confusion, or doubt. (TA.) 3 أَخَذْتُهُ مُعَاقَصَةً (assumed tropical:) I took it striving to overcome; (O, K; *) as also مُقَاصَعَةً. (O.) عَقَصٌ [app. an inf. n. of which the verb is عَقِصَ] A twisting, or contortion, in the horn of a sheep or goat: (A:) or a twisting, or contortion, of the horns of a goat, upon his ears, backwards. (S.) عَقِصٌ Sand accumulated, or congested, in which there is no way: (S, O, K:) said to be syn. with عَقِدٌ: and ↓ عَقَصَةٌ signifies sand like such as is termed سِلْسِلَةٌ [q. v.]; or عَقَصَةٌ and ↓ عَقِصَةٌ, as expl. by Aboo-'Alee, signify sand contorted, one part upon another, and extended; like عَقَدَةٌ and عَقِدَةٌ. (TA.) b2: And The neck of the كَرِش [or stomach of a ruminant animal]. (IF, O, K. [In the CK, for وَعُنُقُ الكَرِشِ is erroneously put وكعُنُقٍ الكَرِشُ; after which a و should have been inserted.]) b3: Also, (S, O, K,) and ↓ عِقِّيصٌ, (O, K,) and ↓ عَيْقَصٌ, (IDrd, O, K,) and ↓ أَعْقَصُ, (TA,) (tropical:) Niggardly, stingy, or close-handed, (S, O, K, TA,) and evil in disposition: (S:) and عقيص [app. ↓ عِقِّيصٌ, or perhaps ↓ عَقِيصٌ,] signifies evil and perverse in disposition. (TA.) عُقْصَةٌ A knot of a horn: (O, K:) pl. عُقَصٌ. (O.) عِقْصَةٌ: see عَقِيصَةٌ, in two places.

عَقَصَةٌ and عَقِصَةٌ: see عَقِصٌ.

عِقَاصٌ A string with which the ends of the ذَوَائِب [or locks of hair hanging down loosely from the middle of the head to the back] are tied: (O, Msb, K:) or a thong with which the hair is gathered together: (Mgh:) pl. عُقُصٌ: (Msb:) or, as some say, عُقُصٌ, (Mgh,) or عُقُوصٌ, (TA,) signifies black strings, (Mgh,) or strings of twisted wool, dyed black, (TA,) which a woman joins to her hair: (Mgh, TA:) of the dial. of El-Yemen: (TA:) [in Egypt, in the present day, the term عُقُوص is applied to red silk strings, each with a tassel at the end, worn by women of the lower orders, who divide their hair behind into two tresses, and plait, with each tress, three of these strings, which reach more than half-way towards the ground, so that they are usually obliged to draw aside the tassels before they sit down:] MF says that, accord. to some, عِقَاصٌ signifies a thorn, or the like, with which a woman arranges, or puts in order, her hair: which is strange: (TA:) and IAar says that it signifies مَدَارِىُّ [i. e. horns with which people scratch their heads; or things like packing-needles, with which the female hair-dresser arranges, or puts in order, the locks of women's hair]; and this meaning he assigns to it in explaining a verse of Imra-el-Keys [which see below, voce عَقِيصَةٌ, of which word, as well as of عِقْصَةٌ, the word عِقَاصٌ is also a pl.]. (O, * TA.) عُقُوصٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

عَقِيصٌ: see عَقِصٌ, last sentence.

عَقِيصَةٌ A portion of a woman's hair which is twisted, and of which the ends are inserted into the parts next the roots; (IAth, * Msb;) as also ↓ عِقْصَةٌ: (Msb:) or a lock of a woman's hair which she twists, then ties, so that there remains in it a twisting, and then lets hang down: (Lth, A:) [i. e., a twisted lock of a woman's hair, which either has its end inserted into the part next the roots, or is tied, and left to hang down:] or i. q. ضَفَيرَةٌ; as also ↓ عِقْصَةٌ; (S, O, K;) the latter on the authority of A'Obeyd: (S:) pl. (of the former, S, A, Msb, TA) عَقَائِصُ, (S, A, Msb, K,) and (of the latter, S, Msb) عِقَصٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) and (of the former also, S, Msb, and of the latter also, S, TA) عِقَاصٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) of which A'Obeyd cites the following ex. in a verse of Imra-el-Keys: غَدَائِرُهُ مُسْتَشْزِرَاتٌ إِلَى العُلَى

تَضِلُّ العِقَاصُ فِى مُثَنًّى وَمُرْسَلِ [Its pendent locks being twisted upwards, the twists becoming concealed among hair doubled and hair made to hang down]: or, as some say, it [عقاص] signifies what a woman makes, of her hair, like a pomegranate; each lock of which is termed عَقِيصَةٌ; the pl. being عِقَاصٌ and عَقَائِصُ. (S, O.) [See also عِقَاصٌ as expl. by IAar, above.] عِقَاصٌ is also used in the sense of ذَوَائِبُ [or Locks of hair hanging down loosely from the middle of the head to the back]. (Mgh. [But this is said in relation to an instance of its occurrence in which it may with propriety be regarded as pl. of عَقِيصَةٌ or عِقْصَةٌ in any of the senses before explained.]) عِقِّيصٌ: see عَقِصٌ, last sentence, in two places.

عَيْقَصٌ: see عَقِصٌ, last sentence.

أَعْقَصُ A goat (S, O, Msb, K) or sheep (Msb) whose horns are twisted, or contorted, upon his ears, (S, O, Msb, K,) backwards: (S, O, K:) fem. عَقْصَآءُ: (Msb:) or عَقْصَآءُ القَرْنِ signifies a شَاة [i. e. sheep or goat] having a twisting, or contortion, in the horn: (A:) and ↓ مِعْقَاصٌ, a sheep or goat crooked in the horn. (K.) b2: Also Having the fingers twisting, one upon another. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b3: And Whose central incisors enter into his mouth, (O, K, TA,) and are twisted. (TA.) b4: See also عَقِصٌ, last sentence.

مِعْقَصٌ A crooked arrow: (S, O, K:) and, (K,) or accord. to As, (TA,) an arrow of which the head breaks, and its tongue, or tang, remaining therein, is extracted, and beaten until it becomes long, and then restored in its place; (K, TA;) but it does not perfectly serve in its stead: (TA:) pl. مَعَاقِصُ. (S.) مِعْقَاصٌ: see أَعْقَصُ. b2: See also مِعْفَاصٌ.

طب

1 طَبَّ, aor. ـُ (O, Msb, K, TA,) agreeably with analogy in the case of a trans. reduplicative verb [like this], (TA,) and طَبِّ, (K, TA,) which is irregular, (TA,) inf. n. طَبٌّ (O, * Msb, K, * TA) [and app. طِبٌّ and طُبٌّ also accord. to the O and K, but, accord. to the Msb, طِبٌّ is the subst. from this verb, and app. طُبٌّ is likewise a simple subst.], He treated medically, therapeutically, or curatively, (O, * Msb, K, *) another person (O, Msb) [or the body, and in like manner the soul: see طِبٌّ, below]. b2: And طَبيْتَ, with kesr, (S, O, K,) and طَبَبْتَ, with fet-h, (O, K,) [third Pers\. of each طَبَّ, and, accord. to analogy, the aor. of the former is طَبَّ, and of the latter طَبِّ, but from what follows it seems probable that one says also طَبُبْتَ in the same sense, aor. ـُ unless طَبَبْتَ have تَطُتُّ as an irreg. aor. ,] Thou wast, or becamest a طَبِيت [or physician], not having been such. (S, O, K.) One says, إِنْ كُنْتَ ذَا طُبٍّ فَطُبَّ لِعَيْنَيْكَ, (S, O, and so in copies of the K,) or لِعَيْنِكَ, (so in other copies of the K,) or لِنَفْسِكَ, (ISk, TA,) and ذا طَبٍّ, and ذا طِبٍّ, (S, K,) and فَطَبَّ, and فَطِبَّ; (K;) [i. e. If thou be a possessor of the art, or science, of physic, be a physician to thine eyes, or thine eye, or thyself;] meaning, begin by rectifying thyself. (ISk, TA. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 902.]) b3: And [hence] طَبَّ signifies also (assumed tropical:) He acted with skill, or expertness: [and in this sense likewise the second Pers\. is probably طَبِبْتَ and طَبَبْتَ and طَبُبْتَ, of which last the inf. n. is app. طَبَابَةٌ, occurring in one of the phrases here following:] so in the saying, اِصْنَعْهُ صَنْعَةَ مَنْ طَبَّ لِمَنْ حَبَّ i. e. (assumed tropical:) Do thou it in the manner of him who acts with skill, or expertness, for him whom he loves: a prov., relating to the accomplishing an object of want skilfully and well. (El-Ahmar, TA. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. i. 717.]) One says also, اِعْمَلْ فِى هٰذَا عَمَلَ مَنْ طَبَّ لِمَنْ حَبَّ (assumed tropical:) [Do thou, in this, the deed of him who acts with skill, or expertness, for him whom he loves]. (M, Msb, * TA.) And مَنْ حَبَّ طَبَّ, (Meyd,) or مَنْ أَحَبَّ طَبَّ, (K,) (assumed tropical:) He who loves is skilful, or intelligent, and exercises art, or ingenuity, for him whom he loves: (Meyd:) or (assumed tropical:) he who loves executes affairs with deliberateness and gentleness. (K.) [That one says طَبُبْتَ, as well as طَبِبْتَ and طَبَبْتَ, seems to be indicated by the fact that ↓ طَبَابَةٌ, as an inf. n., is thus written, in a copy of the KL in my possession, and expl. as meaning The medical art: Golius, however, appears to have found it written, in a copy of the same work, ↓ طِبَابَةٌ, which is agreeable with analogy as inf. n. of a verb of the measure فَعَلَ significant of an art, and is probably correct: Freytag mentions the pl. طَبَائِبُ as signifying medical arts, on the authority of the Deewán of the Hudhalees.] b4: طَبَّهُ also signifies (assumed tropical:) He enchanted him, or fascinated him: (O:) and طُبَّ (tropical:) he (a man, S, A) was enchanted, or fascinated. (S, A, O. [See also طِبٌّ, below.]) b5: طَبَّ السِّقَآءَ, aor. ـُ (S, TA,) inf. n. طَبٌّ; (K, TA;) and ↓ طبّبهُ, with teshdeed to denote muchness, (S, TA,) inf. n. تطْبِيبٌ; (K, TA;) He covered the seams of the water-skin, or milk-skin, with a طِبَابَة [q. v.]: (S, K, * TA:) and طَبَّ الخُرَزَ he covered the seams with a طِبَابَة: (TA) [and]

المَزَادَة ↓ طَبَّبَتِ she (a girl, or young woman,) put [or sewed] a piece of skin called ↓ طِبَابٌ and ↓ طِبَابَةٌ, upon the place of junction [of each] of the two extremities of the loop-shaped handles of the مزادة [or leathern water-bag]; as though she rectified the مزادة thereby. (A.) 2 طَبَّّ see the last sentence above, in two places. b2: تَطْبِيبٌ also signifies The inserting a بَنِيقَة [or gore] for the purpose of widening دِيبَاج [or silk brocade]: (K, TA:) or, as in the A, one says of a tailor, طبّبِ الثَّوْبَ, meaning he added, in the garment, a بَنِيقَة [or gore], in order that it might become [more] wide. (TA.) b3: Also The hanging a سِقَآء [or milk-skin] (S, K, TA) to a pole (عَمُود, S, this is the right word, not عُود [as in copies of the K], TA) of the tent, (S,) and then agitating it to produce the butter: (S, K, TA:) but Az says, I have not heard تطبيب explained in this sense except on the authority of Lth, and I think that it is تطنيب. (TA.) 3 مُطَابَّةٌ signifies (tropical:) The seeking, or labouring, to find the means of accomplishment [of an affair, like as the physician seeks to find the means of curing a disease]; syn. مُدَاوَرَةٌ. (K, TA.) One says, أَنَا أُطَابُّ هٰذَا الأَمْرَ مُنْذُ حِينٍ كَىْ أَبْلُغَهُ (tropical:) [I have been seeking, or labouring, to find the means of accomplishing this affair, that I might attain to it]. (A, TA.) 4 مَا أَطَبَّهُمْ How [knowing, or] skilful, or expert, are they! (Meyd, in explaining a prov. cited below, voce طَبٌّ.) 5 تطبّب He applied himself to the science of physic: (TA:) [or he applied himself to the science of physic but did not know it well: (see the part. n., below:)] or he practised physic: and he professed physic. (KL.) b2: And تطبّب لَهُ He inquired of [or consulted] the physicians for him. (TA.) 10 استطبّ لِوَجَعِهِ He asked, or sought, a medical prescription for his pain, or disease. (S, A, Msb, K.) b2: And جَآءَ يَسْتَطِبُّ لإِبِلِهِ (tropical:) He came asking, or seeking, for his she-camels, a gentle stallion, that would not injure them. (A.) R. Q. 1 طَبْطَبَ, (Lth, K, TA,) inf. n. طَبْطَبَةٌ, (Lth, TA,) said of a valley, or water-course, (Lth, K, TA,) It flowed with water so that one heard it to make a sound like طَبْ طَبْ: (Lth, TA:) or it made a sound (K, TA) with the water. (TA.) طَبْطَبَةٌ signifies The sounding of water (IAar, S, K, TA) when in a state of commotion and collision, (IAar, TA,) and of the like, (S, TA,) and of the dashing of a torrent. (K.) And ↓ تَطَبْطَبَ It made a sound, or noise, [like طَبْ طَبْ,] said of water and the like, (S,) and of a woman's breast: (TA:) a poet says, إِذَا طَحَنَتْ دُرْنِيَّةٌ لِعِيَالِهَا تَطَبْطَبَ ثَدْيَاهَا فَطَارَ طَحِينُهَا

[When a woman of Durnà grinds for her family, her breasts make a sound by their collision, and her flour flies away]. (S, TA.) A2: طَبْطَبَ المَآءَ He put the water into a state of commotion. (TA.) R. Q. 2 تَطَبْطَبَ: see the next preceding paragraph.

طَبٌّ: see طِبٌّ.

A2: It is also an inf. n. used as an epithet: see طَبِيبٌ. (Msb.) b2: And, (S, A, Msb, K,) as such, i. e. an inf. n. used as an epithet, or by original application, but the former is app. the case, and some have mentioned likewise ↓ طبٌّ and ↓ طُبٌّ, (MF, TA,) (tropical:) Knowing, or possessing knowledge, (S, A, Msb, TA,) respecting a thing, or of a thing; (A, Msb, TA;) and so ↓ طَبِيبٌ: (TA:) and (TA) (assumed tropical:) skilful, or expert; (T, K;) as also ↓ طَبِيبٌ: (T, S, K:) and (tropical:) gentle; (Nh, TA;) and so too ↓ طَبِيبٌ. (TA.) One says, فُلَانٌ طَبٌّ بِكَذَا (assumed tropical:) Such a one is knowing with regard to, or is one possessing knowledge of, such a thing. (TA.) And القَوْمُ طَبُّونَ, or, as some relate it, ↓ القَوْمُ مَا أَطَبُّونَ, is a prov.: the former means (assumed tropical:) The people, or party, are knowing, or skilful, or expert: and [Meyd says,] I know not any way in which the latter is explainable unless ↓ أَطَبُّ be syn. with طَبٌّ, like أَخْشَنُ and خَشِنٌ, &c., and ما a connective. (Meyd.) To a man who offered to cure the [so-called] seal, or stamp, of the prophetic office between the Prophet's shoulder-blades, asserting himself to be a طَبِيب [or physician], the Prophet replied, ↓ طَبِيبُهَا الَّذِّى خَلَقَهَا, meaning (assumed tropical:) He who has knowledge respecting it is He who created it. (TA.) and El-Marrár El-Fak'asee says, تَدِينُ لِمَزْرُورٍ إِلَى جَنْبِ حَلْقَةٍ

↓ مِنَ الشِّبْهِ سَوَّاهَا بِرِفْقٍ طَبِيبُهَا (assumed tropical:) [She obeys a plaited nose-rein attached to the side of a ring of brass, the skilful maker of which has fashioned it with gentleness]: (S, L:) i. e. the she-camel of which he speaks obeys her rein that is tied to her nose-ring of brass. (L.) [Hence,] فَحْلٌ طَبٌّ (assumed tropical:) A stallion [camel] expert in covering, (S, Msb, K, TA,) as also ↓ طَبِيبٌ; (Msb;) that knows the she-camel that is pregnant from her that is not, and her that desires the stallion from her that is covered without desire, and the motion of the fœtus in the womb, &c.: (TA:) or (tropical:) that is gentle, and does not injure the female that he covers. (A, TA.) And بَعِيرٌ طَبٌّ (tropical:) A camel that is mindful, or careful, as to the place of his foot, (A, K, TA,) where to tread with it: or that does not place his foot save where he sees. (TA.) طُبٌّ: see the next paragraph: A2: and see also طَبٌّ.

طِبٌّ (S, A, O, Msb, K) and ↓ طَبٌّ and ↓ طُبٌّ (S, A, O, K,) Medical, therapeutical, or curative, treatment, (A, * O, * Msb, K, *) of the body, [i. e. the physicking thereof,] (A, K,) and likewise of the soul. (K.) b2: [And Knowledge]. قَرُبَ طِبٌّ [Knowledge is near], or, as some relate it, قَرُبَ طِبًّا, (Meyd, O, K, TA,) with the noun in the accus. case, as a specificative, (TA,) like the phrase نِعْمَ رَجُلًا, (Meyd, O, TA,) is a prove.: originally said by a woman to a man who asked her an indecent question which he was himself about to resolve: (Meyd, O, K, TA:) it is like the saying, أَنْتَ عَلَى المُجَرَّبِ [q. v.]: (Meyd, TA:) and is related on the authority of Ibn-Háni. (TA.) b3: And Skill, or expertness. (T, ISd, Meyd, TA.) This is said in the T to be the primary signification. (TA. [But see طَبِيبٌ.]) b4: And (tropical:) Gentleness; gentle treatment or conduct. (K, TA.) b5: And (tropical:) Enchantment, or fascination: (S, O, K, TA: but only طِبٌّ is mentioned in this sense in the S and O:) used in this sense as ominating cure. (AO, O, * TA.) b6: And طِبٌّ signifies also Desire, or appetence; syn. شَهْوَةٌ: and will, or wish; syn. إِرَادَةٌ. (K.) b7: and (tropical:) State, condition, or case; syn. شَأْنٌ, (K, TA,) and دَأْبٌ: (A, TA:) [or by the latter of these two words may be meant what here follows:] custom, habit, or wont. (S, K, TA.) One says, مَاذَاكَ بِطِبِّى (tropical:) That is not my custom, habit, or wont. (S, A, TA.) [See also another ex., in a verse (added here in the S and TA) which I have cited voce إِنْ, page 107, col. iii.]

A2: See also طَبٌّ.

طُبَّةٌ: see طِبَابَةٌ, in two places.

طِبَّةٌ An oblong piece, or portion, of a garment, or of a piece of cloth, (S, A, TA,) as also ↓ طَبِيبَةٌ; (A;) and likewise of skin: or a square piece of the latter: and a round piece in a مَزَادَة and a سُــفْرَة and the like: (TA:) pl. طِبَبٌ: (S:) and, as also ↓ طِبَابَةٌ, (As, S, TA,) (assumed tropical:) a streak in sand and clouds, (As, TA,) or a streak of sand or clouds: (S:) or طِبَّةٌ and ↓ طِبَابَةٌ and ↓ طَبِيبَةٌ signify an oblong piece, or portion, of a garment or piece of cloth, and of skin, and (assumed tropical:) of land or ground, and (assumed tropical:) of clouds: (K:) or, all three words, a long strip of a garment or piece of cloth, and of skin, and (assumed tropical:) of sand, and (assumed tropical:) of clouds: (TA:) and (assumed tropical:) a long and narrow tract of land abounding with plants or herbage: (AHn, TA; and A in explanation of the first word:) pl. [of the first] طِبَبٌ and [of the same, or of the third, or a coll. gen. n. of which the second word is the n. un.,] ↓ طِبَابٌ. (K.) And sometimes طِبَّةٌ is applied to The piece that is sewed upon the edge of the leathern bucket and upon that of the سُــفْرَة: and the pl. is طِبَبٌ and ↓ طِبَابٌ. (M, TA.) طِبَبُ شُعَاعِ الشَّمْسِ (As, S, TA) and ↓ الطِّبَابُ, (As, TA,) or طِبَبُ الشَّمْسِ and ↓ طِبَابُهَا, (A, TA,) signify (tropical:) The streaks that are seen in the rays, or beams, of the sun when it rises. (As, S, A, * TA.) b2: Also (tropical:) i. q. نَاحِيَةٌ [i. e. A side; or a region, quarter, or tract; &c.]: (so in a copy of the A:) or i. q. نَاصِيَةٌ [i. e. a forelock; &c.]. (So in the TA.) [One of these two explanations is app. a mistranscription for the other.] b3: and one says, إِنَّكَ لَتَلْقَى فُلَانًا عَلَى طِبَبٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ, meaning, عَلَى أَلْوَانٍ (tropical:) [i. e. Verily thou wilt find such a one to be of various moods, dispositions, or characters]. (A, TA.) طِبَابٌ [like عِلَاجٌ] A thing that is used for medical, or curative, treatment: so in the saying, ذَا طِبَابُ هٰذِهِ العِلَّةِ [This, or that, is what is used for the medical, or curative, treatment of this disease]. (A, TA.) A2: See also طِبَّةٌ, latter half, in four places. And see طِبَابَةٌ, in five places: and 1, last sentence.

طَبِيبٌ (S, Msb, K, TA) and ↓ طَبٌّ (Msb, TA) [A physician;] one skilled in الطِّبّ [i. e. medical, therapeutical, or curative, treatment]; (S, TA;) or one who practises medical, therapeutical, or curative, treatment; (Msb;) and ↓ مُتَطَبِّبٌ signifies [likewise one who practises physic: and a professor of physic: (see its verb:) or] one who applies himself to the science of physic: (S, K, TA:) or one who applies himself to that science but does not know it well: (Nh, TA:) it has been said that the طَبِيب is so called from the same epithet as signifying “ skilful, or expert; ”

but this is not a valid assertion: (TA:) the pl. (of pauc., S) is أَطِبَّةٌ (S, K) and (of mult., S) أَطِبَّآءُ. (S, Msb, K.) b2: The first of these words (طبيب) occurs in a trad. as meaning (tropical:) A judge; being metonymically thus used, because the office of him who judges between litigants is like that of the طبيب who cures diseases of the body. (TA.) [And hence, طَبِيبُ العَرَبِ: see فَقِيهُ العَرَبِ, in art. فقه.] See also طَبٌّ, in six places.

طَبَابَةٌ: see 1, latter half.

طِبَابَةٌ: see 1, latter half.

A2: Also A piece of skin with which the seams of a سِقَآء are covered, extending across, [so I render مُعْتَرِضَةٌ, app. meaning from side to side, for one edge of the skin beneath overlaps the other,] like the finger [in breadth], doubled [but see what is said below on the authority of Az] over the place of the sewing: pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.] ↓ طِبَابٌ: (As, S, TA:) or that which is put over the place where the two edges of the skin meet, when it is sewed, in the lower part of the قِرْبَة and of the سِقَآء and of the إِدَاوَة: so says As: or, as also ↓ طِبَابٌ, the piece of skin that is put over the two edges of the skin, in these things, when it is laid flat and then sewed, without being doubled: (TA:) accord. to Az, when the [piece of] skin, in the lower parts of these things, is doubled, and then sewed, it is called عِرَاقٌ; and when it is laid flat and then sewed, without being doubled, it is called ↓ طِبَابٌ: (TA; and the like is said in the S in art. عرق:) or طِبَابَةٌ and عِرَاقٌ both signify, accord. to As, a piece of skin with which the punctures of the seams are covered: (S in art. عرق:) or a طِبَابَة is a wide strip of skin, in which is the sewing: and the pl. [or coll. gen. n.] is ↓ طِبَابٌ: (M, TA:) or, accord. to the K, a strip of skin that is in the lower part of a قِرْبَة, between the two seams; as also ↓ طُبَّةٌ: but in this explanation, its author has confounded the words of Lth, who says that طِبَابَةٌ signifies the strip of the skin that is between the two seams; and ↓ طُبَّةٌ, the strip of skin that is in the lower part of the قِرْبَة, and that contracts the seams [so I render يقارب الخرز, but the meaning of this phrase is not, to me, clear]. (TA.) See also 1, last sentence. b2: and see طِبَّةٌ, in two places. b3: Also, and ↓ طِبَابٌ, (K, TA, in the CK طَباب and طَبابة,) [or the latter is a coll. gen. n.,] (assumed tropical:) A streak, or narrow elongated tract, of the sky: (K, TA:) [and app. any portion of the sky not of large extent:] an ex. of the latter word occurs in a verse cited voce مَرَاكِدُ: and in another verse, a man in a prison is described as seeing only a طِبَابَة of the sky like a shield; i. e. a round portion thereof. (Az, TA.) طَبِيبَةٌ, see طِبَّةٌ, in two places.

طِبِّىٌّ Medical, therapeutical, or curative; of, or relating to, medical, therapeutical, or curative, treatment. (Msb.) طَبْطَبَةٌ A certain broad thing, one part of which is struck with another part thereof. (TA.) طَبْطَبِيَّةٌ A [kind of whip, or scourge, such as is called] دِرَّة [q. v.]: (K, TA:) because the sound that is made by its fall is like طَبْ طَبْ. (TA.) طَبْطَابٌ A certain bird, or flying thing, (طَائِرٌ,) having large ears. (K.) طَبْطَابَةٌ, or طِبْطَابَةٌ, (accord. to different copies of the K,) A broad piece of wood, with which one plays with the ball, (K, TA,) or with which the horseman plays with the ball. (T, TA.) الطَّبَاطِبُ The عَجَم [i. e. Persians, or foreigners]. (L, TA.) أَطَبُّ; and its pl., أَطَبُّونَ: see طَبٌّ.

مَطْبُوبٌ (tropical:) A man enchanted, or fascinated. (S, A.) مُتَطَبِّبٌ: see طَبِيبٌ.

محمد
رسم القرآن لمحمد صورة محبّبة إلى النفوس، فيها لين ورقة، وفيها الخلق المثالى، والقلب الرءوف الرحيم، والنّفس الوادعة المطمئنة، نزل عليه روح من أمر الله، يهدى إلى الصراط المستقيم، ويخرج الناس من الظلمات إلى النور، يقول الله تعالى يخاطبه: ن وَالْقَلَمِ وَما يَسْطُرُونَ ما أَنْتَ بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ بِمَجْنُونٍ وَإِنَّ لَكَ لَأَجْراً غَيْرَ مَمْنُونٍ وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ (القلم 1 - 4). ويقول: لَقَدْ جاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ ما عَنِتُّمْ حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ (التوبة 128). ويقول:
فَبِما رَحْمَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ لِنْتَ لَهُمْ وَلَوْ كُنْتَ فَظًّا غَلِيظَ الْقَلْبِ لَانْفَضُّوا مِنْ حَوْلِكَ
(آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَكَذلِكَ أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ رُوحاً مِنْ أَمْرِنا ما كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتابُ وَلَا الْإِيمانُ وَلكِنْ جَعَلْناهُ نُوراً نَهْدِي بِهِ مَنْ نَشاءُ مِنْ عِبادِنا وَإِنَّكَ لَتَهْدِي إِلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ صِراطِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الْأَرْضِ (الشورى 52، 53). ويقول: قَدْ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْكُمْ ذِكْراً رَسُولًا يَتْلُوا عَلَيْكُمْ آياتِ اللَّهِ مُبَيِّناتٍ لِيُخْرِجَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ مِنَ الظُّلُماتِ إِلَى النُّورِ (الطلاق 10، 11).
ويدعوه سراجا منيرا، فى قوله: يا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ شاهِداً وَمُبَشِّراً وَنَذِيراً وَداعِياً إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِراجاً مُنِيراً (الأحزاب 45، 46). ورحمة في قوله: وَما أَرْسَلْناكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِلْعالَمِينَ (الأنبياء 107). ويأمره باستشارتهم وخفض الجناح لهم إذ يقول:
فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ وَشاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ (آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَاخْفِضْ جَناحَكَ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَقُلْ إِنِّي أَنَا النَّذِيرُ الْمُبِينُ (الحجر 88 - 89).
ولكن هذه الصفات في سموّها المثالى لم ترفع محمدا عن البشرية، وهذه صفة من الصفات التى أكدها القرآن وأطال في الحديث عنها، فهو حينا يثبت هذه الصفة على لسانه، وحينا ينفى عن نفسه القدرة على ما لا يقدر عليه البشر، قُلْ إِنَّما أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُكُمْ يُوحى إِلَيَّ أَنَّما إِلهُكُمْ إِلهٌ واحِدٌ (الكهف 110). وهو لهذا لا يملك لنفسه أمرا، ولا يدرى من الغيب شيئا، قُلْ لا أَمْلِكُ لِنَفْسِي نَفْعاً وَلا ضَرًّا إِلَّا ما شاءَ اللَّهُ وَلَوْ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ لَاسْتَكْثَرْتُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ وَما مَسَّنِيَ السُّوءُ إِنْ أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 188).
ولننصت إليه يتبرأ من قدرته على فعل ما ليس في طاقته، عند ما سألوه ما ليس فى طوقه، وَقالُوا لَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لَكَ حَتَّى تَفْجُرَ لَنا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ يَنْبُوعاً أَوْ تَكُونَ لَكَ جَنَّةٌ مِنْ نَخِيلٍ وَعِنَبٍ فَتُفَجِّرَ الْأَنْهارَ خِلالَها تَفْجِيراً أَوْ تُسْقِطَ السَّماءَ كَما زَعَمْتَ عَلَيْنا كِسَفاً أَوْ تَأْتِيَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةِ قَبِيلًا أَوْ يَكُونَ لَكَ بَيْتٌ مِنْ زُخْرُفٍ أَوْ تَرْقى فِي السَّماءِ وَلَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لِرُقِيِّكَ حَتَّى تُنَزِّلَ عَلَيْنا كِتاباً نَقْرَؤُهُ قُلْ سُبْحانَ رَبِّي هَلْ كُنْتُ إِلَّا بَشَراً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 90 - 93)، ومما يلحظ أنهم طالبوه بأمور يستحيل وجودها في الصحراء، من تفجير الأرض ينابيع وأنهارا، وانظر إليه كيف يعجب من أمرهم، وكيف يقرر في صراحة أنه ليس سوى بشر رسول. ولأنه بشر، يجوز أن يموت كما يموت سائر البشر، وَما مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ ماتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلى أَعْقابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئاً وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ (آل عمران 144). ولم يتميز محمد من البشر إلا بأنه كالرسل بشير ونذير، قُلْ ما كُنْتُ بِدْعاً مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَما أَدْرِي ما يُفْعَلُ بِي وَلا بِكُمْ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا ما يُوحى إِلَيَّ وَما أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ مُبِينٌ (الأحقاف 9). إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ بِالْحَقِّ بَشِيراً وَنَذِيراً وَلا تُسْئَلُ عَنْ أَصْحابِ الْجَحِيمِ (البقرة 119). وهو ليس إلا مذكّرا، لا سيطرة له على القلوب، ولا مقدرة عنده على تحويل الأفئدة، فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّما أَنْتَ مُذَكِّرٌ لَسْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمُصَيْطِرٍ (الغاشية 21، 22).
ومما أكده القرآن من صفات محمد الأمّية، يصفه بها في قوله: قُلْ يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ جَمِيعاً الَّذِي لَهُ مُلْكُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ يُحيِي وَيُمِيتُ فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ النَّبِيِّ الْأُمِّيِّ الَّذِي يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَكَلِماتِهِ وَاتَّبِعُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ (الأعراف 158). ويبين حكمة اختياره أميا في قوله: وَما كُنْتَ تَتْلُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِ مِنْ كِتابٍ وَلا تَخُطُّهُ بِيَمِينِكَ إِذاً لَارْتابَ الْمُبْطِلُونَ (العنكبوت 48). وإذا كانت الأمية مما يعاب فهى المعجزة التى تحول بين رسالة النبى والشك فيها، ولو أنه كان يقرأ ويكتب، لكان للمبطلين مجال للرّيب في صدق رسالته.
والقرآن يعظم أمر الرسول، فيحدّثنا عن صلاة الله عليه والملائكة، إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (الأحزاب 56). ويعظم من أمر مبايعته، حتى لكأن من يبايعه إنما يبايع الله، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبايِعُونَكَ إِنَّما يُبايِعُونَ اللَّهَ (الفتح 10). ويشهد له القرآن بالخلق القويم كما سبق أن نقلنا، وبأنه لا ينطق عن هوى النفس، ولا يميل إلى ضلالة ولا غواية، ويقسم على ذلك: وَالنَّجْمِ إِذا هَوى ما ضَلَّ صاحِبُكُمْ وَما غَوى وَما يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوى إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحى (النجم 1 - 4)، كما يقسم على رسالته فيقول: وَالْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ إِنَّكَ لَمِنَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ عَلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ تَنْزِيلَ الْعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ (يس 2 - 5). ويعدّد القرآن نعم الله عليه فيقول: أَلَمْ نَشْرَحْ لَكَ صَدْرَكَ وَوَضَعْنا عَنْكَ وِزْرَكَ الَّذِي أَنْقَضَ ظَهْرَكَ وَرَفَعْنا لَكَ ذِكْرَكَ (الشرح 1 - 4). أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيماً فَآوى وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدى وَوَجَدَكَ عائِلًا فَأَغْنى (الضحى 6 - 8). ويقسم له القرآن أن الله ما تخلى عنه وما قلاه، ويؤكد أن الذين يناصبونه العداء سيكبتون ويخذلون مذلولين، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُحَادُّونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولئِكَ فِي الْأَذَلِّينَ (المجادلة 20). ويحذر المؤمنين من معصيته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذا تَناجَيْتُمْ فَلا تَتَناجَوْا بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ (المجادلة 9). ويأمرهم بأن يقفوا عند الحدود التى رسمها الرسول، ولا يبطلوا أعمالهم بعصيانه، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَلا تُبْطِلُوا أَعْمالَكُمْ (محمد 33). وَما آتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَما نَهاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا (الحشر 7). وَما كانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلا مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْراً أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ وَمَنْ يَعْصِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلالًا مُبِيناً (الأحزاب 36). ويؤكد لهم أنهم لن يكونوا مؤمنين حقا حتى يجدوا العدالة المطلقة في أحكامه، ولا يجدوا فيها غضاضة ولا حرجا في نفوسهم، ويقسم على ذلك قائلا: فَلا وَرَبِّكَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيما شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ ثُمَّ لا يَجِدُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَرَجاً مِمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (النساء 65). ذلك أنه لا ينطق عن الهوى، إن هو إلا وحى يوحى.
وإذا كان محمد رسولا، فله حرمته ومنزلته الاجتماعية، ومن الواجب احترامه، فلا يليق أن ينادى باسمه، كما ينادى الناس بعضهم بعضا، ولا أن ترتفع أصواتهم فوق صوته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَرْفَعُوا أَصْواتَكُمْ فَوْقَ صَوْتِ النَّبِيِّ وَلا تَجْهَرُوا لَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ كَجَهْرِ بَعْضِكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ أَنْ تَحْبَطَ أَعْمالُكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لا تَشْعُرُونَ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَغُضُّونَ أَصْواتَهُمْ
عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُولئِكَ الَّذِينَ امْتَحَنَ اللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمْ لِلتَّقْوى لَهُمْ مَغْــفِرَةٌ وَأَجْرٌ عَظِيمٌ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُنادُونَكَ مِنْ وَراءِ الْحُجُراتِ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ صَبَرُوا حَتَّى تَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِمْ لَكانَ خَيْراً لَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ
(الحجرات 2 - 5). ولا تَجْعَلُوا دُعاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضاً (النور 63). وفي تربية الشعب على احترام الرسول ما يدفعهم إلى طاعته، فإن الطاعة أساسها الاحترام كما وضع القرآن أساسها الثانى وهو الحب، بما وصف القرآن به محمدا من حبّ لهداية قومه، وحدب عليهم، ورحمة بهم ورأفة، وشوق ملح إلى هدايتهم، حتى صح للقرآن أن يقول: فَلَعَلَّكَ باخِعٌ نَفْسَكَ عَلى آثارِهِمْ إِنْ لَمْ يُؤْمِنُوا بِهذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَسَفاً (الكهف 6). وهكذا بنى القرآن الطاعة على أساسين من الحب والاحترام معا.
ويؤيد القرآن رسالة محمد بشهادة الله الذى لا يشهد بغير الحق، وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُ (المنافقون 1). وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَسْتَ مُرْسَلًا قُلْ كَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ الْكِتابِ (الرعد 43). لكِنِ اللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ بِما أَنْزَلَ إِلَيْكَ أَنْزَلَهُ بِعِلْمِهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةُ يَشْهَدُونَ وَكَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً (النساء 166). وبأن عيسى قد بشر به قومه، وأخبرهم برسالته، وَإِذْ قالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ يا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ مُصَدِّقاً لِما بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ مِنَ التَّوْراةِ وَمُبَشِّراً بِرَسُولٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ فَلَمَّا جاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ قالُوا هذا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (الصف 6). وبأنه فيما أتى ليس بدعا، فقد أوحى الله إلى كثير من الرسل قبله، إِنَّا أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ كَما أَوْحَيْنا إِلى نُوحٍ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَوْحَيْنا إِلى إِبْراهِيمَ وَإِسْماعِيلَ وَإِسْحاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْباطِ وَعِيسى وَأَيُّوبَ وَيُونُسَ وَهارُونَ وَسُلَيْمانَ وَآتَيْنا داوُدَ زَبُوراً (النساء 163).
وبأنه أمى ما كان يتلو قبله كتابا، ولا يخطه بيمينه. كما سبق أن ذكرنا، أوليس من يشهد الله له بالرسالة، ويبشر به رسول ذو كتاب، ويجرى على سنن من سبقه من الأنبياء- جديرا بأن يصدق إذا ادعى، وأن يطاع إذا أمر؟ ويناقش من أنكر رسالته، ويدفع دعاويهم في هدوء وقوّة معا، فأخبرنا القرآن مرّة أنهم كانوا ينسبون ما يعرفه محمد من قصص وأخبار وأحكام إلى عالم فارسى يعلمه، وما كان أسهل دحض تلك الدعوى بأن لسان من يدعون أنه يعلّم محمدا- أعجمى، أما هذا الكتاب فعربى مبين، وَلَقَدْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّما يُعَلِّمُهُ بَشَرٌ لِسانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهذا لِسانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ (النحل 103). وحينا نسبوه إلى أنه سحر أو شعر أو كهانة، بَلْ قالُوا أَضْغاثُ أَحْلامٍ بَلِ افْتَراهُ بَلْ هُوَ شاعِرٌ (الأنبياء 5)، وَيَقُولُونَ أَإِنَّا لَتارِكُوا آلِهَتِنا لِشاعِرٍ مَجْنُونٍ (الصافات 36). فوجه القرآن أنظارهم إلى أن النظرة الصائبة تنفى عن القرآن السحر والشعر والكهانة، فللحق آياته البينات التى لا تشتبه بالسحر، وَإِذا تُتْلى عَلَيْهِمْ آياتُنا بَيِّناتٍ قالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَصُدَّكُمْ عَمَّا كانَ يَعْبُدُ آباؤُكُمْ وَقالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا إِفْكٌ مُفْتَرىً وَقالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِلْحَقِّ لَمَّا جاءَهُمْ إِنْ هذا إِلَّا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (سبأ 43). ونفى القرآن عن النبى قول الشعر والكهانة، وَما عَلَّمْناهُ الشِّعْرَ وَما يَنْبَغِي لَهُ إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا ذِكْرٌ وَقُرْآنٌ مُبِينٌ (يس 69). وَما هُوَ بِقَوْلِ شاعِرٍ قَلِيلًا ما تُؤْمِنُونَ وَلا بِقَوْلِ كاهِنٍ قَلِيلًا ما تَذَكَّرُونَ (الحاقة 41، 42).
ومن أكبر ما أنكروه على الرسول أنهم وجدوه لا يمتاز على البشر في شىء فهو يأكل الطعام كما يأكلون، ويمشى في الأسواق يبيع ويشترى كما يمشون، وظنوا أنه لا يكون نبيا إلا إذا امتاز بملك ينذر الناس معه، أو أصبح غنيا غنى مطلقا عن الناس، فألقى إليه كنز، أو كانت له جنة يأكل منها، وقد حكى القرآن عنهم ذلك الحديث، وردّ عليهم ردّا رفيقا في قوله: وَقالُوا مالِ هذَا الرَّسُولِ يَأْكُلُ الطَّعامَ وَيَمْشِي فِي الْأَسْواقِ لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ فَيَكُونَ مَعَهُ نَذِيراً أَوْ يُلْقى إِلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ تَكُونُ لَهُ جَنَّةٌ يَأْكُلُ مِنْها وَقالَ الظَّالِمُونَ إِنْ تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا رَجُلًا مَسْحُوراً انْظُرْ كَيْفَ ضَرَبُوا لَكَ الْأَمْثالَ فَضَلُّوا فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ سَبِيلًا تَبارَكَ الَّذِي إِنْ شاءَ جَعَلَ لَكَ خَيْراً مِنْ ذلِكَ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهارُ وَيَجْعَلْ لَكَ قُصُوراً (الفرقان 7 - 10). فهو يشير في رفق إلى أن الحكمة إنما هى فى أن يساوى الرسول الشعب في الاحتياج، حتى لا يكون امتيازه على الناس في أمور لا تتصل بالرسالة، ولا دخل لها في النبوة، وحتى يبقى تقويم الرسول بعيدا عن زخارف الحياة وما ليس من صميم الرسالة، فقد يتهيأ الغنى الفاحش لفرد من الناس، من غير أن يجلب له ذلك رسالة ولا نبوّة ولو أراد الله لفعل للرسول ما اقترحوه وزاد عليه، ولكن الخير والحكمة فيما كان، أما ما اقترحوه من نزول الملك مع الرسول فقد رد عليه في قوله: وَقالُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ وَلَوْ أَنْزَلْنا مَلَكاً لَقُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ ثُمَّ لا يُنْظَرُونَ وَلَوْ جَعَلْناهُ مَلَكاً لَجَعَلْناهُ رَجُلًا وَلَلَبَسْنا عَلَيْهِمْ ما يَلْبِسُونَ (الأنعام 8، 9). ألا ترى أن نزول الملك كما اقترحوا لا يدع لهم فرصة التفكير بعد نزوله، ومن الخير أن يترك لهم مجال التدبّر وتقليب الأمر على وجوهه، وإنزال الملك لن يحل المشكل، لأنه سيكون في هيئة رجل، ويلتبس الأمر كما لو كان الرسول رجلا والقرآن برغم ذلك، يوحى بأن الرسول كانت عنده رغبة ملحة في أن يحقق لهم بعض ما اقترحوه ليؤمنوا، ولتجتمع كلمتهم على الدين، حتى صحّ للقرآن أن يقول للرسول: وَإِنْ كانَ كَبُرَ عَلَيْكَ إِعْراضُهُمْ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ أَنْ تَبْتَغِيَ نَفَقاً فِي الْأَرْضِ أَوْ سُلَّماً فِي السَّماءِ فَتَأْتِيَهُمْ بِآيَةٍ وَلَوْ شاءَ اللَّهُ لَجَمَعَهُمْ عَلَى الْهُدى فَلا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجاهِلِينَ (الأنعام 35).
ويقول في أخرى: فَلَعَلَّكَ تارِكٌ بَعْضَ ما يُوحى إِلَيْكَ وَضائِقٌ بِهِ صَدْرُكَ أَنْ يَقُولُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ جاءَ مَعَهُ مَلَكٌ إِنَّما أَنْتَ نَذِيرٌ وَاللَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ (هود 12).
وكانت صفة البشرية حائلة دون الايمان به، ومدعاة للهزء بالرسول والسخرية به، فَقالُوا أَبَشَراً مِنَّا واحِداً نَتَّبِعُهُ إِنَّا إِذاً لَفِي ضَلالٍ وَسُعُرٍ (القمر 24). وَلَئِنْ أَطَعْتُمْ بَشَراً مِثْلَكُمْ إِنَّكُمْ إِذاً لَخاسِرُونَ (المؤمنون 34). وقد رد الله تلك الدعوى بأن الحكمة تقضى بأن الرسول يكون من جنس المرسل إليهم، ليكون أدنى إلى نفوسهم، يألفونه ويسهل اتصالهم به، ولو أن في الأرض ملائكة يسكنونها، ما أرسل الله إليهم رسولا، سوى ملك من جنسهم، قال سبحانه: وَما مَنَعَ النَّاسَ أَنْ يُؤْمِنُوا إِذْ جاءَهُمُ الْهُدى إِلَّا أَنْ قالُوا أَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ بَشَراً رَسُولًا قُلْ لَوْ كانَ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَلائِكَةٌ يَمْشُونَ مُطْمَئِنِّينَ لَنَزَّلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ مَلَكاً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 94 - 95).
وعند ما تعرّض القرآن للاستهزاء بالرسول، كان لا يعنيه كثيرا الردّ على ما يتعلق بشخص الرسول، بل ينتقل مباشرة إلى صميم الدعوى يناقشهم فيها، ويحدثهم عن مغبّة كفرهم، قال تعالى: وَإِذا رَآكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي يَذْكُرُ آلِهَتَكُمْ وَهُمْ بِذِكْرِ الرَّحْمنِ هُمْ كافِرُونَ خُلِقَ الْإِنْسانُ مِنْ عَجَلٍ سَأُرِيكُمْ آياتِي فَلا تَسْتَعْجِلُونِ وَيَقُولُونَ مَتى هذَا الْوَعْدُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ لَوْ يَعْلَمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا حِينَ لا يَكُفُّونَ عَنْ وُجُوهِهِمُ النَّارَ وَلا عَنْ ظُهُورِهِمْ وَلا هُمْ يُنْصَرُونَ بَلْ تَأْتِيهِمْ بَغْتَةً فَتَبْهَتُهُمْ فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ رَدَّها وَلا هُمْ يُنْظَرُونَ (الأنبياء 36 - 40). ألا تراه قد مرّ مرّ الكرام باستهزائهم بالرسول، وكأنه لغو لا يؤبه له، ولا يستحق الالتفات إليه، ولا التّنبّه لشأنه، وانتقل من ذلك إلى الحديث عما يعنى القرآن بشأنه، من الحديث عن الله واليوم الآخر، وما ينتظرهم من عذاب كان جديرا به أن يصرفهم عن التمادى في الباطل، لو أنهم فكروا في الأمر وتدبّروا العاقبة، ويقول في موضع آخر: وَإِذا رَأَوْكَ إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رَسُولًا إِنْ كادَ لَيُضِلُّنا عَنْ آلِهَتِنا لَوْلا أَنْ صَبَرْنا عَلَيْها وَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ حِينَ يَرَوْنَ الْعَذابَ مَنْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا أَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلهَهُ هَواهُ أَفَأَنْتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًا أَمْ تَحْسَبُ أَنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ يَسْمَعُونَ أَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا كَالْأَنْعامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا (الفرقان 41 - 44). وهو هنا أيضا ينتقل إلى صميم الدعوى، فيتحدث عن اتخاذهم الهوى إلها، وأنهم لا يستخدمون آذانهم وعقولهم فيما خلقت لأجله، فصاروا بذلك أضل سبيلا من الأنعام.
ويهوّن القرآن على الرسول أمر الاستهزاء به وتكذيبه، فحينا يخبره بأن ذلك دأب الرّسل، يكذّبون برغم ما يجيئون به من البينات والهدى، ويؤكد له مرة بأن هؤلاء الساخرين سينالهم ما نبّئوا بنزوله بهم، وكانوا يسخرون ولا يطيعون، فيقول للرسول: فَإِنْ كَذَّبُوكَ فَقَدْ كُذِّبَ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ جاؤُ بِالْبَيِّناتِ وَالزُّبُرِ وَالْكِتابِ الْمُنِيرِ (آل عمران 184). وَلَقَدِ اسْتُهْزِئَ بِرُسُلٍ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَحاقَ بِالَّذِينَ سَخِرُوا مِنْهُمْ ما كانُوا بِهِ يَسْتَهْزِؤُنَ (الأنعام 10).
وينذر القرآن المكذبين والمستهزئين بأن عاقبتهم كعاقبة من كذّب الرسل من قبل: أخذ شديد وعقاب أليم، وهنا يلجأ القرآن إلى غريزة المحافظة على النفس، فيصوّر رفض الدعوة والتكذيب لها معرّضا أنفسهم للتهلكة، وجالبا الوبال عليها، فماذا تكون النتيجة إذا هم أصرّوا على كفرهم؟ أضمنوا أعمارا طويلة، يصلحون فيها ما كانوا قد أفسدوه؟ أَوَلَمْ يَنْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَما خَلَقَ اللَّهُ مِنْ شَيْءٍ وَأَنْ عَسى أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدِ اقْتَرَبَ أَجَلُهُمْ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَهُ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 185). أأمنوا مكر الله؟ أم اطمأنوا إلى أن القيامة لن تأتيهم فجأة؟ أَفَأَمِنُوا أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُمْ غاشِيَةٌ مِنْ عَذابِ اللَّهِ أَوْ تَأْتِيَهُمُ السَّاعَةُ بَغْتَةً وَهُمْ لا يَشْعُرُونَ (يوسف 107). إنهم بنهيهم عنه، ونأيهم عنه لا يضرون إلا أنفسهم ولا يهلكون غيرها، وَهُمْ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَإِنْ يُهْلِكُونَ إِلَّا أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَما يَشْعُرُونَ (الأنعام 26). ولن يضرّ الرسول بكفرهم، فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّما عَلَيْكَ الْبَلاغُ الْمُبِينُ (النحل 82). فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَما أَرْسَلْناكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظاً إِنْ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا الْبَلاغُ (الشورى 48).
أوليس في قصر أمر الرسول على البلاغ، ما يدفعهم إلى التفكير في أمر هذه الدعوة التى لن يحمل عبء أضرار رفضها غيرهم، والتى يتحمّل الرسول المشاق فى سبيل إذاعتها، لا يبغى من وراء ذلك أجرا، ولا يريد إلا أن تصل الهداية إلى قلوبهم، قُلْ ما سَأَلْتُكُمْ مِنْ أَجْرٍ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ إِنْ أَجْرِيَ إِلَّا عَلَى اللَّهِ وَهُوَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (سبأ 47).
وإن في تنزّه الرسول عن الغرض المادىّ، وإخلاصه في دعوتهم وإرشادهم، لبعثا لهم على تدبر أمر هذه الدعوة المبرأة من الهوى والغرض، والنفس بطبيعتها تنقاد لمثل هذه الدعوة وتؤمن بها. وقد دعاهم القرآن إلى التفكير في شأن الرسول، فرادى وجماعات، ليقلبوا أمره على وجوهه، ويتفكروا أبه جنّة أو شذوذ؟ وسوف يصلون إذا فكروا إلى أنه نذير لهم بين يدى عذاب شديد.
ويمضى القرآن محببا لهم إجابة دعوة محمد، مبينا طبيعتها، وأنها توافق الإنسانية السليمة، فهو لا يأمر إلا بما تعترف به النفوس الصحيحة ولا ينهى إلا عما تنكره، ولا يحلّ سوى الطّيب، ولا يحرّم سوى الخبيث، وأنه يعمل على تخليصهم من عادات ثقيلة على النفوس، وقيود كانت تغل حياتهم، وقد خفف الإسلام كثيرا من القيود التى كانت على أهل الكتاب، يقول الله: الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوباً عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْراةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهاهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّباتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبائِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالْأَغْلالَ الَّتِي كانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ وَاتَّبَعُوا النُّورَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ مَعَهُ أُولئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (الأعراف 157). أما الأميون، وقد كانوا في ضلال مبين فإنه يعلمهم الكتاب والحكمة ويهديهم، هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يَتْلُوا عَلَيْهِمْ آياتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِنْ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ (الجمعة 2). ويجعل طريق حب الله ونيل رضوانه اتباع منهجه والاقتداء به، قُلْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (آل عمران 31). ومن أطاعه فسيكون مع من أنعم الله عليهم من أكرم الرفقاء، وَمَنْ يُطِعِ اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ فَأُولئِكَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَالصِّدِّيقِينَ وَالشُّهَداءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ وَحَسُنَ أُولئِكَ رَفِيقاً (النساء 69). ومن آمن وعمل صالحا فسوف يورّثه الله الأرض، ويمكن له دينه، ويبدله بالخوف أمنا وطمأنينة، وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضى لَهُمْ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ خَوْفِهِمْ أَمْناً (النور 55).
ولا يكتفى القرآن بالوعد المحبوب حين طلب إليهم طاعة الرسول، بل أنذرهم وأوعدهم، وأكّد لهم أن النهاية ستكون نصرا مؤزرا للرسول أَلَمْ يَعْلَمُوا أَنَّهُ مَنْ يُحادِدِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَأَنَّ لَهُ نارَ جَهَنَّمَ خالِداً فِيها (التوبة 63). ويقول: فَلْيَحْذَرِ الَّذِينَ يُخالِفُونَ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ أَنْ تُصِيبَهُمْ فِتْنَةٌ أَوْ يُصِيبَهُمْ عَذابٌ أَلِيمٌ (النور 63). إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُؤْذُونَ اللَّهَ
وَرَسُولَهُ لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي الدُّنْيا وَالْآخِرَةِ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ عَذاباً مُهِيناً
(الأحزاب 57). ويخاطب الرسول قائلا:
وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُوا عَلى ما كُذِّبُوا وَأُوذُوا حَتَّى أَتاهُمْ نَصْرُنا وَلا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِ اللَّهِ وَلَقَدْ جاءَكَ مِنْ نَبَإِ الْمُرْسَلِينَ (الأنعام 34). وينزل القرآن إلى أعماق نفوسهم، فيحدثنا عن شكوكهم التى تنتابهم، فهم يقولون في أغوار قلوبهم: إذا كان محمد على صواب، ونحن على خطأ، فلم يدعنا الله أحرارا في هذه الحياة ولا يعذبنا بسبب هذه التّصرّفات، والله ينبئهم بأن جهنم مصيرهم المنتظر، أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نُهُوا عَنِ النَّجْوى ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِما نُهُوا عَنْهُ وَيَتَناجَوْنَ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ وَإِذا جاؤُكَ حَيَّوْكَ بِما لَمْ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ اللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ لَوْلا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّهُ بِما نَقُولُ حَسْبُهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ يَصْلَوْنَها فَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ (المجادلة 8).
ويعلم القرآن ما لحوادث التاريخ من الأثر في النفوس، ولذا أكثر، فى معرض الأمر بطاعة الرسول، من توجيه أنظارهم إلى من كذّب من الماضين كيف كانت عاقبتهم، فلعلهم يتّعظون بها، فيسأل: أَوَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كانَ عاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ كانُوا هُمْ أَشَدَّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَآثاراً فِي الْأَرْضِ فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَما كانَ لَهُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ مِنْ واقٍ ذلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ كانَتْ تَأْتِيهِمْ رُسُلُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ فَكَفَرُوا فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ إِنَّهُ قَوِيٌّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ (غافر 21، 22). ويقصّ عليهم قصص الماضين كقوله: فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَقُلْ أَنْذَرْتُكُمْ صاعِقَةً مِثْلَ صاعِقَةِ عادٍ وَثَمُودَ إِذْ جاءَتْهُمُ الرُّسُلُ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ قالُوا لَوْ شاءَ رَبُّنا لَأَنْزَلَ مَلائِكَةً فَإِنَّا بِما أُرْسِلْتُمْ بِهِ كافِرُونَ فَأَمَّا عادٌ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَقالُوا مَنْ أَشَدُّ مِنَّا قُوَّةً أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَهُمْ هُوَ أَشَدُّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَكانُوا بِآياتِنا يَجْحَدُونَ فَأَرْسَلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ رِيحاً صَرْصَراً فِي أَيَّامٍ نَحِساتٍ لِنُذِيقَهُمْ عَذابَ الْخِزْيِ فِي الْحَياةِ الدُّنْيا وَلَعَذابُ الْآخِرَةِ أَخْزى وَهُمْ لا يُنْصَرُونَ وَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَهَدَيْناهُمْ فَاسْتَحَبُّوا الْعَمى عَلَى الْهُدى فَأَخَذَتْهُمْ صاعِقَةُ الْعَذابِ الْهُونِ بِما كانُوا يَكْسِبُونَ وَنَجَّيْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَكانُوا يَتَّقُونَ (فصلت 13 - 18).
ولم يأل القرآن جهدا في تصوير من لا يستجيب إلى دعوة محمد في صورة ينفر منها العاقل، ويأنف من أن تكون صورته، فحينا يرسمهم أمواتا لا يعون، صما لا يسمعون، عميا لا يبصرون، فيقول: وَما يَسْتَوِي الْأَحْياءُ وَلَا الْأَمْواتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُسْمِعُ مَنْ يَشاءُ وَما أَنْتَ بِمُسْمِعٍ مَنْ فِي الْقُبُورِ إِنْ أَنْتَ إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ (فاطر 22، 23).
وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَسْتَمِعُونَ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تُسْمِعُ الصُّمَّ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تَهْدِي الْعُمْيَ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يُبْصِرُونَ (يونس 42، 43).
وأكثر القرآن من أمر الرسول بالصّبر، وهو خليقة أولى العزم من الرسل فقال:
فَاصْبِرْ كَما صَبَرَ أُولُوا الْعَزْمِ مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَلا تَسْتَعْجِلْ لَهُمْ (الأحقاف 35). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَ فَإِنَّكَ بِأَعْيُنِنا (الطور 48). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ وَما صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ وَلا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ (النحل 127). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ عَلى ما يَقُولُونَ وَاهْجُرْهُمْ هَجْراً جَمِيلًا (المزمل 10). إلى غير ذلك من كثير الآيات التى تدعو الرسول إلى الصبر، وتحثه عليه، ولا ريب أن دعوة دينية جديدة تتطلب زادا لا ينفد من الصبر على المكروه حتى تنجح وتؤتى ثمارها.
أما المنهج الذى رسمه ــالقرآن، لكى ينهجه محمد في دعوته، فقد بينه في قوله:

عثر

1 عَثَرَ, aor. ـُ (S, A, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and عَثِرَ; (A, Msb, K;) and عَثِرَ, aor. ـَ and عَثُرَ, aor. ـُ (A, K;) inf. n. عِثَارٌ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and عَثْرٌ and عَثِيرٌ; (K;) said of a man and of a horse, (S, Msb,) He stumbled, or tripped; [the most usual meaning;] or he fell upon his face; syn. كَبَا [which has both of these meanings]; as also ↓ تعثّر: (A, K:) or [simply] he fell; syn. سَقَطَ: (Mgh:) or one says of a man, (Msb on the authority of the Mukhtasar el-'Eyn, and TA on the authority of the T,) عَثَرَ, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. عُثُورٌ, (Msb,) or عَثْرَةٌ; (TA; [perhaps a mistranscription for عَثْرٌ;]) and of a horse, عَثَرَ, inf. n. عِثَارٌ; (Msb, TA;) فِعَالٌ being a measure of inf. ns. of verbs signifying various faults of horses and the like. (TA.) You say, عَثَرَ فِى ثَوْبِهِ [He stumbled, or tripped, upon his garment]. (S, O, Msb.) And فِى أَذْيَالِهِ ↓ خَرَجَ يَتَعَثَّرُ [He went forth stumbling, or tripping, upon his skirts]. (A.) And عَثَرَ بِهِ فَرَسُهُ فَسَقَطَ [His horse stumbled, or tripped, with him, and he fell]. (S, O.) and it is said in a prov., الجَوَادُ قَدْ يَعْثُرُ [The swift and excellent horse sometimes stumbles, or trips]: applied to a person by whom a slip that is not of his nature is seen to have been committed. (O.) b2: [Hence,] عَثَرَ فِى كَلَامِهِ and ↓ تعثّر (tropical:) [He stumbled, or tripped, in his speech]. (A.) and لِسَانُهُ ↓ تعثّر (tropical:) His tongue halted, faltered, or hesitated. (S, O, TA.) b3: And [hence, app.,] عَثَرَ, (Kr, K, TA,) inf. n. عَثْرٌ, (Kr, O, TA,) (assumed tropical:) He lied. (Kr, O, K, TA.) One says, فُلَانٌ فِى العَثْرِ وَالبَائِنِ, meaning (assumed tropical:) [Such a one is occupied] in truth and falsehood [or rather in falsehood and truth]. (O, TA.) b4: And عَثَرَ عَلَيْهِ, (S, A, Mgh, O, Msb,) aor. ـُ (S, O, Msb) and عَثِرَ, (TA,) inf. n. عَثْرٌ and عُثُورٌ, (O, Msb, K, [the latter erroneously written in the CK عَثُور,]) (tropical:) [He stumbled on it; lighted on it by chance;] he got, or obtained, knowledge of it; or sight and knowledge of it; became acquainted with it; knew it; or saw it; (S, A, Mgh, O, Msb, K, * TA;) accidentally, or without seeking; (TA;) [and so عَثَرَ بِهِ; (see an ex. voce أَشْرَسُ;)] and ↓ أَعْثَرَ signifies the same; but accord. to the usage of the Kur-án, you say أَعْثَرْتُ غَيْرِى: so in the Kitáb el-Abniyeh of IKtt. (TA. [See 4.]) You say, عَثَرَ عَلَى سِرِّ الرَّجُلِ (tropical:) He obtained knowledge of, or became acquainted with, the secret of the man [accidentally]. (TA.) [Hence,] فَإِنْ عُثِرَ عَلَى أَنَّهُمَا اسْتَحَقَّا إِثْمًا, in the Kur [v. 106], means (tropical:) But if it become known, or seen, (Ksh, Mgh, O, Bd, Jel,) that they two have done what has necessitated sin, (Ksh, Bd, Jel,) and deserved its being said of them that they were sinners. (Ksh.) And عَثَرَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. عُثُورٌ, as expl. by Lth, means (assumed tropical:) He (a man) entered suddenly, or unexpectedly, upon an affair upon which another had not so entered. (TA.) b5: عَثَرَ جَدُّهُ, (K, TA,) aor. ـُ and عَثِرَ, (TA,) means (tropical:) His fortune, or good fortune, fell; syn. تَعِسَ; (K, TA;) as being likened to one who has stumbled, or tripped, or fallen upon his face. (TA.) b6: عَثَرَ العِرْقُ, (Lh, K,) inf. n. عَثْرٌ, (Lh, TA,) The vein pulsed. (Lh, K, TA.) b7: عَثَرَ بِهِ: see 4. b8: [Hence,] عَثَرَ بِهِمْ الزَّمَانُ (tropical:) Time, or fortune, destroyed them: (TA:) or caused them to be overcome. (O.) 2 عَثَّرَ see the next paragraph, in three places.4 اعثرهُ He caused him to stumble, or trip; or to fall upon his face; [or simply, to fall;] as also ↓ عثّرهُ; (K, TA;) [and so بِهِ ↓ عَثَرَ; (see 1, last sentence, and see also عَاثُورٌ, first sentence;)] said of God. (TA.) IAar cites as an ex., فَخَرَجْتُ أُعْثَرُ فِى مَقَادِمِ جُبَّتِى

لَوْلَا الحَيَآءُ أَطَرْتُهُ إِحْضَارَا [And I went forth, made to stumble, or trip, upon the fore parts of my jubbeh: but for the sense of shame, I had made it to fly, in running]: accord. to one relation, however, the verb in question, in this verse, is أَعْثُرُ. (TA.) And اعثرهُ اللّٰهُ is syn. with أَتْعَسَهُ [of which see various explanations in art. تعس]. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] اعثر بِهِ عِنْدَ السُّلْطَانِ, (K,) or عِنْدَهُ ↓ عثّرهُ, (A,) (tropical:) He impugned his character to the Sultán, (A, O, K,) and sought to make him fall into destruction by means of the latter. (A.) b3: And اعثرهُ عَلَيْهِ (tropical:) [He made him to stumble upon it, or to light on it by chance; or] he made him to get, or obtain, knowledge of it, or sight and knowledge of it; to become acquainted with it; to know it; or to see it; (S, A, O, Msb, K; *) accidentally, or without seeking. (B, TA.) Hence the phrase in the Kur [xviii. 20] أَعْثَرْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ; (S, Ta;) in which غَيْرَهُمْ, the objective complement, is suppressed. (TA.) And اعثرهُ عَلَى أَصْحَابِهِ (tropical:) He guided him, or showed him the way, to his companions. (A.) b4: اعثر جَدَّهُ, and ↓ عثّرهُ, (assumed tropical:) He [i. e. God] made his fortune, or good fortune, to fall. (K. [See عَثَرَ جَدُّهُ.]) A2: See also 1, latter half.5 تَعَثَّرَ see 1, in four places. Q. Q. 1 عَثْيَرَ القَوْمُ [from عِثْيَرٌ] The people, or party, raised the dust, or earth, or bits of dry clay or compact earth, (termed عِثْيَر,) with the extremities of their toes, in walking. (Kh, Har p. 488.) A2: عَيْثَرَ الطَّيْرَ [from عَيْثَرٌ] He saw, or beheld, the birds: or he saw that the birds ran: (O:) or he saw the birds running, and augured from them (فَزَجَرَهَا). (K. [But this addition, فزجرها, is evidently taken from an explanation of the words here following.]) A poet says, لَقَدْ عَيْثَرْتَ طَيْرَكَ لَوْ تَعِيفُ [i. e. Thou sawest, or beheldest, thy birds; &c.: would that thou wouldst augur from them, and take warning]. (O.) And you say, عَيْثَرْتُ الشَّىْءَ I saw, or beheld, the thing; (L, TA;) and individuated it. (TA.) عَثْرٌ: see عَثَرِىٌّ.

عُثْرٌ A lie; or falsehood; (K;) as also ↓ عَثَرٌ. (IAar, K.) A2: Also The Eagle: (K:) a meaning also assigned in the K, in art. عبر, but erroneously, to عُبْرٌ. (TA.) عَثَرٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

عَثْرَةٌ A stumble, or trip, (Msb, TA,) in walking, or going along: pl. عَثَرَاتٌ. (TA.) b2: and [hence,] (tropical:) A slip, lapse, fault, wrong action, or mistake; (S, O, Msb, TA;) so called as being a fall into sin or crime. (Msb.) One says, أَقَالَ اللّٰهُ عَثْرَتَكَ (tropical:) [May God cancel thy slip, lapse, fault, &c.]. (A.) And it is said in a trad., لَا حَلِيمَ إِلَّا ذُو عَثْرَةٍ i. e. (tropical:) There is no one to be characterized as of a forbearing disposition except he be one who has committed a slip, and becomes admonished thereby, distinguishing the occasions of error so as to avoid them [and to make allowance for others who have done the like]. (TA.) b3: And (assumed tropical:) War, or fight, against unbelievers or others; because war, or fight, is an occasion of frequent stumbling, or tripping: so in a trad., in which it is said, لَا تَبْدَأْهُمْ بِالعَثْرَةِ (assumed tropical:) [Begin not ye with them by war]; meaning invite ye them first to El-Islám or to the payment of the poll-tax; and if they assent not, then have recourse to war. (TA.) عَثِرَةٌ Land (أَرْض) without herbage, being high, and overspread with عِثْيَر, i. e. dust: (O, TA:) and said to occur in a trad. as the name of a particular land. (O, K, * TA.) عَثَرِىٌّ i. q. عِذْىٌ, (Az, S, O, Msb, TA,) as some say; (Msb;) i. e., (Az, S, O, TA,) Such as is watered by the rain (Az, S, K, TA) alone, (S,) of palm-trees, (Az, O, TA,) or of seed-produce: (S:) or such as is watered by water running upon the surface of the ground, (O, Msb,) of palmtrees: (Msb:) or seed-produce that is watered by torrents and by rain, the water being made to flow thereto in channels: (TA:) and ↓ عَثْرٌ signifies the same: (K, TA:) or, accord. to IAth, palm-trees (نَخِيل) that imbibe with their roots of the rain-water that collects in a part hollowed out in the ground: (TA:) the former term is said to be thus applied because what is so called is as though it stumbled upon water without any labour of its owner; regarding it as an irregular rel. n. from العَثْرُ: (O, * TA:) but Abu-l-'Abbás [i. e. Th] says that, thus applied, it is with teshdeed to the ث [i. e. عَثَّرِىٌّ], though not in the sense here following. (TA.) b2: Also (tropical:) A man who does not occupy himself in seeking the things of the present world nor those of the world to come: (O, K, TA:) occurring in a trad., in which such is said to be the most hateful of mankind to God: (O, TA:) in this sense, sometimes written with teshdeed to the ث, (K, TA,) and thus it is accord. to Sh (O, TA) and IAar; (TA;) but correctly without teshdeed: (Th, K, TA:) and said by some to be from عَثَرِىٌّ applied to palm-trees. (O, * TA.) One says also, جَآءَ فُلَانٌ عَثَرِيًّا, meaning (tropical:) Such a one came unoccupied. (O, TA.) عَثَارٌ or عِثَارٌ: see عَاثُورٌ, in six places: A2: and for عِثَارٌ see also عِثْيَرٌ.

عَثُورٌ [Having a habit of stumbling or tripping, or of falling:] that stumbles, or trips, and falls, much or often. (Har p. 296.) عِثْيَرٌ, (S, O, K,) not عَثْيَرٌ, for there is not in the language any word of the measure فَعْيَلٌ, with fet-h to the ف, except ضَهْيَدٌ, meaning “ hardy, strong, or robust,” and this is [said to be] forged, (S, O, [but see ضهيد,]) Dust, (MA, O, K,) syn. غُبَارٌ, (O,) or عَجَاجٌ, and تُرَابٌ, (K,) and thus ↓ عِثْيَرَاتٌ is expl. by Sb; (TA;) or dust rising or spreading; (S, MA; *) as also ↓ عِثْيَرَةٌ; (TA;) and ↓ عِثَارٌ signifies the same. (MA.) b2: and Clay, or earth, (K, TA,) or dust, or bits of clay or compact earth, (TA,) which one turns over (K, TA) with the extremities of the feet (K) or of the toes, in walking, or going along, no other mark of the foot being seen: (TA:) and an obscure trace or mark, (K, TA,) said to be more obscure than such as is termed أَثَرٌ: (TA:) and so ↓ عَيْثَرٌ, with the ى put before [the ث] and with fet-h to the ع in both [of these senses: misunderstood by SM as meaning “ and with fet-h to the ع in both words,” i. e. in عثير and عيثر]: (K:) or ↓ عَيْثَرٌ signifies an obscure trace or mark: (S:) and Yaakoob mentions the saying مَا رَأَيْتُ

↓ لَهُ أَثَرًا وَلَا عَيْثَرًا and وَلَا عِثْيَرًا [app. meaning I saw not any trace of him nor any obscure trace]: (S, O:) or ولا عِثْيَرًا means, nor clay, or earth, &c., turned over by the extremities of his feet: (TA:) and it is said that ↓ ولا عَيْثَرًا means, nor bodily form. (O.) And [it is said that] مَا لَهُ أَثَرٌ وَلَا عِثْيَرٌ and ↓ ولا عَيْثَرٌ means He is not known to be a pedestrian by the appearing of his foot-mark, nor to be a horseman by his horse's raising the dust. (TA.) [See also Har p. 488.]

عِثْيَرَةٌ, and its pl. عِثْيَرَاتٌ: see عِثْيَرٌ. b2: One says also أَرْضٌ عِثْيَرَةٌ, meaning A land in which is much dust. (TA.) عَاثِرٌ [Stumbling, or tripping; &c. b2: And] (assumed tropical:) A liar. (TA.) b3: And one says also جَدٌّ عَاثِرٌ (assumed tropical:) [Fortune, or good fortune, in a falling state: (see 1, near the end:)] pl. عَوَاثِرُ: (TA:) b4: or this may be pl of عَاثِرٌ signifying The snare of a sportsman: b5: or it may be pl. of ↓ عَاثِرَةٌ signifying (assumed tropical:) An accident that destroys, or causes to be overcome, him whom it befalls: (O:) b6: or it may be pl. of عَاثُورٌ [q. v.], the ى being suppressed, (O, TA,) by poetic license, in a verse in which it occurs. (TA.) عَيْثَرٌ The substance of a thing; its bodily, or corporeal, form; syn. عَيْنٌ and شَخْصٌ. (T, O, L, K, TA. [In this sense, it is said in the TA to be erroneously written in all the copies of the K عَثْيَر, with the ث before the ى; but I find it written عَيْثَر in my MS. copy of the K and also in the CK.]) See also عِثْيَرٌ, in five places.

عَاثِرَةٌ: see عَاثِرٌ.

عَاثُورٌ A pit dug for a lion or other [animal], (S, A, O,) that he may fall into it, (A,) in order that he may be taken: (S, O:) this is the primary signification: (A:) or a thing that is prepared for one to fall into it: (K:) or, as also عثار [i. e. ↓ عَثَارٌ or ↓ عِثَارٌ (see what follows)], a thing by which one is made to stumble and fall; expl. by بِهِ ↓ مَا عُثِرَ: (TA:) the pl. is عَوَاثِيرُ; whence, perhaps, عَوَاثِرُ, by suppression of the ى. (O, TA. [See عَاثرٌ.]) b2: [Hence,] (assumed tropical:) A place of perdition: (TA voce حَاجُورٌ:) or (tropical:) a cause, or place, of perdition or of death: (A, K:) applied to a land. (K.) You say, وَقَعَ فِى عَاثُورٍ (tropical:) He fell into a cause, or place, of perdition or of death. (A, TA.) And فُلَانٌ يَقِى صَاحِبَهُ العَوَاثِرَ (tropical:) [Such a one preserves his companion from the causes, or places, of perdition or of death]. (A.) And it is said in a trad., إِنَّ قُرَيْشًا أَهْلُ أَمَانَةٍ مَنْ بَغَاهَا العَوَاثِيرَ كَبَّهُ اللّٰهُ لِمَنْخِرَيْهِ (assumed tropical:) [Verily the tribe of Kureysh are people of fidelity: whoso seeks for them the causes, or places, of perdition or of death, may God lay him prostrate upon his nostrils]: or, accord. to one relation, عَوَاثِرَ. (O, TA.) b3: And [hence,] (tropical:) Difficulty, or distress; as also عَاثُورُ شَرٍّ: (S, O:) and evil; (K, TA;) like عَاذُورٌ, which is a dial. var. thereof, or an instance of mispronunciation; (S and O in art. عذر;) as also ↓ عَثَارٌ, (accord. to some copies of the K,) or ↓ عِثَارٌ: (thus in other copies of the K and in the TA [in the latter of which it is said to be with kesr; and this I think to be the more probably correct; originally an inf. n.]:) and شَرٍّ ↓ عِثَارُ is said by Fr to signify the same as عَاثُورُ شَرٍّ. (TA.) You say, لَقِيتُ مِنْهُ عَاثُورًا, (As, S, O, TA,) and ↓ عِثَارًا, (TA,) (tropical:) I experienced from him, or it, difficulty, or distress. (As, S, O, TA.) And وَقَعُوا فِى عَاثُورِ شَرٍّ, (As, S, O, TA,) and عَافُورِ شَرٍّ, (S, O,) (tropical:) They fell into difficulty, or distress: (As, S, O:) or into a confusion of evil and difficulty or distress. (TA.) It is the opinion of Yaakoob that the ف in عَافُور is a substitute for the ث in عَاثُور: but Az observes that this is not necessarily the case, as the meaning of difficulty is implied in the root عفر. (TA.) b4: It is said to signify also A kind of snare (مِصْيَدَة) made of bark. (O.) b5: And A channel that is dug for the purpose of irrigating thereby a palm-tree such as is termed بَعْلٌ. (O.) b6: And A well. (K.) A2: And it may also be used as an epithet [app. meaning Perilous, or destructive]. (ISd, TA.)