تهذيب النطق والكلام
للعلامة، سعد الدين: مسعود بن عمر التفتازاني.
المتوفى: سنة 792، اثنتين وتسعين وسبعمائة.
وهو متن، متين.
ألفه: سنة 789، تسع وثمانين وسبعمائة.
أوله: (الحمد لله الذي هدانا سواء الطريق 000 الخ)
وقال: هذه غاية تهذيب الكلام في تحرير المنطق والكلام.
جعله على قسمين:
الأول: في المنطق.
والثاني: في الكلام.
واختصر المقاصد في كلامه، ولما كان منطقه أحسن ما صنف في فنه اشتهر وانتشر في الآفاق.
فأكب عليه المحققون بالدرس والإقراء، فصنفوا له شروحاً منها:
(شرح الفاضل) العلامة جلال الدين محمد بن أسعد الصديقي، الدواني.
المتوفى: سنة 907، سبع وتسعمائة.
وهو شرح بالقول.
مفيد، مشهور.
لكنه لم يتم.
أوله: (تهذيب المنطق والكلام، توشيحه بذكر المفضل المنعام 000 الخ).
ذكر: أنه لم يلتفت إلى ما اشتهر، ولم يجمد على ما ذكر، بل أتى بتحقيقات خلا عنها الزبر المتداولة، وأشار إلى تدقيقات لم يحوها الصحف المتطاولة، مع أنه أملاها بالاستعجال على طريق الارتجال.
وعليه حواش منها:
حاشية الفاضل، الشهير: بمير، أبي الفتح، السعيدي.
المتوفى: سنة 950، خمسين وتسعمائة تقريباً.
كتبها مع تكملة شرح (الجلال).
ووعد في آخره بشرح كلامه.
واعتذر بعدم وصوله إليه السماكي.
أولها: (أما بعد، أحمد الله، مفيض الصور 000 الخ).
وحاشية: أبي الحسن بن أحمد الأبيوردي، الشهير: بدانشمند.
وحاشية: مصلح الدين: محمد بن صلاح اللاري.
المتوفى: سنة 980، ثمانين وتسعمائة (979) تقريباً.
وله شرح على الأصل.
وحاشية: الفاضل: حسين الحسيني، الخلخالي.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة 1030، ثلاثين وألف.
قلت: وذكر تاريخ وفاته في خلاصة الأثر، في سنة: أربعة عشرة بعد الألف. انتهى.
أوله: (نحمدك، يا من نور قلوب العارفين 000 الخ).
ذكر فيه: أنه علقه لولده برهان الدين: محمد، وتم تدوينه في جمادى الآخرة سنة، 1006 ست وألف.
ومن شروح التهذيب:
شرح المحقق، شيخ الإسلام: أحمد بن محمد، الشهير: بحفيد سعد الدين.
المتوفى: سنة 906، ست وتسعمائة تقريباً.
وهو شرح، ممزوج.
أوله: (أحسن ما توشح به صدور المنطق والكلام 000 الخ).
وشرح: نجم بن شهاب، المدعو: بعبد لله.
وهو شرح بالقول.
وشرح مرشد بن الإمام الشيرازي.
أوله: (تهذيب المنطق، بتهذيب الكلام، في توحيد ولي الحمد والإنعام 000 الخ).
ذكر في عنوانه: السلطان: بايزيد بن محمد خان الفاتح.
وشرح: عبيد الله بن فضل الله الخبيصي.
وهو شرح، ممزوج.
ألفه: بعد المطالعة في شرح الشمسية.
وسماه: (التهذيب).
وذكر في خطبته: عبد اللطيف خان.
أوله: (إن أحق ما يتزين بنشره منطق القاص والحاضر 000 الخ).
ذكر: أن التهذيب مشتمل على أكثر مسائل الرسالة الشمسية.
والمحصلون عن فهم مسائله الصعبة في الاضطراب لغاية إيجاز ألفاظه، فشرحه شرحاً وسيطاً.
وشرح زين الدين: عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر، المعروف: بابن العيني.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وتسعين وثمانمائة.
أوله: (الحمد لله الذي خص النوع الإنساني 000 الخ).
وهو شرح، ممزوج.
ذكر فيه: أنه لم ير في بلاد شرح هذا المتن.
وسماه: (جهد المقل).
وشرح المولى، محيي الدين: محمد بن سليمان الكافيجي.
وهو شرح مبسوط: (بقال، أقول).
وشرح الشيخ: محمد بن إبراهيم بن أبي الصفا، تلميذ بن الهمام.
وشرح: هبة الله الحسيني، الشهير: بشاه مير.
وهو شرح ممزوج.
مختصر.
أوله: (غاية تهذيب الكلام، فتح المنطق بحمد المنعام 000 الخ).
وعلى شرح (الجلال) :
رسالة.
لمولانا أحمد القزويني.
كتبها في دمشق.
في رجب سنة 952، اثنتين وخمسين وتسعمائة.
ومنها:
شرح مظفر الدين: علي بن محمد الشيرازي.
المتوفى: سنة 922، اثنتين وعشرين وتسعمائة.

زغب

1 زَغِبَ, aor. ـَ (Msb, K,) inf. n. زَغَبٌ; (Msb;) and ↓ زغّب, (JK, S, A, K,) inf. n. تَزْغِيبٌ; (S;) and ↓ ازغابّ; (K;) It, or he, was, or became, downy; or had upon it, or him, what is termed زَغَبٌ meaning as expl. below; (JK, S, K;) in any of its senses: (TA:) said of a young bird, (JK, S, A, Msb,) meaning [as above, or] its زَغَب [or down] grew forth: (A:) or its feathers were small: and, said of a boy, or a young child, his زَغَب [or downy hair] grew forth: (Msb:) and ↓ اِزْلَغَبَّ is also said of a young bird [in the same sense as the verbs above: (see art. زلغب:) or] as meaning its feathers came forth. (S.) b2: [Hence,] بَحْرٌ يَزْغَبُ (assumed tropical:) A sea, or great river, that becomes [foaming, or] in a state of commotion, and full. (JK.) 2 زَغَّبَ see the preceding paragraph: b2: and that here following.4 ازغب, said of a grape-vine, (S, K,) i. e., app., accord. to [J and] F, like أَكْرَمَ, but accord. to others of the leading lexicologists it seems to be [↓ ازغبّ,] like اِحْمَرَّ; as also ↓ ازغابّ; It produced what resembled زَغَب [or down], at the knots of the shoots, whence the bunches of grapes would grow: (TA:) this it does when the sap flows in it, (S, K, TA,) and it begins to produce leaves. (K, TA.) b2: A'Obeyd, in applying to the truffles termed بَنَاتُ أَوْبَرَ the epithet مزغبة, [written in art. وبر in copies of the K ↓ مُزْغِبَةٌ, and in the T and S and M ↓ مُزَغِّبَةٌ, but in the present art. in the TA it seems to be indicated that it is probably ↓ مُزْغِبَّةٌ,] signifying having زَغَب [i. e. down], assigns to it a verb [which may be أَزْغَبَتْ or ↓ زَغَّبَتْ or ↓ اِزْغَبَّتْ, meaning They had, or produced, a kind of downy substance]. (TA.) 8 ازدغب مَا عَلَى الخِوَانِ He took away, or swept away, [or devoured,] the whole of what was on the table of food: like ازدغف. (TA.) [See also 8 in art. زعب.]9 إِزْغَبَّ see 4, in two places.11 إِزْغَاْبَّ see 1: b2: and see also 4.

Q. Q. 4 اِزْلَغَبَّ: see 1; and see also art. زلغب.

زَغَبٌ [Down:] or the yellow [down resembling] small hairs upon the feathers of the young bird: (S:) or small and soft hair and feathers: or each of these when first coming forth: (A, K:) i. e. (TA) the small and soft hair when it first appears, of a young child, (Msb, TA,) and of a colt [or foal]; (JK, * TA;) and likewise of an old man, when his hair becomes thin and weak; (Msb;) and the feathers when they first appear, (Msb, TA,) of the young bird: (TA:) and small feathers that do not become long nor good: (JK, Msb:) n. un. with ة: (TA:) and what remains upon the head of an old man when his hair has become thin. (K.) b2: [Hence,] أَخَذَهُ بِزَغَبِهِ (assumed tropical:) He took it at its commencement, or in its first and fresh state. (JK, K.) And أَخَذَهُ بِزَغَبِ رَقَبَتِهِ [lit. He took him by the down of his neck;] meaning (assumed tropical:) he overtook him. (JK.) زَغِبٌ: see أَزْغَبُ, in three places.

زُغَبٌ: see أَزْغَبُ.

زُغَابَةٌ and ↓ زُغَابَى The smallest of زَغَب [or down]: (JK, K:) or something less in quantity than زَغَب: or something smaller than زَغَب. (TA.) One says, مَا أَصَبْتُ مِنْهُ زُغَابَةً (JK, A, K, TA) i. e. (assumed tropical:) [I obtained not from him, or it,] as much as what is termed زغابة: (L, TA:) or (tropical:) the least thing: (A:) or (assumed tropical:) anything. (K.) زُغَابَى: see the next preceding paragraph.

أَزْغَبُ [Downy;] having upon it, or him, what is termed زَغَب; as also ↓ زَغِبٌ: fem. of the former زَغْبَآءُ; and pl. زُغْبٌ. (TA.) You say فَرْخٌ

أَزْغَبُ [A downy young bird]: (A:) and فِرَاخٌ زُغْبٌ [downy young birds]. (S.) And رَجُلٌ

↓ زَغِبٌ [A downy man]: (JK:) or ↓ رَجُلٌ زَغِبُ الشَّعَرِ [a man having downy hair]. (Msb, TA.) And رَقَبَةٌ زَغْبَآءُ [A downy neck]. (JK, A, Msb.) And قِثَّآءُ أَزْغَبُ (AHn, A, TA) (tropical:) [A species of cucumber] having upon it what resembles the زَغَب [or down] of fur, which falls off by degrees when they become large, leaving them smooth. (AHn, TA.) [For another epithet of similar meaning, see 4, in three places.] b2: Also (assumed tropical:) A species of fig, (AHn, K,) larger than the وَحْشِىّ [or wild], upon which is زَغَب [or down]: when stripped of this, it comes forth black: it is large, thick, and sweet: but it is a worthless sort of fig. (AHn, TA.) b3: Applied to a horse, Black and white; or white in the hind legs as high as the thighs; syn. أَبْلَقُ. (K.) And [in like manner] applied to a mountain, Of which the whiteness is intermixed with its blackness; as also ↓ زُغَبٌ. (JK, K, TA. [In some of the copies of the K, for مِنَ الجِبَالِ, we find من الحِبَالِ: that the former is the right reading, contr. to the assertion of Freytag app. based on the explanation in the TK, appears from its being added that the fem.] الزَّغْبَآءُ is the name of a certain mountain in El-Kibleeyeh; (K, TA;) in some copies of the K, El-Kabaleeyeh. (TA.) مُزْغِبَةٌ, or مُزَغِّبَةٌ, or مُزْغِبَّةٌ: see 4.

نكت: نكت الأرض: (فريتاج عدد 1): في (محيط المحيط): نكت الأرض بقضيب أو بإصبع .. ضربها فأثر فيها. يفعلون ذلك حال التفكر. (كوسجارتن 102: 1).
نكت: قلب (ألف ليلة 1: 72): فنكت القمقم وهزه لما ينظر ما فيه فلم ينزل منه شيء وفيه أخرجت كيس من ثيابها ونكثت منه ثمانية وتسمعون خاتم (كذا -المفروض كيسا- تسعين خاتما- المترجم) (في مخطوطة رقم 1 ونكثت)، وفي (103): وقال آتوني بطبق ونكت الذرور فيه وفرشه. (انظر الجريدة الآسيوية 1827: 2: 228). وكذلك نكث الغليون. وفي (محيط المحيط): (نكت الغليون والمنفضة عند شراب الدخان لرمي ما بها من رماد).
نكت: تهكم، قدح، سخر، وخز بكلمات لاذعة (بوشر) نكت على فلان (المقري 2: 353: 1: و: 2)، وفي (فوك) نكت في فلان deridere.
نكت على فلان: لام، وفي (محيط المحيط): (نكت عليه ندد وعاب قوله أو عمله. أو مولدة).
قصير نكت: قصير القد أو القامة (بوشر).
نكتة: لاحظ تعبير كان في قلبه نكتة من الغيرة المذكور في (حياة ابن خلدون) الذي ذكرته في مربى (جذر كلمة ربو) وما جاء بعده، بقليل من قول المؤلف: فاسودت تلك النكتة في قلبه.
نكتة: فكرة لامعة (مخطوطة القلائد 1: 193): ما أنت في أهل البلاغة إلا نكتة فلكها (الثعالبي لطائف 121: 3): هو نكتة الدنيا وغرة العليا.
نكتة: قضية، مشكلة (بوشر، أبحاث 1: 186: 2)، ولذلك فقد جاء في الطبعة الأولى: وكتابي إليكم هذا مشتمل على نكتة هو يبينها ويوضحها.
نكتة: ملاحظة قصيرة توضيحية (المقري 1: 476: 16): وكان إذا قرئ عليه صحيحا البخاري ومسلم والموطأ يصحح النسخ من حفظه ويملى النكت على المواضع المحتاجة إليها، وفي (ابن بطوطة 4: 342): وفي كل علم له القدح المعلى يجلو مشكلاته بنور فهمه ويلقى نكته الرائقة من حفظه (وليس خواطره وأقواله الروحانية التي وردت في الترجمة، لأنها بعيدة كل البعد، عن مرامي المؤلف).
نكتة: قطعة، جزء، نبذة من كتاب أو من منتجات أدبية أو فكرية (يقول مؤلف كتاب الحلل الموشية - Holal- في معرض حديثه عن كتابه (عباد 2: 183: 14): إنني لم أخله من قطع الأشعار، ونكت الرسائل القصار (انظر عباد 1: 207): ونذكر في القسم الرابع نكتا وجوامع تؤدي إلى كيفية تغلب ادفوش على مدينة طليطلة.
نكتة: مجمل، مختصر، وفي (محيط المحيط): النكتة من الكلام الجملة المنقحة المحذوفة الفضول.
نكتة: بمعنى ملحة، شرارة. جناس. لمحة خبيثة (الجمع نكات ألف ليلة 2: 251= بولاق) (بوشر).
نكتة: والجمع نكت ونكائت: حكاية، فكاهة (بوشر).
نكتة: مصادفة أو مغامرة غريبة (ألف ليلة 4: 634).
نكتة: أصالة، غرابة، انفراد (بوشر).
نكتة: فكاهة مسلية، دعابة، أصالة في الفكرة أو في الشخص، هزلي، فكه (بوشر)، دعابة (صفة) (بوشر). نكتي: غير رصين، مهرج، مزاح (بوشر). تنكيت: والجمع تنكينات وتناكيت: مزحة، سخرية (بوشر، المقري 2: 108).
تنكيت: مثلما ما ورد في (محيط المحيط): التنكيت مصدر نكت وعند البلغاء أن يقصد المتكلم إلى شيء. بالذكر دون غيره مما يسد مسده لأجل نكتة في المذكور ترجح مجيئه على ما سواه كقوله وانه هو رب الشعرى. وإنما خص الشعرى بالذكر دون غيرها من النجوم وهو تعالى رب كل شيء، لأن العرب كان ظهر فيهم رجل يعرف أبي كبشة عبد الشعرى ودعا خلقا إلى عبادتها).

نكت

1 نَكَتَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. نَكْتٌ, (or نَكَتَ الأَرْضَ بِقَضِيبٍ, [&c.,] TA.) He struck the ground with a stick, (S, M, K,) or with his finger, (M,) so that it made a mark, or marks, upon it, (S, K,) with its extremity; an action of one reflecting, or meditating, and anxious. (TA.) [Thus our Saviour seems to have done in the case of the woman taken in adultery: see S. John viii. 6 and 8.] b2: Also, He struck the ground with pebbles. (TA.) b3: Hence, (tropical:) He reflected, or meditated, and talked to himself (TA, from a trad.) b4: نَكَتَ, aor. ـُ (S, K,) inf. n. نَكْتٌ, (K,) He (a horse) bounded (نَبَا, S, K) from the ground, (S,) in running. (TA.) b5: نَكَتَهُ He threw it down upon the ground. (TA.) b6: نَكَتَ كِتَابَتَهُ He scattered the contents of his quiver. (TA.) See نكب.] b7: طَعَنَهُ فَنَكَتَهٌ He thrust him, or pierced him, and threw him down upon his head. (As, S, K. *) b8: نُكِتَ It (a cooked bone, containing marrow,) was struck with the edge of a cake of bread, or with some other thing, to cause the marrow to fall out. (TA.) نُكِتَ العَظْمُ The marrow to the bone was taken out, or extracted. (Aboo-'Ameythel.) Mentioned in art. بقت, q. v. (TA.) A2: نَكَتَ فِى كَلاَمِهِ and فِى قَوْلَهِ, [aor, ?? inf. n. نَكْتٌ? (in the TA, the verb is written without the syll points, but the form commonly known in the present day, and occurring in many late works, is ↓ نكّت, inf. n. نَنْكِيتٌ; (tropical:) He made use of nice, or subtile, sayings, ??

sions, such as are termed نُكَت, pl. of نُكْتَة)] (A.) b2: نَكَتُ فِى العِلْمِ بِمُوَافقَهِ فُلَانٍ أَوْ مُخَالَفَةِ فُلَانِ He alluded (أَشَارَ) (with respect to science, to the agreement of such a one, or the di??

ment of such a one]. (L) 2 نكّت الرُّطَبُ, inf. n. تَنْكِيتٌ, The dates began to ripen [and to become speckled]. (Msb.) b2: See 1.8 انتكت He was thrown down upon his head; or fell down upon his head, having been thrust, or pierced. (S, K *) نَكْتٌ: see نُكْيَةٌ.

نُكَتَةٌ A point; a dot; a speck; a minute spot; i. q. نُقْطَةٌ: (S, K:) pl. نُكَتٌ, (Msb, &c) agreeably with analogy, (TA,) and نِكَاتٌ, (K,) deviating from analogy, and, accord. to some, نُكَاتٌ, in which the ا is said to be added لِلْإِشْبَاعِ, or to render the sound of the fet-hah full, like رُخَالٌ (TA:) the last of these pls. has been heard [from the classical Arabs]; (Esh-Shiháb, in the Expos. of the Shifà;) or it is vulgar. (Msb.) b2: نُكْتَةٌ [A small spot, or mark,] resembling dirt upon a mirror: (K:) نُكْتَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ A small [black] mark, like a spot, or dot, resembling dirt upon a mirror or a sword or the like (L, from a trad.) b3: نُكْتَةٌ [A spot in the eye;] what resembles a وَقْرَة in the eye. (L.) b4: [↓ نَكْتٌ seems to be a quasi-pl. of نُكْتَةٌ, like as نَقْطٌ is said to be (by some persons in the present day) of نُقْطَةٌ, and to signify Any small spots, or specks, in a thing, differing therefrom in colour. Such I suppose to be meant by the words in the L, كلّ نَقْطٍ فى شىء خالف لونه نَكْتٌ.]

A2: نُكْتَةٌ (tropical:) A nice, subtile, subtilely excogitated, quaint, facetious, or witty, saying, expression, or allusion, (لَطِيفَة) that makes an impression upon the heart; from النَّكْتُ [the striking the ground with a stick &c., so as to make a mark, or marks, upon it with its extremity]: also, a question educed by reflection, [بِالتَّفَكُّرِ, as the passage here translated is given in the Kull, p. 362, but in the TA بالنقل, which is an evident mistake, as might be shown by many authorities,] which makes an impression upon the heart, on hearing or considering which one generally makes marks upon the ground with the finger or the like: (El-Fenáree's Expos. of the Telweeh:) a nice, or subtile, saying, expression, or allusion, that requires one to reflect, and [induces one] to make marks upon the ground with a stick or the like: (from a scholium quoted by De Sacy, Anthol. Gr. Ar., 303:) [a nice, subtile, abstruse, or mystical, point, or allusion: the point of a saying or sentence, especially one that is difficult to be understood: a conceit expressed in words difficult to be understood: a quaint conceit: a point of wit: a facetious saying or allusion: pl., generally, نُكَتٌ]. b2: جَاءَ بِنُكْتَهٍ (tropical:) [He uttered a nice, or subtile, saying, expression, or allusion, &c.]. (A.) نَكِيتٌ Spoken against; having his reputation wounded. (TA.) نَكَّاتٌ (and ↓ مُنَكِّتٌ TA) (tropical:) One who speaks much, or frequently, against others; who wounds the reputations of others, much, or frequently. (K.) b2: زَيْدٌ نَكَّاتٌ فِى الأَعْرَاضِ Zeyd is one who wounds the reputations of others much, or frequently. (TA.) نَاكِتٌ A distortion in a camel's elbow, so that it lacerates his side: (El-'Adebbes El-Kinánee, S, K:) or the cutting of a camel's side by his elbow: (L:) or [that fault in a camel] when his elbow makes a mark, or marks, upon his side: in this case you say, بِهِ ناكتٌ: but when it makes an incision, or incisions, in his side, you say بِهِ حَازٌّ: (IAar) or ناكت is similar to نَاحِزٌ, i. e. the elbow's striking, and making a mark, or marks, upon the edge of the callous lump beneath his breast; in the case of which you say به ناكت: (Lth:) and nearly the same is said in the A. (TA.) مَنْكُوتٌ A cooked bone, containing marrow, that is struck with the edge of a cake of bread, or with some other thing, to cause the marrow to fall out. (TA.) مُنَكِّتٌ: see نَكَّاتٌ. b2: رُطَبَةٌ مُنَكِّتَةٌ, A date beginning to ripen [and to become speckled]. (S, K.) ظَلَفَةٌ مَنْتَكِتَةٌ The extremity of the curved piece of wood termed حِنْو in the kind of saddle called قَتَب, and in that called إِكَاف, when it is short, and wounds the side of the camel. (TA.)

ظفر

1 ظَفَرَهُ: see 2.

A2: [See also ظَفَرٌ. b2: ] ظَفِرَتْ عَيْنُهُ, (T, S, O, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. ظَفَرٌ (S, O) and ظَفَارَةٌ; (O;) and, as some say, ظُفِرَت; (T;) His eye had what is termed a ظَفَرَة or ظُفْر. (T, S, O, K.) b3: And ظُفِرَ He (a man) had upon his eye what is termed a ظَفَرَة or ظُفْر. (T, O, K.) A3: ظَفِرَ, aor. ـَ (Msb,) inf. n. ظَفَرٌ, He attained, got, got possession of, or acquired, what he desired, or sough: (Lth, * S, * M, * A, * Msb, K: *) he succeeded, or was successful: (Msb:) he won, was victorious, or gained the victory: (Lth, T:) and ↓ اِظَّفَرَ [originally اِظْتَفَرَ] signifies the same as ظَفِرَ. (S.) You say, ظَفِرَ بِهِ and عَلَيْهِ, and ظَفِرَهُ, He attained it, got it, got possession of it, or acquired it; (M, K;) and in like manner ↓ اِظَّفَرَ, of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ. (K.) And ظَفِرْتُ بِالضَّالَّةِ I found the stray, or lost beast. (Msb.) and ظَفِرَ بِعَدُوِّهِ (S, A, Msb) and عَلَيْهِ, (Akh, S, A,) and ظَفِرَهُ, (S,) He gained the victory, or mastery, over his enemy; he overcame him. (S, * A, Msb. *) b2: [Hence,] ظَفِرَتِ النَّاقَةُ لَقَحًا (tropical:) The she-camel took, or received, impregnation. (A, TA.) And مَا ظَفِرَتْكَ عَيْنِى (Az, T, S, A, K) مُنْذُ حِينٍ (Az, T) or مُنْذُ زَمَانٍِ (S, A) (tropical:) My eye hath not seen thee [for some time]: (Az, T, S, A, K:) like مَا أَخَذَتْكَ. (Az, T.) A4: [ظَفَرَ in the dial. of Himyer is said by Freytag, on the authority of the Kitáb el-Addád, to signify He sat.]2 ظفّر فِيهِ, (A, K,) inf. n. تَظْفِيرٌ, (S,) He inserted his nail into it; (S, A, K;) namely, an apple, and the like, (S, K,) a cucumber, and a melon: (A:) and [in like manner] ↓ اِظَّفَرَ, of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ, he stuck, or fixed, his nail [into a thing]; (S, K, TA;) and so اِطَّفَرَ, with the unpointed ط. (TA.) You say, ظفّر فُلَانٌ فِى وَجْهِ فُلَانٍ Such a one stuck his nail into the flesh of the face of such a one, and wounded it. (TA.) and نَيَّبَ فِى لَحْمِهِ وَظَفَّرَ He stuck his dog-tooth and his nail into his flesh, and wounded it. (A.) and ظفّر فُلَانٌ فِى كَذَا وَنَيَّبَ (tropical:) Such a one clung to, caught to, or took fast hold upon, such a thing. (A in art. نيب.) Also ظفّرهُ; and ↓ ظَفَرَهُ, aor. ـِ (M, K;) and ↓ اِظَّفَرَهُ, in the K erroneously written أَظْفَرَهُ; (TA;) He stuck his nail into his face; (M, K;) and so اِطَّفَرَهُ, with ط. (TA.) And ظفّرهُ [He clawed it;] he stuck his nail into it, (namely, anything,) and broke it, or made a mark [or scratch] upon it. (M.) And ↓ اِظَّفَرَ الصَّقْرُ الطَّائِرَ The hawk seized the bird with his talons. (K.) b2: ظفّر said of بَقْل [or herbs, or leguminous plants,] (tropical:) They put forth what resembled the أَظْفَار [or talons] of the bird. (M, TA.) And said of the عَرْفَج, (K, TA,) and of the أَرْطَى, (TA,) (tropical:) It put forth what resembled أَظْفَار, (K, TA,) when it put forth its [leaves termed] خُوص. (TA.) And said of the نَصِىّ, and of the وَشِيج, and of the بَرْدِىّ, and of the ثُمَام, and of the صِلِّيَان, and of the غَرَز, and of هَدَب, (tropical:) It, or they, put forth yellow shoots, resembling the ظُفُر [or talon], which are the خُوص thereof, that come forth therefrom having a dustcoloured flower. (M, TA.) [Or,] said of a plant, (Ks, T, S,) inf. n. as above, (Ks, T,) (assumed tropical:) It came forth; (Ks, T;) from الأَظْفَار: (T:) or it came forth of the measure of the ظُفْر [or nail]. (S.) And ظفّرت الأَرْضُ (assumed tropical:) The land put forth plants, or herbage, that might be uprooted (يُمْكِنُ احْتِفَاؤُهُ, so in the M, in the K احْتِفَارُهُ,) with the nail, (M,) or with the fingers. (K.) b3: ظفّر ثَوْبَهُ, (M, and so in a copy of the K,) inf. n. as above, (K,) (assumed tropical:) He perfumed his garment (M, and thus in that copy of the K) with what is termed ظُفْر: (M:) or ظفّر ثَوْبَهُ بِالأَظْفَارِ he perfumed his garment with what are termed أَظْفَار. (So accord. to other copies of the K.) b4: And ظفّر الجِلْدَ, (K,) or ظَفَّرْتُ الجِلْدَ, (M,) (assumed tropical:) He, (K,) or I, (M,) rubbed the skin in order that its أَظْفَار (M, K) which means its creased parts (M) might become smooth. (M, K.) A2: ظفّرهُ also signifies, and so ↓ اظفرهُ, [He caused him to attain, get, get possession of, or acquire, what he desired, or sought: he caused him to succeed, or to be successful: and] He (God) caused him to be victorious, to gain the victory, or to overcome. (A.) You say, ظفّرهُ بِهِ (S, M) and عَلَيْهِ, (M, TA,) inf. n. as above; (S;) and به ↓ اظفرهُ (S, M, Msb) and عليه; (M, Msb;) He (God, S, M, or a man, Msb) caused him to gain the victory over him, or to overcome him, (M, Msb,) namely, his enemy. (S, Msb.) b2: And ظفّرهُ عَلَيْهِ He declared him to have overcome him: said of one who has been asked which of two persons had overcome. (T.) b3: And ظفّرهُ, (M, K,) inf. n. as above, (K,) He prayed for him that he might attain what he desired, or sought; or that he might be successful, or victorious. (M, K.) 4 أَظْفَرَ see the next preceding paragraph, latter part, in two places.6 تظافروا عَلَيْهِ and تضافروا and تظاهروا all signify the same; so says Ibn-Buzurj; (T, TA;) explaining the meaning to be, They leagued together, and aided one another, against him; i. e. عَلَى فُلَانٍ [against such a one]: (TA in art. ضفر:) the first of these has been said to be incorrect; but it is mentioned also by Sgh, as syn. with the third; and by Ibn-Málik, among words that are with ض and with ظ. (TA in the present art.) 8 إِظْتَفَرَ see 2, in three places: A2: and see also 1, in two places.

ظَفْرٌ: see the next paragraph.

ظُفْرٌ (T, S, M, A, Msb, K, &c.) and ↓ ظُفُرٌ, (Msb, K,) which latter is the most chaste form, and the form adopted by the seven readers in the Kur vi. 147, and the former is a contraction of this, [but is the most common form,] (Msb,) and ↓ ظِفْرٌ, which is extr., (M, Msb, K,) and disallowed by IDrd, (O,) and ↓ ظِفِرٌ, which is also extr., (Msb,) and ↓ أُظْفُورٌ, (T, M, A, Msb, K,) which is erroneously mentioned in the S as a pl. of ظُفْرٌ, (Sgh, Msb, K,) by an anticipation of the pen; (Msb;) or, accord. to MF, it si said in most of the copies of the S, (but this is not the case,) ظُفْرٌ has for its pl. أَظْفَارٌ; and أُظْفُورٌ [has for its pl.] أَظَافِيرُ; (TA;) [and this, being the reading in most of the copies of the S seen by MF, is probably what J wrote;] A certain wellknown thing; (M;) [i. e. a nail; and a talon, or claw;] pertaining to a human being, (M, Ibn-Es-Seed, Msb, K,) and to others; (M, K;) to the beasts and birds mentioned in the next following sentence, [as well as to man,] accord. to the authorities there cited; (TA;) and to every ruminant, as syn. with ظِلْفٌ [i. e. a cloven hoof]: (T and M in art. ظلف:) or to a beast, or bird, that does not prey; [as well as to man;] that of such as preys being termed مِخْلَبٌ: (M:) [and in the present day applied also to the spur of a cock:] it is of the masc. gender: (Lh, M, Msb:) the pl. (of ظُفْرٌ, S, M, Msb, &c.) is أَظْفَارٌ (S, M, Msb, K, &c.) and sometimes أَظْفُرٌ, (Msb,) [both of which are pls. of pauc., but the former is used as a pl. of mult. also,]. and (of أُظْفُورٌ, M, Msb, or of أَظْفَارٌ, and therefore a pl. pl., M) أَظَافِيرُ: (M, Msb, K:) that ↓ أُظْفُورٌ is a sing. [and not like أُبْقُورٌ which is a quasi-pl. n.] is shown by the saying of a poet, مَا بَيْنَ لُقْمَتِهَا الأُولَى إِذَا انْحَدَرَتْ وَبَيْنَ أُخْرَى تَلِيهَا قِيسُ أُظْفُورِ (K) or قِيدُ أُظْفُورِ (Msb) [i. e. What is between her first morsel, when it descends into her throat, and another that follows it, is the measure of a finger-nail]: or, as some relate it, إِذَا ازْدَرَدَتْ [when she swallows]; and it is thus cited [in the T and] in the “ Basáïr ” of the author of the K. (TA.) The phrase كُلَّ ذِى ظُفُرٍ in the Kur vi. 147 comprises camels and ostriches; (so in the T and TS and L; but in the K, الأَنْعَام is erroneously put for النَّعَام; TA;) because their مَنَاسِم are like أَظْفَار to them: (T, K, TA:) I'Ab says that it comprises camels; and also ostriches, because they have nails like camels: or any bird that has a مِخْلَب, and any beast that has a solid hoof: or, accord. to Mujáhid and Katádeh, every beast and bird that has not divided toes; as the camel and ostrich and goose and duck. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] الأَظْفَارُ is the name of (assumed tropical:) Certain small stars; (S;) certain stars before النَّسْر [meaning النَّسْر الوَاقِع i. e. the star a of Lyra: app. because regarded as the talons of the نسر]: (K:) or a certain dim star in الشَّلْيَاق [q. v., i. e. the constellation Lyra]. (Kzw.) b3: [Hence also,] إِنَّهُ لَكَلِيلُ الظُّفْرِ, (T,) or إِنَّهُ لَمَقْلُومُ الظُّفْرِ, (TA,) (tropical:) Verily he is one who does not slay or wound an enemy: (T, TA:) and إِنَّهُ مَقْلُومُ الظُّفْرِ عَنْ أَذَى

النَّاسِ (tropical:) Verily he is one who does little hurt to mankind. (T, A, TA.) And هُوَ كَلِيلُ الظُّفْرِ (tropical:) He is weak, or abject, or despicable; (T, S, K, TA;) said of a man; (K, TA;) or so مُقَلَّمُ الظُّفْرِ: (K: [in the TA, as from the K, مُقَلَّمُ الأَظْفَارِ:]) or (tropical:) he is sick, or diseased. (A.) And بِهِ ظُفْرٌ مِنْ مَرَضٍ (tropical:) [app. meaning In him is an evil result of a disease, that has clung to him]. (A, TA. [In the A, this immediately follows what here next precedes it; and is immediately followed by the words وَذُبَابٌ ظَفِرَ مِنْهُ, which seem to be added by way of explanation; thus in my copy; but I think that ظَفِرَ مِنْهُ here is a mistake for ظَفَّرَ فِيهِ, and have assumed this to be the case in rendering the phrase.]) b4: And قَرَّحْتُهُ مِنْ ظُفْرِهِ إِلَى شُفْرِهِ (tropical:) [lit. I wounded him much, from his nail to the edge of his eyelid; but mentioned as tropical; app. meaning from toe to head]; like as one says, مِنْ قَرْنِهِ. (A.) b5: And مَا بَالدَّارِ ظُفْرٌ, (K,) or ما بالدار ظُفْرٌ وَلَا شُفْرٌ, (A, O,) (tropical:) There is not in the house any one. (A, O, K.) And مَا تَرَكَتِ السَّنَةُ ظُفْرًا وَلَا شُفْرًا (tropical:) The year of drought left not anything: and sometimes they said شَفْرًا, with fet-h, and in this case they said ↓ ظَفْرًا, for assimilation. (A in art. شفر.) And رَأَيْتُهُ بِظُفْرِهِ (tropical:) I saw him himself. (O, K, TA.) b6: ظُفْرُ النَّسْرِ is the name of (assumed tropical:) A certain plant, (K, TA,) resembling what is [properly] thus termed [i. e. the talon of the vulture]. (TA.) And ظُفْرُ القِطِّ is the name of (assumed tropical:) Another plant. (K, TA.) b7: And الظُّفْرُ, (M,) or الأَظْفَارُ, (T, M, A, Mgh, O, K, &c.,) for this word in the sense here following has no sing. (T, M, O, K) accord. to the author of the 'Eyn, (M,) but sometimes one said وَاحِدَةٌ ↓ أَظْفَارَةٌ, which is not allowable by rule, and made the pl. of this to be أَظَافِيرُ, (T, O, K, * [mentioned in the M as a pl. of الظُّفْرُ,]) though, if they formed a sing. from it, it should be ظُفْرٌ, (T, O, K,) signifies (tropical:) A certain odoriferous substance, (T, Mgh, O, K,) or a sort thereof, (M,) [i. e. unguis odoratus, (called in the present day ظُفْرُ الطِّيبِ and ظُفْرُ العِفْرِيتِ,) or ungues odorati,] black, (T, M, O,) resembling a ظُفْر [or nail] (T, M, Mgh, O, K) of a man (M) pulled out (in the M and O and K مُقْتُلَف, and in the T مُقَلَّف,) from the root thereof, (T, M, O, K, [but in the M, the words which I have rendered “ pulled out ” &c. immediately follow the words ضَرْبٌ مِنَ العِطْرِ

أَسْوَدُ,]) or resembling the أَظْفَار [or finger-nails], (A,) and put into دُخْتَة [or incense]: (T, M, O:) and, accord. to the K, ↓ ظَفَارٌ, sometimes imperfectly decl., i. e. ↓ ظَفَارُ, signifies the same; but this is very strange, for [SM says] I have referred to the M and T and O and other lexicons without finding them to have mentioned in this sense any term but الأَظْفَارُ or الظُّفْرُ: accord. to the “ Minháj,” أَظْفَارُ الطِّيبِ are pieces of an odoriferous substance resembling the أَظْفَار [properly so called]; they are said by [the Arabic translator of] Dioscorides to be of the nature of the shards of shells, [so I render مِنْ جِنْسِ أَخْزَافِ الصَّدَفِ, supposing اخزاف to be here used tropically,] found in an island of the Sea of India where is the سُنْبُل [or spikenard], a sort whereof is [called] قُلْزُمِىّ [i. e. of El-Kulzum], and another which is [called]

بَابِلِىّ [i. e. of Bábil], black and small, and the best is that which inclines to whiteness, which drifts to El-Yemen and El-Bahreyn. (TA.) [Forskål, in his “ Descr. Animalium ” &c., mentions what here follows, among the animal substances of the materia medica of Cairo, in page 143: “ Unguis odoratus. (Opercula Cochl.) Dofr el afrît, ضفر العفريت i. e. unguis dæmonis. E Mochha per Sués. Arabes etiam afferunt. Nigritis fumigatorium est. ” (ضفر is here written, agreeably with the usual vulgar pronunciation, for ظُفْر.) See also قُسْطٌ,] b8: أَظْفَارٌ signifies also (assumed tropical:) Large قِرْدَان [or ticks]. (S, O, K.) b9: and (assumed tropical:) The creased parts of a skin. (M, TA.) b10: and the ظُفْر of a bow is (tropical:) The part in the curved end that is beyond the place where the string is tied, to the extremity: (As, T, S, M, * O, K: *) or the end of the bow: (K:) or each end of the bow, beyond the place where the string is tied: (A:) pl. ظِفَرَةٌ. (M, TA.) b11: See also ظَفَرَةٌ.

ظِفْرٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

ظَفَرٌ, in a man, The quality of having long nails. (ISk, S, O.) [App., in this sense, an inf. n. of which the verb is ظَفِرَ; as it is in other senses: see 1.]

A2: See also ظَفَرَةٌ.

A3: Also Low, or depressed, ground, (S, O, K,) that produces plants, or herbage. (S, O.) ظَفِرٌ Sharp in the nail [or having sharp nails]. (A.) b2: And A man having upon his eye what is termed a ظَفَرَة; (A;) and so ↓ مَظْفُورٌ. (T, A, Mgh, K.) b3: And عَيْنٌ ظَفِرَةٌ An eye having what is termed a ظَفَرَة; (T, M, A, K;) as also ↓ مَظْفُورَةٌ. (A.) A2: Also [Successful;] victorious; applied to a man; (S;) and so ↓ ظَافِرٌ: (Msb, TA:) or ظَفِرٌ (IDrd, M, A, K) and ↓ ظَفِيرٌ (IDrd, M, K) and ↓ ظِفِّيرٌ, (IDrd, Sgh, K) but this is said by IDrd to be not of established authority, (TA,) and ↓ مُظَفَّرٌ (IDrd, M, A, K) and ↓ مِظْفَارٌ, (IDrd, O, K,) all signify a man very, or often, successful or victorious: (IDrd, O, TA:) or (tropical:) one who does not endeavour after a thing without attaining it. (M, A, K.) ظُفُرٌ and ظِفِرٌ: see ظُفْرٌ.

ظُفْرَةٌ A certain plant, burning, or biting, to the tongue, (K, TA,) resembling the ظُفْر [or nail] in its coming forth, (TA,) that has a beneficial effect upon foul ulcers, and warts. (K, TA.) b2: And ظُفْرَةُ العَجُوزِ The rounded head of prickles of the [thistle called] حَسَك. (K, * TA.) b3: See also the next paragraph.

ظَفَرَةٌ A pellicle that comes over the eye, (T, S, Mgh, O, K,) growing from the side next the nose, (T, S, O,) upon the white of the eye, (S, Mgh, O,) extending to the black: (S, O:) sometimes it is cut off: if left, it covers the eye, and obscures the sight: (T:) or a certain disease in the eye, which causes a tegument like the nail to come over it: or a piece of flesh that grows at the inner angle of the eye, extending to the black, and sometimes encroaching upon the black: (M:) it is also called ↓ ظُفْرٌ (A 'Obeyd, T, S, M, Mgh, O, K) and ↓ ظُفْرَةٌ, (T, Mgh,) these two terms being applied to it by the physicians, (Mgh,) and ↓ ظَفَرٌ (TA) and ↓ ظِفَارَةٌ, (so in a copy of the T, as on the authority of Ibn-Buzurj,) or ↓ ظَفَارَةٌ. (So in the O.) ظَفَارٌ and ظَفَارُ: see ظُفْرٌ.

A2: [ظَفَارِ is well known as the name of a city in El-Yemen; or, accord. to the O, of two cities and two fortresses in El-Yemen. And accord. to the TA, it signifies Any land that is ذات مَعَزَّة: but the latter of these two words has been altered by an erasure over the second letter, and is perhaps incorrect: if not, it may mean, agreeably with the analogy of many words of the measure مَفْعَلَةٌ, as مَقْدَرَةٌ and مَفْلَحَةٌ and مَنْجَاةٌ &c., such as possesses means of overcoming, or withstanding, invaders: and it may be that hence ظَفَارِ is in two instances the name of a fortress.]

ظَفُورٌ [app. syn. with ظَفِرٌ and ظَفِيرٌ] is one of the appellations of the Prophet. (MF, TA.) ظَفِيرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

ظَفَارَةٌ or ظِفَارَةٌ: see ظَفَرَةٌ.

جَزْعٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ [onyx of Dhafári] is so called in relation to ظَفَارِ, a city of El-Yemen, (T, S, Mgh, O, K,) near صَنْعَآء, (K,) two days' journey from the latter. (O.) And in like manner, عُودٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ [Aloes-wood of Dhafári]: i. e. the عود with which one fumigates: (S:) or قُسْط, (O, K, TA,) which means the same, (TA, [but see this word,]) is called [قُسْطُ ظَفَارِ and قُسْطٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ] in relation to ظَفَارِ, another city of El-Yemen, near مِرْبَاط, (O, K, TA,) described by Yákoot as in the furthest part of El-Yemen, on the shore of the Sea of India, near الشَّحْر; (TA;) because it is brought thither from India. (O, K, TA.) ظِفِّيرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

ظَافِرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

أَظْفَرُ A man having long nails: (ISk, S, A:) or having long and broad nails: (M, K:) and in like manner applied to a مَنْسِم [or foot of a camel]: ظَفْرَآءُ [the reg. fem.] has not been heard. (M.) أُظْفُورٌ: see ظُفْرٌ, in two places. b2: Also (assumed tropical:) The slender thing [or tendril] that twines upon the branch of a grape-vine. (K.) أَظْفَارَةٌ: see ظُفْرٌ, latter half.

مُظَفَّرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: قَوْسٌ مُظَفَّرَةٌ (assumed tropical:) A bow having somewhat cut off from each of its two ends [which are called its ظُفْرَانِ]. (O, K, TA. [In the CK, فَرَسٌ is erroneously put for قَوْسٌ.]) مِظْفَارٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: Also The [instrument called]

مِنْقَاش [q. v.]. (Fr, O, K.) مَظْفُورٌ; and its fem.: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: مَظْفُورٌ بِهِ Overcome, or conquered; [as also مَظْفُورٌ عَلَيْهِ, and مَظْفُورٌ alone; (see 1;)] applied to a man. (TA.)

عصب: عصب: قارن ما ذكره لين 2057 في الآخر بما جاء في أخبار (ص152) مع تعليقي عليه.
عصب: المعنى الثاني عشر في معجم فريتاج. ويقال مجازاً: افلت بعد عصب الريق.
عَصَّب (بالتشديد): ضمدَّ أو لأم جرحاً.
(هلو) وفي البكري: عصب جراحه.
عصب عَيْنيهَ: غطى عينيه، غمى عينيه.
(ألف ليلة 1: 35، 77).
عصَّب: كسا البرج وغطاه بقطعة قماش (مملوك 222: 212).
أعصب: فسر شارح ديوان مسلم قولهم معتدل الهوى بقوله: ليس لك أعْصِبْ. ويرى الناشر أن هذا الفعل للتعجب= ليس لك أن يقال أَعْصِبْ بيعقوب أي ليس لك أن يقال ما أشد يعقوب وأقواه. وهذا فيما أرى مشكوك فيه.
تعصبَّ. والمصدر منه تعصُّب: وهي المحاماة عن عصبته وقومه والغضب لهم. (بوشر).
تعصَّب بأو مع: تحزَّب له وانضم إلى حزبه وجماعته، وتحالف. (بوشر).
تعصَّب: دبر مؤامرة. (بوشر).
تعصَّب: تألب. (بوشر).
تعصَّب: اعتنق رأيا، انتمى إلى حزب. (بوشر).
تعصب برأي أحد: تعلق برأيه وارتبط به.
تعصَّب: تآمر على، ائتمر، ويقال: تعصب مع ناس على: دبر مكيدة معهم، تآمر معهم.
(بوشر، ياقوت 1: 521).
اعتصبْ ب: انضم إلى لوائه، اعتنق رأيه، انتمى إلى حزمه. ويقال: اعتصب مع: تحالف مع، وتحزب معه (بوشر).
اعصوصب: يقال اعصوصب على دعوة فلان: أعلنوا أنهم من عصبته ومؤيديه. (تاريخ البربر 1: 27) ويقال: أعصوصب على فلان. تاريخ البربر 1: 87).
اعصوصب بفلان: لم يتضح لي معناها، ففي حيان- بسام (1: 120و): فارتاعت صنهاجة من معسكر المرتضى واعصوصبوا بأميرهم زاوي مسلمين له بالتدبير.
عَصْب أو عُصْب: اسم نبات، وتجمع على عصاب (معجم الادريسي) وانظر ابن البيطار (2: 196) ففيه: هو النبات المسمى باليونانية نوارس، وهذا في مخطوطة أب (2: 563) وفي مخطوطة أب (2: 196): العصب، وكذلك عند ديسقوريدوس 3: 15).
عَصَب: رباط عظم، ويقول صاحب المعجم المنصوري أن هذه الكلمة ليست من فصيح اللغة بهذا المعنى.
وفي معجم فوك: عصب: وتر العضلة، وجمعها أعصاب.
عَصَب: معنى هذه الكلمة في المعجم اللاتيني- العربي محك للعظام، وهذا غريب.
عصِب: أحذف من معجم فريتاج معنى آلة تعذيب. وانظر: فليشر (معجم ص32).
عصبة (عَصْبة أو عِصْبة): رَبْط الجرح بالعِصاب وهو ما يشدّ به منديل أو خرقة. ففي مجمع الأنهر (2: 259) واختلف في عصبة الجراحة بالحرير.
عَصْبة: هي في مصر طرحة من الحرير مربعة الشكل سوداء اللون لها حاشية حمراء وصفراء، وهي تبطن بصورة منحرفة، ثم يلف بها الرأس، وتعقد من الخلف عقدة واحدة. (الملابس ص300). وهي في دمشق= منديل (زيشر 22: 147).
عصبة: نوع من القلانس تلبس عند النوم. (بوشر).
عَصْبة؟: محبة، تعلق، حنان. ففي قصة عنتر (ص6): زادت عصبته لعنتر.
عُصْبَة. وجمعها عُصَب: حزب، جماعة من الناس. زمرة، عصابة، متآمرون، طغمة، تحالف، ائتلاف، اتحاد، مؤامرة. (بوشر).
عصبة الشعب: ثورة الشعب وعصيانه وهيجانه. وثورة الغوغاء. (بوشر).
عَصَبَة: الذين نطلق عليهم كلمة عصبة في الفرائض من ليست لهم فريضة مسماة في الميراث وانما يأخذون ما أبقى ذوو الفروض. وقد ذكرهم فنست في دراسات في الشريعة الإسلامية (ص65).
عَصبة: سلسلة صغيرة تربط بالقرطين وتعلق على الجبهة بصورة تشكل نوعاً من الأكاليل.
(دوماس حياة العرب ص173).
عصبة الساق: ربلة الساق. (همبرت ص5)، ويقال أيضاً: عصبة فقط (هلو) وفيه الجمع أعصاب.
عَصَبَة: شريط، رباط، عِصاب، عصابة. وهي عَصّبة في معجم فريتاج.
عصبي: سريع التأثر والانفعال.
عصبية: لاحظ قولهم: كانت دعوته عصبية المولدين على العرب. (حيان ص11 ق).
عصبان: مصارين تقطع قطعاً صغيرة وتخلط باللحم وتتبل مع الرز والفلفل والملح وكثير من الاباريز والتوابل (دوماس حياة العرب ص252).
عِصاب: منديل يوضع فوق العمامة لتثبيتها (بوشر).
عِصَابة: رباط، ما يشد به من منديل أو خرقة.
عِصَاب. وجمعها في معجم بوشر: عُصَب.
عصابة انظر الملابس (ص300) وزيشر (22: 147). وفي معجم بوشر: عمارة للرأس تتكون من منديل يلف حول الرأس.
عصابة الطاقية: القسم الأعلى المدور المقبب منها. والقسم الأعلى منها الذي لا يمس الرأس.
(الملابس ص282). عصابة: راية من الحرير مزركشة بالذهب تحمل خلف السلطان تعلوها خصلة من الشعر وكانت شارة السلطنة. (مملوك 1، 1: 135، 192، 227، د 228، 250، دي ساسي طرائف 2: 268 (وقد ترجمت ترجمة سيئة، المقدمة 2: 46).
عِصَابة: عند اليهود قدة من جلد كتب عليها آيات من التوراة تجعل على الجبهة أو المصدر أو العنق أو اليد علامة للتقوى والديانة، وربما اتخذوها عوذة. (محيط المحيط).
عصَابية- دهماوية (بوشر).
عَصَاب: هو بالمغرب نبات اسمه العلمي. Lipidium Latifolium ففي المستعيني: شيطرج: وهو العَصَّاب (والشدة بالمخطوطتين) وفي معجم المنصوري مادة شيطرج: وأكثر المتأخرين على إنه المسمى بالمغرب العَصَّاب (وضبط الكلمة في في المخطوطة) وفي ابن البيطار مادة شيطرج هو العصاب بالبربرية، وفيه بعد ذلك (2: 196) (ولم يذكر سونثمير هذه المادة): عُصاب هو الشيطرج بالبربرية. وضبط الكلمة هذا في مخطوطة ب.
تعْصيب: قوة الأعصاب (الكالا).
معَصَّب: عصبي، سريع التأثر والانفعال (فوك، الكالا).

عصب

1 عَصَبَ, aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. عَصْبٌ, (S, A, Mgh, O, K,) He twisted [a thing], or wound [it] round: (A, K, TA:) this is the primary signification: (TA:) and he folded [it]; (A, K;) or he folded [it] tightly: (S, O, TA:) and he bound [it], or tied [it]: (A, Mgh, K, TA:) عَصْبٌ denotes the binding, or tying, a thing with another thing, lengthwise, or [more commonly] around. (O.) See also 2, first sentence. [And see مَعْصُوبٌ.] b2: He twisted, or spun, thread. (K, * TA.) And He put together thread, and bound it, previously to dyeing it. (TA.) b3: عَصَبَ الكَبْشَ, (S, O, Msb, K, *] aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (S, Msb, K,) He bound, or tied, (tightly, TA) the testicles of the ram, in order that they might fall, without his extracting them: (S, O, Msb, K:) and in like manner one says of a goat, (K,) and of other beasts. (TA.) b4: عَصَبَ النَّاقَةَ, (O, Msb, K, *) aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (Msb, K, TA,) and عِصَابٌ also; (TA;) and ↓ اعتصبها; (O, K;) He bound the thighs of the she-camel, (Msb, K, TA,) or the lower parts of her nostrils, (TA,) with a cord, (Msb, TA,) in order that she might yield her milk copiously: (Msb, K, TA:) and (O) عَصَبَ فَخِذَ النَّاقَةِ [He bound the thigh of the she-camel] for that purpose. (S, O.) [See عَصُوبٌ.] Hence one says, أَعْطَى عَلَى العَصْبِ (tropical:) He gave by means of force. (TA.) And مِثْلِى لَا يَدِرُّ بِالعِصَابِ (assumed tropical:) Such a one as I am will not give by means of force. (A, TA.) b5: عَصَبَتْ فَرْجَهَا She (a woman) bound her vulva with a bandage. (Msb.) b6: عَصَبَ الشَّجَرَةَ, (S, O, K,) aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ, (K,) He drew together the branches of the tree (S, O, K, TA) that were straggling, (K, TA,) by means of a rope, (TA,) and then beat it, (S, O, K, TA,) in order that its leaves might fall. (S, O, TA.) [Golius assigns this signification also to عَصَّبَ, as on the authority of the S, in which I do not find it.] El-Hajjáj said, (S, TA,) when preaching to the people at El-Koofeh, (TA,) لَأَعْصِبَنَّكُمْ عَصْبَ السَّلَمِ (S) or السَّلَمَةِ (TA) [I will assuredly draw you together and beat you as one does the selem or the selemeh]. The سَلَمَة is a tree of the kind called عِضَاه, having thorns, and its leaves are the قَرَظ with which hides are tanned: [but see قَرَظٌ:] the removal of the leaves with the hand being difficult on account of the many thorns, its branches are drawn together and bound tightly with a rope; then the beater pulls them towards him, and beats them with his staff; whereupon the leaves become scattered for the cattle and for him who desires to gather them. (TA.) Or this is done, (S, O, TA,) accord. to A 'Obeyd, (S, O,) only (TA) when they desire to cut down the selemeh, that they may get at the stock. (S, O, TA.) [Hence,] one says, فُلَانٌ لَا تُعْصَبُ سَلَمَاتُهُ [Such a one will not have his selemehs bound round with a rope, and beaten]: a prov., applied to a strong, mighty man, not to be subdued nor abased. (A, * TA.) And one says also of winds, تَعْصِبُ الشَّجَرَ عِنْدَ دُرُوجِهَا فِيهِ (assumed tropical:) [They compress the branches of the trees, as though they bound them round, in their passage among them]: and such winds are termed ↓ عَصَائِبُ. (O.) And عَصَبَ القَوْمَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ, (assumed tropical:) It (an affair, or event,) drew the people together, and became severe to them. (Az, TA.) b7: عَصَبَ صَدْعَ الزُجَاجَةِ بِضَبَّةٍ مِنْ فِضَّةٍ He (a smith) repaired the crack of the glass vessel by putting round it a band of silver. (O, TA.) b8: عَصَبَ بِرَأْسِ قَوْمِهِ العَارَ (assumed tropical:) He made disgrace to befall his people [as though he bound it upon the head of their chief or upon the head of each of them]. (O.) It is related in a trad. respecting the battle of Bedr, that 'Otbeh the son of Rabee'ah said, اِرْجِعُوا وَلَا تُقَاتِلُوا وَاعْصِبُوهَا بِرَأْسِى (assumed tropical:) [Return ye, and fight not; and bind it upon my head]; meaning attach and attribute to me the disgrace that will befall you for relinquishing the battle and inclining to peace. (IAth, TA.) And it is said in another trad., قُومُوا بِمَا عَصَبَكُمْ بِهِ (assumed tropical:) Fulfil ye the obligations with which He (meaning God) has bound you; or which He has imposed upon you and attached to you; by his commands and prohibitions. (TA.) b9: عَصَبَ الشَّىْءَ and عَلَى

الشَّىْءِ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ and عِصَابٌ, He grasped the thing with his hand. (K, * TA.) A poet, cited by IAar, says, وَكُنَّا يَا قُرَيْشُ إِذَا عَصَبْنَا يَجِىْءُ عِصَابُنَا بِدَمٍ عَبِيطِ [And we were, O Kureysh, when we grasped our opponents, such that our grasping brought fresh blood]; عِصَابُنَا meaning our grasping those whom we opposed with the swords. (TA.) b10: and عَصَبَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ, He clung, or kept, to a thing. (K.) One says, عَصَبَ المَآءَ He kept to, or by, the water. (IAar, TA.) And عَصَبَ الرَّجُلُ بَيْتَهُ The man remained, or stayed, in his house, or tent, not quitting it. (O, TA.) b11: And He went round, encompassed, or surrounded, a thing. (K.) It is said in a trad., of the angel Gabriel, on the day of Bedr, قَدْ عَصَبَ رَأْسَهُ الغُبَارُ The dust had overspread, [or surrounded,] and clung to, his head: or, as some relate it, قَدْ عَصَمَ ثَنِيَّتَيْهِ الغُبَارُ; and if this be not a mistake, the latter verb is syn. with the former: ب and م being often interchangeable: (L, TA:) the latter phrase means, as also with عَصَبَ, the dust had stuck to his two central incisors. (TA in art. عصم.) And Ibn Ahmar says, إِذْ عَصَبَ النَّاسَ شَمَالٌ وَقُرٌ [وَقُرْ being for وَقُرٌّ] i. e. When north wind and cold environ me. (L, TA.) And one says also, عَصَبَ الغُبَارُ بِالجَبَلِ The dust encompassed, or surrounded, the mountain. (L, TA.) And عَصَبُوا بِهِ They encompassed, or surrounded, him: (S, A, Mgh, O, TA:) and they encompassed, or surrounded, him, looking at him: (S, O:) and, (Msb, K,) as also عَصِبُوا, (K,) aor. of the former عَصِبَ, (Msb, K,) and inf. n. عَصْبٌ, (Msb,) and aor. of the latter عَصَبَ, (K,) they assembled around him (Msb, K) for fight or defence. (Msb. For another explanation of عَصَبَ and عَصِبَ, see 12.) And عَصَبَ القَوْمُ بِالنَّسَبِ i. q. أَحَاطُوا بِهِ [app. meaning The people, or party, included, or comprehended, the relations, or kinsmen; for النَّسَبُ is often used for ذَوُو النَّسَبِ]. (Msb.) and عَصَبَتِ الإِبِلُ بِالمَآءِ The camels surrounded, or encircled, the water. (S, O.) b12: عَصَبَ الرِّيقُ بِفِيهِ, (S, O, K, * TA,) aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ; (K, TA;) and عَصِبَ, aor. ـَ (TA;) The saliva became dry in his mouth. (S, O, K, * TA.) And عَصَبَ الرِّيقُ فَاهُ (S, O, TA) The saliva by its drying made his mouth dry: and the saliva adhered to his mouth. (TA.) Aboo-Mohammad El-Fak'asee says, يَعْصِبُ فَاهُ الرِّيقُ أَىَّ عَصْبِ عَصْبَ الجُبَابِ بِشَفَاهِ الوَطْبِ

[The saliva makes his mouth dry, with what a drying ! as the drying of the spume of camels' milk on the lips of the skin]. (S, O.) and عَصَبَ فُوهُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ, His mouth, with his saliva, became dry. (O.) And عَصَبَ الفَمُ, (K, * TA,) aor. ـِ inf. n. عَصْبٌ and عُصُوبٌ, meaning [The mouth, or teeth, (the latter accord. to the explanation in the K,)] became foul, or dirty, from dust and the like, (K, TA,) as from vehement thirst, or fear. (TA.) b13: عَصَبَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عُصُوبٌ, He was, or became, [hungry; or] very hungry; or his bowels were almost dried up with hunger: because it is said of the practice of a hungry man's binding round his belly, as expl. voce مَعْصُوبٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) b14: عَصَبَ الأُفُقُ The horizon became red. (S, O. [In Freytag's Lex. عَصِبَ, as from the K, in which I do not find it. See عَصْبٌ.]) A2: عَصِبَ, (S, O, K,) with kesr, (S, O,) like فَرِحَ, (K,) said of flesh, or flesh-meat, It had many عَصَبَ [i. e. sinews, or tendons]. (S, O, K.) b2: And عَصِبَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. عَصْبٌ, [so in the TA, and so in a verse there cited, not عَصَبٌ,] He was, or became, firm and compact in flesh. (TA.) b3: [Other meanings of this verb have been mentioned above.]2 عصّب, (S, A, O, &c.,) inf. n. تَعْصِيبٌ, (S, A, O,) [He bound, or wound round, a thing with several circumvolutions:] he bound [or wound round] a man's head with a turban, fillet, bandage, or the like; (S, * O, * Msb, K, * TA;) as also ↓ عَصَبَ, inf. n. عَصْبٌ: (MA:) and he bound a broken limb, or a wound, with a piece of rag or a bandage. (L, TA.) He turbaned a man; attired him with a turban. (A, TA.) b2: Hence, (A, O,) تَعْصِيبٌ signifies (tropical:) [The crowning a man: (see the pass. part. n.:)] the making a man a chief: (A, O, K, TA:) for turbans are the crowns of the Arabs: (O:) when a man's people made him a chief, they bound his head with a turban: (A, TA:) as kings wore crowns, so the chiefs of the Arabs wore red turbans: (L, TA:) there were brought to the desert, from Haráh (هَرَاة), red turbans, which the nobles among the Arabs wore. (Az, TA.) b3: [Hence also,] عصّبهُ بِالسَّيْفِ i. q. عَمَّمَهُ بِهِ (assumed tropical:) [He cut, or wounded, him in the place of the turban, with the sword]. (A, TA.) b4: And عصّبهُ, inf. n. as above, He, or it, [caused him to bind his waist by reason of hunger: (see the pass. part. n.:) and hence,] made him to hunger: (K:) and عَصَّبَتْهُمُ السِّنُونَ The years of drought, or sterility, made them to hunger: (TA:) or عصّبتهُ السِّنُونَ The years of drought, or sterility, ate up his property, or cattle. (A 'Obeyd, S, O.) And It [i. e. drought or the like] destroyed him: (K:) and عصّب الدَّهْرُ مَالَهُ Adverse fortune destroyed his cattle, or camels &c. (TA.) b5: And He called him مُعَصَّب [meaning poor]: so says IAar; and he cites as an ex., يُدْعَى المُعَصَّبَ مَنْ قَلَّتْ حَلُوبَتُهُ وَهَلْ يُعَصَّبُ مَاضِى الهَمِّ مِقْدَامُ [He is called the poor, whose milch-cattle have become few: but should one whose purpose is effectual, one of great boldness, be called poor?]. (TA.) b6: الذَّكَرُ يُعَصِّبُ الأُنْثَى means The male makes the female to be such as is termed عَصَبَةٌ [by his being consociated with her as such]. (Mgh.) 4 أَعْصَبَ see 12. b2: [Golius explains this v. as meaning “ Firmiter religavit: ” or, as a trans. v. governing an accus., “constringi jussit: ” as on the authority of the S, in which I do not find it in any sense.]5 تعصّب i. q. شَدَّ العِصَابَةَ [i. e. He bound the turban, or fillet, round his (own) head; a meaning well known, whence that explained in the next sentence: (see also 8:) and he bound a bandage of some kind round his (own) body, by reason of hunger: see مُعَصَّبٌ]. (S, O, Msb, * K.) b2: And (assumed tropical:) He was made a chief; quasi-pass. of 2 [q. v.]. (L, TA.) b3: And it has also another signification, from العَصَبِيَّة; (S, O;) [i. e.] it signifies also أَتَى بِالعَصَبِيَّةِ; (K, TA;) which means [He aided his people, or party, against hostile conduct: or he was angry, or zealous, for the sake of his party, and defended them: (see عَصَبِىٌّ and عَصَبِيَّةٌ:) or] he invited, or summoned, others to the aid of his party, and to combine, or league, with them against those who acted towards them with hostility, whether they were wrongdoers or wronged. (TA.) And you say, تَعَصَّبُوا عَلَيْهِمْ They leagued, or collected themselves, together against them: and تَعَصَّبْنَا لَهُ, and مَعَهُ, We [leagued together for him, and with him, and] defended him. (TA.) [See also De Sacy's Chrest. Ar., see. ed., i. 445-6; where it is shown that التَّعَصُّبُ in religion means The being zealous, or a zealot: and see Har pp.423 and 573.] b4: And تعصّب بِالشَّىْءِ He was, or became, content with the thing; as also ↓ اعتصب.

بِهِ. (K.) 7 انعصب i. q. اِشْتَدَّ [app. meaning, as seems to be indicated by the context (both before and after) in the S, It was, or became, hard, firm, or strong]. (S, O, K.) 8 اعتصب بِالعِمَامَةِ [He attired himself, or surrounded his head, with the turban], and بِالتَّاجِ [with the crown]. (S, O.) And اعتصب التَّاجَ عَلَى

رَأْسِهِ He encircled his [own] head with the crown. (Az, TA.) b2: اعتصب النَّاقَةَ: see 1, in the middle of the first quarter. b3: اعتصبوا They became formed, or collected, into companies such as those whereof one is called عُصْبَة: (K:) or, into one of such companies. (M, L, TA.) [See also 12.] b4: اعتصب بِهِ: see 5, last sentence.12 اِعْصَوْصَبَ القَوْمُ The people, or party, collected themselves together: (TA:) or did so, and became companies such as are called عَصَائِب, (S, O, TA,) and became one of such companies: [see also 8; and see عُصْبَةٌ:] and in like manner, [did so, and] strove, or exerted themselves, in journeying, or pace. (TA.) And اعصوصبت الإِبِلُ The camels strove, or exerted themselves, in journeying, or pace; as also ↓ اعصبت: and collected themselves together; (K;) [and] so ↓ عَصَبَت and ↓ عَصِبَت: (Fr, S, O:) or collected themselves together so as to become one عِصَابَة, and strove, or exerted themselves, in journeying, or pace. (TA.) b2: اعصوصب is also said of a day, [app. in relation to heat,] meaning It was, or became, vehement, or severe: (S, O:) and of evil, meaning it was, or became, vehement, or severe, (K, TA,) and concentrated. (TA.) عَصْبٌ: see عِصَابَةٌ, in two places. b2: And see also عُصْبٌ. b3: Also A particular sort of the garments called بُرُود, (S, A, Mgh, O, K,) of the fabric of El-Yemen; (S, Mgh, O;) a بُرْد of which the yarn is dyed, and then woven; (Msb;) or of which the yarn is put together and bound, then dyed, and then woven; (A, Mgh, TA; *) not of the sort called بُرُودُ الرَّقْمِ: (TA:) it has no pl., (Nh, Msb, TA,) nor dual: (Msb:) you say بُرْدُ عَصْبٍ (Nh, Mgh, TA) and بُرُودُ عَصْبٍ (Nh, Mgh, Msb, TA) and يُرْدَا عَصْبٍ, (Msb,) and also يُرْدٌ عَصْبٌ and بُرُودٌ عَصْبٌ, (Nh, TA,) and ثَوْبٌ, عَصْبٌ, (Msb,) and أَرْدِيَةُ العَصْبِ; (A, TA;) and sometimes they say عَصْبٌ alone, the بُرْد being known by this name: (TA:) or garments of the kind called بُرُود, of the fabric of El-Yemen, the yarn of which is put together and bound, and then dyed, and woven, so that they become partycoloured, because what has been bound thereof remains white, the dye not having taken it; and such garments a woman in the period termed عِدَّة [q. v.] is allowed to wear, but not garments that are [wholly] dyed: or striped garments of the kind called بُرُود: and what is forbidden in that case is a garment that has been dyed after it has been woven; or what are forbidden are the عَصْب of El-Yemen, which are said to have been dyed with urine; so in the L &c.: (TA:) or, accord. to Sub, garments of the kind called بُرُود of the fabric of El-Yemen; so called because they are dyed with عَصْب, which grows only in El-Yemen; [he says that العَصْبُ is a certain dyed that does not grow but in El-Yemen; (Msb;)] but in this he opposes the generality of authorities; for they agree in stating that the garments in question are thus called from العَصْبُ, “the act of binding,” because the yarn is bound in order that the dye may not pervade the whole of the بُرْد. (MF, TA.) b4: Hence, (assumed tropical:) Clouds like such as are termed لَطْخ [q. v.]: (S, O:) or red clouds or mist (K, TA) seen in the western horizon (TA) in a time of drought, or sterility; as also ↓ عِصَابَةٌ, (K, TA,) pl. عَصَائِبُ. (TA.) A2: In a trad., mention occurs of a necklace made of عَصْب: ElKhattábee says, if it do not mean the garments of El-Yemen, I know not what it is; yet I see not how a necklace can be made of these: Aboo-Moosà thinks it may be عَصَب, meaning the tendons of joints, as they may have taken the tendons of certain clean animals, and cut them in pieces, and made them like beads, and, when dry, made neck laces of them; but he adds his having been told by some of the people of El-Yemen that عَصْبٌ is the name of A certain beast of the sea, or of the great river, called also فَرَسُ فِرْعَوْنَ [i. e. Pharaoh's horse, perhaps meaning the hippopotamus], of which [meaning of the teeth or bones of which] beads and other things, as the handles of knives &c., are made, and which is white. (L, TA.) A3: And Saliva that sticks and dries in the mouth: whence the saying, لَفَظَ فُلَانٌ عَصْبَهُ, meaning (assumed tropical:) Such a one died. (T and TA in art. لفظ.) A4: And A light, or an active, and sharp-headed, boy, or young man; (IAar, TA;) [and] so عَضْبٌ. (IAar, TA in art. عضب.) عُصْبٌ and ↓ عَصْبٌ and ↓ عَصَبٌ (K, TA) Certain trees that twine round other trees, having weak leaves; (TA;) the kind of tree called لَبْلَاب [dolichos lablab of Linn.]; (K;) said by Sh to be a kind of plant that twines round trees, i. q. لَبْلَابٌ: [coll. gen. ns.:] the ns. un. are عُصْبَةٌ and عَصْبَةٌ and عَصَبَةٌ: (TA:) accord. to Abu-lJarráh, (O, TA,) عَصْبَةٌ signifies a certain thing [app. meaning plant] that twines about a قَنَادَة [or tragacanth], (O, K, TA,) thus, correctly, in many copies of the K, but in some فَتَاة, and in some قَنَاة, both of which are wrong, though some assert the latter to be correct, (TA,) not to be pulled off from it but with an effort: (O, K, TA:) [see عِطْفَةٌ:] one says of a man strong in struggling for the mastery, قَتَادَةٌ لُوِيَتْ بِعُصْبَةٍ (assumed tropical:) [A tragacanth twined about by a lebláb; the strong man being app. likened to a tragacanth, and his antagonist to a lebláb]: (TA:) and in a trad. of Ez-Zubeyr Ibn-El-'Owwám, he is related to have said, عَلِقْتُهُمْ إِنِّى خُلِقْتُ عُصْبَهْ قَتَادَةً تَعَلَّقَتْ بِنُشْبَهْ (O, TA:) he puts عصبه for علقه, [evidently, I think, a mistranscription for عَلِقًا, (see نُشْبَةٌ, in its proper art., for a confirmation,)] the meaning being خلقت علقة لخصومى [in which for علقة I read عَلِقًا]; then he likens himself to a tragacanth in respect of his excessive tenaciousness; for بنشبه means “ by the help of a thing of great tenaciousness: ” [or نشبه may be here an inf. n., i. e. of نَشِبَ: the meaning of the verse may therefore be, I clung to them: verily I have been created a grasper, and a tragacanth that has clung by means of a strong holdfast, or that has clung with great tenaciousness:] (TA:) Sh explains عُصْبَة (O, TA) with damm on the authority of Ed-Deenawaree [i. e. AHn], and عَصْبَة with fet-h on the authority of AA, (O,) as meaning a certain plant that twines about a tree, and is called لَبْلَاب; and نُشْبَة as meaning a man who, when he sports with a thing (عَبِثَ بِشَىْءٍ [but probably the right reading is شَبِثَ بشىء or تَشَبَّثَ i. e. clings to a thing]), hardly, or never, quits it. (O, TA.) عَصَبٌ [The sinews, or tendons; though the following explanation seems rather to denote the ligaments;] the أَطْنَاب of the joints, (S, O, Msb, K, TA,) which connect and bind together the structure thereof, in man and in others, such as the ox-kind, and sheep or goats, and gazelles, and ostriches; so says AHn; (TA;) i. q. عَقَبٌ: (S and K &c. in art. عقب:) or such as are yellow of the اطناب (Mgh, Msb) of the joints; the عَقَب being the white: (Mgh:) [it is also used as meaning ligaments: (see an ex. of its n. un. in an explanation of الصَّدَفَتَانِ, voce صَدَفٌ:) and sometimes it means nerves: (see a usage of its pl. voce صَرْعٌ:) it is a coll. gen. n.:] the n. un. is with ة: (S, O, TA:) and the pl. is أَعْصَابٌ. (S, Mgh, O, Msb.) b2: And (assumed tropical:) The best (in a pl. sense) of a people or party. (K.) b3: See also عُصْبٌ.

عَصِبٌ Flesh, or flesh-meat, having many عَصَب [i. e. sinews, or tendons]. (TA.) عَصْبَةٌ n. un. of عَصْبٌ as syn. with عُصْبٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) عُصْبَةٌ n. un. of عُصْبٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) b2: and A party, or company, of men (Az, S, O, Msb) who league together to defend one another; (O; [See also عَصَبَةٌ;]) in number from ten to forty; (Az, S, O, Msb;) or, about ten: (IF, Msb:) or accord. to Akh, a company [of men]; as also ↓ عِصَابَةٌ; having no sing.: (O:) or ↓ the latter, (S, O, Msb,) or each, (K,) signifies a company, or an assemblage, of men, and of horses, (S, O, Msb, K,) or of horses with their riders, (TA,) and of birds, (S, O, Msb, K,) and of other things, (TA,) in number from ten to forty, (K, TA,) or the former from three to ten, or consisting of forty, or of seventy, but said to be originally applied to an unlimited number: its pl. is عُصَبٌ: (IAth, Msb, TA:) and the pl. of ↓ عِصَابَةٌ is عَصَائِبُ. (S, O, Msb, TA.) It is said in a trad. of 'Alee that the أَبْدَال are in Syria; and the نُجَبَآء, in Egypt; and the ↓ عَصَائِب, in El-'Irák; meaning, by the last, Companies assembled for wars: or a company of devotees, because coupled with the ابدال and the نجباء. (TA.) عِصْبَةٌ A mode, or manner, of binding, or winding round, one's head with a turban or the like. (L, TA.) عَصَبَةٌ n. un. of عَصَبٌ. (S, &c. [See the latter word in the paragraph headed by it and also voce عُصْبٌ.]) b2: Also A man's people, or party, who league together for his defence: (K, TA: [see also عُصْبَةٌ:]) thus accord. to the leading lexicologists. (TA.) b3: And The heirs of a man who has left neither parent nor offspring: and [particularly], with respect to the [portions of inheritances termed] فَرَائِض [pl. of فَرِيضَةٌ q. v.], all such as have not a فَرِيضَة named, and who receive if there remain anything after [the distribution of] the فَرَائِض: (K, TA:) thus accord. to those who treat of the فرائض, and accord. to the [other] lawyers: (TA:) or the relations by the side of the males: this is the meaning of what is said by the leading lexicologists: (Msb:) or, as is said by Az, a man's heirs consisting of male relations: (Msb, TA:) or his sons, and relations on the father's side: (S:) so called because they encompass him; the father being a طَرَف [i. e. an extremity in the right line], and so the son, and the paternal uncle being a جَانِب [i. e. a collateral relation], and so the brother: (Az, S, TA:) or a man's relations on the father's side; (Mgh, TA;) because they encompass him and he is strengthened by them: (TA:) afterwards it became applied to a single person as well as to a pl. number, and both a male and a female: (Mgh:) or the lawyers apply it to a single person when there is no other than he, because he stands in the place of the collective number in receiving the whole of the property; and in the language of the law it is applied to a female in certain cases relating to emancipation and inheritances, but not otherwise either in the proper language or in the language of the law: (Msb:) and ↓ عُصُوبَةٌ is used as its inf. n. [meaning the state of being persons, or a person, to whom the term عَصَبَةٌ is applied]: (Mgh:) it is said [by Az] in the T, “I have not heard any sing. of عَصَبَةٌ: accord. to analogy it should be عَاصِبٌ, like as طَالِبٌ is sing. of طَلَبَةٌ: ” (TA: [and the like is also said in the Mgh: in the Msb it is said that عَصَبَةٌ is pl. of عَاصِبٌ, like as كَفَرَةٌ is pl. of كَافِرٌ:]) the pl. is عَصَبَاتٌ. (Az, S, TA.) عَصَبِىٌّ One who aids his people, or party, against hostile conduct: or who is angry [or zealous] for the sake of his party, and defends them: [or one who invites others to the aid of his party, or to combine, or league, with them against those who act towards them with hostility, whether they be wrongdoers or wronged: or one who leagues with others: or one who defends others: or a partisan; a person of party-spirit; or one zealous in the cause of a party: (see 5, and see the paragraph next following this:)] occurring in a trad. (TA.) عَصَبِيَّةٌ [The quality of him who is termed عَصَبِىٌّ: i. e., of him who aids his people, or party, against hostile conduct: or of him who is angry, or zealous, for the sake of his party, and defends them: or of him who invites others to the aid of his party, and to combine, or league, with them against those who act towards them with hostility, whether they be wrongdoers or wronged: or of him who leagues with others: or of him who defends others: or partisanship; party-spirit; or zeal in the cause of a party: or (as expl. by De Sacy, Chrest. Ar., sec. ed., i. 411,) a strong attachment, which holds several persons closely united by the same interest or the same opinion: see 5, and see the paragraph next preceding this]. (S, K, TA.) عِصَابٌ A cord with which the thigh of a she-camel is bound in order that she may yield her milk copiously. (S.) b2: See also عِصَابَةٌ, in two places.

عَصُوبٌ A she-camel that will not yield her milk copiously unless her thigh, (S, O,) or thighs, (A, K,) be bound with a cord: (S, A, O, K:) or unless the lower parts of her nostrils be bound with a cord, and she be then urged to rise, and not loosed until she is milked. (Az, TA.) b2: And A woman having little flesh in her posteriors and thighs: or light in the hips, or haunches. (Kr, K.) عَصِيبٌ Lights [of an animal] bound round with guts, and then roasted, or broiled: (S, O, K:) pl. [of pauc.] أَعْصِبَةٌ (K) and [of mult.] عُصُبٌ. (S, O, K.) And Such as are twisted, of the guts of a sheep or goat. (TA.) And its pl. عُصُبٌ, Guts of a sheep or goat, folded, and put together, and then put into one of the winding guts of the belly. (L, TA.) A2: Also, and ↓ عَصَبْصَبٌ A vehement, or severe, day: (Fr, S, O, K:) or a vehemently-hot day: (Fr, K:) and the former is in like manner applied to a night (لَيْلَة), without ة: (TA:) and ↓ the latter signifies also a cold, and very cloudy, day, in which nothing is seen of the sky. (Abu-l- 'Alà, L, TA.) عِصَابَةٌ A thing with which another thing is bound, or wound round; as also ↓ عِصَابٌ (K, TA) and ↓ عَصْبٌ: (L, TA:) or a thing with which the head is bound, or wound round: (S, A, Mgh, O, TA;) and ↓ عِصَابٌ signifies a thing with which a thing other than the head is bound, or wound round; (A, TA;) anything, such as a piece of rag, or a fillet, or bandage, with which a broken limb, or a wound, is bound, is termed thus, i. e. عِصَابٌ: (L, TA:) and عِصَابَةٌ signifies also a turban; syn. عِمَامَةٌ: (A, Mgh, Msb, K, TA:) or this [in the TA by mistake written عمامة] signifies a small thing that serves as a covering for the head, [such as a kerchief or a fillet,] being wound round it; and what is larger is termed عِمَامَةٌ: ('Ináyeh of Esh-Shiháb, MF, TA:) or whatever is bound, or wound, round the head, whether it be a turban or a kerchief or a piece of rag: (TA, from an explanation of a trad.:) and ↓ عَصْبٌ [likewise] signifies a turban, and anything with which the head is bound, or wound round: (S, O:) the pl. of عِصَابَةٌ is عَصَائِبُ. (Mgh, TA.) El-Farezdak says, وَرَكْبٌ كَأَنَّ الرِّيحَ تَطْلُبُ مِنْهُمُ لَهَا سَلَبًا مِنْ جَذْبِهَا بِالعَصَائِبِ [And a company of riders in such a state that it seemed as though the wind desired to take for itself spoil from them, by its dragging away the turbans]: he means that the wind untwisted their turbans by its violence, as though it despoiled them thereof. (TA.) b2: And [hence] (assumed tropical:) A crown. (A, TA.) b3: See also عَصْبٌ, latter half. b4: and see عُصْبَةٌ, in four places. b5: And for the pl. applied to winds, see 1, former half.

عُصُوبَةٌ: see عَصَبَةٌ, near the end.

عَصَبْصَبٌ: see عَصِيبٌ, in two places.

عَصَّابٌ A vender, or spinner, of thread, or yarn; syn. غَزَّالٌ. (AA, S, O.) فُوهُ عَاصِبٌ His mouth is dry from the drying up of the saliva: and رَجُلٌ عَاصِبٌ A man in whose mouth the saliva has dried up. (TA.) مُعَصَّبُ, (S, O, TA,) accord. to the author of the K ↓ مُعَصِّبٌ, like مَحَدِّثٌ, in all its senses there explained, but accord. to others like مُعَظَّمٌ, (TA,) One having his waist bound round in consequence of hunger; (S, O;) one who binds round his body (يَتَعَصَّبُ) with pieces of a garment or of cloth, by reason of hunger; (K, TA;) one who, in consequence of leanness occasioned by hunger, binds round his belly with a stone [placed under the bandage: see مَعْصُوبٌ]: (TA:) or, accord. to A 'Obeyd, one whose property, or cattle, years of drought, or sterility, have eaten up: (S, O:) [or] it signifies also a poor man. (K, TA.) b2: And Turbaned; attired with a turban; (O, L, TA;) [as also ↓ مُعْتَصِبٌ.] b3: And [hence] (assumed tropical:) A chief; (K;) one made a chief. (Az, L, TA. [See 2.]) b4: And [hence] (assumed tropical:) Crowned: (O:) or a crowned king; as also ↓ مُعْتَصِبٌ: (A, TA:) because the crown encircles the head like a turban. (Az, TA.) مُعَصِّبٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

مَعْصُوبٌ [Twisted, or wound round: and folded, or folded tightly: and bound, or tied: see 1, first sentence. b2: And hence,] (assumed tropical:) Firm, or strong, in the compacture of the flesh. (S, O,) You say رَجُلٌ مَعْصُوبُ الخَلْقِ (assumed tropical:) [A man firm, or compact, in respect of make]; (S, A, O;) strongly, or firmly, knit, or compacted; not flabby in flesh. (TA.) And جَارِيَةٌ مَعْصُوبَةٌ, meaning حَسَنَةُ العَصْبِ i. e. مَجْدُولَةُ الخَلْقِ (assumed tropical:) [A girl, or young woman, goodly in respect of compacture; well compacted in respect of make]. (S, O.) b3: And (assumed tropical:) A slender, or an elegant, sword. (K.) b4: And (assumed tropical:) Hungry, having his belly bound round: (A:) or [simply] hungry; in the dial. of Hudheyl: (S, O:) or very hungry: (K:) or one whose bowels are almost dried up by hunger: an epithet said to be applied to a hungry man because he binds round his belly with a stone [within the bandage] on account of his hunger: it is said to have been the custom of any hungry man, among the Arabs, to bind his belly with a bandage, under which he sometimes put a stone. (TA.) b5: And (assumed tropical:) A letter (كِتَابٌ); thus called because bound round with a thread, or string: so in the saying, وَرَدَ عَلَىَّ مَعْصُوبٌ [A letter came to me]. (A, TA.) مُعْتَصِبٌ: see مُعَصَّبٌ, in two places.

رَجُلٌ يَعْصُوبٌ, A strong, or sturdy, man. (TA.)

علم المنطق
ويسمى علم الميزان أيضا وهو: علم يتعرف منه كيفية اكتساب المجهولات التصورية والتصديقية من معلوماتها.
وموضوعه: المعقولات الثانية من حيث الإيصال إلى المجهول أو النفع فيه.
والغرض منه: عصمة الذهن عن الخطأ في الفكر.
ومنفعته: الإصابة في جميع العلوم.
قال في الكشف: الغرض منه ومنفعته ظاهران من الكتب المبسوطة في المنطق كذا قال في مفتاح السعادة انتهى.
والمنطق لكون حاكما على جميع العلوم في الصحة والسقم والقوة والضعف وأجلها نفعا وأعظمها سماه أبو نصر الفارابي: رئيس العلوم.
ولكونه آلة في تحصيل العلوم الكسبية النظرية والعملية لا مقصودا بالذات سماه الشيخ الرئيس ابن سينا بخادم العلوم.
وحكى أبو حيان في تفسيره البحر: إن أهل المنطق بجزيرة الأندلس كانوا يعبرون عن المنطق بالمفعل تحررا عن صولة الفقهاء حتى إن بعض الوزراء أراد أن يشتري لابنه كتابا من المنطق فاشتراه خفية خوفا منهم مع أنه أصل كل علم وتقويم كل ذهن انتهى.
قال الغزالي: من لم يعرف المنطق فلا ثقة له في العلوم أصلا حتى روي عن بعضهم أنه فرض كفاية وعن بعضهم فرض عين بناء على أن معرفة الله تعالى بطريق البرهان واجبة وإنها لا تتم إلا بعلم المنطق فما لا يتم الواجب إلا به فهو واجب قال القائل:
إن رمت إدراك العلوم بسرعة ... فعليك بالنحو القويم ومنطق
هذا الميزان العقول مرجح ... والنحو إصلاح اللسان بمنطق
قال في كشف الظنون: قال الشيخ أبو علي بن سينا: المنطق نعم العون على إدراك العلوم كلها وقد رفض هذا العلم وجحد منفعته من لم يفهمه ولا اطلع عليه عداوة لما جهل وبعض الناس ربما يتوهم أنه يشوش العقائد مع أنه موضوع للاعتبار والتحرير.
وسبب هذا التوهم أن من الأغبياء الأغمار الذين لم تؤدبهم الشريعة من اشتغل بهذا العلم واستضعف حجج بعض العلوم واستخف بها وبأهلها ظنا منه أنها برهانية لطيشه وجهله بحقائق العلوم ومراتبها فالفساد لا من العلم.
قالوا: ويستغنى عنه المؤيد من الله تعالى ومن علمه ضروري ويحتاج إليه من عداهما.
فإن قلت: إذا كان الاحتياج بهذه المرتبة فما بال الأئمة المقتدى بهم كمالك والشافعي وأبي حنيفة وأحمد بن حنبل رحمهم الله لم ينقل عنهم الاشتغال به وإنما هو من العلوم الفلسفية وقد شنع العلماء على من عربها وأدخلها في علوم الإسلام ونقل عن شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية الحنبلي رحمه الله أنه كان يقول: ما أظن الله تعالى يغفل عن المأمون العباسي ولا بد أن يعاقبه بما أدخل على هذه الأمة.
فجوابه إن ذلك مركوز في جبلاتهم السليمة وفطرتهم المستقيمة ولم يفتهم إلا العبارات والاصطلاحات كما ذكر في علم النحو.
وأصول المنطق تسعة على المشهور:
الأول: باب الكليات الخمس:.
الثاني: باب التعريفات.
الثالث: باب التصديقات.
الرابع: باب القياس.
الخامس: البرهان.
السادس: الخطابة.
السابع: الجدل.
الثامن: المغالطة.
التاسع: الشعر هذا خلاصة ما في العلمي حاشية شرح هداية الحكمة الميبذية وشرح حكمة العين وغيرها.
والكتب المصنفة في المنطق كثيرة منها: إيساغوجي وبحر الفرائد وتيسير الفكر وجامع الدقاق والشمسية غرة النجاة والقواعد الجلية ولوامع الأفكار والمطالع ومجل النظر ومعيار الأفكار وناظر العين ونخبة الفكر وغير ذلك انتهى ما في الكشف وكشاف اصطلاحات الفنون. ومن كتبه المرقاة للشيخ الفاضل فضل إمام الخير آبادي وهو مختصر مفيد وعليه شرح لحفيده المولوي عبد الحق.
وتهذيب المنطق للتفتازاني والصغرى والكبرى بالفارسية للسيد السند الشريف الجرجاني رحمه الله إلى غير ذلك.
قال بعضهم: والذي أجاب به شيخ الإسلام من كون المنطق مرتكزا في نفوسهم جواب ضعيف لا يخفى ضعفه على من يعقل ويعرف مقاصد الشريعة الغراء انتهى.
أقول: ارجع إلى كتاب رد المنطقيين لابن تيمية رحمه الله واعلم أن جواباته كثيرة وكلها صواب حق لا يسع ذكرها هذا المقام وهذا الجواب أيضا صواب يعرفه من منحه الله طبعا سليما لا اعوجاج فيه وصاحب القلب الصحيح والفكر السليم لا يحتاج إلى علم المنطق بل يصدر عنه العلم المطابق له من غير درية بهذا الفن كما يصدر الكلام الموزون ممن لا يعلم بعلم العروض والقافية ولا يحسن تقطيعات الأشعار ويقول نظما كثيرا وينظم قصائد طويلة ولا يعرف أوزان الشعر ولا بحوره فأي استبعاد في كون المنطق مرتكزا في نفوس بعض العباد الصحيح الفؤاد السلم المراد.
وقد اختلف أهل العلم في أن المنطق من العلم أم لا فتدبر.
قال ابن خلدون في بيان هذا العلم: هو قوانين يعرف بها الصحيح من الفاسد في الحدود والمعرفة للماهيات والحجج المفيدة للتصديقات وذلك أن الأصل في الإدراكات إنما هو المحسوسات بالحواس الخمس وجميع الحيوانات مشتركة في هذا الإدراك من الناطق وغيره
وإنما يتميز الإنسان عنها بإدراك الكليات وهي مجردة من المحسوسات وذلك بأن يحصل في الخيال من الأشخاص المتفقة صورة منطبقة على جميع تلك الأشخاص المحسوسة هي الكلي ثم ينظر الذهن بين تلك الأشخاص المتفقة وأشخاص أخرى توافقها في بعض فيحصل له صورة تنطبق أيضا عليهما باعتبار ما اتفقا فيه ولا يزال يرتقي في التجريد إلى الكل الذي لا يجد كليا آخر معه يوفاقه فيكون لأجل ذلك بسيطا. وهذا مثل ما يجرد من أشخاص الإنسان صورة النوع المنطبقة عليها ثم ينظر بينه وبين الحيوان ويجرد صورة الجنس المنطبقة عليهما ثم بينهما وبين النبات إلى أن ينتهي إلى الجنس العالي وهو الجوهر فلا يجد كليا يوافقه في شيء فيقف العقل هنالك عن التجريد.
ثم إن الإنسان لما خلق الله له الفكر الذي به يدرك العلوم والصنائع وكان العلم إما تصور للماهيات ويعني به إدراك ساذج من غير حكم معه.
وأما تصديقا أي: حكما بثبوت أمر لأمر فصار سعي الفكر في تحصل المطلوبات.
إما بأن تجمع تلك الكليات بعضها إلى بعض على جهة التأليف فتحصل صورة في الذهن كلية منطبقة على أفراد في الخارج فتكون تلك الصورة الذهنية مفيدة لمعرفة ماهية تلك الأشخاص
وإما بأن يحكم بأمر على أمر فيثبت له ويكون ذلك تصديقا وغايته في الحقيقة راجعة إلى التصور لأن فائدة ذلك إذا حصل إنما هي معرفة حقائق الأشياء التي هي مقتضى العلم.
وهذا السعي من الفكر قد يكون بطريق صحيح. وقد يكون بطريق فاسد فاقتضى ذلك تمييز الطريق الذي يسعى به الفكر في تحصيل المطالب العلمية ليتميز فيها الصحيح من الفاسد فكان ذلك قانون المنطق.
وتكلم فيه المتقدمون أول ما تكلموا به جملا جملا ومتفرقا ولم تهذب طرقه ولم تجمع مسائله حتى ظهر في يونان أرسطو فهذب مباحثه ورتب مسائله وفصوله وجعله أول العلوم الحكمية وفاتحتها ولذلك يسمى بالمعلم الأول وكتابه المخصوص بالمنطق يسمى النص وهو يشمل على ثمانية كتب أربعة منها في صورة القياس وأربعة في مادته.
وذلك إن المطالب التصديقية على أنحاء:
فمنها ما يكون المطلوب فيه اليقين بطبعه.
ومنها ما يكون المطلوب فيه الظن وهو على مراتب فينظر في القياس من حيث المطلوب الذي يفيده وما ينبغي أن تكون مقدماته بذلك الاعتبار ومن أي جنس يكون من العلم أو من الظن وقد ينظر في القياس لا باعتبار مطلوب مخصوص بل من جهة إنتاجه خاصة.
ويقال للنظر الأول: إنه من حيث المادة ونعني به المادة المنتجة للمطلوب المخصوص من يقين أو ظن ويقال للنظر الثاني: إنه من حيث الصورة وإنتاج القياس على الإطلاق فكانت لذلك كتب المنطق ثمانية.
الأول: في الأجناس العالية التي ينتهي إليها تجريد المحسوسات وهي التي ليس فوقها جنس ويسمى كتاب المقولات.
والثاني: في القضايا التصديقية وأصنافها ويسمى: كتاب العبارة.
والثالث: في القياس وصورة إنتاجه على الإطلاق ويسمى كتاب القياس وهذا آخر النظر من حيث الصورة.
ثم الرابع: كتاب البرهان وهو النظر في القياس المنتج لليقين وكيف يجب أن تكون مقدماته يقينية ويختص بشروط أخرى لإفادة اليقين مذكورة فيه مثل كونها ذاتية وأولية وغير ذلك وفي هذا الكتاب الكلام في المعرفات والحدود إذ المطلوب فيها إنما هو اليقين لوجوب المطابقة بين الحد والمحدود لا تحتمل غيرها فلذلك اختصت عند المتقدمين بهذا الكتاب.
والخامس: كتاب الجدل وهو القياس المفيد قطع المشاغب وإفحام الخصم وما يجب أن يستعمل فيه من المشهورات ويختص أيضا من جهة إفادته لهذا الغرض بشروط أخرى من حيث إفادته لهذا الغرض وهي مذكورة هناك وفي هذا الكتاب يذكر المواضع التي يستنبط منها صاحب القياس قياسه ومنه عكوس القضايا.
والسادس: كتاب السفسطة: وهو القياس الذي يفيد خلاف الحق ويغالط به المناظر صاحبه وهو فاسد وهذا إنما كتب ليعرف به القياس المغالطي فيحذر منه.
والسابع: كتاب الخطابة وهو القياس المفيد ترغيب الجمهور وحملهم على المراد منهم وما يجب أن يستعمل في ذلك من المقالات.
والثامن: كتاب الشعر وهو القياس الذي يفيد التمثيل والتشبيه خاصة للإقبال على الشيء أو النفرة عنه وما يجب أن يستعمل فيه من القضايا التخييلية هذه هي كتب المنطق الثمانية عند المتقدمين.
ثم أن حكماء اليونانيين بعد أن تهذبت الصناعة ورتبت رأوا أنه لا بد من الكلام في الكليات الخمس المفيدة للتصور فاستدركوا فيها مقالة تختص بها مقدمة بين يدي الفن فصارت تسعا وترجمت كلها في الملة الإسلامية وكتبها وتداولها فلاسفة الإسلام بالشرح والتلخيص كما فعله الفارابي وابن سينا ثم ابن رشد من فلاسفة الأندلس ولابن سينا كتاب الشفا استوعب فيه علوم الفلسفة السبعة كلها.
ثم جاء المتأخرون فغيروا اصطلاحات المنطق والحقوا بالنظر في الكليات الخمس ثمرته وهي: الكلام في الحدود والرسوم نقولها من كتاب البرهان وحدقوا كتاب المقولات لأن نظر المنطقي فيه بالعرض لا بالذات وألحقوا في كتاب العبارة الكلام في العكس لأنه من توابع الكلام في القضايا ببعض الوجوه ثم تكلموا في القياس من حيث إنتاجه للمطالب على العموم لا بحسب المادة وحدقوا النظر فيه بحسب المادة وهي الكتب الخمسة: البرهان والجدول والخطابة والشعر والسفسطة وربما يلم بعضهم باليسير منها إلماما وأغفلوها كأن لم تكن وهي المهم المعتمد في الفن.
ثم تكلموا فيما وضعوه من ذلك كلاما مستبحرا نظروا فيه من حيث أنه فن برأسه لا من حيث أنه آلة للعلوم فطال الكلام فيه واتسع.
وأول من فعل ذلك الإمام فخر الدين بن الخطيب ومن بعده فضل الدين الخونجي وعلى كتبه معتمد المشارقة لهذا العهد وله في هذه الصناعة كتاب كشف الأسرار وهو طويل واختصر فيها مختصر الموجز وهو حسن في التعليم ثم مختصر المجمل في قدر أربعة أوراق أخذ بمجمامع الفن وأصوله فتداوله المتعلمون لهذا العهد فينتفعون به وهجرت كتب المتقدمين وطرقهم كأن لم تكن وهي ممتلئة من ثمرة المنطق وفائدته كما قلناه والله الهادي للصواب انتهى كلام ابن خلدون.
قال في مدينة العلوم:
وقد صح بشهادة أهل التواريخ والندماء أن أول من دون المنطق أرسطو وقد بذل ملك زمانه في مقابلة ذلك خمسمائة ألف دينار وأدر عليه في كل سنة مائة وعشرين ألف دينار.
وقيل: أنه تنبه لوضعه وترتيبه من نظم كتاب إقليدس في الهندسة ثم إن أرسطو بعدما دون المنطق صارت كتبه مخزونة في أبنية ولاية موره من بلاد الروم عند ملك من ملوك اليونان ولما رغب الخليفة المأمون في علوم الأوائل أرسل إلى الملك المذكور وطلب الكتب فلم يرسل فغضب المأمون وجمع العساكر وبلغ الخبر إلى الملك فجمع البطاريق وشاورهم في الأمر فقالوا:
إن أردت الكسر في دين المسلمين وتزلزل عقائدهم فلا تمنعهم عن الكتب فاستحسن الملك فأرسلها إلى المأمون فجمع المأمون مترجمي مملكته كحنين بن إسحاق وثابت ابن قرة وغيرهما فترجموها بتراجم مختلفة بحيث لا يوافق ترجمة أحدهم ترجمة الآخر فبقيت التراجم غير محررة إلى أن التمس منصور بن نوح الساماني من أبي نصر الفارابي أن يحررها ويخصها ففعل كما أراد ولهذا لقب بالمعلم الثاني وكانت كتبه في خزانة الكتب المبنية بأصبهان المسماة بصوان الحكمة إلى زمان السلطان مسعود لكن كانت غير مبيضة لأن الفارابي كان غير ملتفت إلى جمع التصانيف ونشرها بل غلب عليه السياحة ثم إن الشيخ أبا علي تقرب عند السلطان مسعود بسبب الطب حتى استوزره واستولى على تلك الخزانة وأخذ ما في تلك الكتبولخص منها كتاب الشفا وغير ذلك من تصانيفه وقد اتفق إن احترقت تلك الكتب فاتهم أبو علي بأنه أحرقها لينقطع انتساب تلك العلوم عن أربابها ويختص بنفسه لكن هذا كلام الحساد الذين ليس لهم هاد.
واعلم أن الأوائل من الملوك كانوا يهتمون بجمع الكتب وخزانتها فحدثت في الإسلام خزائن ثلاث:
إحداها: بمدينة دار السلام ببغداد وكانت فيها من الكتب ما لا يحصى كثرة وقد ذهب الكل في وقعة تاتار ببغداد.
وثانيتها: خزانة الفاطميين بمصر وكانت من أعظم الخزائن وأكثرها جمعا للكتب النفيسة ولما انقضت دولتهم باستيلاء الملك صلاح الدين على مصر فاشترى القاضي الفاضل أكثر كتب هذه الخزانة ووقفها على مدرسته بمصر فبقيت فيها إلى أن استولت عليها الأيدي فلم يبق منها إلا القليل.
وثالثتها: خزانة بني أمية بالأندلس وكانت من أجل خزائن الكتب أيضا ولما انقرضت دولتهم باستيلاء ملوك الطوائف على الأندلس ذهب كلها.
أو من الكتب المبسوطة في المنطق: البحر الخضم ومنطق الشفاء لأبي علي بن سينا كتبه بلا مطالعة كتاب وكان يكتب كل يوم خمسين ورقة من حفظه وله كتاب النجاة والقانون والإشارات.
ومنها كتاب بيان الحق ومطالع الأنوار والمناهج كلها في المنطق والحكمة للأمور كان شافعيا وكتاب كشف الأسرار لمحمد بن عبد الملك الخونجي وهو صاحب الموجز في المنطق ومن الكتب اللطيفة التلويحات والمطارحات لأبي الفتوح يحيى بن حنش الملقب بشهاب الدين السهروردي الحكيم المقتول وقيل اسمه عمر.
ومنها: الملخص وشرح الإشارات للرازي والمعتبر لأبي البركات البغدادي اليهودي أولا في أكثر عمره والمهتد إلى الإسلام في آخر عمره أتى في المعتبر بأقسام الحكمة غير الرياضي وهو أحسن كتاب في هذا الشأن في هذا الزمان استولت عليه آفات لو وضع واحد منها على رضوى لتخلخلت أصولها الرواسخ وتدكدكت رؤوسها الشوامخ وذلك أنه عمى وطرش وبرص وتجذم فنعوذ بالله من نقمة لا تطيقها الأبدان ومن زوال العافية وتقلب الإحسان
ولما أحس بالموت أوصى من يتولاه أن يكتب على قبره: هذا قبر أوحد الزمان أبي البركات ذي العبر صاحب المعتبر فسبحان من لا يغلبه غالب ولا ينجو من قضائه متحيل ولا هارب نسأل الله في حياتنا العافية وفي مماتنا حسن العاقبة رب قد أحسنت فيما مضى فلك أن تحسن فيما بقي ولم يتحقق تاريخ وفاته إلا أنه كان في أوسط المائة السادسة.
ومنها جامع الدقائق للكاتبي وتنزيل الأفكار وحواشي ملخص الرازي له أيضا وإن أردت بلوغ الغاية في المنطق فعليك بتعديل الميزان وهو أحد أقسام تعديل العلوم لصدر الشريعة وقد كشف في هذا الكتاب عن غوامض طالما تحير فيها عقول الأقدمين وأبرز قواعد لم يهتد إليها أحد من الأوحدين ومع هذا فهو لعلوم الشريعة أبو عذرها وابن بجدتها وكتب المنطق أكثر من أن تحصى وأجل من أن تستقصي انتهى حاصله.
علم مواسم السنة
قال الأرنيقي: إن لكل أمة من الأمم ولكل طائفة من الأقوام مواسم وأعياد يعينون لكل منها شغلا مخصوصا فالعلم المذكور يعرف به أعياد كل قوم وإنها من السنة في أي يوم ويعرف شغل أهلها في ذلك ومن جملة ذلك يوم النيروز والمهرجان عند أهل الفارس وكان أهل القبط يأتي ملكهم في يوم النيروز ويرصدون من الليل فيقدمون رجلا حسن الاسم والوجه طيب الرائحة فيقف على الباب حتى يصبح فإذا أصبح دخل على الملك بغير أذن فيقف عنده.
فيقول له الملك: ما اسمك؟ ومن أين أنت أقبلت؟ وأين تريد؟ ولأي شيء وردت وما معك؟
فيقول: أنا المنصور واسمي المبارك ومن قبل الله أقبلت والملك السعيد أردت وبالهنا والسلامة وردت ومعي السنة الجديدة ثم يجلس ويدخل بعده رجل معه طبق من فضة وفيه حنطة وشعير وجلبان وذرة وحمص وسمسم وأرز من كل سبع سنابل وسبع حبات وقطعة سكر ودينار فيضع الطبق بين يدي الملك ثم يدخل عليه الهدايا ويبتدئ من الوزير ثم الناس على قدر مراتبهم ثم يقدم الملك برغيف كبير مصنوع من تلك الحبوب فيأكل منه ويطعم من حضره ثم يقول: هذا يوم جديد من شهر جديد من عام جديد من زمان جديد يحتاج أن يجدد فيه ما أخلقه الزمان وأحق الناس بالفضل والإحسان الرأس لفضله على سائر الأعضاء ثم يخلع على وجوه دولته ويصلهم ويصرف عليهم ما حمل إليه من الهدايا.
وكان من عادة الفرس في عيدهم أن يدهن الملك بدهن البان تبركا ويلبس القصب والوشي ويضع على رأسه تاجا فيه صورة الشمس ويكون أول من يدخل عليها المؤبد بطبق عليه أترجة وقطعة سكر ونبق وسفرجل وتفاح وعناب وعنقود عنب أبيض وسبع باقات آس ثم يدخل الناس مثل الأول على طبقاتهم ومن عادتهم في يوم النيروز أنهم: يجمعون بين سبع أشياء أول أسمائهن سينات يأكلونها هي السكر والسفرجل السمسم والسحاق والسذاب والسقنقور وعادات الناس في الأعياد خارجة عن التعداد انتهى.
قلت: وقد ذكر الشيخ الإمام العلامة المقريزي في كتاب الخطط والآثار كثيرا من أعيادهم وبسط في بيان ذلك ولكن الشرع الشريف قد ورد بإبطال كل عيد للناس على اختلاف فرقهم وقبائلهم وعشائرهم إلا ما وردت به السنة المطهرة من الجمعة والعيدين والحجج وعليه عمل المسلمين إلى الآن.
ولشيخ الإسلام أحمد بن تيمية رضي الله عنه كتاب سماه اقتضاء الصراط المستقيم لمخالفة أصحاب الجحيم في رد أعياد الأقوام ونهي المسلمين عن اعتياد عادات هؤلاء الطعام وفي الحديث من تشبه بقوم فهو منهم والتشبه يشمل كل شبه يكون في الأعياد والأخلاق وهيأت اللبس والآكل والركوب والبناء والكلام وقد تساهل الناس المسلمون اليوم في التحرز عن التشبه إلى الغاية وشابهوا الكفار وأهل الكتاب في مراسمهم ومواسهم إلى النهاية إلا من عصمه الله وقليل ما هم وتأويل هذا الحديث يستدعي بسطا تاما وليس هذا موضع بيان المسائل والأحكام فعليك بالنظر في اقتضاء الصراط المستقيم يتضح لك الحق مما هو باطل في دين الإسلام وبالله التوفيق.

جرض

1 جَرِضَ بِرِيقِهِ, aor. ـَ (IDrd, A, K,) inf. n. جَرَضٌ; (IDrd, K;) or جَرَضَ بِرِيقِهِ, aor. ـِ (S;) but IKtt says that the former is the right; (IB;) His throat, or fauces, became choked by his spittle; he was choked with his spittle: (IDrd, A:) or, accord. to some, he suffered the chokings (غُصَص) of death: (TA:) or the verb is sometimes used in a general manner, in the former of the senses explained above, and in the place of غَصَّ and in that of شَرِقَ and in that of شَجِىَ: (MF in art. غص, q.v.:) and the above-mentioned phrase also signifies (A) he swallowed his spittle with difficulty, or trouble, or labour, contending against anxiety, or grief. (S, A, K.) You say also, هُوَ يَجْرِضُ بِنَفْسِهِ, (S,) or يَجْرَضُ بنفسه, (A, * TA,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) He is near to dying; accord. to As: (S, TA:) or his soul reaches his fauces: (TA:) or he is at the point of death, his soul having reached his fauces. (A.) And يَجْرَضُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ He dies. (TA.) And جَرِضَتِ النَّاقَةُ بِجِرَّتِهَا [app. meaning The she-camel was choked with her cud: or swallowed her cud with difficulty]. (TA.) And جَرَضَ رِيقَهُ He swallowed his spittle. (A, TA.) And فُلَانٌ يَجْرِضُ عَلَيْكَ رِيقَهُ [app. meaning Such a one swallows his choler against thee]. (A.) b2: جَرَضَهُ He strangled him. (K.) You say, أَفْلَتَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَدْ جَرَضُوهُ He escaped from them when they had strangled him [so as almost to kill him]. (TA.) 4 اجرضهُ بِرِيقِهِ He caused his throat, or fauces, to be choked by his spittle. (S, K.) جَرَضٌ Spittle: (A, K:) or spittle by which one is choked. (S.) b2: [The choking, or strangulation, or rattles, immediately preceding death. See 1: and see also جَرِيضٌ.] b3: Difficulty, trouble, or labour; syn. جَهْدٌ. (TA.) جَرِيضٌ [A man having his throat, or fauces, choked by his spittle. b2: And hence,] Having his soul reaching his fauces: or near to dying: (TA:) or at the point of death, his soul having reached his fauces, so that he is choked by it: (A, TA:) or dying: (TA:) or made, or suffered, to escape, after evil: (Lth:) or oppressed by grief or sorrow; (S, K;) as also ↓ جِرْيَاضٌ and ↓ جِرْآضٌ: (ADk, K:) or affected by intense anxiety or grief: (TA:) [see also جَرَّاضٌ:] pl. جَرْضَى; (A, K;) like as مَرْضَى is pl. of مَرِيضٌ. (A, TA.) You say, أَفْلَتَ فُلَانٌ جَرِيضًا, or أُفْلِتَ, Such a one escaped, or was made to escape, being near to death; (TA;) or being at the point of death, his soul having reached his fauces, so that he was choked by it. (A, TA.) And مَاتَ فُلَانٌ جَرِيضًا Such a one died oppressed by grief or sorrow. (S.) A2: In the following prov., حَالَ الجَرِيضُ دُونَ القَرِيضِ [The جريض interposed as an obstacle in the way of the قريض], الجريض signifies the thing choking the throat or fauces; (S, A;) and القريض signifies the cud: the meaning being, the thing choking the throat or fauces hindered from chewing the cud: (A:) or the former signifies the choking, or having the throat, or fauces, obstructed; and the latter, the poetry: (TA:) or the former, the swallowing of spittle in dying; and the latter, the sound, or voice, of a man in dying: (Er-Riyáshee:) or the former, spittle swallowed: (Har p. 150, q. v.:) and also, the chokings (غُصَص) of death: [see also جَرَضٌ:] and the moving to and fro of the two jaws at death: (TA:) the prov. relates to an affair which is hindered by some obstacle: (A, O, K:) or it is said on the occasion of any affair which was possible and which has been hindered by the intervention of some obstacle: and the first who said it was 'Obeyd Ibn-El-Abras, when El-Mundhir [on one of the days when it was his custom to slay whomsoever he met] desired him to recite some of his verses: (Zeyd Ibn-Kuthweh:) or the first who said it was Jowshan [in some copies of the K, Showshan, which, as is said in the TA, is a mistake,] El-Kilábee, when his father, having forbidden him to poetize, and seeing him sick of grief thereat, and at the point of death, gave him permission to do so: (K, TA:) whereupon, after saying these words, he recited some verses, and died. (TA.) جَرَّاضٌ A strangler. (TA.) A2: Suffering intense, or violent, grief. (TA.) [See also جَرِيضٌ.]

جِرْآضٌ: see جَرِيضٌ.

جِرْيَاضٌ: see جَرِيضٌ.

غلظ

1 غَلُظَ, aor. ـُ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) and غَلَظَ, aor. ـِ (Sgh, K;) inf. n. [of the former] غِلَظٌ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and ↓ غِلَاظَةٌ and ↓ غِلْظَةٌ (S, * O, K, * TK) and ↓ غُلْظَةٌ and ↓ غَلْظَةٌ, (O, K, * TK,) all are inf. ns. of غَلُظَ, (O,) or the last three, the second and third of which are mentioned in the Bári', on the authority of IAar, are simple substs.; (Msb;) and perhaps غَلْظٌ may be an inf. n. [of the latter verb]; (ISd, TA;) It (a thing, Msb) was, or became, thick, gross, big, bulky, or coarse; (Mgh, Msb, K;) it (a thing) became غلِّيظ; as also ↓ استغلظ. (S.) You say, غَلُظَ جِسْمُهُ His body was, or became, thick, &c. (Mgh.) And الزَّرْعُ ↓ استغلظ i. q. غَلُظَ, (Jel in xlviii. 29,) The seed-produce became thick: (Bd:) or strong: (Msb:) or well grown and thick: and in like manner one says of any plant or tree: (TA:) and غَلُظَتِ السُّنْبُلَةُ, and ↓ استغلظت, the ear of corn produced grain. (K.) [And غَلْظَ الثَّوْبُ The garment, or piece of cloth, was thick, or coarse.] And غَلُظَتِ الأَرْضُ, inf. n. غِلَظٌ, and perhaps غَلْظٌ may be also an inf. n. [of this verb, or, more probably, of غَلَظَت], The land was, or became, rough, or rugged. (ISd. TA.) [In this sense, also, غَلُظَ is used in relation to various things.] b2: [Said of a colour, It was dense, or deep: see غَلِيظٌ.] b3: Also (tropical:) He was, or became, characterized by غِلْظَة, the contr. of رِقَّة, in manners, disposition, action or conduct, speech, life, and the like; (TA;) i. e., rough; coarse; rude; unkind; hard; churlish; uncivil; surly; hard to deal with; incompliant; unobsequious; evil in disposition; illnatured; or the like (S, by its explanation of غِلْظَةٌ and غِلَاظَةٌ; and Msb: *) and in like manner, [as meaning it was, or became, hard, or difficult, and the like, (see غَلِيظٌ,)] it is said of an affair: (TA:) and ↓ تغلّظ is said of a crime; meaning it was gross, or great; but this is accord. to analogy only; not on the authority of hearsay. (Mgh.) It is said in the Kur [ix. 74, and lxvi. 9], واغْلُظْ عَلَيْهِمْ And use thou roughness towards them: (Bd in lxvi. 9:) and some read وَاغْلِظْ, with kesr to the ل. (TA.) [See also غِلْظَةٌ, below.]2 غلّظ الشَّىْءَ, inf. n. تَغْلِيظٌ, He made, or rendered, the thing غَلِيظ [in the proper sense, i. e., thick, gross, big, bulky, or coarse; &c.: b2: and also, and more commonly, in a tropical sense, i. e., (tropical:) hard, or difficult, and the like]: (TA:) and غلّظ عَلَيْهِ الشَّىْءَ, inf. n. as abuse, (tropical:) [he made the thing hard, or difficult, or the like, to him;] and hence دِيَةٌ مَغَلَّظَةٌ, which see below. (S, TA,) [Hence also,] غَلَّظْتُ اليَمِينَ, inf. n. as above, (assumed tropical:) I made the oath strong, or forcible; I confirmed, or ratified, it: (Msb;) [and so ↓ أَغْلَظْتُهَا; for you say,] حَلَفَ بِإِغْلَاظِ اليَمِينِ (tropical:) [He swore, making the oath strong, &c.]. (TA.) And غَلَّظْتُ عَلَيْهِ فِى

اليَمِينِ, inf. n. as above, (assumed tropical:) I was hard, rigorous, or severe, to him in the oath. (Msb.) b3: تَغْلِيظٌ in pronunciation: see تَفْخِيمٌ.3 مُغَالَظَةٌ is similar to مُعَارَضَةٌ (assumed tropical:) [The act of mutually opposing, and app. with roughness, coarseness, or the like]: (TA:) and signifies a state of mutual enmity or hostility. (IDrd, K.) See غِلْظَةٌ, below, last sentence.4 اغلظ الثَّوْبَ He found the garment, or piece of cloth, to be thick, or coarse: (K:) or he bought it thick, or coarse: (S, K:) the former is the more correct: (O:) or the former only is correct. (TS.) b2: اغلظت اليَمِينَ: see 2.

A2: اغلظ [is also intrans., and signifies] He (a man, Ibn-'Abbád) alighted, or alighted and abode, in a rough, or rugged, tract of land. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) b2: اغلظ لَهُ فِى القَوْلِ (S, Mgh, Msb, K) (tropical:) He was, or became, rough, harsh, coarse, rude, uncivil, or ungentle, to him in speech: (Mgh, Msb, K:) one should not say غلّظ. (TA.) 5 تَغَلَّظَ see 1, near the end.

استغلظ: see 1, in three places.

A2: استغلظهُ He saw it to be, regarded it as, or esteemed it, thick, gross, big, bulky, or coarse. (Msb.) He abstained from purchasing it (namely a garment, or piece of cloth, S) because of its thickness, or coarseness. (S, K.) غَلْظٌ Rough, or rugged, land or ground; (ISd, K;) mentioned on the authority of Ibn-'Abbád; and by AHn, on the authority of En-Nadr; but it has been repudiated: and is said to be correctly ↓ غِلَظٌ: ISd says, of the former word, “I know not whether it be [properly] syn. with غَلِيظٌ, or whether it be an inf. n. used as an epithet: ”

accord. to Kr, it signifies hard land without stones: Ks says that غَلْظٌ is syn. with ↓ غِلَظٌ. (TA.) غِلَظٌ: [see 1: b2: and] see غَلْظٌ, in two places.

غَلْظَةٌ: see what next follows.

غُلْظَةٌ: see what next follows.

غِلْظَةٌ and ↓ غُلْظَةٌ and ↓ غَلْظَةٌ: see 1: these three forms are mentioned by Zj, (TA,) and in the Bári', (Msb, TA,) on the authority of IAar, (Msb,) and by Sgh; but the first of them [only] is commonly known: (TA:) they are substs. from غَلُظَ; and signify Thickness, grossness, bigness, bulkiness, or coarseness. (Msb.) [And Roughness, or ruggedness.] b2: Also (tropical:) Contr. of رِقَّةٌ, in manners, disposition, action or conduct, speech, life, and the like; (TA;) i. e. roughness, coarseness, rudeness, unkindness, hardness, churlishness, incivility, surliness, roughness in manners, hardness to deal with, incompliance, unobsequiousness, evilness of disposition, illnature, or the like: (S, Msb: *) and in like manner, hardness, or difficulty, of an affair. (TA, as shown by an explanation of غَلِيظٌ.) You say, رَجُلٌ فِيهِ غِلْظَةٌ (tropical:) A man in whom is roughness, coarseness, rudeness, &c.; (S, Msb; *) as also ↓ غِلَاظَةٌ. (S.) And it is said in the Kur [ix. 124], وَلْيَجِدُوا فِيكُمْ غِلْظَةٌ, in which the last word is pronounced in the three different ways shown above, accord. to different readers; meaning (tropical:) [And let them find in you] hardness, or strength, or vehemence, and superiority in fight: (TA:) or hardness, or strength, or vehemence, and patient endurance of fight: (Bd:) or hardness, or strength, or vehemence, in enmity and in fight and in making captives. (Mgh.) And you say, بَيْنَهُمَا غِلْظَةٌ (tropical:) Between them two is enmity, or hostility; as also ↓ مُغَالَظَةٌ. (IDrd, K.) غُلَاظٌ: see what next follows.

غَلِيظٌ (S, &c.) Thick, gross, big, bulky, or coarse; (Mgh, Msb, K;) as also ↓ غُلَاظٌ: (K:) fem. of the former with ة: (TA:) and pl. غِلَاظٌ. (Msb, TA.) Applied [to a body, &c.; and, as meaning Thick, or coarse,] to a garment, or piece of cloth. (Mgh, K.) You say also, أَرْضٌ غَلِيظَةٌ Rough, or rugged, land. (ISd, TA.) [And in this sense, of rough, or rugged, غَلِيظٌ is used in relation to various things.] b2: Applied to a colour [Dense, or deep: see غَضْبٌ]. (K in art. غضب.) b3: Also, applied to a man, (tropical:) Characterized by غِلْظَة, the contr. of رِقَّة, in manners, disposition, action or conduct, speech, life, and the like; rough, coarse, rude, unkind, hard, churlish, uncivil, surly, rough in manners, hard to deal with, incompliant, unobsequious, evil in disposition, illnatured, or the like: (Msb, * TA:) and so غَلِيظُ الجَانِبِ; [contr. of لَيِّنُ الجَانِبِ:] (O and K in art. فظ:) and غَلِيظُ القَلْبِ hard-hearted; (Bd in iii. 153;) evil in disposition, or illnatured. (TA.) Applied also to an affair, meaning (tropical:) Hard, or difficult. (TA.) And to punishment, [in the Kur xi. 61, &c.,] meaning (tropical:) Vehement, or severe; (Mgh;) intensely painful. (Msb.) And [in like manner] to slaying and wounding. (TA.) and to a compact, or covenant, [in the Kur iv. 25, &c.,] meaning (tropical:) Strong, confirmed, or ratified. (Mgh, TA.) And to water, meaning (tropical:) Bitter. (TA.) غِلَاظَةٌ: see 1, first sentence; and غِلْظَةٌ.

أَغْلَظُ comparative and superlative of غَلِيظٌ [in all its senses]. (IJ.) دِيَةٌ مُغَلَّظَةٌ (assumed tropical:) [A bloodwit, or fine for bloodshed, made hard, rigorous, or severe;] one which is incumbent for what is like an intentional homicide; (S;) or for a homicide purely intentional, and for that which is intentional but committed in mistake, and for that which is committed in the sacred territory, and for the slaughter of a kinsman; (EshSháfi'ee;) consisting of thirty camels of the description termed حِقَّة, and thirty of that termed جَذَعَة, and forty between the ثَنِيَّة and the بَازِل, all pregnant. (Esh-Sháfi'ee, K.) And يَمِينٌ مُغَلَّظَةٌ (assumed tropical:) [An oath made strong or forcible, or confirmed, or ratified.] (S.) b2: العَوْرَةُ المُغَلَّظَةُ: see عَوْرَةٌ.

مُسْتَغْلَظُ [The thick part of the fore arm]. (TA.)