غور
1 غَارَ, (
As,
Fr,
IAar,
S,
Msb, &c.,)
aor. ـُ (
S, &c.,)
inf. n. غَوْرٌ (
S,
K) and غُؤُورٌ; (
K;) and ↓ اغار, (
Fr,
Msb,)
inf. n. إِغَارَةٌ; (
K;) but
IAth says that this form of the verb is of rare occurrence, (
TA,) and
As disallows it; (
S,
Msb,
TA;) and ↓ غوّر,
inf. n. تَغْوِيرٌ; (
S,
K;) and ↓ تغوّر; (
K,
TA;) He came to the غَوْر, (
As,
Fr,
IAar,
S,
Msb,
K,) i. e., low land or country, (
Msb,) [or the region so called, in Arabia:] or غار signifies he journeyed in the region of the غور: (
As,
TA:) or غار and ↓ اغار signify he took his way towards the غَوْر. (
TA.) There is a difference of opinion respecting the saying of El-Aashà, نَبِىٌّ يَرَى مَا لَا تَرَوْنَ وَذِكْرُهُ لَعَمْرِى فِى البِلَادِ وَأَنْجَدَا ↓ أَغَارَ [meaning,
accord. to the first explanation of اغار, A prophet who seeth what ye see not, and whose fame has come to the low lands, by my life, or by my religion, in the several regions, and has come to the high lands]:
As says that اغار signifies has gone quickly; and انجد, has risen; and that the poet does not mean has come to the low lands nor to the high lands; holding غار only to signify the coming to the low land: but
Fr asserts that اغار is a
dial. var. of غار; and cites this verse as authority: and some say اغار وانجد, but when they do not conjoin the two verbs they say غار; like as they say هَنَأَنِى الطَّعَامُ وَمَرَأَنِى, but when they do not conjoin these two verbs they say أَمْرَأَنِى: (
S:)
As also mentions another relation of the second hemistich, commencing اغام [
app. a mistake for أَقَامَ or some other word]: (
IKtt:) and there is another relation,
accord. to which the second hemistich is مَخْرُوم, commencing with غَارَ. (
L.) You say also غَارَ وَأَنْجَدَ meaning (assumed
tropical:) He became famous in the low countries and the high. (A in art. نجد.)
b2: غار فِى شَىْءٍ,
inf. n. غَوْرٌ and غُؤُورٌ (
K) and غِيَارٌ, (
Sb,
K,) He, or it, entered [or entered deeply] into a thing. (
K.)
b3: [Hence,] غار فِى أَمْرٍ (
tropical:) He examined minutely [or deeply] into an affair; (
IKtt,
Msb;) as also ↓ اغار. (
IKtt.) You say فُلَانٌ بِعِيدُ الغَوْرِ (
tropical:) Such a one is a deep examiner: (
TA:) or acquainted [deeply] with affairs: or very rancorous, malevolent, malicious, or spiteful. (
Msb.) [See also غَوْرٌ, below.]
b4: غار المَآءُ, (
Lh,
S,
Msb,
K,) فِى الأَرْضِ (
K,)
inf. n. غَوْرٌ (
Lh,
S,
K, &c.) and غُؤُورٌ; (
S,
TA;) and ↓ غوّر, (
Lh,
TA,)
inf. n. تَغْوِيرٌ; (
K;) The water sank, (
S,
IKtt,) or went away, (
Msb,
K,) into the ground, or earth: (
S,
Msb,
K:) or went away into the sources, or springs. (
Lh.)
b5: غَارَتِ الشَّمْسُ, (
S,
K,)
aor. ـُ (
S,)
inf. n. غِيَارٌ (
S,
K) and غُؤُورٌ; (
K;) and ↓ غوّرت; (
K;) The sun set: (
S,
K:) and in like manner one says [غار and ↓ غوّر] of the moon and of a star. (
TA.)
b6: غَارَتْ عَيْنُهُ,
aor. ـُ (
S,
Msb,)
inf. n. غَوْرٌ (
S,
TA) and غُؤُورٌ; (
S,
Msb,
TA;) and غَارَتْ,
aor. ـَ (
S,
TA;) and ↓ غوّرت; (
TA;) His eye sank, or became depressed, (
lit. entered,) in the head; (
S,
TA;)
i. q. اِنْخَسَفَتْ. (
Msb.)
b7: غار النَّهَارُ (assumed
tropical:) The day became intensely hot [
app., like غَوَّرَ, meaning when the sun had declined from the meridian]: (
K:) hence الغَائِرَةُ [
q. v.]. (
TA.)
b8: See also 2.
A2: غَارَ شَيْئًا,
aor. ـُ He sought for, or after, a thing. (
TA.)
A3: غَارَهُمْ, and غَارَ لَهُمْ, [
aor. ـُ
inf. n. غِيَارٌ, He (God) bestowed upon them
غِيرَة, (
K,) i. e. مِيرَة [a provision of corn, or wheat, &c.]. (
TA.) [See also art. غير.]
b2: He benefited them; (
S in art. غير, and
TA;) and so غَارَهُمْ بِخَيْرٍ: (
S:) and غَارَهُمْ,
aor. ـُ (
K,)
inf. n. غِيَارٌ; (
TA;) or غَارَهُمْ بِخَيْرٍ; (
TA;) He (God) bestowed upon them abundance of the produce of the earth, and rain: (
K,
TA:) and غَارَهُمْ بِرِزْقٍ He bestowed upon them means of subsistence. (
TA.) You say also اَللّٰهُمَّ غُرْنَا بِغَيْثٍ, (
K,) and بِمَطَرٍ, and بِخَيْرٍ, (
TA,) and غُرْنَا مِنْكَ بِغَيْثٍ, (
S,) O God, aid us, or succour us, with rain (
S,
K) from Thee, (
S,) and with prosperity. (
TA.) [See also art. غير.]
A4: غَارَ الرَّجُلَ,
aor. ـُ and يَغِيرُهُ, He gave the man the bloodwit [which is termed غِوَرٌ and غِيَرٌ]: (
ISk,
TA:) and so غَيَّرَهُ. (
TA in art. غير.)
A5: غَارَ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ,
aor. ـَ
inf. n. غِيرَةٌ [or rather
غَيْرَةٌ (see art. غير)] and غَارٌ, [He was jealous of his wife.] (
IKtt.) غَارٌ and
غَيْرَةٌ, (
S, so in my two copies,) or غَارٌ and
غِيرَةٌ, with kesr, (
K,) signify the same. (
S,
K.) You say فُلَانٌ شَدِيدُ الغَارِ عَلَى
أَهْلِهِ i. e. الـ
ـغيرة [Such a one is vehemently jealous of his wife]. (
TA.) See also art. غير.
2 غوّر,
inf. n. تَغْوِيرٌ: see 1, in five places.
b2: Also He slept in the middle of the day; (
S, *
K,
TA;) and so ↓ غَارَ. (
K,
TA.)
b3: And He alighted (
Lth,
S,
K,
TA) to sleep (
Lth,
S,
TA) in the middle of the day. (
Lth,
S,
K,
TA.) and غَوِّرُوا بِنَا Make ye the camels to lie down with us during the vehement midday-heat. (
JM and
TA in art. رمض.)
IAar says that ↓ مُغَوِّرٌ signifies One alighting in the middle of the day for a little while and then departing [i. e. resuming his journey]. (
TA.) And مَا بِتُّ هٰذِهِ اللَّيْلَةَ إِلَّا تَغْوِيرًا occurs in a
trad. as meaning [I did not tarry, or have not tarried, this night,] save in taking a nap [like the sleep in the middle of the day]. (
TA.)
b4: Also He entered upon the middle of the day. (
K,
TA.)
b5: And He journeyed in the middle of the day: (
Lth,
K:) or he (a rider upon a camel, or upon a horse or other beast,) journeyed until the declining of the sun from the meridian, and then alighted. (
ISh,
TA.)
b6: And غوّر النَّهَارُ (
tropical:) [
app. The day became intensely hot when] the sun declined from the meridian. (Ibn-Buzurj,
TA. [See also غَارَ النَّهَارُ.])
A2: غوّرهُ,
inf. n. as above, He put it, or made it to enter, into a low, or depressed, place: he hid, or concealed, it; or caused it to disappear. (
Har p. 165.)
b2: and غوّر, (
TA,)
inf. n. as above, (
K,
TA,) signifies also He routed, defeated, or put to flight; and he drove away. (
K, *
TA.) 3 غَاْوَرَ see 4; and see also 6.
4 اغار عَيْنَهُ [He made his eye to sink, or become depressed, in his head: see 1]. (
TA.)
A2: اغار as
intrans.: see 1, in four places.
b2: Also He went away in, or into, the country, or land. (
K.)
b3: And, (
S,
K, &c.,)
inf. n. إِغَارَةٌ (
S,
Mgh,
Msb) and غَارَةٌ, (
Mgh,) or the latter is a simple
subst., [or quasi-
inf. n.,] (
Msb,) He hastened, (
K,) or was quick, (
Msb,) in walking, or marching, or journeying: (
Msb,
K:) he was quick, (
S,
Mgh,
Msb,
K,) and pushed, or pressed, on, or forward, (دَفَعَ,
S,) in his running; (
S,
Mgh,
Msb;) said of a horse, (
Mgh,
Msb,) and of a fox: (
S,
Mgh:) he (a horse,
K) ran vehemently, and was quick, (
S,
K,) in a غَارَة [or raid, or sudden attack upon a people, or their dwellings,] &c. (
K.) Hence the saying, (in a
trad. respecting the pilgrimage,
TA,) أَشْرِقْ ثَبِيرْ كَيْمَا نُغِيرْ [Enter thou upon the time of sunrise, Thebeer, (the name of a mountain near Mekkeh,)] that we may proceed quickly, (
S,
K,) or push, or press, on, or forward, (Yaakoob,
Msb,) to the sacrifice of the pilgrimage: (
S,
Msb,
K:) or to the return from Minè: (Yaakoob:) or that we may plunder the meats of the sacrifices: or that we may enter into the low land. (
TA. [See also 2 in art. شرق.]) Hence also the saying, أَغَارَ
إِغَارَةَ الثَّعْلَبِ He was quick, and pushed, or pressed, on, or forward, like as does the fox. (
S.)
b4: اغار عَلَى العَدُوِّ, (
S,
Msb,) and عَلَى القَوْمِ, (
K,)
inf. n. إِغَارَةٌ (
S,
K) and غَارَةٌ, (
K,) or the latter is a simple
subst., [or quasi-
inf. n., as in the case mentioned above,] (
TA,) and مُغَارٌ, (
S,
TA,) He made [a raid, or hostile or predatory incursion, into the territory of the enemy; or] a sudden, or an unexpected, attack [upon the enemy, or] upon the territory or dwellings of the enemy, [with a party of armed horsemen, generally meaning a predatory incursion,] and engaged with them in conflict; (
Msb,) or he urged the horses upon, or against, the people; as also ↓ استغار: (
K,
TA:) and in like manner you say العَدُوَّ ↓ غاور,
inf. n. مُغَاوَرَةٌ and غِوَارٌ. (
S.) See also 6. And اغار الذِّئْبُ فِى الغَنَمِْ The wolf made an incursion among the sheep or goats; (
K * and
TA in art. شع;) as also ↓ استغار. (
TA ibid.)
b5: Also اغار عَلَيْهِ He plundered it; took it by pillage. (
TA.)
b6: And اغار بِبَنِى فُلَانٍ, and sometimes إِلَى بنى فلان, He came to the sons of such a one to aid, or succour, them: (
IKtt,
K:) or to be aided, or succoured, by them. (
IKtt.)
A3: اغار, (
S,
K,)
inf. n. إِغَارَةٌ and quasi-
inf. n. غَارَةٌ, (
TA,) signifies also He twisted hard (
S,
K) a rope. (
S.)
A4: اغار أَهْلَهُ He married another in addition to his wife [and so caused her to be jealous: see 1]. (
S.) [See also art. غير.]
5 تَغَوَّرَ see 1, first signification.
6 تغاوروا They made [raids, or hostile or predatory incursions, into each other's territories; or] sudden attacks, one upon another, or one party upon the dwellings of another party, and engaged in conflict, one with another; or urged their horses one upon, or against, another;
expl. by ↓ أَغَارَ بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ: (
S,
K:) and so ↓ غاوروا,
inf. n. مُغَاوَرَةٌ. (
TA.) 8 اغتار He procured مِيرَة [or provision of corn, or wheat, &c.]. (
TA.)
b2: And He derived, or obtained, benefit, advantage, or profit. (
K.) 10 إِسْتَغْوَرَ He, or it, descended: (
TA:) or he desired to descend into a low land or country. (
K,
TA.)
b2: See also 4, in two places.
A2: Also He became fat; and fat entered into him: (
S,
TA:) or you say, استغار الشَّحْمُ فِيهِ fat spread in him; and he became fat; (
K,
TA;) the pronoun referring to a horse, which is not mentioned in the
K; but the explanation in the
S is better: or,
accord. to
Az, استغار is said of the fat and flesh of a she-camel, meaning it became hard, and compact; like the rope of which one says يَسْتَغِيرُ i. e. it is twisted hard: or,
accord. to some, said of the fat of a camel, it means it entered his inside. (
TA.)
b2: استغارت said of a wound, (قَرْحَةٌ,
S, in the
K جُرْحَة,) means It became swollen. (
S,
K.)
A3: اِسْتَغْوَرَ اللّٰهَ He asked, or begged, of God,
غِيرَة, (
K,
TA,) i. e. مِيرَة [provision of corn, or wheat, &c.]. (
TA.) غَارٌ A cave, or cavern;
syn. كَهْفٌ; (
S,
K;) in a mountain; (
S;) as also ↓ مَغَارَةٌ and ↓ مَغَارٌ (
S,
K) and ↓ مُغَارَةٌ and ↓ مُغَارٌ and ↓ غَوْرٌ: (
K: [but غَارٌ in this sense is omitted in the
CK:]) or what resembles a كهف in a mountain, [only differing in being less large,] like a سَرَب: (
TA:) or what is hewn out in a mountain, resembling a مَغَارَة: when it is large, or spacious, it is called كهف: (
Msb:) or what resembles a house, or chamber, in a mountain: (
Lh,
K:) or a low, or depressed, place in a mountain: (
Th,
K:) or any low, or depressed, land, country, or ground: (
K:) see also غَوْرٌ [and خَوْرٌ]: or the hole, or burrow, to which a wild animal betakes itself: (
K: [see an instance in art. سمو,
conj. 8:]) and sometimes ↓ مَغَارٌ is applied to the coverts of gazelles, among trees: (
S:) the
dim. of غَارٌ is غُوَيْرٌ: (
S,
K:) [of which see two exs. (a
prov. and a verse)
voce بُؤْسٌ:] and the
pl. (of pauc.,
TA) أَغْوَارٌ (
IJ,
K) and (of mult.,
TA) غِيرَانٌ. (
S,
Msb,
K.)
b2: Also The portion of the upper part of the mouth which is behind the فَرَاشَة [or thin bone of the palate]: or the hollow (أُخْدُود) which is between the two jaws: or the interior of the mouth: (
K: [for دَاخِلَ الفَمِ, in the
CK, I read دَاخِلُ الفم, as in the
TA:]) or, as some say, the two parts whereof each is called نِطْعٌ, [
app. meaning the anterior part of the palate and the corresponding part next the lower gums,] in the حَنَكَانِ [or the palate and the part corresponding to it below]. (
TA.)
b3: And الغَارَانِ signifies The [sockets of the eyes; or] two bones in which are the eyes. (
ISd,
K.)
b4: And The belly and the pudendum: (
S:) or the mouth and the pudendum. (
K.) Hence the saying of a poet, يَسْعَى لِغَارَيْهِ [He works, or earns, for his belly, or his mouth, and his pudendum]. (
S,
TA.)
A2: Also (غَارٌ) An army: (
S,
K:) or a numerous army. (
TA.) You say اِلْتَقَى الغَارَانِ The two armies met. (
S.)
b2: And A company, or body, of men: (
TA:) or a numerous company or body of men. (
ISd,
K.)
A3: And
I. q. غَيْرَةٌ, (
S,) or
غِيرَةٌ. (
K.) [See 1, last signification.]
A4: And A kind of tree, (
S,
Mgh,
K,) of large size, (
Mgh,
K,) having leaves longer than those of the خِلَاف, (
Mgh,
TA,) and a fruit [or berry] smaller than the hazel-nut, which is black, and which, being divested of its covering, discloses a heart that is employed in medicine [that is designed to produce a narcotic or an intoxicating effect: the berries are called حَبُّ الغَارِ]: its leaves have a sweet odour, (
Mgh,
TA,) and are employed in perfume: (
TA:) its fruit is called [in Persian] دَهْمَسْت: (
Mgh,
TA:) and it has an oil, (
K,) which is called دُهْنُ الغَارِ: (
S:) [it is the bay-tree; or female laurel-tree; the laurus nobilis; also called the sweet bay; of which there are several sorts, as the broad-leaved bay, the narrow-leaved bay, &c.: it is commonly supposed to be the laurus of the ancients:]
n. un. with ة. (
TA.)
b2: And The leaves of the grapevine. (
K.) غَوْرٌ The bottom, or lowest part, of anything; (
S,
Msb,
K;) as also ↓ غَوْرَى: (
K:) and its depth. (
TA.)
b2: You say, عَرَفْتُ غَوْرَ هٰذِهِ المَسْأَلَةِ (
tropical:) [I have become acquainted with the bottom of this question]. (
TA.) And فُلَانٌ بَعِيدُ الغَوْرِ (
S) (
tropical:) Such a one is deep and excellent in judgment; one who examines deeply. (
TA.) [See also 1.] And هَوَ بَحْرٌ لَا يُدْرَكُ غَوْرُهُ (
tropical:) [He is a sea whereof the bottom shall not be reached]. (
TA.) And مَنْ
أَبْعَدُ غَوْرًا فِى البَاطِلِ مِنِّى (
tropical:) [Who is deeper in knowledge with respect to what is vain, or false, than I?]. (
TA, from a
trad.)
b3: Low, or depressed, land, country, or ground; (
S,
Msb,
K;) [like خَوْرٌ;] as also ↓ غَارٌ. (
K.)
b4: See also غَارٌ, in the first of its senses
expl. above.
A2: Applied to water,
i. q. غَائِرٌ [Sinking, or going away, into the ground, or earth]: (
S,
K:) an
inf. n. used as an
epithet, like مَآءٌ سَكْبٌ, and دِرْهَمٌ ضَرْبٌ. (
S.) غِوَرٌ A bloodwit;
syn. دِيَةٌ: (
K,
TA:) a
dial. var. of غِيَرٌ: (
TA:) or the latter is a
pl., of which the
sing. is
غِيرَةٌ. (
AA,
K in art. غير,
q. v.) غَارَةٌ, a
subst. from أَغَارَ; A going away into a country, or land. (
TA.)
b2: A quick running, (
Mgh,
Msb,) or vehement running, (
TA,) of a horse, (
Mgh,
Msb,
TA,) and of a fox; (
Mgh;) as also ↓ غَوِيرٌ, of a fox. (
TA.)
b3: [A raid; or an incursion into the territory of an enemy; or a sudden, or an unexpected, attack upon an enemy, or upon the territories or dwellings of an enemy, with a party of armed horsemen, and engagement with them in conflict; an urging of horses upon, or against, a people; generally, a hostile, or predatory, incursion: or the making such an incursion:] a
subst. [or quasi-
inf. n.] from أَغَارَ عَلَى
العَدُوِّ. (
S,
TA.)
b4: And Plunder, or pillage. (
TA.)
b5: And hence, (
Mgh,
Msb,) [Horsemen making a raid, or a sudden, or an unexpected, attack, upon an enemy, or upon the dwellings of an enemy, and engaging with them in conflict: horsemen urging their horses upon, or against, a people:]
i. q. ↓ خَيْلٌ مُـ
ـغِيرَةٌ: (
S,
Mgh,
Msb,
TA:) and one says also ↓ خيل مِـ
ـغِيرَةٌ, with kesr. (
TA.) You say شَنَّ عَلَيْهِمُ الغَارَةَ i. e. He scattered, (
S in art. شن, and
Mgh * and
Msb, *) or poured, (
K in art. شن,) upon them [the horsemen making a raid, or sudden attack, and engaging in conflict, or the horsemen urging their horses]. (
S,
K.) The poet (El-Kumeyt Ibn-Maaroof,
TA) says, وَنَحْنُ صَبَحْنَا آلَ نَجْرَانَ غَارَةً
تَمِيمَ بْنَ مُرٍّ وَالرِّمَاحَ النَّوَادِسَا [And we gave as a morning-drink to the people of Nejrán a troop of horsemen making a raid, or sudden attack, upon them, or urging their horses against them, namely the tribe of Temeem Ibn-Murr, and the piercing spears]: he means, سَقَيْنَاهُمْ خَيْلًا مُـ
ـغِيرَةً: and تميم بن مرّ is put in the
accus. case as a substitute for غارة. (
S,
TA.)
A2: حَبْلٌ شَدِيدُ الغَارَةِ means A rope twisted hard; or hard in respect of the twisting; (
S,
TA;) غَارَةٌ being in this case [as in that first mentioned above] a
subst. standing in stead of the
inf. n. إِغَارَة: (
TA:) and so ↓ حَبْلٌ مُغَارٌ; (
S,
TA;) applied to a rope that is twisted with another. (
TA voce مِسْحَلٌ.)
A3: And الغَارَةُ signifies The navel: (
Sgh,
K:)
app. so called because of its depth. (
Sgh,
TA.) الغَوْرَةُ The sun. (
IAar,
K,
TA.)
A2: See also غَائِرَةٌ.
غِيرَةٌ Abundance of the produce of the earth: and rain: and
i. q. مِيرَةٌ [a provision of corn, or wheat, &c.]: belonging to this art. and to art. غير. (
TA.)
A2: [See also 1, last signification.]
غَوْرَى: see غَوْرٌ.
غَوِيرٌ: see غَارَةٌ, second sentence.
غَائِرَةٌ
i. q. قَائِلَةٌ [
app. as
syn. with قَيْلُولَةٌ, i. e. A sleeping in the middle of the day; though the primary signification of قَائِلَةٌ is that which here next follows]; (
S,
O,
K;) as also ↓ غَوْرَةٌ. (
O,
K.)
b2: And The middle of the day [itself]. (
K.)
b3: And one says, بُنِىَ هٰذَا البَيْتُ عَلَى غَائِرَةِ الشَّمْسِ, meaning (
tropical:) [This house, or tent, was, or has been, built, or set up,] facing the place of sunrise. (
TA.) مَغَارٌ: see غَارٌ, in two places.
b2: Also A place of entrance: and a place where a thing is sought for: you say, إِنَّكَ غُرْتَ فِى غَيْرِ مَغَارٍ Verily thou hast entered into that which is not a place of entrance: and verily thou hast sought in that which is not a place where a thing is sought for. (
TA.) مُغَارٌ: see غَارٌ.
A2: Also A place of a غَارَة [or raid, or sudden attack upon an enemy, or upon the dwellings of an enemy, with a party of armed horsemen, &c.]. (
TA.)
A3: See also غَارَةٌ, last sentence but one.
b2: Hence, (
tropical:) A horse strong, or compact, in make; as though twisted: (
Az,
TA:) or a horse strong in the joints: (
Lth,
TA:) or, applied to a horse,
i. q. مُضَمَّرٌ [made lean, or light of flesh; &c.: see 2 in art. عير: and see also مِعَارٌ in that art.]. (Aboo-Sa'eed Ed-Dareer,
TA in art. عير.) And A horse that runs swiftly. (
TA. [But in this last sense, the word should be,
accord. to rule, as here next follows.]) مُغِيرٌ A horse swift in running: [see also what next precedes:] and ↓ مِغْوَارٌ [likewise] signifies a swift horse: or this latter,
accord. to
Lh, vehement in running: and its
pl. is مَغَاوِيرُ. (
TA.)
b2: خَيْلُ مُـ
ـغِيرَةٌ and مِـ
ـغِيرَةٌ: see غَارَةٌ.
مُغَوِّرٌ: see 2.
مَغَارَةٌ and مُغَارَةٌ: see غَارٌ, first sentence.
مِغْوَارٌ: see مُغِيرٌ.
b2: Also A fighting man; and so ↓ مُغَاوِرٌ: (
S:) or the former signifies one who occupies himself much in غَارَات [or raids, or sudden attacks upon enemies, or upon the dwellings of enemies, with armed horsemen, &c.,
pl. of غَارَةٌ]; (
K,
TA;) as also ↓ مُغَاوِرٌ: (
TA:)
pl. مَغَاوِيرُ: (
S:) and مَغَاوِرُ may be a contracted
pl. of مِغْوَارٌ or a
pl. of مُغَاوِرٌ. (
TA.) مُغَاوِرٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.
