سُدّ يأجُوجَ ومأجوجَ:
قيل: إن يأجوج ومأجوج ابنا يافث بن نوح، عليه السلام، وهما قبيلتان من خلق جاءت القراءة فيهما بهمز وبغير همز، وهما اسمان أعجميان، واشتقاق مثلهما من كلام العرب يخرج من أجّت النار ومن الماء الأجاج وهو الشديد الملوحة المحرق من ملوحته، ويكون التقدير يفعول ومفعول، ويجوز أن يكون يأجوج فاعولا وكذلك مأجوج، قال: هذا لو كان الاسمان عربيّين لكان هذا اشتقاقهما، فأمّا الأعجمية فلا تشتقّ من العربيّة، وروي عن الشعبي أنّه قال: سار ذو القرنين إلى ناحية يأجوج ومأجوج فنظر إلى أمّة صهب الشعور زرق العيون فاجتمع إليه منهم خلق كثير وقالوا له: أيها الملك المظفّر إنّ خلف هذا الجبل أمما لا يحصيهم إلّا الله وقد أخربوا علينا بلادنا يأكلون ثمارنا وزروعنا، قال: وما صفتهم؟ قالوا: قصار صلع عراض الوجوه، قال: وكم صنفا هم؟ قالوا: هم أمم كثيرة لا يحصيهم إلّا الله تعالى، قال: وما أساميهم؟
قالوا: أما من قرب منهم فهم ستّ قبائل: يأجوج، ومأجوج، وتاويل، وتاريس، ومنسك، وكمارى، وكلّ قبيلة منهم مثل جميع أهل الأرض، وأما من كان منّا بعيدا فإنّا لا نعرف قبائلهم وليس لهم إلينا طريق، فهل نجعل لك خرجا على أن تسدّ عليهم وتكفينا أمرهم؟ قال: فما طعامهم؟ قالوا: يقذف البحر إليهم في كلّ سنة سمكتين يكون بين رأس كلّ سمكة وذنبها مسيرة عشرة أيّام أو أكثر، قال:
ما مكّنني فيه ربي خير فأعينوني بقوّة تبذلون لي من الأموال في سدّه ما يمكن كلّ واحد منكم، ففعلوا، ثمّ أمر بالحديد فأذيب وضرب منه لبنا عظاما وأذاب النحاس ثمّ جعل منه ملاطا لذلك اللبن وبنى به الفجّ وسوّاه مع قلّتي الجبل فصار شبيها بالمصمت، وفي بعض الأخبار قال: السّدّ طريقة حمراء وطريقة سوداء من حديد ونحاس، ويأجوج ومأجوج اثنتان وعشرون قبيلة، منهم الترك قبيلة واحدة كانت خارج السدّ لما ردمه ذو القرنين فسلموا أن يكونوا خلفه، وسار ذو القرنين حتى توسط بلادهم فإذا هم على مقدار واحد، ذكرهم وأنثاهم، يبلغ طول الواحد منهم مثل نصف طول الرجل المربوع، لهم مخاليب في مواضع الأظفار ولهم أضراس وأنياب كأضراس السّباع
وأنيابها وأحناك كأحناك الإبل، وعليهم من الشعر ما يواري أجسادهم، ولكل واحد أذنان عظيمتان إحداهما على ظاهرها وبر كثير وباطنها أجرد والأخرى باطنها وبر كثير وظاهرها أجرد يلتحف إحداهما ويفترش الأخرى، وليس منهم ذكر ولا أنثى إلّا ويعرف أجله والوقت الذي يموت فيه، وذلك أنّه لا يموت حتى يلد ألف ولد، وهم يرزقون التنّين في أيّام الربيع ويستمطرونه إذا أبطأ عنهم كما نستمطر المطر إذا انقطع فيقذفون في كلّ عام بواحد فيأكلونه عامهم كلّه إلى مثله من قابل فيكفيهم على كثرتهم، وهم يتداعون تداعي الحمام ويعوون عواء الكلاب ويتسافدون حيث ما التقوا تسافد البهائم، وفي رواية أن ذا القرنين إنما عمل السدّ بعد رجوعه عنهم فانصرف إلى ما بين الصّدفين فقاس ما بينهما وهو منقطع أرض الترك ممّا يلي الشمس فوجد بعد ما بينهما مائة فرسخ فحفر له أساسا بلغ به الماء وجعل عرضه خمسين فرسخا وجعل حشوه الصخور وطينه النحاس المذاب يصبّ عليه، فصار عرقا من جبل تحت الأرض ثمّ علّاه وشرّفه بزبر الحديد والنحاس المذاب وجعل خلاله عرقا من نحاس أصفر فصار كأنّه برد محبّر من صفرة النحاس وسواد الحديد، فلمّا أحكمه انصرف راجعا، وأمّا ذكر التنّين فرأينا منه بنواحي حلب ما ذكرته في ترجمة كلز وجعلته حجّة على ما أورده ههنا من خبره وشجّعني على كتابته، فإن الإنسان شديد التكذيب بخبر ما لم ير مثله، روي عن شدّاد بن أفلح المقري أنّه قال: عدت عمر البكاليّ فذكرنا لون التنّين فقال عمر البكاليّ: أتدرون كيف يكون التنّين؟ قلنا: لا، قال: يكون في البرّ حيّة متمرّدة فتأكل حيّات البرّ فلا تزال تأكلها وتأكل غيرها من الهوامّ وهي تعظم وتكبر ثمّ يزيد أمرها فتأكل جميع ما تراه من الحيوان فإذا عظم أمرها ضجّت دوابّ البر منها فيرسل الله تعالى إليها ملكا فيحتملها حتى يلقيها في البحر فتفعل بدوابّ البحر مثل فعلها بدوابّ البرّ فتعظم ويزداد جسمها فتضجّ دوابّ البحر منها أيضا فيبعث الله إليها ملكا حتى يخرج رأسها من البحر فيتدلّى إليها سحاب فيحتملها فيلقيها إلى يأجوج ومأجوج، وحدّث المعلّى بن هلال الكوفي قال: كنت بالمصيصة فسمعتهم يتحدثون أن البحر ربّما مكث أيّاما وليالي تصطفق أمواجه ويسمع لها دويّ شديد فيقولون ما هذا إلّا بشيء آذى دوابّ البحر فهي تضجّ إلى الله تعالى، قال:
فتقبل سحابة حتى تغيب في البحر ثمّ تقبل أخرى حتى تعدّ سبع سحابات ثمّ ترتفع جميعا في السماء وقد حملن شيئا يرون أنّه التنّين حتى يغيب عنّا ونحن ننظر إليه يضطرب فيها فربّما وقع في البحر فتعود السحابة إلى البحر بالرعد الشديد الهائل والبرق العظيم حتى تغوص في البحر وتستخرجه ثانية فتحمله، فربما اجتاز وهو في السحاب وذنبه خارج عنها بالشجر العادي والبناء الشامخ فيضربه بذنبه فيهدم البناء من أصله ويقلع الشجر بعروقه، ولقد احتمله السحاب من بحر أنطاكية فضرب بذنبه بضعة عشر برجا من أبراج سورها فرمى بها، ويقال: إن السحاب الموكّل به يختطفه حيثما رآه كما يختطف حجر المغناطيس الحديد، فهو لا يطلع رأسه من الماء خوفا من السحاب ولا يخرج إلّا في الفرط إذا صحت الدنيا، وذكر بقراط الحكيم اليوناني في كتاب الثراء أنّه كان في بعض السواحل فبلغه أن هناك قرى كثيرة قد فشا فيها الموت فقصدها ليعرف السبب في ذلك فلمّا فحص عن الأمر إذا هو بتنّين قد احتمله السحاب من البحر فوقع على نحو عشرين فرسخا من هذه القرى فنتن
ففشا الموت فيها من نتنه فعمد ذلك الفيلسوف فجبا من أهل تلك القرى مالا عظيما واشترى به ملحا ثمّ أمر أهل تلك القرى أن يحملوه ويلقوه عليه ففعلوا ذلك حتى بطلت رائحته وكفّ الموتان عنهم، وروي عن بعضهم أنّه قصد موضعا سقط فيه فوجد طوله نحو الفرسخين وعرضه فرسخ ولونه مثل لون النمر مفلّس كفلوس السمك وله جناحان عظيمان كهيئة أجنحة السمك ورأسه مثل التلّ العظيم شبه رأس الإنسان وله أذنان مفرطتا الطول وعينان مدوّرتان كبيرتان جدّا ويتشعّب من عنقه ستّة أعناق طول كل عنق منها عشرون ذراعا في كل عنق رأس كرأس الحيّة، قلت: هذه صفة فاسدة لأنه قال أوّلا رأس كرأس الإنسان ثمّ قال ستة رؤوس كرءوس الحية، وقد نقلته كما وجدته ولكن تركه أولى، ومن مشهور الأخبار حديث سلّام الترجمان قال: إن الواثق بالله رأى في المنام أن السدّ الذي بناه ذو القرنين بيننا وبين يأجوج ومأجوج مفتوح، فأرعبه هذا المنام فأحضرني وأمرني بقصده والنظر إليه والرجوع إليه بالخبر، فضمّ إليّ خمسين رجلا ووصلني بخمسة آلاف دينار وأعطاني ديني عشرة آلاف درهم ومائتي بغل تحمل الزاد والماء، قال:
فخرجنا من سرّ من رأى بكتاب منه إلى إسحاق ابن إسماعيل صاحب أرمينية وهو بتفليس يؤمر فيه بإنفاذنا وقضاء حوائجنا ومكاتبة الملوك الذين في طريقنا بتيسيرنا، فلمّا وصلنا إليه قضى حوائجنا وكتب إلى صاحب السرير وكتب لنا صاحب السرير إلى ملك اللّان وكتب ملك اللّان إلى فيلانشاه وكتب لنا فيلانشاه إلى ملك الخزر فوجه ملك الخزر معنا خمسة من الأدلّاء فسرنا ستّة وعشرين يوما فوصلنا إلى أرض سوداء منتنة الرائحة وكنّا قد حملنا معنا خلّا لنشمّه من رائحتها بإشارة الأدلّاء، فسرنا في تلك الأرض عشرة أيّام ثمّ صرنا إلى مدن خراب فسرنا فيها سبعة وعشرين يوما فسألنا الأدلّاء عن سبب خراب تلك المدن فقالوا: خرّبها يأجوج ومأجوج، ثمّ صرنا إلى حصن بالقرب من الجبل الذي السّدّ في شعب منه فجزنا بشيء يسير إلى حصون أخر فيها قوم يتكلمون بالعربيّة والفارسيّة وهم مسلمون يقرؤون القرآن ولهم مساجد وكتاتيب، فسألونا من أين أقبلتم وأين تريدون، فأخبرناهم أنا رسل أمير المؤمنين، فأقبلوا يتعجبون من قولنا ويقولون: أمير المؤمنين! فنقول:
نعم، فقالوا: أهو شيخ أم شاب؟ قلنا: شابّ، قالوا: وأين يكون؟ قلنا: بالعراق في مدينة يقال لها سرّ من رأى، قالوا: ما سمعنا بهذا قط، ثمّ ساروا معنا إلى جبل أملس ليس عليه من النبات شيء وإذا هو مقطوع بواد عرضه مائة وخمسون ذراعا، وإذا عضادتان مبنيتان ممّا يلي الجبل من جنبي الوادي عرض كلّ عضادة خمسة وعشرون ذراعا الظاهر من تحتها عشرة أذرع خارج الباب، وكلّه مبني بلبن حديد مغيّب في نحاس في سمك خمسين ذراعا، وإذا دروند حديد طرفاه في العضادتين طوله مائة وعشرون ذراعا قد ركّب على العضادتين على كلّ واحد مقدار عشرة أذرع في عرض خمسة أذرع، وفوق الدروند بناء بذلك اللبن الحديد والنحاس إلى رأس الجبل، وارتفاعه مدّ البصر، وفوق ذلك شرف حديد في طرف كلّ شرفة قرنان ينثني كلّ واحد إلى صاحبه، وإذا باب حديد بمصراعين مغلقين عرض كل مصراع ستون ذراعا في ارتفاع سبعين ذراعا في ثخن خمسة أذرع وقائمتاها في دوّارة على قدر الدروند، وعلى الباب قفل طوله سبعة أذرع في غلظ باع، وارتفاع القفل من الأرض خمسة وعشرون ذراعا وفوق القفل نحو خمسة أذرع
غلق طوله أكثر من طول القفل، وعلى الغلق مفتاح معلق طوله سبعة أذرع له أربع عشرة دندانكة أكبر من دستج الهاون معلّق في سلسلة طولها ثمانية أذرع في استدارة أربعة أشبار والحلقة التي فيها السلسلة مثل حلقة المنجنيق، وارتفاع عتبة الباب عشرة أذرع في بسط مائة ذراع سوى ما تحت العضادتين والظاهر منها خمسة أذرع، وهذا الذرع كلّه بذراع السواد، ورئيس تلك الحصون يركب في كلّ جمعة في عشرة فوارس مع كلّ فارس مرزبة حديد فيجيئون إلى الباب ويضرب كل واحد منهم القفل والباب ضربات كثيرة ليسمع من وراء الباب ذلك فيعلموا أن هناك حفظة ويعلم هؤلاء أن أولئك لم يحدثوا في الباب حدثا، وإذا ضربوا الباب وضعوا آذانهم فيسمعون من وراء الباب دويّا عظيما، وبالقرب من السدّ حصن كبير يكون فرسخا في مثله يقال إنّه يأوي إليه الصّنّاع، ومع الباب حصنان يكون كلّ واحد منهما مائتي ذراع في مثلها، وعلى بابي هذين الحصنين شجر كبير لا يدرى ما هو، وبين الحصنين عين عذبة، وفي أحدهما آلة البناء التي بني بها السدّ من القدور الحديد والمغارف وهناك بقيّة من اللبن الحديد قد التصق بعضه ببعض من الصدإ، واللبنة ذراع ونصف في سمك شبر، وسألنا من هناك هل رأوا أحدا من يأجوج ومأجوج فذكروا أنّهم رأوا منهم مرّة عددا فوق الشرف فهبّت ريح سوداء فألقتهم إلى جانبنا فكان مقدار الواحد منهم في رأي العين شبرا ونصفا، فلمّا انصرفنا أخذ بنا الأدلّاء نحو خراسان فسرنا حتى خرجنا خلف سمرقند بسبعة فراسخ، قال: وكان بين خروجنا من سرّ من رأى إلى رجوعنا إليها ثمانية عشر شهرا، قد كتبت من خبر السدّ ما وجدته في الكتب ولست أقطع بصحة ما أوردته لاختلاف الروايات فيه، والله أعلم بصحته، وعلى كلّ حال فليس في صحة أمر السد ريب وقد جاء ذكره في الكتاب العزيز.

مَدينَةُ يَثْرِبَ:
قال المنجمون: طول المدينة من جهة المغرب ستون درجة ونصف، وعرضها عشرون درجة، وهي في الإقليم الثاني، وهي مدينة الرسول، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، نبدأ أولا بصفتها مجملا ثم نفصّل، أما قدرها فهي في مقدار نصف مكة، وهي في حرّة سبخة الأرض ولها نخيل كثيرة ومياه، ونخيلهم وزروعهم تسقى من الآبار عليها العبيد، وللمدينة سور والمسجد في نحو وسطها، وقبر النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، في شرقي المسجد وهو بيت مرتفع ليس بينه وبين سقف المسجد إلا فرجة وهو مسدود لا باب له وفيه قبر النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، وقبر أبي بكر وقبر عمر، والمنبر الذي كان يخطب عليه رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، قد غشي بمنبر آخر والروضة أمام المنبر بينه وبين القبر ومصلّى النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، الذي كان يصلّي فيه الأعياد في غربي المدينة داخل الباب وبقيع الغرقد خارج المدينة من شرقيّها وقباء خارج المدينة على نحو ميلين إلى ما يلي القبلة، وهي شبيهة بالقرية، وأحد جبل في شمال المدينة، وهو أقرب الجبال إليها مقدار فرسخين، وبقربها مزارع فيها نخيل وضياع لأهل المدينة، ووادي العقيق فيما بينها وبين الفرع، والفرع من المدينة على أربعة أيام في جنوبيّها، وبها مسجد جامع، غير أن أكثر هذه الضياع خراب وكذلك حوالي المدينة ضياع كثيرة أكثرها خراب وأعذب مياه تلك الناحية آبار العقيق، ذكر ابن طاهر بإسناده إلى محمد بن إسماعيل البــخاري قال: المديني هو الذي أقام بالمدينة ولم يفارقها، والمدني الذي تحول عنها وكان منها، والمشهور عندنا أن النسبة إلى مدينة الرسول مدنيّ مطلقا وإلى غيرها من المدن مدينيّ للفرق لا لعلة أخرى، وربما ردّه بعضهم إلى الأصل فنسب إلى مدينة الرسول أيضا مدينيّ، وقال
الليث: المدينة اسم لمدينة رسول الله خاصة والنسبة للإنسان مدنيّ، فأما العير ونحوه فلا يقال إلا مدينيّ، وعلى هذه الصيغة ينسب أبو الحسن علي بن عبد الله بن جعفر بن نجيح السعدي المعروف بابن المديني، كان أصله من المدينة ونزل البصرة وكان من أعلم أهل زمانه بعلل حديث رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، والمقدّم في حفّاظ وقته، روى عن سفيان بن عيينة وحمّاد بن زيد وكتب عن الشافعي كتاب الرسالة وحملها إلى عبد الرحمن بن مهدي وسمع منه ومن جرير بن عبد الحميد وعبد العزيز الدراوردي وغيرهم من الأئمة، روى عنه أحمد بن حنبل ومحمد بن سعيد البــخاري وأحمد بن منصور الرّمادي ومحمد بن يحيى الذّهلي وأبو أحمد المرئيّ وغيرهم من الأئمة، وقال البــخاري: ما انتفعت عند أحد إلا عند علي بن المديني، وكان مولده سنة 161 بالبصرة، ومات بسامرّا وقيل بالبصرة ليومين بقيا من ذي القعدة سنة 234، ولهذه المدينة تسعة وعشرون اسما، وهي: المدينة، وطيبة، وطابة، والمسكينة، والعذراء، والجابرة، والمحببة، والمحببة، والمحبورة، ويثرب، والناجية، والموفية، وأكّالة البلدان، والمباركة، والمحفوفة، والمسلمة، والمجنة، والقدسية، والعاصمة، والمرزوقة، والشافية، والخيرة، والمحبوبة، والمرحومة، وجابرة، والمختارة، والمحرمة، والقاصمة، وطبابا، وروي في قول النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم: رب أدخلني مدخل صدق وأخرجني مخرج صدق، قالوا: المدينة ومكة، وكان على المدينة وتهامة في الجاهلية عامل من قبل مرزبان الزارة يجبي خراجها وكانت قريظة والنضير اليهود ملوكا حتى أخرجهم منها الأوس والخزرج من الأنصار، كما ذكرناه في مأرب، وكانت الأنصار قبل تؤدي خراجا إلى اليهود، ولذلك قال بعضهم:
نؤدي الخرج بعد خراج كسرى ... وخرج بني قريظة والنضير
وروى أبو هريرة قال: قال رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: من صبر على أوار المدينة وحرّها كنت له يوم القيامة شفيعا شهيدا، وقال، صلى الله عليه وسلم، حين توجّه إلى الهجرة: اللهم إنك قد أخرجتني من أحبّ أرضك إليّ فأنزلني أحب أرض إليك، فأنزله المدينة، فلما نزلها قال: اللهم اجعل لنا بها قرارا ورزقا واسعا، وقال، عليه الصلاة والسلام:
من استطاع منكم أن يموت في المدينة فليفعل فإنه من مات بها كنت له شهيدا أو شفيعا يوم القيامة، وعن عبد الله بن الطّفيل: لما قدم رسول الله، صلى الله عليه وسلم، المدينة وثب على أصحابه وباء شديد حتى أهمدتهم الحمّى فما كان يصلي مع رسول الله، صلى الله عليه وسلم، إلا اليسير فدعا لهم وقال:
اللهم حبّب إلينا المدينة كما حببت إلينا مكة واجعل ما كان بها من وباء بخمّ، وفي خبر آخر: اللهم حبّب إلينا المدينة كما حببت إلينا مكة وأشدّ وصححها وبارك لنا في صاعها ومدّها وانقل حمّاها إلى الجحفة، وقد كان همّ، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، أن ينتقل إلى الحمى لصحته، وقال: نعم المنزل الحمى لولا كثرة حيّاته، وذكر العرض وناحيته فهمّ به وقال: هو أصح من المدينة، وروي عنه، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، أنه قال عن بيوت السّقيا: اللهم إن إبراهيم عبدك وخليلك ونبيك ورسولك دعاك لأهل مكة وإن محمدا عبدك ونبيك ورسولك يدعوك لأهل المدينة بمثل ما دعاك إبراهيم أن تبارك في صاعهم ومدهم وثمارهم، اللهم حبب إلينا المدينة كما حببت إلينا مكة واجعل ما بها من وباء بخمّ، اللهم إني قد
حرّمت ما بين لابتيها كما حرّم إبراهيم خليلك، وحرّم رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، شجر المدينة بريدا في بريد من كل ناحية ورخّص في الهش وفي متاع الناضح ونهى عن الخبط وأن يعضد ويهصر، وكان أول من زرع بالمدينة واتخذ بها النخل وعمّر بها الدور والآطام واتخذ بها الضياع العماليق وهم بنو عملاق بن أرفخشد بن سام بن نوح، عليه السّلام، وقيل في نسبهم غير ذلك مما ذكر في هذا الكتاب، ونزلت اليهود بعدهم الحجاز وكانت العماليق ممن انبسط في البلاد فأخذوا ما بين البحرين وعمان والحجاز كلّه إلى الشام ومصر، فجبابرة الشام وفراعنة مصر منهم، وكان منهم بالبحرين وعمان أمّة يسمون جاسم، وكان ساكنو المدينة منهم بنو هفّ وسعد ابن هفّان وبنو مطرويل، وكان بنجد منهم بنو بديل بن راحل وأهل تيماء ونواحيها، وكان ملك الحجاز الأرقم بن أبي الأرقم، وكان سبب نزول اليهود بالمدينة وأعراضها أن موسى بن عمران، عليه السلام، بعث إلى الكنعانيّين حين أظهره الله تعالى على فرعون فوطئ الشام وأهلك من كان بها منهم ثم بعث بعثا آخر إلى الحجاز إلى العماليق وأمرهم أن لا يستبقوا أحدا ممن بلغ الحلم إلا من دخل في دينه، فقدموا عليهم فقاتلوهم فأظهرهم الله عليهم فقتلوهم وقتلوا ملكهم الأرقم وأسروا ابنا له شابّا جميلا كأحسن من رأى في زمانه فضنّوا به عن القتل وقالوا:
نستحييه حتى نقدم به على موسى فيرى فيه رأيه، فأقبلوا وهو معهم وقبض الله موسى قبل قدومهم فلما قربوا وسمع بنو إسرائيل بذلك تلقوهم وسألوهم عن أخبارهم فأخبروهم بما فتح الله عليهم، قالوا: فما هذا الفتى الذي معكم؟ فأخبروهم بقصته، فقالوا: إن هذه معصية منكم لمخالفتكم أمر نبيكم، والله لا دخلتم علينا بلادنا أبدا، فحالوا بينهم وبين الشام، فقال ذلك الجيش: ما بلد إذ منعتم بلدكم خير لكم من البلد الذي فتحتموه وقتلتم أهله فارجعوا إليه، فعادوا إليها فأقاموا بها فهذا كان أول سكنى اليهود الحجاز والمدينة، ثم لحق بهم بعد ذلك بنو الكاهن بن هارون، عليه السلام، فكانت لهم الأموال والضياع بالسافلة، والسافلة ما كان في أسفل المدينة إلى أحد، وقبر حمزة والعالية ما كان فوق المدينة إلى أحد، وقبر حمزة والعالية ما كان فوق المدينة إلى مسجد قباء وما إلى ذلك إلى مطلع الشمس، فزعمت بنو قريظة أنهم مكثوا كذلك زمانا ثم إن الروم ظهروا على الشام فقتلوا من بني إسرائيل خلقا كثيرا فخرج بنو قريظة والنضير وهدل هاربين من الشام يريدون الحجاز الذي فيه بنو إسرائيل ليسكنوا معهم، فلما فصلوا من الشام وجّه ملك الروم في طلبهم من يردّهم فأعجزوا رسله وفآتوهم وانتهى الروم إلى ثمد بين الشام والحجاز فماتوا عنده عطشا فسمي ذلك الموضع ثمد الروم فهو معروف بذلك إلى اليوم، وذكر بعض علماء الحجاز من اليهود أن سبب نزولهم المدينة أن ملك الروم حين ظهر على بني إسرائيل وملك الشام خطب إلى بني هارون وفي دينهم أن لا يزوّجوا النصارى فخافوه وأنعموا له وسألوه أن يشرّفهم بإتيانه، فأتاهم ففتكوا به وبمن معه ثم هربوا حتى لحقوا بالحجاز وأقاموا بها، وقال آخرون: بل علماؤهم كانوا يجدون في التوراة صفة النبيّ، صلى الله عليه وسلّم، وأنه يهاجر إلى بلد فيه نخل بين حرّتين، فأقبلوا من الشام يطلبون الصفة حرصا منهم على اتباعه، فلما رأوا تيماء وفيها النخل عرفوا صفته وقالوا:
هو البلد الذي نريده، فنزلوا وكانوا أهله حتى أتاهم تبّع فأنزل معهم بني عمرو بن عوف، والله أعلم أيّ ذلك كان، قالوا: فلما كان من سيل العرم ما كان،
كما ذكرناه في مأرب، قال عمرو بن عوف: من كان منكم يريد الراسيات في الوحل، المطعمات في المحل، المدركات بالدّخل، فليلحق بيثرب ذات النخل، وكان الذين اختاروها وسكنوها الأنصار وهم الأوس والخزرج ابنا حارثة بن ثعلبة بن عمرو بن عامر بن حارثة بن امرئ القيس بن ثعلبة بن مازن بن الأزد وأمهم في قول ابن الكلبي قيلة بنت الأرقم بن عمرو ابن جفنة، ويقال: قيلة بنت هالك بن عذرة من قضاعة، وقال غيره: قيلة بنت كاهل بن عذرة بن سعد بن زيد بن ليث بن سود بن أسلم بن الحاف بن قضاعة ولذلك سمي بنو قيلة فأقاموا في مكانهم على جهد وضنك من العيش، وكان ملك بني إسرائيل يقال له الفيطوان، وفي كتاب ابن الكلبي: الفطيون، بكسر الفاء والياء بعد الطاء، وكانت اليهود والأوس والخزرج يدينون له، وكانت له فيهم سنّة الّا تزوّج امرأة منهم إلا أدخلت عليه قبل زوجها حتى يكون هو الذي يفتضّها إلى أن زوّجت أخت لمالك بن العجلان بن زيد السالمي الخزرجي، فلما كانت الليلة التي تهدى فيها إلى زوجها خرجت على مجلس قومها كاشفة عن ساقيها وأخوها مالك في المجلس، فقال لها: قد جئت بسوءة بخروجك على قومك وقد كشفت عن ساقيك، قالت: الذي يراد بي الليلة أعظم من ذلك لأنني أدخل على غير زوجي، ثم دخلت إلى منزلها فدخل إليها أخوها وقد أرمضه قولها فقال لها: هل عندك من خير؟ قالت: نعم، فماذا؟ قال: أدخل معك في جملة النساء على الفطيون فإذا خرجن من عندك ودخل عليك ضربته بالسيف حتى يبرد، قالت: افعل، فتزيّا بزيّ النساء وراح معها فلما خرج النساء من عندها دخل الفطيون عليها فشدّ عليه مالك بن العجلان بالسيف وضربه حتى قتله وخرج هاربا حتى قدم الشام فدخل على ملك من ملوك غسّان يقال له أبو جبيلة، وفي بعض الروايات أنه قصد اليمن إلى تبّع الأصغر ابن حسّان فشكا إليه ما كان من الفطيون وما كان يعمل في نسائهم وذكر له أنه قتله وهرب وأنه لا يستطيع الرجوع خوفا من اليهود، فعاهده أبو جبيلة أن لا يقرب امرأة ولا يمسّ طيبا ولا يشرب خمرا حتى يسير إلى المدينة ويذلّ من بها من اليهود، وأقبل سائرا من الشام في جمع كثير مظهرا أنه يريد اليمن حتى قدم المدينة ونزل بذي حرض ثم أرسل إلى الأوس والخزرج أنه على المكر باليهود عازم على قتل رؤسائهم وأنه يخشى متى علموا بذلك أن يتحصّنوا في آطامهم وأمرهم بكتمان ما أسرّه إليهم ثم أرسل إلى وجوه اليهود أن يحضروا طعامه ليحسن إليهم ويصلهم، فأتاه وجوههم وأشرافهم ومع كل واحد منهم خاصّته وحشمه، فلما تكاملوا أدخلهم في خيامه ثم قتلهم عن آخرهم فصارت الأوس والخزرج من يومئذ أعزّ أهل المدينة وقمعوا اليهود وسار ذكرهم وصار لهم الأموال والآطام، فقال الرّمق بن زيد بن غنم بن سالم بن مالك بن سالم ابن عوف بن الخزرج يمدح أبا جبيلة:
لم يقض دينك مل حسا ... ن وقد غنيت وقد غنينا
الراشقات المرشقا ... ت الجازيات بما جزينا
أشباه غزلان الصّرا ... ثم يأتزرن ويرتدينا
الرّيط والديباج وال ... حلي المضاعف والبرينا
وأبو جبيلة خير من ... يمشي وأوفاهم يمينا
وأبرّهم برّا وأع ... لمهم بفضل الصالحينا
أبقت لنا الأيام وال ... حرب المهمّة يعترينا
كبشا له زرّ يف ... لّ متونها الذّكر السّنينا
ومعاقلا شمّا وأس ... يافا يقمن وينحنينا
ومحلّة زوراء تج ... حف بالرجال الظالمينا
ولعنت اليهود مالك بن العجلان في كنائسهم وبيوت عبادتهم، فبلغه ذلك فقال:
تحايا اليهود بتلعانها ... تحايا الحمير بأبوالها
وماذا عليّ بأن يغضبوا ... وتأتي المنايا باذلالها!
وقالت سارة القرظية ترثي من قتل من قومها:
بأهلي رمّة لم تغن شيئا ... بذي حرض تعفّيها الرياح
كهول من قريظة أتلفتهم ... سيوف الخزرجية والرماح
ولو أذنوا بأمرهم لحالت ... هنالك دونهم حرب رداح
ثم انصرف أبو جبيلة راجعا إلى الشام وقد ذلّل الحجاز والمدينة للأوس والخزرج فعندها تفرّقوا في عالية المدينة وسافلتها فكان منهم من جاء إلى القرى العامرة فأقام مع أهلها قاهرا لهم، ومنهم من جاء إلى عفا من الأرض لا ساكن فيه فبنى فيه ونزل ثم اتخذوا بعد ذلك القصور والأموال والآطام، فلما قدم رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، من مكة إلى المدينة مهاجرا أقطع الناس الدور والرباع فخطّ لبني زهرة في ناحية من مؤخر المسجد فكان لعبد الرحمن ابن عوف الحصن المعروف به وجعل لعبد الله وعتبة ابني مسعود الهذليّين الخطّة المشهورة بهم عند المسجد وأقطع الزبير بن العوّام بقيعا واسعا وجعل لطلحة بن عبيد الله موضع دوره ولأبي بكر، رضي الله عنه، موضع داره عند المسجد، وأقطع كل واحد من عثمان بن عفّان وخالد بن الوليد والمقداد وعبيد والطفيل وغيرهم مواضع دورهم، فكان رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، يقطع أصحابه هذه القطائع فما كان في عفا من الأرض فإنه أقطعهم إياه وما كان من الخطط المسكونة العامرة فإن الأنصار وهبوه له فكان يقطع من ذلك ما شاء، وكان أول من وهب له خططه ومنازله حارثة بن النعمان فوهب له ذلك وأقطعه، وأما مسجد النبيّ، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، فقال ابن عمر: كان بناء المسجد على عهد رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، وسقفه جريد وعمده خشب النخل فلم يزد فيه أبو بكر شيئا فزاد فيه عمر وبناه على ما كان من بنائه ثم غيّره عثمان وبناه بالحجارة المنقوشة والقصّة وجعل عمده من حجارة منقوشة وسقفه ساجا وزاد فيه. وكان لما بناه رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، جعل له بابين شارعين باب عائشة والباب الذي يقال له باب عاتكة وبابا في مؤخر المسجد يقال له باب مليكة وبنى بيوتا إلى جنبه باللبن وسقفها بجذوع النخل، وكان طول المسجد مما يلي القبلة إلى مؤخره مائة ذراع، فلما ولي عمر بن عبد العزيز زاد في القبلة من موضع المقصورة اليوم، وكان بين المنبر وبين الجدار في عهد النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، قدر ما تمرّ الشاة، وكان طول المسجد في عهد عمر، رضي الله عنه، مائة وأربعين ذراعا وارتفاعه أحد عشر ذراعا، وكان بنى أساسه بالحجارة إلى أن بلغ قامة وجعل له ستة أبواب وحصّنه، وروي أن عمر أول من حصّن المسجد وبناه سنة 17 حين رجع من سرع وجعل طول جداره من خارج ستة عشر ذراعا، وكان أول عمل عثمان إياه في شهر ربيع الأول سنة 29 وفرغ من بنائه في المحرم سنة 30 فكانت مدة عمله عشرة أشهر وقتل عثمان وليس له شرّافات فعملها والمحراب عمر بن عبد العزيز، ولما ولي الوليد بن عبد الملك واستعمل عمر بن عبد العزيز على المدينة أمره بهدم المسجد وبنائه فاستعمل عمر على ذلك صالح بن كيسان وكتب الوليد إلى ملك الروم يطلب منه عمّالا وأعلمه أنه يريد عمارة مسجد النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، فبعث إليه أربعين رجلا من الروم وأربعين من القفط ووجّه إليه أربعين ألف مثقال ذهبا وأحمالا من الفسيفساء، فهدم الروم والقفط المسجد وخمّروا النورة للفسيفساء سنة وحملوا القصّة من بطن نخل وعملوا الأساس بالحجارة والجدار والأساطين بالحجارة المطابقة وجعلوا عمد المسجد حجارة حشوها عمد الحديد والرصاص، وجعل عمر المحراب والمقصورة من ساج وكان قبل ذلك من حجارة وجعل طول المسجد مائتي ذراع وعرضه في مقدمه مائتين وفي مؤخره مائة وثمانين وهو سقف دون سقف، قال صالح بن كيسان: ابتدأت بهدم المسجد في صفر سنة 87 وفرغت منه لانسلاخ سنة 89 فكانت مدة عمله ثلاث سنين، وكان طوله يومئذ مائتي ذراع في مثلها فلم يزل كذلك حتى كان المهدي فزاد في مؤخره مائة ذراع وترك عرضه مائتي ذراع على ما بناه عمر بن عبد العزيز، وأما عبد الملك بن شبيب الغساني في سنة 160 فأخذ في عمله وزاد في مؤخره ثم زاد فيه المأمون زيادة كثيرة ووسّعه، وقرئ على موضع زيادة المأمون: أمر عبد الله بعمارة مسجد رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، سنة 202 طلب ثواب الله وطلب كرامة الله وطلب جزاء الله فإن الله عنده ثواب الدنيا والآخرة وكان الله سميعا بصيرا، والمؤذنون في مسجد المدينة من ولد سعد الفرط مولى عمّار بن ياسر، ومن خصائص المدينة أنها طيبة الريح وللعطر فيها فضل رائحة لا توجد في غيرها وتمرها الصّيحاني لا يوجد في بلد من البلدان مثله، ولهم حب اللبان ومنها يحمل إلى سائر البلدان، وجبلها أحد قد فضّله رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، فقال: أحد جبل يحبنا ونحبه وهو على باب من أبواب الجنة، وحرّم رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، شجر المدينة بريدا في بريد من كل ناحية، واستعمل على الحمى بلال بن الحارث المزني فأقام عليه حياة رسول الله وأبي بكر وعمر وعثمان وعلي ومعاوية وفي أيامه مات، وكان عمر بن عبد العزيز يقول: لأن أوتى برجل يحمل خمرا أحب إليّ من أن أوتى به وقد قطع من الحرم شيئا، وكان عمر بن الخطاب ينهى أن يقطع العضاه فتهلك مواشي الناس وهو يقول لهم عصمة، وأخبار مدينة رسول الله، صلى الله عليه وسلم، كثيرة وقد صنف فيها وفي عقيقها وأعراضها وجبالها كتب ليس من شرطنا ذكرها إلا على ترتيب الحروف وقد فعلنا ذلك، وفيما ذكرناه مما يخصها كفاية، والله يحسن لنا العافية ولا يحرمنا ثواب حسن النية في الإفادة والاستفادة بحق محمد وآله، وأما المسافات فإن من المدينة إلى مكة نحو عشر مراحل، ومن الكوفة إلى المدينة نحو عشرين مرحلة، وطريق البصرة إلى المدينة نحو من ثماني عشرة مرحلة ويلتقي مع طريق الكوفة بقرب
معدن النقرة، ومن الرّقّة إلى المدينة نحو من عشرين مرحلة، ومن البحرين إلى المدينة نحو خمس عشرة مرحلة، ومن دمشق إلى المدينة نحو عشرين مرحلة ومثله من فلسطين إلى المدينة على طريق الساحل، ولأهل مصر وفلسطين إذا جاوزوا مدين طريقان إلى المدينة أحدهما على شغب وبدا وهما قريتان بالبادية كان بنو مروان أقطعوهما الزهريّ المحدّث وبها قبره، حتى ينتهي إلى المدينة على المروة، وطريق يمضي على ساحل البحر حتى يخرج بالجحفة فيجتمع بهما طريق أهل العراق وفلسطين ومصر.

خرط: خَرَط: استعمال الفعل خرط بمعنى قشر العود وسواه بإدارته بآلة من الخشب استعمال قديم. بعض القدم (معجم الادريسي، دي يونج) ومن هذا قيل عود الخَرْط وهو العود الذي يستعمله الخراطون، وليس بمعنى العود المقشور المسوى كما ترجمه دي سلان.
وخرط: صقل الأحجار المنحوتة، يقول ابن البيطار (1: 460) في كلامه عن حجر الدهنج: يخرطه الخراطون. وصقل الزجاج، ففي ابن حوقل (أرمينية): الزجاج المخروط النفيس.
وخرط: أزال، قطع (همبرت ص76، محيط المحيط).
وخرط: هذر في منطقة ومخرق (بوشر).
خرَّط (بتشديد الراء): دَوَّر، وسوى العود بالمخرطة (هلو، الكالا وفيه تخريطه).
انخرط: سُوِّي بالمخرطة (فوك).
انخرط على شكله: أفرغ في قالب فلان (بوشر).
وانخرط: دقَّ، ضاق (معجم الادريسي).
خَرْط: مخرطة آلة لنحت الخشب وغيره وتدويره (الجريدة الآسيوية 1866، 2: 424، القزويني 2: 251، 270، معجم مارسيل).
وخَرْط: هذر، تباه، جخف، تجح، ثرثرة (همبرت ص240) ومخرقة، زعبرة فشار (بوشر).
وفي (محيط المحيط): العامة تستعمل الخَرْط بمعنى الكذب الكثير مأخوذاً من خَرْط القرع ونحوه عندهم وهو تقطيعه قطعاً كبيرة يقولون للواحدة منها خِرطة.
خَرْطَة: صمامة، سدادة من الخشب تستعمل لسد الثقوب التي تحدث فجأة في الغرب والظروف والزقاق المملوءة سائلاً ليمنعه من الخروج (الكالا).
وخَرْطة: هذر، ثرثرة، كذبة للإضحاك أو الاعتذار، أكذوبة، بهيتة، إفك، مخرقة، فرية، مجانة، ضرَّة، ربطة (بوشر) ولم تضبط الكلمة فيه بالشكل. وانظر محيط المحيط في خَرْط.
خِرطة: قطعة (محيط المحيط انظره في مادة خَرْط).
وخرطه سنبوسق: قطعة فطائر صغيرة (همبرت ص15).
خَرّطة: اسم نبات يستعمله الدباغون (بلجراف 1: 253). خراط: مخرطة، آلة لتدوير الخشب وغيره وصقله (باين سميث 1513).
خِراطة: صناعة الخّراط، وصناعة رقاع الداما والشطرنج (بوشر).
وخِراطة: نقوش، زخرفة البناء. القسم البارز من هذه الزخرفة (بوشر).
وخِراطة: خَرْط، مخرقة، زعبرة، فشار، فشط (بوشر).
وخِراطة، في مصطلح الطب: ما ينقطع من المعي بسبب الزحير المزمن. ففي معجم المنصوري هو ما ينجرد من المعي عند الاسترسال.
وفي محيط المحيط: وخراطة الأمعاء عند الأطباء ما يخرج من تقطعها في الإسهال المزمن. (ورأي الأطباء القدماء هذا غير صحيح).
خَروطة: نوع من الطير (ياقوت 1: 885).
خَرِيطَة: تطلق بخاصة على كيس أو محفظة تحوي إضبارة القاضي (المقري 1: 472، محمد بن الحارث ص 227، 278، 283).
وخريطة: ملء الكيس أو العدل (بوشر).
صاحب الخريطة: تطلق في تونس على صاحب الخزينة (مارمول 2: 245).
وخريطة: سفرة واحدة إلى مكة دون العودة إلى المدينة (برتون 2: 52).
خَرّاط: صانع رقاع الشطرنج والنرد (بوشر).
وخَرّاط: من يصقل الحجارة المنحوتة (انظر خَرَط).
وخَرّط: ممخرق، مزعبر، كذاب (بوشر، همبرت ص250).
مَخْرَط: ما يخرطه الخراط (مارسيل).
مَخْرَطَة، وتجمع على مــخَارِــط: ما يخرطه الخراط (فوك، الكالا، بوشر).
ومَخْرَطَة: مقصلة (بوشر).
مَخْرُوط: مخروطي الشكل، صنوبري الشكل (برجون، محيط المحيط، ابن بطوطة 1، 81، 3: 380، مملوك 1، 1: 122).
هو من الفروسية مخروط، التي جاءت في قصة عنتر (ص53) يظهر أن معناها إنه برع في الفروسية وتفوق فيها.
مُنْخَرِط: مخروطي الشكل، صنوبري الشكل (القزويني 1: 267).

خرط

1 خَرَطَ الوَرَقَ, (S, Msb,) aor. ـُ and خَرِطَ, inf. n. خَرْطٌ, (Msb,) He rubbed off the leaves (S, Msb) from the branches, (Msb,) by grasping the upper part, and passing the hand along it to the lower part. (S.) b2: خَرَطَ الشَّجَرَ, aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (TA,) He pulled off the leaves, (K, TA,) and the bark, or peel, (TA,) from the trees (K, TA) with his hand [in the manner above described]. (TA.) It is said in a prov., دُونَهُ خَرْطُ القَتَادِ [Before one can attain it he has to strip the tragacanth of its leaves by grasping each branch and drawing his hand down it: i. e. he has to perform what will be extremely difficult, if not impossible]. (S, TA. [In the S and L in art. قتد, we find مِنْ دُونِهِ.]) You say also, خَرَطَ العُنْقُودَ He pulled off the grapes, or the like, from the bunch with all his fingers: (AHeyth:) or he put the bunch in his mouth and drew forth its stalk bare; as also ↓ اخترطهُ. (K.) It is said of Mo-hammad, كَانَ يَأْكُلُ العِنَبَ خَرْطًا [He used to eat grapes by putting the bunch in his mouth and drawing forth its stalk bare: or by stripping them off with all his fingers]. (TA.) b3: خَرَطَ العُودَ, aor. as above, (S, K, *) and so the inf. n., (S,) He removed the bark, or peel, from the wood, or stick, (S, K,) and planed it, or made it even, (K,) with the مِخْرَط, which is also called بَلْط and بُلْط, (TA in art. بلَط,) or with his hand. (TA in the present art.) b4: [Hence, in modern Arabic, He turned the wood, or stick; i. e., shaped it, or made it round, with a lathe.] b5: خَرَطَ الحَدِيدَ, inf. n. as above, He made the iron long, like a column, or pole, or rod. (S.) A2: خَرَطَ الجَوَاهِرَ He collected the jewels in a خَرِيطَة [q. v.]. (MF.) 4 اخرط الخَرِيطَةَ He bound, or made fast, the خريطة [q. v.]; or closed it by inserting its loops one into another; syn. أَشْرَجَهَا. (S, K *) 7 انخرط [It (a piece of wood, or a stick,) had its bark, or peel, removed, and was planed, or made even, with the مِخْرَط, (as appears from what here follows,) or with the hand: see 1]. b2: [and hence,] انخرط جِسْمُهُ (tropical:) His body became slender; (S, K, TA;) as though it were barked and planed (خُرِطَ) with the مِخْرَط. (TA.) 8 إِخْتَرَطَ see 1. b2: [Hence,] اخترط سَيْفَهُ, (S,) or السَّيْفَ, (Mgh, K,) (tropical:) He drew his sword, or the sword, (S, Mgh, K,) from its scabbard. (Mgh, TA.) خُرَاطَةٌ The parings, or shavings, that fall from the work of the خَرَّاط; like نُجَارَةٌ and نُحَاتَةٌ. (TA.) b2: What falls from a bunch of grapes, or the like, when the fruit is pulled off with all the fingers. (AHeyth.) خِرَاطَةٌ The art, or craft, of the خَرَّاط. (K.) خَرِيطَةٌ A receptacle, (S, K,) [a pouch,] or thing like a كِيس [or purse], (Lth, Msb,) of leather, (Lth, S, Msb, K,) or of rag, (Lth,) or other material, (S, K,) which is bound, or made fast, or closed by the insertion of its loops one into another, (يُشْرَجُ, Lth, S, Msb, K,) upon its contents: (Lth, S, K:) pl. خَرَائِطُ. (Msb.) b2: Also A thing likened thereto, which is made for the letters of the sultán, and of prefects, or agents, to be sent therein. (Lth, L.) b3: Also A similar thing [which was formerly, in the time of paganism,] put upon the head of the she-camel [that was] confined [to perish] at the tomb of a dead person. (Lth.) b4: [Also The pod, or oblong capsule or pericarp, of sesamum and the like: pl. as above. Used in this sense by writers on botany, and in the spoken language of the present day.]

b5: See also بِدَادٌ.

خَرَائِطِىٌّ [A maker, or seller, of خَرَائِط, pl. of خَرِيطَةٌ]; a rel. n. formed from a pl., like أَنْمَا طِىٌّ. (TA.) خَرَّاطٌ One whose occupation is to remove the bark, or peel, of wood, or sticks, and to plane it, or make it even, (K,) with the مِخْرَط, which is also called بَلْط and بُلْط, (TA in art. بلط,) or with the hand. (TA in the present art.) b2: [Hence, in modern Arabic, A turner of wood &c.]

مِخْرَطٌ The iron instrument with which the خَرَّاط performs his work; also called بَلْطٌ and بُلْطٌ. (TA in art. بلط, q. v.) مَخْرُوطٌ [pass. part. n. of 1]. b2: (assumed tropical:) A man (TA) having a scanty beard: (K, TA:) [or you say,] رَجُلٌ مَخْرُوطُ اللِّحْيَةِ A man having a beard in which is length without breadth. (S.) and لِحْيَةٌ مَخْرُوطَةٌ (assumed tropical:) A beard that is scanty in its side, (K,) or, correctly, in its two sides, (TA,) and lank and long in the part on and beneath the chin. (K.) b3: (assumed tropical:) A face in which is length (K, TA) without breadth. (TA.) You say, رَجُلٌ مَخْرُوطُ الوَجْهِ (assumed tropical:) A man whose face has length without breadth. (S.) b4: بِئْرٌ مَخْرُوطَةٌ (tropical:) A narrow well. (A, TA.) b5: [مَخْرُوطٌ and ↓ مَخْرُوطَةٌ, in mathematics, signify A cone.]

مَخْرُوطَةٌ: see what next precedes.

مَخْرُوطِىٌّ, in mathematics, Conical.]

علم: عَلِم وعَلُمَ: وأصبح عالماً (فليشر على المقري 1: 136، بريشت من 176).
عَلِمَ: يستعمل بمعنى شعر، فكما يقال: لم يشعر إلاّ وقدْ، يقال: ما علمت حتىَّ (معجم مسلم).
لم اعلم بنفسي: أغمي عليّ. (ألف ليلة 1: 32).
عَلَّم (بالتشديد): درَّب حيوانا. (معجم البلاذري).
عَلَّم: وصف للشخص طريقة اللعب. يقال مثلاً: علم الشطرنج والنرد بمعنى دبّر لعبة بالشطرنج ولعبة بالنرد. (دي ساسي طرائف 1: 188).
عَلَّم: وضع علامة على، رسم. (بوشر).
ويقال: على شيء علامة أو علم على بمعنى وضع علامة على شيء (كي يعثر عليه ثانية أو يميزه عن غيره) وكذلك: علم موضعاً. (معجم الادريسي، معجم ابن جبير حيث عليك أن تبدل كلمة مُعْلَم بكلمة مُعلَّم).
عَلَّم على: رقّم، وضع أرقاماً على القطع (بوشر).
علَّم على: رسم علامة الموافقة. (فالتون ص42).
عَلَّم السلطان على: وضع توقيعه في ذيل الرسوم، وقّع المرسوم. (محلوك 121: 202).
أَعْلَم: أخبر. ويقال: أعلم إلى فلان (كرتاس ص33).
أعْلَم: كما يقال: أعلم الحائك الثوب أي جعل له عَلَما من طراز وغيره (انظر لين) يقال مجازاً: كان يعلم كلامه نظما ونثرا بالاشارة إلى التاريخ. (الخطيب ص24 ق).
تَعَلَّم: صارت عليه علامة (فوك).
عِلْم: نظري، مقابل عملي بمعنى تطبيق. (المقدمة 3: 309).
العلم (يراد به على الجفر): الكتب التي تتضمن التنبؤ بما يحدث في المستقبل والتكهن به. (أخبار ص61) وانظر تاريخ البربر (2: 167).
العلم الأول: علم المنطق. (المقدمة 3: 309).
عُلُوم: رموز علمية إشارات علمية. (معجم الادريسي).
عَلَم: أخذ علما ب: دوّن أو قيد تذكرة ب. ففي ألف ليلة (13 15) أخذ علماً بثمنها.
عَلَم: علامة في الطريق، وهو شيء منصوب في الطريق يهتدي به. ويكون عادة كوم صَغير من الحجارة. (ليون ص348: ريشاردسن صحارى 1: 292).
عَلَم: بناية مرتفعة، عمارة عالية. (هو جفلايت ص53) ويقال أيضاً: حصِن عَلَم. (أماري ص45).
عَلَم وأعلام: خرائب، بقايا وأثار البنايات والعمارات الخربة المتهدمة. (أخبار ص151) وكثيراً ما تردد ذكرهما في رحلة ابن جبير (ص109، 111).
اسم علَم: اسم خاص يطلق على مسمَّى لا يتجاوزه. (المقري 1: 4. 4، تاريخ البربر 2: 7) ويقال أيضاً عَلَم فقط (تاريخ البربر 2: 7، مراصد الاطلاع 1: 30) غير أن اسم علم يعني أيضاً اسم تخصيص، ففي ابن البيطار (1: 134): البزر حب جميع النبات والجمع بزور، وقد خصَّ به حب الكتان فصار اسماً له علماً.
عَلَم: يستعمل أيضاً بمعنى عنوان كتاب. (المقدمة 2: 184، أبن الأغلب ص80).
عَلم، في مصطلح البلاغة: هو أن يستعمل اسم الشيء الذي يشبَّه به اسم شيء آخر بدل ذكر اسمه، مثال ذلك أن يقال وردة للدلالة على فم فتاة (المقري 2: 406).
عَلَم: خبر، نبأ (بوشر).
عَلَم: قائمة، كشف، جدول، بيان حساب، تذكرة، (بوشر).
عَلَميّ: ما يسّمى أو يلقب به، مستعمل للتسمية. من اسم. (بوشر).
على الباه والعلمي: علناً، على مر أي من الناس ومعرفتهم. (بوشر).
علماني: عالمي، دنيوي لاديني، ليس من رجال الدين (بوشر).
عَلاَم: علامة، إشارة، شاخص. (بوشر).
عَلاَم: مِحزِّة، قطعة خشب يسجل عليه إلا بالحزوز ما يدفع وما يؤخذ. (بوشر).
علام كتاب: دلالة، من اصطلاح مجلدي الكتب وهو شريط يعلق بأعلى كتاب للدلالة على الصفحات التي فيها العبارات التي يود معرفة مكانها.
علام، والجمع علامات: عَلم، راية. وقد وجد لين هذه الكلمة في ديوان الهذليين، وهي كلمة مألوفة في المغرب (وفي المعجم اللاتيني العربي: Vexillum الرايات والعلامات)، (فوك، ألكالا، دوب ص81، تعليق في الجريدة الآسيوية 1869، 2: 183، المقري 2: 711، المقدمة 3: 386، وفي كتاب ابن صاحب الصلاة (ص71 ق): وجعل الرايات والعلامات خلف ركابه.
عَلاَم: ظهر، ظهيرة، ساعة الصلاة وانظر: أعلام.
عَلامة: وجمعها علائم أيضاً: شعار الشرف والنسب (بوشر). وإشارة. أمارة، دلالة (ياقوت 2: 927) وخبر سري، أو شاهد دليل. (ياقوت 2: 30).
عَلاَمة: رقم، سمة بالأرقام لمعرفة ترتيب القطع (بوشر).
عَلاَمَة: طابع، دمغة، وسم على القرطاس (بوشر).
علامة سِلْك: أسلاك نحاسية في معمل القرطاس، وأثار تلك الأسلاك في القرطاس. (بوشر).
عَلاَمة: شاخص، وتد منصوب أو عصا مفروزة للتنسيق، (بوشر).
عَلاَمَة: عنوان محل، لافتة يعلقها التاجر على باب محله. (بوشر).
عَلاَمَة: حاشية، لاحقة، ملحق، توصية في ذيل رسالة، توقيع، تأشيرة. (بوشر، ألكالا). وتستخدم العلامة لتجعل الوثائق التي يصورها السلطان والقاضي وغيرهما صحيحة شرعية. وهذه العلامة تختلف باختلاف الزمان والمكان. فأحيانا يكتب السلطان بيده: صَحَّ هذا، بعد التاريخ.
وأحياناً يكتب الوزير بحروف كبيرة: الحمد لله والشكر لله بين البسملة ونص الوثيقة. وتوجد أيضاً أساليب أخرى (أنظر دي سلان المقدمة 1: 3، 46، تعليقة، النص 2: 55، 56) ومن هذا أطلق على الوزير لقب صاحبه العلامة. (ابن بطوطة 4: 409) (الخطيب ص60).
عَلاَمَة: سمة السلطان على النقود (المقدمة 1: 407).
عَلاَمَة: معيار، ميزان (علامة ظاهرة أو باطنة بها تبين الأشياء والمعاني ونستطيع الحكم عليها).
(رسالة إلى السيد فليشر ص148).
عَلاَمَة: عَلَم، راية. كما ذكر جوليوس وهو مصيب وفي حيان (ص83 ن): وخرج القائد ابن أمية بالعلامة.
علامة: آية، معجزة، أمر خارق للعادة: أعجوبة (الثعالبي لطائف ص93).
عَلاَمَة: ما تعطى المخطوبة عربونا عند الخطبة (مولدة) (محيط المحيط).
عَلاَمَة: هدف. (بوشر).
عَلاَمَة: عرافة، عيافة، تنبؤ، فأل. (بوشر).
عُلَيمّ الريح: دوارة هواء، دوارة دالة على اتجاه الريح. (دوب ص98).
عالَم: ذكر فريتاج في منتخبات عربية (ص146) أن هذه الكلمة ومعناها خلق تستعمل للدلالة على عدد من الناس قلّوا أو كثروا. ويقال مثلاً: عالم عظيم وعالم كثير أي كثير من الخلق وكثير من الناس. (معجم أبي الفداء دي ساسي طرائف ص75، ألف ليلة 1: 43).
العوالم: ما حواه بطن الفلك. (معجم أبي الفداء).
العالم الإنساني: الإنسان بوصفه صورة مصغرة عن العالم. (المقدمة 1: 198).
عالم نفسه: عالم الإنسان الصغير. (المقدمة 1: 169).
عالم البسط: توقع الخير، وعالم القبض: توقع الشر. (بوشر7: 88).
عالم العناصر، وعالم التركيب، عالم الرتق، عالم الفتق. من مصطلحات الصوفية. (انظر المقدمة 3: 69) والعوالم عند الدروز ثلاثة: وهي عالم الجنّ وعالم البن وهو العالم الأخير الذي نحن منه (محيط المحيط في مادة حنن).
عالمِ: عرّاف. ضارب الرمل، زاجر الطير، كاهن، متنبئ بالمستقبل. (باين سميث 1558).
العالم والحمار: رَهَج أصفر، كبريتوز الزرنيخ الأصفر، سمّ الفار. (انظر المستعيني في مادة زرنيخ في مخطوطة ن فقط).
عالَمِة، والجمع عَوالِم: مغنّية، راقصة، عاهرة، (بوشر، لين عادات 1: 249، 2: 72).
عالمّي: زمني، دنيوي. (بوشر)، لاديني علماني، ليس من رجال الدين (أومر، فهرس المخطوطات العربية في مكتبة مونيخ ص229).
عالَمانيِ: علماني، زمني، دنيوي، لاديني، ليس من رجال الدين. (بوشر).
أعلام: ظُهر، وقت الظهيرة. (بوشر) بربرية. وانظر: علام.
تعَلْيِم، والجمع تعاليم: إرشاد، تهذيب، وصية، تأديب. (بوشر).
تَعلْيِميّ: مذهبي، متعلق بمذهب أو عقيدة. (بوشر).
الجسم التعليمي: الجسم الهندسي، المجسّم. الجرم (المقدمة 3: 88).
التعليمية: اسم كان يطلق على الإسماعيلية. (الشهرستاني ص147).
تعليمجي: مُعلِّم: مكان التعلّم، مدرسة. (فريتاج، دي ساسي طرائف 2: 71).
مَعلمَ: مزار. مكان يزار تبركا به وورعاً. ففي العبدري (ص45 ق) في كلامه عن ضريح تفيسة بنت علي بالقاهرة: عليها رباط مقصود. ومعلم مشهود. وفيه (ص59) في تفسيره لكلمة مَنسْكَ: والنسك العبادة واختصَّ في العَرَب بمعالم الحجّ ومتعبَّداته.
مَعْلَم: عِلْم. (فوك).
مَعْلَم: انظر مُعَلّم.
مَعَلَّم: خبير، فطن، لبيب، ماهر. (بوشر).
مُعَلِمّ: صّناع، ماهر، أستاد، أسطة، مدبر العمال. (بوشر، ألكالا).
وهذه الكلمة وهي بالعامية مَعْلَم (الكالا) لقب يطلق على كل رئيس للعمال (نيورب ص39، كاريت قبيل 2: 5960، لين عادات 2: 374، رولاند، كرتاس ص151، المقري 2: 636، ابن بطوطة 4: 288) ويقال كذلك: معلم الإبرَ: صانع الإبر. ومعلم البُتيتات: صانع البراميل.
ومعلّم الأصنام: صانع التماثيل (ألكالا) ويقال أيضاً: معلم الطبخ أو المطْبخة: رئيس المطبخ، والرئيس المسؤول عن المائدة. (ملوك 121: 27، ألكالا). ومعلم الحمام: حمامي، صاحب الحمام. (لين عادات 2: 44، ألف ليلة 1: 409). ومعلم الديوان: رئيس الكمرك. وتدل كلمة معلم وحدها على هذا المعنى (أماري ص197، كريان ص159، مونكونيس ص254) ثم أن هذه الكلمة تستعمل وحدها لتعني رئيس البنائين، أسطه. (شيرب ديال ص32، شوا: 300)، ولتعني الحدّاد. (بارت 5: 693)، ولتعني الكاتب (ويرن ص43، 51)، ولتعني جابي الضرائب من القرية (لين عادات 2: 374). وهِي عادة لقب يطلق على كل فرد من الطبقة المتوسطة لا يعمل بيده خلافا للعامل أو الفلاح كالسجان مثلاً. ففي رياض النفوس (ص97): المعلم نَصرْ يطلبك قال ومَنْ نَصرْ قال السجان.
معلم اعتراف: مرشد، معَرف (بوشر).
معلم ذمَّة: مرشد، من يعني بذمة شخص وضميره. (بوشر).
مُعَلّمِي: مختص بمعلّم، متقن، محكم، كامل (بوشر).
مُعَلَمِيَّة: صفة المعلّم، مخدومية، صناعة متقنة (ألكالا) = صناعة، وهي في معجم ألكالا: مَعْلَمية (بوشر).
مُعَلميَّة: طرفه رائعة، تحفة. (بوشر).
مَعْلُوم. معلومك أن: تعلم أن. ومعلومك ما انبسط من هذا: تعلم جيداً إنه لم يكن منبسط ومسرور من هذا. (بوشر).
مَعْلُوم: هي أحياناً مرادف مشهور ومحمود.
ويقال: مشهور معلوم ومحمود معلوم. (معجم الإدريسي).
معْلُوم: محدّد، معّين. يقال مثلاً: مبلغ معلوم أي مبلغ مّحدد ومعينّ. (بوشر، المقري): 134، 135، 2: 767، 812، تاريخ البربر 1: 614، 617، أماري ص443).
مَعُلوم. شهادة مزورة. ففي كتاب محمد بن الحارث (ص294): وجميع الشهادات الواقعة فيه معلومة لم يُرد الله بشيء منها.
مَعْلُوم: مكافأة: ما يعطي للأطباء وغيرهم من أجر. (بوشر، محيط المحيط وفيه الجمع معاليم أماري دبلوماسية ص197) معلوم الكُتَّاب: مبلغ محدّد معيَّن يدفع في كل سنة لتعليم الطفل. (بوشر).
مَعْلُوم: راتب، مرتَّب، معاش، جامكية، مالقيَّة. (ابن خلكان 9: 70 والجمع معاليم (مملوك 2، 2: 88) وانظر معاليم في معجم فريتاج.
مَعْلَوم: وسيلة العيش. (ابن البطوطة 4: 23).
مُعْلوم: وسيلة العيش. (ابن بطوطة 4: 23).
مُعْلُوم: قسط دين يدفع في أوقات معينة، ضريبة. يقال مثلاً: عليه معلوم سنوي إلى أي عليه قسط دين يدفعه في كل سنة إلى. (بوشر).
مَعْلُوم: تكَسْ، رسم الدخول، ضريبة، خرج وعمولة، مبلغ مقبرض أولاً أجرة العمالة. (بوشر).
معلوم الديوان: ضريبة الكمرك. (بوشر).
معلوم السجان: أجرة السجان. (بوشر).
معلوم العيار: رسم العيار. (بوشر).
معلوم الكيل: رسم مساحة الأرض. (بوشر).
المَعْلُومِيَّة: فرقة من الخوارج العجاردة وهم كالحازمية إلا أن المؤمن عندهم من عرف الله بجميع صفاته وأسمائه، ومن لم يعرفه كذلك فهو جاهل لا مؤمن. (محيط المحيط) مُتَّعلَم: تلميذ، مبتدي. (ألكالا) وفيه: Comensal = تلميذ، (ابن بطوطة 4: 288، 29).
مُتعَلّم: خادم، أجير. (جاكسون ص192).
مُتَعَلّم: متعالم. متظاهر بالعلم. (الجريدة الآسيوية 1853،: 266).

علم

1 عَلِمَهُ, aor. ـَ inf. n. عِلْمٌ, He knew it; or he was, or became, acquainted with it; syn. عَرَفَهُ: (S, K:) or he knew it (عَرَفَهُ) truly, or certainly: (B, TA:) by what is said above, and by what is afterwards said in the K, العِلْمُ and المَعْرِفَةُ and الشُّعُورُ are made to have one meaning; and this is nearly what is said by most of the lexicologists: but most of the critics discriminate every one of these from the others; and العِلْمُ, accord. to them, denotes the highest quality, because it is that which they allow to be an attribute of God; whereas they did not say [that He is] عَارِفٌ, in the most correct language, nor شَاعِرٌ: (TA:) [respecting other differences between العِلْم and المَعْرِفَة, the former of which is more general in signification than the latter, see the first paragraph of art. عرف: much might be added to what is there stated on that subject, and in explanation of العِلْم, from the TA, but not without controversy:] or عَلِمَ signifies تَيَقَّنَ [i. e. he knew a thing, intuitively, and inferentially, as expl. in the Msb in art. يقن]; العِلْمُ being syn. with اليَقِينُ; but it occurs with the meaning of الَمَعْرِفَةُ, like as المَعْرِفَةُ occurs with the meaning of العلْمُ, each being made to import the meaning of the other because each is preceded by ignorance [when not attributed to God]: Zuheyr says, [in his Mo'allakah,] وَأَعْلَمُ عِلْمَ اليَوْمِ وَالْأَمْسِ قَبْلَهُ وَلٰكِنِّنِى عَنْ عِلْمِ مَا فِى غَدٍ عَمِ meaning وَأَعْرِفُ [i. e. And I know the knowledge of the present day, and of yesterday before it; but to the knowledge of what will be to-morrow I am blind]: and it is said in the Kur [viii. 62], لَا تَعْلَمُونَهُمْ اَللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُهُمْ, meaning لَا تَعْرِفُونَهُمْ اَللّٰهُ يَعْرِفُهُمْ [i. e. Ye know them not, but God knoweth them]; المَعْرِفَة being attributed to God because it is one of the two kinds of عِلْم, [the intuitive and the inferential,] and the discrimination between them is conventional, on account of their different dependencies, though He is declared to be free from the imputation of antecedent ignorance and from acquisition [of knowledge], for He knows what has been and what will be and how that which will not be would be if it were, his عِلْم being an eternal and essential attribute: when عَلِمَ denotes اليَقِين, it [sometimes] has two objective complements; but as syn. with عَرَفَ, it has a single objective complement: (Msb:) it has two objective complements in the saying, in the Kur [lx. 10], فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَاتٍ [and if ye know them to be believers]; and [in like manner] they allowed one's saying عَلِمْتُنِى [meaning I knew myself to be], like as they said رَأَيْتُنِى and حَسِبْتُنِى &c.: (TA:) and sometimes it imports the meaning of شَعَرَ, and is therefore followed by بِ: (Msb:) [thus] عَلِمَ بِهِ signifies شَعَرَ or شَعُرَ (accord. to different copies of the K) [i. e. He knew it; as meaning he knew, or had knowledge, of it; was cognizant of it; or understood it: or he knew the minute particulars of it: or he perceived it by means of any of the senses: and sometimes this means he became informed, or apprised, of it: and sometimes, he was, or became, knowing in it]: or in this case, [as meaning شَعَرْتُ بِهِ,] you say, عَلِمْتُهُ and عَلِمْتُ بِهِ [I knew it; &c.]: (Msb:) and one says, مَا عَلِمْتُ بِخَبَرِ قُدُومِهِ, meaning مَا شَعَرْتُ [I knew not, &c., the tidings of his coming, or arrival]. (TA.) ↓ اعتلمهُ, also, signifies عَلِمَهُ [He knew it; &c.]. (K.) And one says ↓ تَعَلَّمْ in the place of اِعْلَمْ [Know thou; &c.]: ISk says, تَعَلَّمْتُ أَنَّ فُلَانًا خَارِــجٌ is a phrase used in the place of عَلِمْتُ [as meaning I knew, or, emphatically, I know, that such a one was, or is, going forth]; adding, [however,] when it is said to thee, اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ زَيْدًا خَارِــجٌ [Know thou that Zeyd is going forth], thou sayest قَدْ عَلِمْتُ [lit. I have known, meaning I do know]; but when it is said, تَعَلَّمْ أَنَّ زَيْدًا خَارِــجٌ, thou dost not say, قَدْ تَعَلَّمْتُ; (S:) accord. to IB, these two verbs are not used as syn. except in the imperative forms: (TA:) [or] عَلِمَ الأَمْرَ and ↓ تَعَلَّمَهُ are syn. as signifying أَتْقَنَهُ [app. meaning he knew, or learned, the case, or affair, soundly, thoroughly, or well: see art. تقن: but I think it not improbable, though I do not find it in any copy of the K, that the right reading may be أَيْقَنَهُ, which is syn. with تَيَقَّنَهُ; an explanation of عَلِمَ in the Msb, as mentioned above, being تَيَقَّنَ]. (K, TA.) And الجَمِيعُ ↓ تعالمهُ meansعَلِمُوهُ [i. e. All knew him; &c.]. (S, K.) b2: عَلِمْتُ عِلْمَهُ [lit. I knew his knowledge, or what he knew, app. meaning I tried, proved, or tested, him, and so knew what he knew; and hence I knew his case or state or condition, or his qualities;] is a phrase mentioned by Fr in explanation of رَبَأْتُ فِيهِ. (TA voce رَبَأَ, q. v. See also the explanation of لَأَ خْبُرَنَّ خَبَرَكَ, in the first paragraph of art. خبر: and see غَبَنُوا خَبَرَهَا, in art. غبن.) b3: عَلِمْتُ is also used in the manner of a verb signifying swearing, or asseveration, so as to have a similar complement; as in the saying, وَلَقَدْ عَلِمْتُ لَتَأْتِيَنَّ عَشِيَّةً

[And I certainly knew that thou wouldst, or that she would, assuredly come in the evening]. (TA in art. شهد.) And يَعْلَمُ اللّٰهُ [God knoweth] is a form of asseveration. (IAth, TA voce قَيْرَوَانٌ: see an ex. in art. قير.) A2: عَلُمَ, agreeably with what is said in the M, which is عَلُمَ هُوَ نَفْسُهُ, accord. to the K عَلِمَ هُوَ فِى نَفْسِهِ, but the verb in this case is correctly like كَرُمَ, (TA,) He was, or became, such as is termed عَالِم and عَلِيم; (M, * K, * TA;) meaning he possessed knowledge (العِلْم) as a faculty firmly rooted in his mind: (IJ, * TA:) accord. to IB, i. q. ↓ تعلّم [q. v., as intrans.]: and he was, or became, equal to the عُلَمَآء

[pl. of عَالِمٌ and of عَلِيمٌ]. (TA.) A3: عَالَمَهُ فَعَلَمَهُ, aor. ـُ see 3.

A4: عَلَمَهُ, aor. ـُ and عَلِمَ, (K,) inf. n. عَلْمٌ, (TA.) signifies He marked it; syn. وَسَمَهُ. (K.) And one says, عَلَمْتُ عِمَّتِى, meaning I wound my turban upon my head with a mark whereby its mode should be known. (TA.) [See also 4.]

A5: عَلَمَ شَفَتَهُ, aor. ـِ (S, K,) inf. n. عَلْمٌ, (S,) He slit his [upper] lip. (S, K.) A6: عَلِمَ, aor. ـَ (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. عَلَمٌ, (S, Msb,) He (a man, S) had a fissure in his upper lip: (S, Msb, K:) or in one of its two sides. (K.) 2 علّمهُ [He, or it, made him to be such as is termed عَالِم and عَلِيم; i. e., made him to possess knowledge (العِلْم) as a faculty firmly rooted in his mind: and hence, he taught him. And it generally has a second objective complement]. You say, عَلَّمْتُهُ الشَّىْءَ [I made him to know, or taught him, the thing], in which case the teshdeed is [said to be] not for the purpose of denoting muchness [of the action; but see what follows]; (S;) and عَلَّمْتُهُ الفَاتِحَةَ [I taught him the Opening Chapter of the Kur-án], and الصَّنْعَةَ [the art, or craft], &c.; inf. n. تَعْلِيمٌ; (Msb;) and علّمهُ العِلْمَ, inf. n. تَعْلِيمٌ and عِلَّامٌ, the latter like كِذَّابٌ; and إِيَّاهُ ↓ اعلمهُ; (K;) both, accord. to the K, signifying the same [i. e. he taught him knowledge, or science]; but Sb makes a distinction between them, saying that عَلَّمْتُ is like أَذَّنْتُ, and that ↓ أَعْلَمْتُ is like آذَنْتُ; and Er-Rághib says that ↓ الإِعْلَامُ is particularly applied to quick information; and التَّعْلِيمُ is particularly applied to that which is repeated and much, so that an impression is produced thereby upon the mind of the مُتَعَلِّم: and some say that the latter is the exciting the attention of the mind to the conception of meanings; and sometimes it is used in the sense of الإِعْلَام when there is in it muchness: (TA:) you say, الخَبَرَ ↓ أَعْلَمْتُهُ and بِالخْبَرِ [meaning I made known, or notified, or announced, to him, or I told him, or I made him to know, or have knowledge of, the news, or piece of information; I acquainted him with it; told, informed, apprised, advertised, or certified, him of it; gave him information, intelligence, notice, or advice, of it]: (Msb:) see also 10: [hence the inf. n. ↓ إِعْلَامٌ is often used, as a simple subst., to signify a notification, a notice, an announcement, or an advertisement:] and sometimes ↓ اعلم has three objective complements, like أَرَى; as in the saying, أَعْلَمْتُ زَيْدًا عَمْرًا مُنْطَلِقًا [I made known, &c., to Zeyd that 'Amr was going away]. (I'Ak p. 117.) b2: See also 4, in three places.3 عَاْلَمَ ↓ عَالَمَهُ فَعَلَمَهُ, aor. of the latter عَلُمَ, means [I contended with him, or strove to surpass him, in عِلْم,] and I surpassed him in عِلْم [i. e. knowledge, &c.]: (S, K:) [the measure يَفْعَلُ,] and in like manner the measure يَفْعِلُ, in every case of this kind, is changed into يَفْعُلُ: so says Az: [but see 3 in art. خصم:] and Lh mentions the phrase, مَا كُنْتُ أَرَانِى أَنْ أَعْلُمَهُ [I did not think, or know, that I should surpass him in knowledge]. (TA.) 4 أَعْلَمَ see 2, in six places. b2: One says also, اعلم الثَّوْبَ (S, Mgh, TA) He (i. e. a beater and washer and whitener of clothes, S, Mgh) made the garment, or piece of cloth, to have a mark; (Mgh;) or he made upon it, or in it, a mark. (TA.) [And, said of a weaver, or an embroiderer,] He made to the garment, or piece of cloth, a border, or borders, of figured, or variegated, or embroidered, work, or the like. (Msb.) b3: and اعلم عَلَيْهِ He made, or put, or set, a mark upon it; namely, a writing, or book, &c.: (Msb:) [or] اعلم عَلَى مَوْضِعِ كَذَا مِنَ الكِتَابِ عَلَامَةً [He made, &c., a mark upon such a place of the writing, or book]. (TA.) b4: اعلم الفَرَسَ He suspended upon the horse some coloured wool, (K, TA,) red, or white, (TA,) in war, or battle. (K, TA.) And اعلم نَفْسَهُ He marked himself with the mark, sign, token, or badge, of war; as also ↓ عَلَّمَهَا. (K.) [Or] اعلم الفَارِسُ The horseman made, or appointed, for himself, [or distinguished himself by,] the mark, sign, token, or badge, of the men of courage. (S.) And لَهُ عَلَامَةً ↓ عَلَّمْتُ I appointed to him (وَضَعْتُ لَهُ) a mark, sign, or token, which he would, or should, know. (Msb.) b5: And القَبْرَ ↓ علّم (K in art. رجم) He put a tombstone [as a mark] to the grave. (TK in that art.) A2: اعلم said of a well-sinker, He found the well that he was digging to be one having much water. (TA.) 5 تعلّم is quasi-pass. of 2 [i. e. it signifies He was, or became, made to know, or taught; or he learned: and is trans. and intrans.]. (S, Msb, K, * TA.) You say, تعلّم العِلْمَ (MA, K) He learned [knowledge, or science]. (MA.) See also 1, latter half, in three places. [In the last of those places, تعلّم app. signifies, as it often does, He possessed knowledge as a faculty firmly rooted in his mind.] Accord. to some, التَّعَلُّمُ signifies The mind's having its attention excited to the conception of meanings, or ideas. (TA.) 6 تعالمهُ الجَمِيعُ: see 1, latter half.8 اعتلمهُ: see 1, latter half.

A2: اعتلم said of water, It flowed (K, TA) upon the ground. (TA.) b2: And said of lightning it means لَمَعَ فى العلم [app. فِى العَلَمِ, and, if so, meaning It shone, shone brightly, or gleamed, in, or upon, the long mountain]: a poet says, بَلْ بُرَيْقًا بِتُّ أَرْقُبُهُ لَا يُرَى إِلَّا إِذَا اعْتَلَمَا [But a little lightning, in watching which I passed the night, not to be seen save when it shone, &c.]. (TA.) 10 استعلمهُ He asked, or desired, him to tell him [a thing; or to make it known to him]. (MA, KL. *) You say, ↓ اِسْتَعْلَمَنِى الخَبَرَ فَأَعْلَمْتُهُ

إِيَّاهُ [He asked, or desired, me to tell him, or make known to him, the news, or piece of information, and I told him it, or made it known to him]. (S.) عَلْمٌ: see مَعْلَمٌ, in two places.

عِلْمٌ is an inf. n., (S, K, &c.,) and [as such] has no pl. [in the classical language]. (Sb, TA voce فِكْرٌ.) [As a post-classical term, used as a simple subst., its pl. is عُلُومٌ, signifying The sciences, or several species of knowledge.] b2: Sometimes it is applied to Predominant opinion; [i. e. preponderant belief;] because it stands in stead of that which is عِلْم properly so termed. (Ham p. 632.) b3: And sometimes it is used in the sense of عَمَلٌ [A doing, &c.], as mentioned by Az, on the authority of Ibn-'Oyeyneh, agreeably with an explanation of عَالِمٌ as signifying one “ who does according to his knowledge; ” and it has been expl. as having this meaning in the Kur xii. 68 [where the primary meaning seems to be much more apposite]. (TA.) b4: لَقِيتُهُ أَدْنَى عِلْمٍ means [I met him the first thing, like لقيته أَدْنَى

دَنِّىِ and أَدْنَى دَنًا; or] before everything [else]. (TA.) عَلَمٌ: see عَلَامَةٌ. b2: Also An impression, or impress; or a footstep, or track, or trace. (TA.) b3: And The عَلَم of a garment, or piece of cloth; (S;) [i. e. the ornamental, or figured, or variegated, border or borders thereof;] the figured, or variegated, or embroidered, work or decoration, (Msb, K, TA,) in the borders, (TA,) thereof: (Msb, K, TA:) pl. أَعْلَامٌ. (Msb.) b4: And [A way-mark; i. e.] a thing set up, or erected, in the way, (K, TA,) or, as in the M, in the deserts, or waterless deserts, (TA,) for guidance, (K, TA,) in the M, for the guidance of those going astray; (TA;) as also ↓ عَلَامَةٌ: (K:) the former is also applied to a building raised in the beaten track of the road, of such as are places of alighting for travellers, whereby one is guided to the land [that is the object of a journey]: pl. أَعْلَامٌ: and عَلَمٌ also signifies a مَنَارَة [app. a mistranscription for مَنَار, without ة: see these two words]. (TA. [See also مَعْلَمٌ.]) [Hence, أَعْلَامُ الكَوَاكِبِ The stars, or asterisms, that are signs of the way to travellers: see مِصْبَاحٌ.] b5: And A separation between two lands; [like مَنَارٌ;] as also ↓ عَلَامَةٌ. (K.) [Hence,] أَعْلَامُ الحَرَمِ The limits that are set to the Sacred Territory. (TA.) b6: And A mountain; (S, K;) as a general term: or a long mountain: (K:) [app. as forming a separation: or as being a known sign of the way:] pl. أَعْلَامٌ and عِلَامٌ: (K:) the former pl. occurring in the Kur [xlii. 31 and] lv. 24. (TA.) b7: And A banner, or standard, syn. رَايَةٌ, (S, K, TA,) to which the soldiers congregate: (TA:) and, (K,) some say, (TA,) the thing [i. e. flag, or strip of cloth,] that is tied upon the spear: (K, TA:) it occurs in a verse of Aboo-Sakhr El-Hudhalee with the second fet-hah lengthened by an alif after it [so that it becomes ↓ عَلَام]. (IJ, TA.) b8: And (tropical:) The chief of a people or party: (K, TA:) from the same word as signifying “ a mountain ” or “ a banner: ” (TA:) pl. أَعْلَامٌ. (K.) b9: [In grammar, it signifies A proper name of a person or place &c. b10: And the pl. أَعْلَامٌ is applied to Things pertaining to rites and ceremonies of the pilgrimage or the like, as being signs thereof; such as the places where such rites and ceremonies are performed, the beasts destined for sacrifice, and the various practices performed during the pilgrimage &c.; as also مَعَالِمُ, pl. of ↓ مَعْلَمٌ: the former word is applied to such places in the Ksh and Bd and the Jel in ii. 153; and the latter, in the Ksh and Bd in ii. 194: the former is also applied to the beasts destined for sacrifice in the Ksh and Bd and the Jel in xxii. 37; and the latter, in the Ksh and Bd in xxii. 33: and both are applied to the practices above mentioned, the former in the TA and the latter in the K, in art. شعر: see شِعَارٌ.]

A2: See also what next follows.

عُلْمَةٌ and ↓ عَلَمَةٌ and ↓ عَلَمٌ [the last of which is originally an inf. n., see 1, last sentence,] A fissure in the upper lip, or in one of its two sides. (K.) عَلَمَةٌ: see what next precedes.

عَلْمَآءُ fem. of أَعْلَمُ [q. v.].

عَلْمَآءِ in the saying عَلْمَآءِ بَنُو فُلَانٍ [meaning At the water are the sons of such a one] is a contraction of عَلَى المَآءِ. (S.) عِلْمِىٌّ Of, or relating to, knowledge or science; scientific; theoretical; opposed to عَمَلِىٌّ.]

عَلَمِيَّةٌ, in grammar, The quality of a proper name.]

عَلَامٌ: see عَلَامَةٌ: b2: and see also عَلَمٌ.

A2: [عَلَامَ is for عَلَى مَ.]

عُلَامٌ: see عُلَّامٌ.

A2: Also i. q. غُلَامٌ [q. v.]: an instance of the substitution of ع for غ. (MF and TA on the letter ع.) عَلِيمٌ: see عَالِمٌ. b2: العَلِيمُ and ↓ العَالِمُ and ↓ العَلَّامُ, as epithets applied to God, signify [The Omniscient;] He who knows what has been and what will be; who ever has known, and ever will know, what has been and what will be; from whom nothing is concealed in the earth nor in the heaven; whose knowledge comprehends all things, the covert thereof and the overt, the small thereof and the great, in the most complete manner. (TA.) عَلَامَةٌ i. q. سِمَةٌ [A mark, sign, or token, by which a person or thing is known; a cognizance, or badge; a characteristic; an indication; a symptom]; (K; [see also مَعْلَمٌ;]) and ↓ عَلَمٌ is syn. therewith [as meaning thus]; (S, Msb, TA;) and so ↓ أُعْلُومَةٌ, (Abu-l-'Omeythil ElAarábee, TA,) as in the saying ↓ بَيْنَ القَوْمِ أُعْلُومَةٌ [Among the people, or party, is a mark, sign, or token]; and the pl. of this last is أَعَالِيمُ: (TA:) the pl. of عَلَامَةٌ is عَلَامَاتٌ (Msb) and [the coll. gen. n.] ↓ عَلَامٌ, (K, TA,) differing from عَلَامَةٌ only by the apocopating of the ة. (TA.) b2: See also عَلَمٌ, in two places.

عُلَامِىٌّ Light, or active; and sharp, or acute, in mind; (K, TA;) applied to a man: it is without teshdeed, and with the relative ى; from عُلَامٌ [signifying “ a hawk ”]. (TA.) عَلَّامٌ and ↓ عُلَّامٌ, (K, TA,) both mentioned by ISd, the latter [which is less used] from Lh, (TA,) and ↓ عَلَّامَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ تِعْلِمَةٌ and ↓ تِعْلَامَةٌ, (K,) Very knowing or scientific or learned: (S, K:) the ة in ↓ عَلَّامَةٌ is added to denote intensiveness; (S;) or [rather] to denote that the person to whom it is applied has attained the utmost degree of the quality signified thereby; [so that it means knowing &c. in the utmost degree; or it may be rendered very very, or singularly, knowing or scientific or learned;] and this epithet is applied also to a woman: (IJ, TA:) [↓ تِعْلَامَةٌ, likewise, is doubly intensive; and so, app., is ↓ تِعْلِمَةٌ:] the pl. of عَلَّامٌ is عَلَّامُونَ; and that of ↓ عُلَّامٌ is عُلَّامُونَ. (TA.) See also, for the first, عَلِيمٌ. b2: Also the same epithets, (K,) or عَلَّامٌ and ↓ عَلَّامَةٌ, (TA,) i. q. نَسَّابَةٌ; (K, TA;) [or rather عَلَّامٌ signifies نَسَّابٌ, i. e. very skilful in genealogies, or a great genealogist; and ↓ عَلَّامَةٌ signifies نَسَّابَةٌ, i. e. possessing the utmost knowledge in genealogies, or a most skilful genealogist;] from العِلْمُ. (TA.) عُلَّامٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places. b2: Also, and ↓ عُلَامٌ, The صَقْر [or hawk]; (K;) the latter on the authority of IAar: (TA:) and [particularly] the بَاشَق [i. e. the musket, or sparrow-hawk]; (K;) as some say: (TA:) or so the former word, (T, * S, TA,) or the latter word accord. to Kr and IB. (TA.) b3: And the former word, The [plant called] حِنَّآء

[i. e. Lawsonia inermis]: (IAar, S, K, TA:) thus correctly, but mentioned by Kr as without tesh-deed. (TA.) b4: And the same, i. e. with tesh-deed, The kernel of the stone of the نَبِق [or fruit, i. e. drupe, of the lote-tree called سِدْر]. (TA.) عَلَّامَةٌ: see عَلَّامٌ, in four places.

عُلَّامَةٌ: see مَعْلَمٌ.

العَالَمُ, (S, Msb, K, &c.,) said by some to be also pronounced ↓ العَالِمُ, (MF, TA,) and pronounced by El-Hajjáj with hemz [i. e. العَأْلَمُ], is primarily a name for That by means of which one knows [a thing]; like as الخَاتَمُ is a name for “ that by means of which one seals ” [a thing]: accord. to some of the expositors of the Kur-án, its predominant application is to that by means of which the Creator is known: then to the intelligent beings of mankind and of the jinn or genii: or to mankind and the jinn and the angels: and mankind [alone]: Es-Seyyid Esh-Shereef [El-Jurjánee] adopts the opinion that it is applied to every kind [of these, so that one says عَالَمُ الإِنْسِ (which may be rendered the world of mankind) and عَالَمُ الجِنِّ (the world of the jinn or genii) and عَالَمُ المَلَائِكَةِ (the world of the angels), all of which phrases are of frequent occurrence], and to the kinds [thereof] collectively: (TA:) or it signifies الخَلْقُ [i. e. the creation, as meaning the beings, or things, that are created], (S, Msb, K,) altogether [i. e. all the created beings or things, or all creatures]: (K:) or, as some say, peculiarly, the intelligent creatures: (Msb:) or what the cavity (lit. belly) of the celestial sphere comprises, (K, TA,) of substances and accidents: (TA:) [it may often be rendered the world, as meaning the universe; and as meaning the earth with all its inhabitants and other appertenances; and in more restricted senses, as instanced above: and one says عَالَمُ الحَيَوَانِ meaning the animal kingdom, and عَالَمُ النَّبَات the vegetable kingdom, and عَالَمُ المَعَادِنِ the mineral kingdom:] Jaafar Es-Sádik says that the عَالَم is twofold: namely, العَالَمُ الكَبِيرُ, which is the celestial sphere with what is within it; and العَالَمُ الصَّغِيرُ, which is man, as being [a microcosm, i. e.] an epitome of all that is in the كَبِير: and Zj says that العَالَمُ has no literal sing., because it is [significant of] a plurality [of classes] of diverse things; and if made a sing. of one of them, it is [significant of] a plurality of congruous things: (TA:) the pl. is العَالَمُونَ (S, M, Msb, K, &c.) and العَوَالِمُ: (S, TA:) and the sing. is [said to be] the only instance of a word of the measure فَاعَلٌ having a pl. formed with و and ن, (ISd, K, TA,) except يَاسَمٌ: (K, TA:) [but see this latter word:] العَالَمُونَ signifies the [several] sorts of created beings or things: (S:) [or all the sorts thereof: or the beings of the universe, or of the whole world:] it has this form because it includes mankind: or because it denotes particularly the sorts of created beings consisting of the angels and the jinn and mankind, exclusively of others: I'Ab is related to have explained رَبُّ العَالَمِينَ as meaning the Lord of the jinn, or genii, and of mankind: Katádeh says, the Lord of all the created beings: but accord. to Az, the correctness of the explanation of I'Ab is shown by the saying in the beginning of ch. xxv. of the Kur-án that the Prophet was to be a نَذِير [or warner] لِلْعَالَمِينَ; and he was not a نذير to the beasts, nor to the angels, though all of them are the creatures of God; but only to the jinn, or genii, and mankind. (TA.) b2: عَالَمٌ is also syn. with قَرْنٌ [as meaning A generation of mankind; or the people of one time]. (O, voce طَبَقٌ, q. v.) عَالِمٌ and ↓ عَلِيمٌ signify the same, (IJ, Msb, K, *) as epithets applied to a man; (K;) i. e. Possessing the attribute of عِلْم (IJ, Msb, TA) as a faculty firmly rooted in the mind; [or learned; or versed in science and literature;] the former being used in [what is more properly] the sense of the latter; (IJ, TA;) which is an intensive epithet: (TA:) the pl. is عُلَمَآءُ and عُلَّامٌ, (K,) the latter of which is pl. of عَالِمٌ; (IB, TA;) the former being [properly] pl. of عَلِيمٌ; and عَالِمُونَ is [a] pl. of عَالِمٌ; (Msb;) [but] عُلَمَآءُ is used as a pl. of both, (IJ, TA,) and by him who says only عَالِمٌ [as the sing.], (Sb, TA;) because عَالِمٌ is used in the sense of عَلِيمٌ: to him who is entering upon the study of العِلْم, the epithet ↓ مُتَعَلِّمٌ [which may generally be rendered learning, or a learner,] is applied; not عَالِمٌ. (IJ, TA.) عَالِمٌ is also expl. as signifying One who does according to his knowledge. (TA.) b2: See also عَلِيمٌ: and أَعْلَمُ.

A2: And see العَالَمُ.

عَيْلَمٌ A well having much water: (S, K:) or of which the water is salt: (K:) and a wide well: and sometimes a man was reviled by the saying, يَا ابْنَ العَيْلَمِ, referring to the width of his mother [in respect of the فَرْج]: (TA:) pl. عَيَالِمُ or عَيَالِيمُ. (S, accord. to different copies: in the TA, in this instance, the latter.) b2: And The sea: (S, K:) pl. عَيَالِمُ. (TA.) b3: And The water upon which is the earth: (S, K:) or water concealed, or covered, in the earth; or beneath layers, or strata, of earth; mentioned by Kr: (TA:) [عَيْلَمُ المَآءِ occurs in the JK and TA in art. خسف, and is there plainly shown to mean the water that is beneath a mountain, or stratum of rock: (see also غَيِّثٌ: and see غَيْلَمٌ:) and it is said that] المَأءُ العَيْلَمُ means copious water. (Ham p. 750.) b4: And A large cooking-pot. (T, TA voce هِلْجَابٌ.) A2: Also Plump, and soft, tender, or delicate. (S, K.) A3: And The frog. (AAF, K. [This meaning is also assigned to غَيْلَمٌ.]) b2: And i. q. ↓ عَيْلَامٌ; (K;) which signifies A male hyena; (S, K;) occurring in a trad. (خَبَر) respecting Abraham, relating that he will take up his father to pass with him the [bridge called] صِرَاط, and will look at him, and lo, he will be عَيْلَامٌ أَمْدَرُ [a male hyena inflated in the sides, big in the belly, or having his sides defiled with earth or dust]. (TA.) عَيْلَامٌ: see the next preceding sentence.

أَعْلَمُ [More, and most, knowing or learned]. Applied to God, [it may often be rendered Supreme in knowledge: or omniscient: but often, in this case,] it means [simply] ↓ عَالِمٌ [in the sense of knowing, or cognizant]. (Jel in iii. 31, and I'Ak p. 240.) [Therefore اَللّٰهُ أَعْلَمُ virtually means, sometimes, God knows best; or knows all things: and sometimes, simply, God knows.]

A2: Also [Harelipped; i. e.] having a fissure in his upper lip: (S, Mgh, Msb, K:) or in one of its two sides: (K:) the camel is said to be اعلم because of the fissure in his upper lip: when the fissure is in the lower lip, the epithet أَفْلَحُ is used: and أَشْرَمُ is used in both of these, and also in other, similar, senses: (TA:) the fem. of أَعْلَمُ is عَلْمَآءُ: (S, Msb, TA:) which is likewise applied to a lip (شَفَةٌ). (TA.) b2: العَلْمَآءُ signifies also The coat of mail: (K:) mentioned by Sh, in the book entitled كِتَابُ السِّلَاحِ; but as not heard by him except in a verse of Zuheyr Ibn-Khabbáb [?]. (TA.) أُعْلُومَةٌ: see عَلَامَةٌ, in two places.

تِعْلِمَةٌ and تِعْلَامَةٌ: see عَلَّامٌ; each in two places.

مَعْلَمٌ i. q. مَظِنَّةٌ; مَعْلَمُ الشَّىْءِ signifying مَظِنَّتُهُ; (K, TA;) as meaning The place in which is known the existence of the thing: (Msb in art. ظن:) pl. مَعَالِمُ; (TA;) which is the contr. of مَجَاهِلُ, pl. of مَجْهَلٌ [q. v.] as applied to a land; meaning in which are signs of the way. (TA in art. جهل.) And hence, [A person in whom is known the existence of a quality &c.:] one says, هُوَ مَعْلَمٌ لِلْخَيْرِ [He is one in whom good, or goodness, is known to be]. (TA.) b2: Also A thing, (K,) or a mark, trace, or track, (S, TA,) by which one guides himself, or is guided, (S, K, TA,) to the road, or way; (S, TA;) as also ↓ عُلَّامَةٌ and ↓ عَلْمٌ: (K: [in several copies of which, in all as far as I know, وَالعَلْمُ is here put in the place of والعَلْمِ; whereby العَلْمُ is made to be syn. with العَالَمُ: but accord. to SM, it is syn. with المَعْلَمُ, as is shown by what here follows:]) and hence a reading in the Kur [xliii. 61], ↓ وَإِنَّهُ لَعَلْمٌ لِلسَّاعَةِ, meaning And verily he, i. e. Jesus, by his appearing, and descending to the earth, shall be a sign of the approach of the hour [of resurrection]: it is also said, in a trad., that on the day of resurrection there shall not be a مَعْلَم for any one: and the pl. is مَعَالِمُ. (TA.) And مَعْلَمُ الطِّرِيقِ signifies The indication, or indicator, of the road, or way. (TA.) b3: [And hence it signifies likewise An indication, or a symptom, of anything; like عَلَامَةٌ.] b4: See also عَلَمٌ, last quarter.

مُعْلَمٌ pass. part. n. of أَعْلَمَ [q. v.] in the phrase اعلم الثَّوْبَ, and thus applied as an epithet to a garment, or piece of cloth: (S:) [and also in other senses: thus in a verse of 'Antarah cited voce مَشُوفٌ:] and applied to a قِدْح [or gamingarrow] as meaning Having a mark [made] upon it. (TA.) b2: [See also a verse of 'Antarah cited voce مِشَكٌّ.]

مُعْلِمٌ act. part. n. of أَعْلَمَ [q. v.] in the phrase اعلم الثَّوْبَ: [and in other senses:] b2: thus also of the same verb in the phrase اعلم الفَارِسُ. (S.) مُعَلَّمٌ [pass. part. n. of 2, in all its senses: b2: and hence particularly signifying] Directed by inspiration to that which is right and good. (TA.) مُعَلِّمٌ [act. part. n. of 2, in all its senses: and generally meaning] A teacher. (KL.) b2: [It is now also a common title of address to a Christian and to a Jew.]

مَعْلُومٌ [Known; &c.]. الوَقْتُ المَعْلُومُ [mentioned in the Kur xv. 38 and xxxviii. 82] means[The time of] the resurrection. (TA.) And الأَيَّامُ المَعْلُومَاتُ [mentioned in the Kur xxii. 29] means[The first] ten days of Dhu-l-Hijjeh, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) the last of which is the day of the sacrifice. (TA.) b2: [In grammar, The active voice.]

مُتَعَلِّمٌ: see عَالِمٌ.

دِجْلَةُ:
نهر بغداد، لا تدخله الألف واللام، قال حمزة: دجلة معرّبة على ديلد، ولها اسمان آخران وهما: آرنك روذ وكودك دريا أي البحر الصغير، أخبرنا الشيخ مسمار بن عمر بن محمد أبو بكر المقري البغدادي بالموصل أنبأنا الشيخ الحافظ أبو الفضل محمد ابن ناصر بن محمد بن عليّ السّلامي أنبأنا الشيخ العالم أبو محمد جعفر بن أبي طالب أحمد بن الحسين السّرّاج القارئ أنبأنا القاضي أبو الحسين أحمد بن عليّ بن الحسين التّوّزي في شهر ربيع الآخر سنة 440، قال أبو عبد الله محمد بن عمران بن موسى المرزباني قال: دفع إليّ أبو الحسن عليّ بن هارون ورقة ذكر أنها بخط
عليّ بن مهدي الكسروي، ووجدت فيها أول مخرج دجلة من موضع يقال له عين دجلة على مسيرة يومين ونصف من آمد من موضع يعرف بهلورس من كهف مظلم، وأول نهر ينصبّ إلى دجلة يخرج من فوق شمشاط بأرض الروم يقال له نهر الكلاب، ثم أول واد ينصبّ إليه سوى السواقي والرواضع والأنهار التي ليست بعظيمة وادي صلب، وهو واد بين ميّا فارقين وآمد، قيل: إنه يخرج من هلورس، وهلورس الموضع الذي استشهد فيه عليّ الأرمني، ثم ينصبّ إليه وادي ساتيدما وهو خارج من درب الكلاب بعد أن ينصبّ إلى وادي ساتيدما وادي الزور الآخذ من الكلك، وهو موضع ابن بقراط البطريق من ظاهر أرمينية، وينصبّ أيضا من وادي ساتيدما نهر ميّافارقين ثم ينصب إليه وادي السّربط، وهو الآخذ من ظهر أبيات أرزن، وهو يخرج من خوويت وجبالها من أرض أرمينية، ثم توافي دجلة موضعا يعرف بتلّ فافان فينصب إليها وادي الرّزم، وهو الوادي الذي يكثر فيه ماء دجلة، وهذا الوادي مخرجه من أرض أرمينية من الناحية التي يتولّاها موشاليق البطريق وما والى تلك النواحي، وفي وادي الرّزم ينصب الوادي المشتق لبدليس، وهو خارج من ناحية خلاط، ثم تنقاد دجلة كهيئتها حتى توافي الجبال المعروفة بجبال الجزيرة فينصب إليها نهر عظيم يعرف بيرنى يخرج من دون أرمينية في تخومها ثم ينصب إليها نهر عظيم يعرف بنهر باعيناثا ثم توافي أكناف الجزيرة المعروفة بجزيرة ابن عمر فينصب إليها واد مخرجه من ظاهر أرمينية يعرف بالبويار ثم توافي ما بين باسورين والجزيرة فينصب إليها الوادي المعروف بدوشا، ودوشا يخرج من الزوزان فيما بين أرمينية وأذربيجان، ثم ينصب إليها وادي الخابور، وهو أيضا خارج من الموضع المعروف بالزّوزان وهو الموضع الذي يكون فيه البطريق المعروف بجرجيز، ثم تستقيم على حالها إلى بلد والموصل فينصب إليها ببلد من غربيها نهر ربما منع الراجل من خوضه، ثم لا يقع فيها قطرة حتى توافي الزاب الأعظم مستنبطه من جبال أذربيجان يأخذ على زركون وبابغيش فتكون ممازجته إياها فوق الحديثة بفرسخ، ثم تأتي السّنّ فيعترضها الزاب الأسفل مستنبطه من أرض شهرزور، ثم توافي سرّ من رأى، إلى هنا عن الكسروي. وقيل: إن أصل مخرجه من جبل بقرب آمد عند حصن يعرف بحصن ذي القرنين من تحته تخرج عين دجلة، وهي هناك ساقية، ثم كلما امتدّت انضمّ إليها مياه جبال ديار بكر حتى تصير بقرب البحر مدّ البصر، ورأيته بآمد وهو يخاض بالدواب، ثم يمتدّ إلى ميّافارقين ثم إلى حصن كيفا ثم إلى جزيرة ابن عمر، وهو يحيط بها، ثم إلى بلد والموصل ثم إلى تكريت، وقيل: بتكريت ينصب فيه الزابان:
الزاب الأعلى من موضع يقال له تلّ فافان والزاب الصغير عند السنّ، ومنها يعظم، ثم بغداد ثم واسط ثم البصرة ثم عبّادان ثم ينصب في بحر الهند، فإذا انفصل عن واسط انقسم إلى خمسة أنهر عظام تحمل السّفن، منها: نهر سياسي ونهر الغرّاف ونهر دقلة ونهر جعفر ونهر ميسان، ثم تجتمع هذه الأنهار أيضا وما ينضاف إليها من الفرات كلها قرب مطارة، قرية بينها وبين البصرة يوم واحد.
وروي عن ابن عباس، رضي الله عنه، أنه قال:
أوحى الله تعالى إلى دانيال، عليه السلام، وهو دانيال الأكبر، أن احفر لعبادي نهرين واجعل مفيضهما البحر فقد أمرت الأرض أن تطيعك، فأخذ خشبة وجعل يجرها في الأرض والماء يتبعه وكلما مرّ بأرض يتيم أو
أرملة أو شيخ كبير ناشدوه الله فيحيد عنهم، فعواقيل دجلة والفرات من ذلك، قال في هذه الرواية:
ومبتدأ دجلة من أرمينية.
ودجلة العوراء: اسم لدجلة البصرة علم لها، وقد أسقط بعض الشعراء الهاء منه ضرورة، قال بعض الشعراء:
روّاد أعلى دجل يهدج دونها ... قربا يواصله بخمس كامل
وقال أبو العلاء المعرّي:
سقيا لدجلة، والدنيا مفرّقة، ... حتى يعود اجتماع النجم تشتيتا
وبعدها لا أحبّ الشرب من نهر ... كأنما أنا من أصحاب طالوتا
ذمّ الوليد، ولم أذمم بلادكم، ... إذ قال ما أنصفت بغداد حوشيتا
وقال أبو القاسم عليّ بن محمد التنوخي القاضي:
أحسن بدجلة والدّجى متصوّب، ... والبدر في أفق السماء مغرّب
فكأنها فيه بساط أزرق، ... وكأنه فيها طراز مذهب
ولابن التمّار الواسطي يصف ضوء القمر على دجلة:
قم فاعتصم من صروف الدهر والنّوب، ... واجمع بكأسك شمل اللهو والطرب
أما ترى الليل قد ولّت عساكره ... مهزومة، وجيوش الصبح في الطلب
والبدر في الأفق الغربيّ تحسبه ... قد مدّ جسرا، على الشطّين، من ذهب
ودجلة: موضع في ديار العرب بالبادية، قال يزيد ابن الطّثرية:
خلا الفيض ممن حله فالخمائل ... فدجلة ذي الأرطى فقرن الهوامل
وقد كان محتلّا، وفي العيش غرّة، ... لأسماء مفضى ذي سليل وعاقل
فأصبح منها ذاك قفرا وسامحت ... لك النفس، فانظر ما الذي أنت فاعل

خشع

1 خَشَعَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. خُشُوعٌ, He was, or became, lowly, humble, or submissive; (S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ اختشع (S, K) and ↓ تخشّع; (Abu-lFet-h, Ham pp. 24 and 127;) خُشُوعٌ being syn. with خُضُوعٌ: (S, Msb, K:) or خشوع is nearly the same as خضوع: (Lth, K:) or the former is mostly used as meaning in the voice; and the latter, in the necks: (Msb:) or the latter is in the body; and the former is in the voice and in the eyes: (K:) or, as we read in the 'Eyn, the former is nearly the same as the latter, except that the latter is in the body, and signifies the acknowledging of humility and submission, and the former is in the voice and in the eyes; and the like is said in the Nh [and in the Msb in art. خضع]. (TA.) You say, خَشَعَتِ الأَصْوَاتُ The voices were [or shall be (as in the Kur xx. 107]) still and low: (Msb:) or low: or, as some say, still. (TA.) And خَشَعَ بِبَصَرِهِ He lowered his eye. (S.) And ↓ اختشع and ↓ تخشّع He cast his eye towards the ground, and lowered his voice. (TA.) Lth says that you say, فُلَانٌ ↓ اختشع, but not اختشع بِبَصَرِهِ. (TA.) And خَشَعَ بَصَرُهُ His eye became contracted. (TA.) And خَشَعَتْ دُونَهُ الأَبْصَارُ (tropical:) [meaning The eyes were cast down before him, or it]. (TA.) خُشُوعٌ also signifies The being, or becoming, still: and the abasing oneself; or lowering oneself. (K, TA.) And ↓ اختشع, He lowered, or stooped, or bent down, his breast. (TA.) b2: Also, inf. n. as above, He feared; for instance, in prayer: (TA:) or خَشَعَ فِى صَلَاتِهِ and فِى دُعَائِهِ signifies He applied himself with his heart to [or in] his prayer, and his supplication. (Msb.) b3: خَشَعَتِ الكَوَاكِبُ, (Aboo-'Adnán,) inf. n. as above, (K,) (tropical:) The stars approached to the place of setting; (Aboo-'Adnán;) or approached to setting: (K:) or sank, and nearly disappeared in their setting-place. (Aboo-Sálih El-Kilábee.) [The corresponding phrase in Hebrew, occurring in Gen. xxxvii. 9, probably has the same meaning.] b4: خَشَعَتِ الشَّمْسُ (tropical:) The sun became eclipsed. (TA.) b5: خَشَعَ السَّنَامُ (tropical:) The hump for the most part went away; (O, K;) i. e. the hump of the camel: (TA:) or became lean; its fat going away, and its height becoming lowered. (L.) b6: فُلَانٌ جِذْلٌ حِكَاكٌ خَشَعَتِ عَنْهُ الأُبَنُ is a saying of the Arabs, explained in art. حك. (TA in that art.) b7: خَشَعَ الوَرَقُ (tropical:) The leaves withered. (TA.) b8: خَشَعَتِ الأَرْضُ (tropical:) The earth, or land, dried up, not being rained upon. (TA.) A2: خَشَعَ فُلَانٌ خَرَاشِىٌّ صَدْرِهِ Such a one ejected the viscous saliva [or phlegm of his chest]. (O, K.) b2: And خَشَعَتْ خَرَاشِىٌّ صَرِهِ The viscous saliva [or phlegm of his chest] became ejected. (O, K.) The verb is thus intrans., as well as trans. (O.) 5 تخشّع He lowered, humbled, or abased, himself: (Lth, K:) or he constrained himself to be, or to become, lowly, humble, or submissive; or to be so, or to become so, in voice, or in the eyes. (S.) See also 1, in two places.6 تخاشع [He feigned lowliness, humility, or submissiveness, in demeanour, or in voice, or in the eyes]. (TA in art. موت; &c.) 8 إِخْتَشَعَ see 1, in four places.

خُشْعَةٌ A low hill: (S:) or a hill cleaving to the ground: (IAar, K:) and a piece of rugged ground: (IDrd, K:) or [elevated ground such as is termed] قُفّ that is for the most part soft, i. e. neither stone nor clay: (Lth:) and a rock growing in the sea: (TA:) pl. خُشَعٌ. (K.) It is said in a trad., كَانَتِ الأَرْضُ خُشْعَةً عَلَى المَآءِ ثُمَّ دُحِيَتْ [The earth was a low hill, &c., upon the water: then it was spread out]: (S:) but this trad. is variously related. (TA.) خَاشِعٌ Lowly, humble, or submissive, (K, TA,) and still: (TA:) [or so in the voice and in the eyes: (see 1:)] pl. خَاشِعُونَ and خُشَّعٌ; the latter also signifying men lowering, humbling, or abasing, themselves: or constraining themselves to be, or to become, lowly, humble, or submissive; or to be so, or to become so, in voice, or in the eyes: or casting their eyes towards the ground, and lowering their voices. (TA.) Hence, in the Kur [lxviii. 43, and lxx. 44], accord. to different readings, خَاشِعَةً أَبْصَارُهُمْ and خَاشِعًا أَبْصَارُهُمْ [Having their eyes cast down]: the accus. case being used as denotative of state. (Zj, TA.) b2: Bowing; or bending down the head and body. (K.) b3: Fearing. (TA.) b4: (tropical:) A camel's foot (خُفٌّ) cleaving to the ground. (TA.) b5: (tropical:) A wall that has cracked, and given notice of its falling, and [then] become even with the ground. (TA.) b6: (tropical:) A herb dried up, and falling down upon the ground. (TA.) b7: Applied to a place, (S, K,) and, with ة, to a بَلْدَة [or portion of country], (S,) (tropical:) Overspread with dust, [in the CK المُعَنْبَرُ is erroneously put for المُغَبَّرُ,] and having in it no place of alighting, or of abiding: (S, K:) and to land (أَرْضٌ), meaning of which the wind raises the surface, by reason of its softness, so as to efface its traces, or tracks: (L:) or in this case it is with ة, as in the Kur xli. 39, and means altered (مُتَغَيِّرَة [probably a mistranscription for مُتَغَبِّرَة overspread with dust]), and having its herbage broken in pieces: (Zj, * TA:) or dried up, and containing no herbage: (Jel:) or containing no green herbage: or low, or depressed, and still: (TA:) and, without ة, applied to a place, to which one finds not his way: (Sgh, K:) pl. خُشَّعٌ. (TA.)

ان

1 أَنَّ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَنِينٌ and أُنَانٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and تَأْنَانٌ (S, K) and أَنٌّ, (M, K,) He moaned; or uttered a moan, or moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or said, Ah! syn. تَأَوَّهَ; (M, K;) by reason of pain: (S, TA:) he complained by reason of disease or pain: (TA:) he uttered a cry or cries: (Msb:) said of a man. (S, Msb.) b2: أَنِّتِ القَوْسُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَنِينٌ, The bow made a gentle and prolonged sound. (AHn, M.) A2: لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمٌ means I will not do it as long as there is a star in the heaven: (S, M, K:) أَنَّ being here a dial. var. of عَنَّ. (S.) You say also, مَا أَنَّ فِي الفُرَاتِ قَطْرَةٌ As long as there is a drop in the Euphrates. (T, S.) And لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءٌ [ I will not do it as long as there is rain in the heaven]. (S.) [It is said in the M that Lh mentions the last two sayings; but it is there indicated that he read قَطْرَةً and سَمَآءً: and] ISk mentions the saying, لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمًا, (T, M,) and مَا عَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمٌ; (T;) [in the former of which, أَنّ must be a particle (which see below); but it seems that it should rather be إِنَّ, in this case, as ISd thinks; for he says,] I know not for what reason انّ is here with fet-h, unless a verb be understood before it, as ثَبَتَ or وُجِدَ: [ and he adds,] Lh mentions مَا أَنَّ ذلِكَ الجَبَلَ مَكَانَهُ [as long as that mountain is in its place]: and مَا أَنَّ حِرَآءً مَكَانَهُ [as long as Mount Hirà is in its place]: but he does not explain these sayings. (M.) أَنٌ is a pronoun, denoting the speaker, [I, masc. and fem.,] in the language of some of the Arabs: they say, أَنْ فَعَلْتُ [I did], with the ن quiescent: but most of them pronounce it [↓ أَنَ] with fet-h when conjoined with a following word; (Mughnee, K;) saying, أَنَ فَعَلْتُ: (TA:) and [↓ أَنَا] with ا in a case of pause: (Mughnee, K:) and some pronounce it with ا also when it is conjoined with a following word; saying, أَنَا فَعَلْتُ; [ as we generally find it written in books;] but this is of a bad dialect: (TA:) [this last assertion, however, requires consideration; for the dial. here said to be bad is that of Temeem, accord. to what here follows:] the Basrees hold that the pronoun consists of the ء and the ن, and that the [final] ا is redundant, because it is suppressed in a case of conjunction with a following word; but the Koofees hold that the pronoun is composed of all the three letters, because the ا is preserved in a case of conjunction with a following word in the dial. of Temeem. (Marginal note in a copy of the Mughnee.) [Accord. to Az,] it is best to say ↓ أَنَا in a case of pause; and ↓ أَنَ in a case of conjunction with a following word, as in أَنَ فَعَلْتُ ذَاكَ [I did that]; but some of the Arabs say, فَعَلْتُ ذَاكَ ↓ أَنَا; and some make the ن quiescent in a case of this kind, though this is rare, saying, أَنْ قُلْتُ ذَاكَ [I said that]; and Kudá'ah prolong the former ا, saying, قُلْتُهُ ↓ آنَ. (T.) [Accord. to J,] ↓ أَنَا is a pronoun denoting the speaker alone, and is made to end invariably with fet-h to distinguish it from the particle أَنْ which renders the aor. mansoob; the final ا being for the purpose of showing what is the vowel in a case of pause; but when it occurs in the middle [or beginning] of a sentence, it is dropped, except in a bad dialect. (S.) [Accord. to ISd,] ↓ أَنَ is a noun denoting the speaker; and in a case of pause, you add ا at the end, [saying ↓ أَنَا,] to denote quiescence; (M;) [or] it is better to do this, though it is not always done: (TA:) but it is said, on the authority of Ktr, that there are five dial. vars. of this word; namely, فَعَلْتُ ↓ أَنَ, and ↓ أَنَا, and ↓ آنَ, and أَنٌ, and ↓ أَنَهٌ, all mentioned by IJ; but there is some weakness in this: IJ says that the ه in ↓ أَنَهٌ may be a substitute for the ا in أَنَا, because the latter is the more usual, and the former is rare; or it may be added to show what is the vowel, like the ه, and be like the ه in كِتَابِيَهْ and حِسَابِيَهٌ. (M.) For the dual, as well as the pl., only نَحْنُ is used. (Az, TA.) b2: It is also a pronoun denoting the person addressed, or spoken to, by assuming the form ↓ أَنْتَ [Thou, masc.]; ت being added to it as the sign of the person addressed, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) and أَنْ being the pronoun, (M, Mughnee, K,) accord. to the general opinion; (Mughnee, K;) the two becoming as one; not that one is prefixed to the other as governing it in the gen. case: (S:) and so ↓ أَنْتِ, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) addressed to the female: (S, M:) and ↓ أَنْتُمَا, (M, Mughnee, K,) addressed to two; not a regular dual, for were it so it would be أَنْتَان; but like كُمَا in ضَرَبْتُكُمَا: (M:) and ↓ أَنْتُمٌ and ↓ أَنْتُنَّ, (S, Mughnee, K,) which are [respectively] the masc. and fem. pls. (TA.) b3: To each of these the ك of comparison is sometimes prefixed; so that you say, ↓ أَنْتَ كَأَنَا [Thou art like me, or as I], and ↓ أَنَا كَأَنْتَ [or أَنَ كَأَنْتَ I am like thee, or as thou]; as is related on the authority of the Arabs; for though the ك of comparison is not prefixed to the [affixed] pronoun, and you say, أَنْتَ كَزَيْدٍ but not أَنْتَ كِي, yet the separate pronoun is regarded by them as being in the same predicament as the noun; and therefore the prefixing it to the latter kind of pronoun is approved. (S.) It is said in the Book of لَيْسَ, by IKh, that there is no such phrase, in the language of the Arabs, as أَنْتَ كِى, nor as أَنَا كَكَ, except in two forged verses; wherefore Sb says that the Arabs, by saying أَنْتَ مِثْلِى and أَنَا مثْلُكَ, have no need of saying أَنْتَ كِى and أَنَا كَكَ: and the two verses are these: وَلَوْلَا البَلَآءُ لَكَانُوا كَنَا فَلَوْلَا الحَيَآإُ لَكُنَّا كَهُمٌ [And but for the sense of shame, we had been like them, or as they: and but for trial, or affliction, they had been like us, or as we]: and إِنْ تَكُنْ كِى فِإِنَّنِي كَكَ فِيهَا

إِنَّنَا فِى المَلَامِ مُصْطَحِبَانِ [If thou art like me, or as I, verily I am like thee, or as thou, in respect of her, or it, or them: verily we, in respect of blame, are companions]. (TA.) Az mentions his having heard some of the Benoo-Suleym say, كَمَا أَنْتَنِي, [the latter word being a compound of the pronoun أَنْتَ, regularly written separately, and the affixed pronoun نِى,] meaning Wait thou for me in thy place. (TA.) A2: It is also a particle: and as such, it is—First, a particle of the kind called مَصْدَرِىٌّ, rendering the aor. mansoob: (Mughnee, K:) i. e., (TA,) it combines with a verb [in this case] in the future [or aor. ] tense, following it, to form an equivalent to an inf. n., and renders it mansoob: (S, TA:) you say, أُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقُومَ [I desire that thou stand, or that thou wouldst stand, or that thou mayest stand]; meaning أُرِيدُ قِيَامَكَ [I desire thy standing]. (S.) It occurs in two places: first, in that of the inchoative, or in the beginning of a phrase, so that it is in the place of a nom. case; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 180], وَأَنْ تَصُومُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ [And that ye fast is better for you]; (Mughnee, K;) i. e. صِيَامُكُمْ [your fasting]. (TA.) And, secondly, after a word denoting a meaning which is not that of certainty: and thus it is the place of a nom. case; as in the saying [in the Kur lvii. 15], أَلَمْ يَأَنِ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَنٌ تَخْشَعَ قُلُوبُهُمْ [Hath not the time that their hearts should become submissive, i. e. the time of their hearts' becoming submissive, yet come unto those who have believed?]: and in the place of an accus. case; as in the saying [in the Kur x. 38], وَمَا كَانَ هذَا القْرْآنُ أَنْ يُفْتَرَء [And this Kur-án is not such that it might be forged; i. e., افُتِرِآءٌ; so in Bd and Jel; and so in a marginal note to a copy of the Mughnee, where is added, meaning مُفْتَرًى

forged]: and in the place of a gen. case; as in the saying [in the Kur lxiii. 10], مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَأْتِىَ

أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ [Before that death come unto any one of you; i. e. before death's coming unto any one of you]. (Mughnee, K.) Sometimes it makes the aor. to be of the mejzoom form, (Mughnee, K,) as some of the Koofees and AO have mentioned, and as Lh has stated on the authority of certain of the Benoo-Sabbáh of Dabbeh; (Mughnee;) as in this verse: إِذَا مَا غَدَوْنَا قَالَ وِلْدَانُ أَهْلِنَا تَعَالوْغا إِلَى أَنْ يَأْتِنَا الصَّيْدُ نَحْطِبِ [When we went away in the morning, the youths of our family, or people, said, Come ye, until that the chase come to us, (i. e. until the coming of the chase to us,) let us collect firewood]. (Mughnee, K.) And sometimes it is followed by an aor. of the marfooa form; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 233], accord. to the reading of Ibn-Moheysin, لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُتِمُّ الرَّضَاعَةَ [For him who desireth that he may complete the time of sucking; i. e. the completing thereof]; (Mughnee, K;) but this is anomalous, (I 'Ak p. 101, and TA,) or أَنْ is here a contraction of أَنَّ [for أَنَّهُ]: (I 'Ak:) and in the saying of the poet, أَنْ تَقَرَآنِ عَلَي أَسْمَآءِ وَيْحَكُمَا مِنِّى السَّلَامَ وَأَنْ لَا تُخْبِرَا أَحَدَا [That ye two convey, or communicate, to Asmà, (mercy on you! or woe to you!) from me, salutation, and that ye inform not any one]; but the Koofees assert that أَنٌ is here [in the beginning of the verse] a contraction of أَنَّ, and anomalously conjoined with the verb; whereas the Basrees correctly say that it is أَنٌ which renders the aor. mansoob, but is deprived of government by its being made to accord with its co-ordinate مَا, termed مَصْدَرِيَّة; (Mughnee;) or, as IJ says, on the authority of Aboo-'Alee, أَنٌ is here used by poetic licence for أَنَّكُمَا; and the opinion of the Baghdádees [and Basrees], that it is likened to مَا, and therefore without government, is improbable, because أَنْ is not conjoined with a verb in the present tense, but only with the preterite and the future. (M.) When it is suppressed, the aor. may be either mansoob or marfooa; but the latter is the better; as in the saying in the Kur [xxxix. 64], أَفَغَيْرَ اللّٰهِ تَأْمُرُونِّى أَعْبُدُ [Other than God do ye bid me worship?]. (S.) If it occurs immediately before a preterite, it combines with it to form an equivalent to an inf. n. relating to past time; being in this case without government: you say, أَعْجَيَنِيأَنْ قُمْتَ [It pleased me that thou stoodest]; meaning thy standing that is past pleased me: (S:) and thus it is used in the saying [in the Kur xxviii. 82], لَوْلَا أَنٌ مَنَّ اللّٰهُ عَلَيْنَا [Were it not for that God conferred favour upon us; i. e., for God's having conferred favour upon us]. (Mughnee.) It is also conjoined with an imperative; as in the phrase mentioned by Sb, كَتَبْتُ إِلَيهِ بِأَنة قُمٌ [I wrote to him, Stand; i. e. I wrote to him the command to stand]; which shows that AHei is wrong in asserting that whenever it is conjoined with an imperative it is an explicative [in the sense of أَيٌ], and that in this particular instance the ب may be redundant, which it cannot here be, because, whether redundant or not, it is not put immediately before anything but a noun or what may be rendered by a noun. (Mughnee.) b2: Secondly, it is a con-traction of أَنَّ; (Mughnee, K;) and occurs after a verb denoting certainty, or one used in a manner similar to that of such a verb: (Mughnee:) so in the saying [in the Kur lxxiii. 20], عَلِمَ أَنٌ سَيَكُونُ مِنْكُمٌ مَرْضَي [He knoweth that (the case will be this:) there will be among you some diseased; the affixed pronoun هُ, meaning اشَّأْنَ, being understood after أَنْ, which therefore stands for أَنَّهُ, i. e. أَنَّ الشَّأْنَ]: (Mughnee, K: *) and in the phrase, بَلَغَنِى أَنْ قَدْ كَانَ كَذَا وكَذَا [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, or it came to my knowledge, &c., that (the case is this:) such and such things have been]; a phrase of this kind, in which أَنْ occurs with a verb, not being approved without قَدْ, unless you say, بَلَغَنِى أَنَّهُ كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا: (Lth, T:) [for] when the contracted أَنْ has for its predicate a verbal proposition, of which the verb is neither imperfectly inflected, like لَيْسَ and عَسَى, nor expressive of a prayer or an imprecation, it is separated from the verb, according to the more approved usage, by قَدْ, or the prefix سَ, or سَوْفَ, or a negative, as لَا &c., or لَوْ: (I 'Ak pp. 100 and 101:) but when its predicate is a nominal proposition, it requires not a separation; so that you say, CCC عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زِيْدٌ قَائِمٌ [I knew that (the case was this:) Zeyd was standing]; (I 'Ak p. 100;) and بَلَغَنِى أَنْ زَيدٌ خَارِــجٌ [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, &c., that (the case is this:) Zeyd is going, or coming, out, or forth]; (TA;) except in the case of a negation, as in the saying in the Kur [xi. 17], وأَنْ لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ [And that (the case is this:) there is no deity but He]. (I 'Ak p. 100.) Thus used, it is originally triliteral, and is also what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة; [عَلِمَ أَنْ, in the first of the exs. above, for instance, meaning عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ, i. e. عَلِمَ أَنَّ الشَّأْنَ, which is equivalent to عَلِمَ كَوْنَ الشَّأْنِ;] and governs the subject in the accus. case, and the predicate in the nom. case: and its subject must be a pronoun, suppressed, [as in the exs. given above, where it means الشَّأْنِ, and in a verse cited before, commencing أَنْ تَقْرَآنِ, accord. to A'boo-'Alee,] or expressed; the latter, accord. to the more correct opinion, being allowable only by poetic license: and its predicate must be a proposition, unless the subject is expressed, in which case it may be either a single word or a proposition; both of which kinds occur in the following saying [of a poet]: بِأَنْكَ رَبِيعٌ وغَيْثٌ مَرِيعٌ وَأَنْكَ هُنَاكَ تَكُونَ الثِّمَالَا [he is speaking of persons coming as guests to him whom he addresses, when their provisions are exhausted, and the horizon is dust-coloured, and the north wind is blowing, (as is shown by the citation of the verse immediately preceding, in the T,) and he says, They know that thou art like rain that produces spring-herbage, and like plenteous rain, and that thou, there, art the aider and the manager of the affairs of people]. (Mughnee. [In the T, for رَبِيعٌ, I find الَّربِيعُ; and for وَأَنْكَ, I there find وَقِدْمًا: but the reading in the Mughnee is that which is the more known.]) [J says,] أَنْ is sometimes a contraction of أَنَّ and does not govern [anything]: you say, بَلَغَنِى

أَنٌ زَيْدٌ خَارِــجٌ [explained above]; and it is said in the Kur [vii. 41], وَنُودُوا أَنْ تِلْكُمُ الجَنَّةُ [and it shall be proclaimed to them that (the case is this:) that is Paradise]: (S:) [here, however, أَنة is regarded by some as an explicative, as will be seen below:] but in saying this, J means that it does not govern as to the letter; for virtually it does govern; its subject being meant to be understood; the virtual meaning being أَنَّهُ تِلْكُمُ الجَنَّةُ. (IB.) [In another place, J says,] You may make the contracted أَنْ to govern or not, as you please. (S.) Aboo-Tálib the Grammarian mentions an assertion that the Arabs make it to govern; as in the saying [of a poet, describing a beautiful bosom], كَأَنْ ثَذْيَيْهِ حُقَّانِ [As though its two breasts were two small round boxes]: but [the reading commonly known is كَأَنْ ثَدْيَاهُ حُقَّانِ (this latter reading is given in De Sacy's Anthol. Gram. Ar. p. 104 of the Ar. text; and both are given in the S;) كَأَنْ here meaning كَأَنَّهُ; and] Fr says, We have not heard the Arabs use the contracted form and make it to govern except with a pronoun, in which case the desinential syntax is not apparent. (T.) The author of the K says in the B that you say, عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زيْدًا لَمُنْطَلِقٌ [I knew that Zeyd was indeed going away], with ل when it is made to govern; and عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زَيْدٌ مُنْطَلِقٌ [I knew that (the case was this:) Zeyd was going away], without ل when it is made to have no government. (TA. [But in the latter ex. it governs the subject, which is understood, as in other exs. before given.]) [See an ex. in a verse ending with the phrase وَكَأَنْ قَدِ cited voce قَد, where كَأَنْ is for كَأَنَّهُ, meaning كَأَنَّ الشّأنَ, and a verb is understood after قد. and see also أَنَّ, below.]b2: Thirdly, it is an explicative, (Mughnee, K,) meaning أَيْ (S, M, and so in some copies of the K,) or [rather] used in the manner of أَيْ; (Mughnee, and so in some copies of the K;) [meaning قَائِلًا, or قَائِلِينَ; or يَقُولُ, or يَقُولُونَ; or some other form of the verb قَالَ; i. e. Saying ; &c.;] as in the saying [in the Kur xxiii. 27], فَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْهِ أَنِ اصْنَعِ الْقُلْكَ [And we revealed, or spake by revelation, unto him, saying, Make thou the ark]; (Mughnee, K) and [in the Kur vii. 41,]وَنُودُوا أَنْ تِلْكُمُ الْجَنَّةُ [And it shall be proclaimed to them, being said, That is Paradise]; or in these two instances it may be regarded as what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, by supposing the preposition [بِ] understood before it, so that in the former instance it is the biliteral, because it is put before the imperative, and in the second it is the contraction of أَنَّ because it is put before a nominal proposition; (Mughnee;) and [in the Kur xxxviii. 5,] وَانْطَلَقَ الْمَلَأُ مِنْهُمْ أَنِ امْشُوا (S, M, Mughnee) i. e. [and the chief persons of them] broke forth, or launched forth, with their tongues, or in speech, [saying,] Go ye on, or continue ye, in your course of action &c. (Mughnee.) For this usage of أَنْ certain conditions are requisite : first, that it be preceded by a proposition : secondly, that it be followed by a proposition; so that you may not say, ذَكَرْتُ عَسْجَدًا أَنْ ذَهَبًا, but you must say أَىٌ in this case, or must omit the explicative : thirdly, that the preceding proposition convey the meaning of القَوْلُ, as in the exs. above; in the last of which, انطلق has the meaning assigned to it above; not that of walking or going away : fourthly, that there be not in the preceding proposition the letters of القَوْلُ; so that one may not say, قُلْتُ لَهُ أَنِ افْعَلْ; or, if there be in it those letters, that the word which they compose shall be interpreted by another word; as in the saying, in the Kur [v, 117], مَا قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا مَا أَمَرْتَنِى بِهِ أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللّٰهَ which may mean, as Z says, I have not commanded them [aught save that which Thou commandedst me, saying, Worship ye God]; (Mughnee;) in which instance Fr says that it is an explicative : (T :) fifthly, that there be not a preposition immediately before it; for if you say, كَتَبْتُ إِلَيْهِ بِأَنِ افْعَلْ كَذَا, it is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة [as we have before shown]. (Mughnee.) When it may be regarded as an explicative and is followed by an aor. with لا as in أَشَرْتُ إِلَيْهِ أَنْ لَا تَفْعَل كَذَا, it may be marfooa, [namely, the aor. ,] on the supposition that لا is a negative ; or mejzoom, on the supposition that it is a prohibitive; and in both cases ان is an explicative ; [so that the meaning is, I made a sign to him, as though saying, Thou wilt not do such a thing, in the former case ; or, in the latter, Do not thou such a thing ;] or mansoob, on the supposition that لا is a negative and that ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة: but if لا is wanting, it may not be mejzoom, but may be marfooa [if we use ان as an explicative] or mansoob [if ان be what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة]. (Mughnee.)b3: Fourthly, it is redundant, as a corroborative, (Mughnee, K,) like whatever else is redundant : and thus it is in four cases : one of these, which is the most common, being when it occurs after لَمَّا denoting time; [and this is mentioned in the M ; ] as in the saying [in the Kur xxix. 32], وَلمَّا أَنْ جَآءَ تْ رُسُلُنَا لُوطًا [And when our apostles came to Lot]: (Mughnee:) [or,] accord. to J, (TA,) it is sometimes a connective to لَمَّا; as in the saying in the Kur [xii. 96], فَلَمَّا أَنْ جَآءَ الْبَشِيرُ [And when that (like as we say, " now that,") the announcer of good tidings came] : and sometimes it is redundant ; as in the saying in the Kur [viii. 34], وَمَا لَهُمْ أَنْ لَا يُعَذِبَهُمُ اللّٰهُ [as though it might be rendered But what reason have they, God should not punish them?] : (S, TA:) but IB says that the connective is redundant ; and [that ان is not redundant in the latter instance, for] if it were redundant in this verse of the Kur it would not render the [aor.] verb mansoob. (TA. [The author of the Mughnee, like IB, disallows that ان is redundant in a case of this kind, which Kh asserts it to be ; and says that فِى is under-stood before it.]) The second case is when it occurs between لَوٌ and a verb signifying swearing, the latter being expressed; as in this verse: فَأُقْسِمُ أَنْ لَوِ الْتَقَيْنَا وَأَنْتُمُ لَكَانَ لَنَا يَوْمٌ مِنَ الشَّرِّ مُظْلِمُ

[And I swear, had we and you met, there had been to us a dark day of evil]: and when that verb is omitted; as in the following ex.: أَمَا وَاللّٰهِ أَنْ لَوْ كُنْتَ حُرِّا وَمَا بِالْحُِرِأَنْتَ وَلَا العَتِيقِ [Verily, or now surely, by God, if thou wert freeborn; but thou art not the freeborn nor the emancipated]: so say Sb and others: Ibn-'Os-foor holds it to be a particle employed to connect the complement of the oath with the oath; but this is rendered improbable by the fact that it is in most cases omitted, and such particles are not. (Mughnee.) The third case, which is extr., is when it occurs between the ك [of comparison] and the noun governed by it in the genitive case; as in the saying, وَيَوْمًا تُوَافِينَا بِوَجْهٍ مُقَسَّمٍ

كَأَنٌ ظَبْيَةٍ تَعْطُو إِلَى وَارِقِ السَّلَمْ [And on a day thou comest to us with a beautiful face, like a doe-gazelle raising her head towards the goodly green-leaved tree of the selem kind], accord. to the reading of him who makes طبيةْ to be governed in the genitive case [instead of the accus. or the nom.; for if we read it in the accus. or the nom., أَنْ is a contraction of أَنَّ; in the former case, ظبية being its subject, and its predicate being suppressed; and in the latter case, the meaning being كَأَنَّهَا ظَبْيَةٌ, so that the subject of ان is suppressed]. (Mughnee.) The fourth case is when it occurs after إِذَا; as in the following ex.: فَأُمْهلُهُ حَتَّى إذَا أَنْ كَأَنَّهُ مُعَاطِى يَدٍ فِي لُجَّةِ المَآءِ غَامِرُ [And I leave him alone until when he is as though he were a giver of a hand to be laid hold upon, in the fathomless deep of the water immerged]. (Mughnee.) b4: [Fifthly,] among other meanings which have been assigned to it, (Mughnee,) it has a conditional meaning, like إِنٌ: (Mughnee, K:) so the Koofees hold; and it seems to be most probably correct, for several reasons: first, because both these forms occur, accord. to different readings, in several instances, in one passage of the Kur; as in [ii. 282,] أَنْ تَضِلٌّ

إِحْدَاهُمَا [If one of them twain (namely, women,) err]; &c.: secondly, because [the prefix] فَ often occurs after it; as in a verse commencing with أَبَا خُرَاشَةَ [as cited voce أَمَّا, accord. to some who hold that أمَّا in that verse is a compound of the conditional أَنْ and the redundant مَا; and as in the Kur ii. 282, where the words quoted above are immediately followed by فَتُذَكِّرَ إِحْدَاهُمَا الْأُخْرَى]: thirdly, because it is conjoined with إِنٌ [which forms a part of the compound إِكَّا] in this ex.: إِمَّا أَقَمْتَ وَأَمَّا أَنْتَ مُرْتَحِلًا فَاللّٰهُ يَكْلَأُ مَا تَأْتِى وَمَا تَذَرُ [If thou remain, and if thou be going away (أَمَّا meaning أَنْ كُنْتَ, as syn. with إِنْ كُنْتَ), may God guard thee (يَكْلَأُ being marfooa because of the ف) as long as thou doest and as long as thou leavest undone]: thus related, with kesr to the former ان [in إِنَّا] and with fet-h to the latter [in أَمَّا]. (Mughnee.) b5: [Sixthly,] it is a negative, like إِنْ: (Mughnee, K:) so, as some say, in [the Kur iii. 66,] أَنع يُؤْتَى أَحَدٌ مِثْلَ مَا أُوتِيتُمْ [meaning accord. to them Not any one is given the like of that scripture which ye have been given]: but it is said [by others] that the meaning is, [taken with what precedes it,] And believe not ye that (بِأَنْ) any one is given the like of that scripture which ye have been given, except it be given to him who followeth your religion; and that the phrase “ say thou, Verily the direction is the direction of God,” is parenthetic. (Mughnee.) b6: [Seventhly,] it is syn. with إِذْ, (Az, T, Mughnee, K, [in Freytag's Lex., from the K, إِذْ قِيلَ, but قيل in the K relates to what there follows,]) as some say, in [the Kur l. 2,] بَلْ عَجِبُوا أَنٌ جَآءَهُمْ مُنْذِرٌمِنْهُمْ [Verily they wonder because a warner from among themselves hath come unto them]; (Mughnee, K;) and in other instances; but correctly, in all these instances, ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, and لِ denoting cause is understood before it. (Mughnee.) [See also أَمَّا and إِمَّا.] b7: [Eighthly,] it is syn. with لِئَلّا, accord. to some, in [the Kur iv. last verse,] يُبَيِّنُ اللّٰهُأَنْ تَضِلُّوا [God explaineth to you (the ordinances of your religion, Jel), lest ye should err, or in order that ye may not err]; (Mughnee, K;) and in the saying, نَزَلْتُمْ مَنْزِلَ الأَضْيَافِ مِنَّا فَعَجَّلْنَا القِرَى أَنْ تَشْتِمُونَا [Ye became, or have become, in the condition of our guests; so we hastened, or have hastened, the entertainment, lest ye should revile us, or in order that ye should not revile us]: (Mughnee:) but correctly, in such a case [likewise], ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, and the original wording is كَرَاهَةَ أَنْ تَضِلُّوا [from a motive of dislike that ye should err], (Mughnee, K,) and مَخَافَةَ أَنْ تَشْتِمُونَا [from a motive of fear that ye should revile us]: so say the Basrees: some say, extravagantly, that ل is meant to be understood before it, and الَّذِى after it. (Mughnee.) b8: [Ninthly,] it occurs in the sense of الَّذِى; as in the saying, زَيْدٌ أَعْقَلُ مِنٌ أَنْ يَكْذِب [Zeyd is more reasonable than he who lies; which is equivalent to saying, Zeyd is too reasonable to lie: but respecting its usage in a phrase of this kind, and respecting the form of the aor. after it in such a case, see مِنْ]. (Kull p. 78.) b9: By a peculiarity of pronunciation termed عَنْعَتَةٌ, the tribe of Temeem say عَنْ instead of أَنٌ. (M.) إِنٌ is used in various ways: first, as a conditional particle, (S, M, Msb, Mughnee, K,) denoting the happening of the second of two events in consequence of the happening of the first, (S, Msb, *) whether the second be immediate or deferred, and whether the condition be affirmative or negative; (Msb;) [and as such it is followed by a mejzoom aor., or by a pret. having the signification of an aor. ;] as in the saying, [إِنْ تَفْعَلٌ أفْعَلٌ If thou do such a thing, I will do it; and] إِنْ تَأْتِنِى آتِكَ [If thou come to me, I will come to thee]; and إِنٌ جِئْتَنِى أَكْرَمْتُكَ [If thou come to me, I will treat thee with honour]; (S;) and إِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ [If thou do, I will do] for which the tribe of Teiyi say, as IJ relates on the authority of Ktr, هِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ; (M;) and إِنْ دَخَلْت الدَّارَ أَوٌ [If thou stand, I will stand]; and إِنْ دَخَلْتِ الدَّارَ أَوْ لَمْ تَدْخُلِى الدَّارض فَأَنْتِ طَالقٌ [If thou enter the house, or if thou enter not the house, thou shalt be divorced]; (Msb;) and [in the Kur viii. 39,] إِنْ يَنْتَهُوا يُغْفَرٌ لَهُمْ مَا قَد سَلَفَ [If they desist, what hath already past shall be forgiven them]; and [in verse 19 of the same ch.,] وَإِنْ تَعُودُوا نَعُدْ [But if ye return to attacking the Apostle, we will return to assisting him]. (Mughnee, K.) [On the difference between it and إِذا, see the latter.] When either it or إِذَا is immediately followed by a noun in the nom. case, the said noun is governed in that case by a verb necessarily suppressed, of which it is the agent; as in the saying, in the Kur [ix. 6], وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ استَجَارَكَ; the complete phrase being وَإِنِ اسْتَجَارَكَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ [And if any one of the believers in a plurality of gods demand protection of thee, (if) he demand protection of thee]: so accord. to the generality of the grammarians. (I 'Ak p. 123.) Sometimes it is conjoined with the negative لَا, and the ignorant may imagine it to be the exceptive إِلَّا; as in [the saying in the Kur ix. 40,] إِلَّا تَنْصُرُوهُ فَقَد نَصَرَهُ اللّٰهُ [If ye will not aid him, certainly God did aid him]; and [in the next preceding verse,] إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ [If ye will not go forth to war, He will punish you]. (Mughnee, K. *) It is sometimes used to denote one's feigning himself ignorant; as when you say to one who asks, “Is thy child in the house? ” and thou hast knowledge thereof, إِنْ كَانَ فِى الدَّارِ أَعْلَمْتُكَ بِهِ [If he be in the house, I will inform thee thereof]. (Msb.) And to denote one's putting the knowing in the predicament of the ignorant, in order to incite to the doing or continuing an action; as when you say, إِنٌ كُنْتَ ابُنِى فَأَطِعْنِى [If thou be my son, obey me]; as though you said, “Thou knowest that thou art my son, and it is incumbent on the son to obey the father, and thou art not obedient; therefore do what thou art commanded to do. ” (Msb.) And sometimes it is divested of the conditional meaning, and becomes syn. with لَو; as in the saying, صَلِّ وَإِنٌ عَجَزْتَ عَنِ القِيَام [Pray thou though thou be unable to stand;] i. e. pray thou whether thou be able to stand or unable to do so; and in the saying, أَكْرِمٌ زِيْدًا وَإِنْ قَعَدَ i. e. [Treat thou Zeyd with honour] though he be sitting; or, whether he sit or not. (Msb.) [إِمَّا as a compound of the conditional إِنٌ and the redundant مَا, see in an art. of which اما is the heading.] b2: [Secondly,] it is a negative, (S, Mughnee, K,) syn. with مَا; (S;) and is put before a nominal proposition; (Mughnee, K;) as in the saying [in the Kur lxvii. 20], إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ

إِلَّا فِى غُرُورٍ [The unbelievers are not in aught save in a deception]; (S, Mughnee, K;) and before a verbal proposition; as in [the Kur ix. 108,] إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا الْحُسْنَى [We desired not, or meant not, aught save that which is best]. (Mughnee, K.) The assertion of some, that the negative إِنٌ does not occur except where it is followed by إِلَّا, as in the instances cited above, or by لَمَّا, with tesh-deed, which is syn. therewith, as, accord. to a reading of some of the Seven [Readers], in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvi. 4], إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ, i. e., مَا كُلُّ نَفْسٍ إِلَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [There is not any soul but over it is a guardian], is refuted by the sayings in the Kur [x. 69 and lxxii. 26], إِنْ عِندَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ بِهٰذَا [meaning, accord. to the Jel., Ye have no proof of this that ye say], and إِنْ أَدْرِيأَقَرِيبٌ مَا تُوعَدُونَ [I know not whether that with which ye are threatened be nigh]. (Mughnee, K. *) The conditional and the negative both occur in the saying in the Kur [xxxv. 39], وَلَئِنْ زَالَتَا إِنْ أَمْسَكَهُمَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ [And I swear that, if they should quit their place, not any one should withhold them after Him]: the former is conditional; and the latter is negative, and is [part of] the complement of the oath which is denoted by the ل prefixed to the former; the complement of the condition being necessarily suppressed. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a nominal proposition, it has no government, accord. to Sb and Fr; but Ks and Mbr allow its governing in the manner of لَيْسَ; and Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr reads, [in the Kur vii. 193,] إِنِ الَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللّٰهِ عِبَادًا أَمْثَالَكُمٌ [Those whom ye invoke beside God, or others than God, are not men like you]: also, the people of El-'Áliyeh have been heard to say, إِنٌ أَحَدٌ خَيْرًامِنْ أَحدٍ إِلَّا بِالعَافِيَةِ [Any one is not better than any other one, except by means of health, or soundness]; and إِنْ ذٰلِكَ نَافِعَكَ وَلَا ضَارَّكَ [That is not profitable to thee nor injurious to thee]: as an ex. of its occurrence without government, which is mostly the case, the saying of some, قَائمٌ ↓ إِنَّ may be explained as originally إِنٌ أَنَا قَائِمٌ [I am not standing]; the أ of أَنَا being elided for no reason in itself, and the ن of إِنٌ being incorporated into the ن of أَنَا, and the ا of this latter being elided in its conjunction with the following word; but إِنَّ قَائِمًا has also been heard. (Mughnee.) Sometimes it occurs [as a negative] in the complement of an oath: you say, وَاللّٰهِ إِنٌ فَعَلْتُ, meaning مَا فَعَلْتُ [By God, I did not]. (S.) b3: [Thirdly,] it is a contraction of إِنَّ, and is put before a nominal and before a verbal proposition. (Mughnee, K.) In the former case, it is made to govern and is made to have no government: (S, * K:) [i. e.] in this case, it is allowable to make it govern; contr. to the opinion of the Koofees: (Mughnee:) Lth says that he who uses the contracted form of إِنَّ uses the nom. case with it, except that some of the people of El-Hijáz use the accus. case with it: (T:) thus it is said, accord. to one reading, [in the Kur xi. 113,] إِنْ كُلَّا لَمَا لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمٌ رَبُّكَ أَعْمَالَهُمٌ [Verily all of them, thy Lord will indeed fully render them the recompense of their works]: (T, Mughnee:) Fr says, We have not heard the Arabs use the contracted form and make it to govern, unless with a pronoun, in which case the desinential syntax is not apparent; and he adds that in the instance cited above, they make كُلّا to be governed in the accus. case by ليوفّينّهم; as though the phrase were لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمْ كُلَّا; and that كُلُّ would be proper; for you say, إِنْ زَيْدٌ لَقَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]: (T:) the ex. given by Sb is, إِنْ عَمْرًا لَمُنطَلِقٌ [Verily 'Amr is going away]. (Mughnee.) But it is [most] frequently made to have no government; as in the saying [in the Kur xliii. 34 accord. to one reading], وَإِنْ كُلُّ ذٰلِكَ لَمَا مَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا [And verily all that is the furniture of the present life]; and, accord. to the reading of Hafs, [and of 'Ásim and Kh, in the Kur xx. 66, respecting which see إِنَّ,] إِنْ هٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ [Verily these two are enchanters]; &c. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a verbal proposition, it is necessarily made to have no government: (Mughnee, K:) and in most cases the verb is a preterite and of the kind called نَاسِخ [which effects a change of the grammatical form or of the meaning in a nominal proposition before which it is placed]; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 138], وَإِنْ كَانَتٌ لَكَبِيرَةً [And verily it was a great matter]; and [in the Kur xvii. 75,] وَإِنْ كَادُوا لَيَفْتِنُونَكَ [And verily they were near to seducing thee]; (Mughnee;) in which last ex. Az says, it means لَقَدْ, i. e. without doubt; and so in the same ch. vv. 78 and 108: (T:) less frequently it is an aor. of a verb of this kind; as in the saying [in the Kur xxvi. 186], وَإِنْ نَظُنُّكَ لَمِنَ الْكَاذِبينَ [And verily we think thee to be of the number of the liars]: and both these kinds of expression may be taken as exs. to be imitated: less frequently than this it is a preterite of a verb not of the kind termed نَسخ; as in the saying [of a poet], شَلَّتٌ يَمِينُكَ إِنٌ قَتَلْتَ لَمُسْلِمًا [May thy right arm, or hand, dry up, or become unsound! verily thou hast slain a Muslim]; but this may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated; contr. to the opinion of Akh; for he allows the phrase, إِنْ قِامَ لَأَنَا [Verily I stood], and إِنٌ قَعَدَ لأَنْتَ [Verily thou sattest]: and less frequently than this it is an aor. of a verb not of the kind termed ناسخ; as in the saying, إِنْ يَزِينُكَ لَنَفْسُكَ وَإِنٌ يَشِينُكَ لَهِيَهٌ [Verily thy soul is that which beautifies thee, and it is that which deforms thee]; and this, by common consent, may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated. (Mughnee.) Wherever you find إِنٌ with لَ after it, decide that it is originally إِنَّ; (Mughnee, K;) as in the exs. above: but respecting this ل there is a difference of opinion: see this letter. (Mughnee.) J says, (TA,) إِنٌ is sometimes a contraction of إِنَّ, and this must have ل put before its predicate, to compensate for what is elided, of the doubled letter; as in the saying in the Kur [lxxxvi. 4, accord. to him who reads لَمَا instead of لَمَّا], إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [Verily every soul hath over it a guardian]; and in the saying, إِنٌ زَيدٌ لَأَخُوكَ [Verily Zeyd is thy brother]; in order that it may not be confounded with إِنٌ which is syn. with the negative مَا: (S, TA:) but IB says, ل is here introduced to distinguish between negation and affirmation, and this إِنْ has neither subject nor predicate; so J's saying that the ل is put before its predicate is without meaning: and this ل is sometimes introduced with the objective complement of a verb; as in إِنْ ضَرَبْتُ لَزَيْدًا [Verily I struck, or beat, Zeyd]; and with the agent; as in إِنْ قَامَ لَزَيْدٌ [Verily Zeyd stood]. (TA.) When the contracted إِنْ governs, this ل is not necessary; so you may say, إِنْ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]; because in this case it cannot be confounded with the negative; for the negative does not render the subject mansoob and the predicate marfooa: and when it does not govern, if the meaning is apparent, the ل is not needed; as in وَنَحْنُ أُبَاةُ الضَّيْمِ مِنْ آلِ مَالِكٍ

وَإِنْ مَالِكٌ كَانَتْ كِرَامَ المَعَادِنِ [And we are persons who refuse to submit to injury, of the family of Málik: and verily the family of Málik are generous in respect of their origins]; كَانَتْ being here for لَكَانَتٌ. (I 'Ak p. 99.) b4: [Fourthly,] it is redundant, (S, Mughnee, K,) occurring with مَا; as in the saying, مَا إِنْ يَقُومُ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd does not stand]; (S;) and in the saying [of a poet], كَا إِنْ أَتَيْتَ بِشْىءٍ أَنْتَ تَكْرَهُهُ [Thou didst not a thing which thou dislikest]. (Mughnee, K: in the CK اَتْتُ.) It is mostly thus used after the negative ما, when put before a verbal proposition; as above; or before a nominal proposition; as in the saying, مَنَايَانَا وَدَوْلَةُ آخَرِينَا وَمَا إِنْ طِبُّنَا جبُنٌ ولٰكِنٌ [And our habit is not cowardice; but our destinies and the good fortune of others caused our being defeated]: and in this case it prevents the government of ما, as in this verse: but in the saying, بَنِى غُدَانَةَ مَا إِنْ أَنْتُمُ ذَهَبًا وَلَا صَرِيفًا وَلٰكِنٌ أَنْتُمُ الخَزَفُ [Sons of Ghudáneh, ye are not indeed gold, nor silver, or pure silver, but ye are pottery], accord. to him who relates it thus, saying ذهبًا and صريفًا, in the accus. case, it is explained as a negative, corroborative of ما: (Mughnee:) and accord. to J, (TA,) the negatives مَا and إِنٌ are sometimes thus combined for corroboration; as in the saying of the rájiz, (El-Aghlab El-'Ijlee, TA,) أَكْثَرَ مِنْهُ قِرَةً وَقَارَا مَا إِنٌ رَأَيْنَا مَلِكَّا أَغَارَا [We have not indeed seen a king who has made a hostile incursion possessing more numerous sheep, or goats, and camels, than he]; (S, TA;) but IB says that ان is here redundant, not a negative. (TA.) Sometimes it is redundant after the conjunct noun مَا; as in the saying, يُرَجِىّ المَرْإُ مَا إِنٌ لَا يَرَاهُ وَتَعْرِضُ دُونَ أَدْنَاهُ الخُطُوبُ [Man hopes for that which he will not see; for calamities intervene as obstacles in the way to what is nearest thereof]. (Mughnee.) And after the مَا termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, (Mughnee,) [i. e.,] after the adverbial مَا [which is of the kind termed مصدريّة]; (TA;) as in the saying (of Maaloot El-Kurey'ee, cited by Sb, TA), وَرَجِّ الفَتَى لِلْخَيْرِ مَا إِنْ رَأَيْتَهُ عَلَي السِّنِّ خَيْرًا لَايَزَالُ يَزِيدُ [And hope thou that the youth is destined for good as long as thou hast seen him not ceasing to increase in good with age]. (Mughnee.) and after the inceptive أَلَا; as in the saying, أَلَا إِنْ سَرَى لَيْلِى فبِتُّ كَئِيبَا

أُحَاذِرُ أَنْ تَنْأَى النَّوَى بِغَضُوبَا [Now he journeyed on, or during, that my night, and I passed the night in an evil state, broken in spirit by grief, being fearful that the distance to which he was going with Ghadoob (a woman so named) would become far]. (Mughnee.) and before the meddeh denoting disapproval: [for] Sb heard a man, on its being said to him, “Wilt thou go forth if the desert become plentiful in herbage? ” reply, أَأَنَا إِنِيهٌ [What, I, indeed?] disapproving that he should think otherwise than that. (Mughnee. [See also art. انى.]) b5: [Fifthly,] it is syn. with قَدْ: so it is said to be in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvii. 9], إِنْ نَفَعَتِ الذِّكْرَى

[Admonition hath profited], (T, Mughnee, K,) by IAar (T) and by Ktr: (Mughnee:) and Abu-l-' Abbás relates that the Arabs say, إِنٌ نَفَعَتِ الذِّكْرَى

meaning قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd has stood]; and he adds, that Ks states his having heard them say so, and having thought that it expressed a condition, but that he asked them, and they answered that they meant قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ, and not مَا قَامَ زَيْدٌ. (T.) [So too, accord. to the K, in all the exs. cited in the next sentence as from the Mughnee; but this is evidently a mistake, occasioned by an accidental omission.] b6: [Sixthly,] it is asserted also by the Koofees, that it is syn. with إِذْ, in the following exs.: in the Kur [v. 62], وَاتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ إِنٌ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ [And fear ye God, because ye are believers: and so, accord. to Az, as is said in the T, in a similar instance in the Kur ii. 278: and in the same, iv. 62]: and [in the Kur xlviii. 27,] لَتَدْ خُلُنَّ المَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ إِنْ شَآءَ آمِنِينَ [Ye shall assuredly enter the sacred mosque, because God hath willed, in security]: and in like instances, when the verb therein expresses what is held sure to happen or to have happened: and in the saying, أَتَغْضَبُ إِنٌ أُدْنَا قُتَيْبَةَ حُزَّتَا جِهَارًا وَلَمْ تَغْضَبْ لِقَتْلِ ابْنِ حَازِمِ [Art thou angry because the ears of Kuteybeh have been cut, openly, or publicly, and wast not angry for the slaughter of Ibn-Házim?]: (Mughnee:) but in all these instances [it is sufficiently obvious that] ان may be otherwise explained. (Mughnee, K.) b7: [Seventhly,] it is sometimes syn. with إِذَا; as in the Kur [ix. 23], لَا تَتَّخِذُوا

آبَآءَكُمْ وَإِخْوَانَكُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ إِنِ اسْتَحَبُّوا الْكُفْرَعَلَى

الْإِيمَانِ [Take not ye your fathers and your brethren as friends when they love unbelief above belief]; and in the same [xxxiii. 49], وَامْرَأَةً مُؤْمِنَةً

إِنْ وَهَبَتْ نَفْسَهَا لِلنَّبِىّ [And a believing woman when she giveth herself to the Prophet]: so says Az. (T.) b8: [Eighthly,] it is used for إِمَّا, (Mughnee and K, voce إِمَّا,) distinct from إِمَّا which is a compound of the conditional إِنٌ and the redundant مَا. (Mughnee ibid.) [See an ex. in a verse cited voce إِمَّا in the present work, commencing with the words سَقَتْهُ الرَّوَاعِدُ.]

أَنَ: see أَنْ, in four places.

أَنَّ is one of the particles which annul the quality of the inchoative; and is originally إِنَّ; therefore Sb has not mentioned it among those particles [as distinct from إِنَّ, from which, however, it is distinguished in meaning]: (I 'Ak p. 90:) it is a corroborative particle; (I 'Ak, Mughnee;) a particle governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case, (S, I 'Ak, Mughnee, K,) combining with what follows it to form an equivalent to an inf. n., (S,) [for,] accord. to the most correct opinion, it is a conjunct particle, which, together with its two objects of government, is explained by means of an inf. n. (Mughnee.) If the predicate is derived, the inf. n. by means of which it is explained is of the same radical letters; so that the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِي أَنَّكَ تَنْطَلِقُ [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, or it came to my knowledge, &c., that thou goest away], or أَنَّكَ مُنْطَلِقٌ [that thou art going away], is بَلَغَنِي الاِنْطِلَاقُ [or rather انْطِلَاقُكَ thy going away has come to my knowledge, &c.]; and hence, the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِى أَنَّكَ فِي الدَّارِ [It has come to my knowledge, &c., that thou art in the house] is بَلَغَنِى اسْتِقْرَارُكَ فِي الدَّارِ [thy remaining in the house has come to my knowledge, &c.], because thea predicate is properly a word suppressed from اِستَقَرَّ or مُسْتَقِرٌّ: and if the predicate is underived, the implied meaning is explained by the word كَوْنِ; so that the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِى أَنَّ هٰذا زَيْدٌ [It has come to my knowledge, &c., that this is Zeyd] is بَلَغَنِى

كَوْنُهُ زَيْدًا [his being Zeyd has come to my knowledge, &c.]; for the relation of every predicate expressed by an underived word to its subject may be denoted by a word signifying “ being; ”

so that you say, هٰذَا زَيْدٌ and, if you will, هٰذَا كَائِنٌ زَيْدًا; both signifying the same. (Mughnee.) There are cases in which either أَنَّ or إِنَّ may be used: [see the latter, in twelve places:] other cases in which only the former may be used: and others in which only the latter. (I 'Ak p. 91.) The former only may be used when the implied meaning is to be explained by an inf. n. (I 'Ak, K.) Such is the case when it occurs in the place of a noun governed by a verb in the nom. case; as in يُعْجِبُنِى أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ [It pleases me that thou art standing], i. e. قِيَامُكَ [thy standing pleases me]: or in the place of a noun governed by a verb in the accus. case; as in عَرَفْتُ أَتَّكَ قَائِمٌ [I knew that thou wast standing], i. e. قِيَامَكَ [thy standing]: or in the place of a noun governed in the gen. case by a particle; as in عَجِبْتُ مِنْ أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ [I wondered that thou wast standing], i. e. مِنْ قِيَامكَ [at, or by reason of, thy standing]: (I 'Ak p. 91:) [and sometimes a preposition is understood; as in لَا شَكَّ أَنَّهُ كَذَا, for لَا شَكَّ فِى أَنَّهُ كَذَا There is no doubt that it is thus, i. e. لَا شّكَّ فِى كَوْنِهِ كَذَا There is no doubt of its being thus:] and أَنَّ must be used after لَوْ; as in لَوْ أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ لَقُمْتُ [If that thou wert standing, I had stood, or would have stood, i. e. لَوْ ثَبَتَ قِيَامُكَ, or لَوْ قِيَامُكَ ثَابِتٌ, accord. to different opinions, both meaning if thy standing were a fact: see I 'Ak pp. 305 and 306]. (K.) Sometimes its أ is changed into ع; so that you say, عَلِمْتُ عَنَّكَ مُنْطَلِقٌ [meaning I knew that thou wast going away]. (M.) b2: With ك prefixed to it, it is a particle of comparison, (S, * M, TA,) [still] governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case: (TA:) you say, كَأَنَّ زَيْدًا عَمْرٌو [It is as though Zeyd were 'Amr], meaning that Zeyd is like 'Amr; as though you said, إِنَّ زَيْدًا كَائِنٌ كَعَمْرٍو [verily, Zeyd is like 'Amr]: [it is to be accounted for by an ellipsis: or] the ك is taken away from the middle of this proposition, and put at its commencement, and then the kesreh of إِنَّ necessarily becomes changed to a fet-hah, because إِنَّ cannot be preceded by a preposition, for it never occurs but at the commencement [of a proposition]. (IJ, M.) Sometimes, كَأَنَّ denotes denial; as in the saying, كَأَنَّكَ أَمِيرُنَا فَتَأْمُرَنَا [As though thou wert our commander so that thou shouldst command us], meaning thou art not our commander [that thou shouldst command us]. (TA.) It also denotes wishing; as in the saying, كَأْنَّكَ بِي قَدْ قُلْتُ الشِّعْرَ فَأُجِيدَهُ, meaning Would that I had poetized, or versified, so that I might do it well: (TA:) [an elliptical form of speech, of which the implied meaning seems to be, would that I were as though thou sawest me that I had poetized, &c.; or the like: for] you say [also], كَأَنِّى بِكَ meaning كَأَنِّى أَبْصُرُ بِكَ [It is as though I saw thee]; i. e. I know from what I witness of thy condition to-day how thy condition will be tomorrow; so that it is as though I saw thee in that condition: (Har p. 126: [see also بِ; near the end of the paragraph:]) [thus,] كَأَنَّ also denotes knowing; and also thinking; [the former as in the saying immediately preceding, and] as when you say, كَأَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَفْعَلُ مَا يَشَآءُ [I know, or rather it appears, as though seen, that God does what He wills]; and [the latter as when you say,] كَأَنَّكَ خَارِــجٌ [I think, or rather it seems, that Thou art going forth]. (TA.) b3: [When it has The affixed pronoun of the first person, sing. Or Pl., you say, أَنِّى and أَنَّنِى, and أَنَّا and أَنَّنَا: and When it has also the ك of comparison prefixed to It,] you say, كَأَنِّى and كَأَنَّنِى, [and كَأَنَّا and كَأَنَّنَا,] like as you say, لٰكِنِّى and لٰكِنَّنِى [&c.]. (S.) b4: As أَنَّ is a derivative from إِنَّ, it is correctly asserted by Z that أَنَّمَا imports restriction, like ↓ إِنَّمَا; both of which occur in the saying in the Kur [xxi. 108], يُوحَى إِلَىَّ أَنَّمَا ↓ قُلْ إِنَّمَا

إِلٰهُكُمْ إِلٰهً وَاحِدٌ [Say thou, It is only revealed to me that your God is only one God]: the former is for the restricting of the quality to the qualified; and the latter, for the reverse: (Mughnee, K:) i. e. the former is for the restricting of the revelation to the declaration of the unity; and the latter, for the restricting of “ your God ” to unity: (Marginal note in a copy of the Mughnee:) but these words of the Kur do not imply that nothing save the unity was revealed to the Prophet; for the restriction is limited to the case of the discourse with the believers in a plurality of gods; so that the meaning is, there has not been revealed to me [aught], respecting the godhead, except the unity; not the attribution of any associate to God. (Mughnee.) [أَنَّمَا, however, does not always import restriction; nor does always even ↓ إِنَّمَا: in each of these, ما is what is termed كَافَّةٌ; i. e., it restricts the particle to which it is affixed from exercising any government; and sometimes has no effect upon the signification of that particle: (see art. مَا; and see إِنَّمَا, below, voce إِنَّ:) thus, for instance, in the Kur viii. 28, وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا

أَمْوَالُكُمْ فِتْنَةً means And know ye that your possessions and your children are a trial; not that they are only a trial. When it has the ك of comparison prefixed to it, it is sometimes contracted; as in the following ex.:] a poet says, كَأَمَّا يَخْتَطِينَ عَشلَى قَتَادٍ

وَيَسْتَضْحِكْنَ عَنْ حَبِّ الغَمَامِ [As though, by reason of their mincing gait, they were walking upon tragacanthas; and they were laughing so as to discover teeth like hailstones: كَأَمَّا being for كَأَنَّمَا. (IAar.) b5: أَنَّ is someTimes contracted into أَنْ; (S, Mughnee;) and in This case, it governs in the manner already exPlained, voce أَنْ. (Mughnee.) b6: It is also syn. with لَعَلَّ; (Sb, S, M, Mughnee, K;) as in the saying, اِيتِ السُّوقَ أَنَّكَ تَشْتَرِى لَنَا شَيْئًا [Come thou to the market; may-be thou wilt buy for us something; اِيتِ being originally اِئْتِ]; i. e. لَعَلَّكَ: (Sb, M, Mughnee, K: *) and, accord. to some, (M, Mughnee, K,) so in the Kur [vi. 109], where it is said, وَمَا يُشْعِرُكُمْ أَنَّهَا إِذَا جَآءَتْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ [And what maketh you to know? (meaning, maketh you to know that they will believe when it cometh? i. e. ye do not know that: Jel:) Maybe, when it cometh, they will not believe]: (S, M, Mughnee, K:) thus accord. to this reading: (Mughnee, K:) and Ubeí here reads لَعَلَّهَا. (S.) أَنَّ and لَأَنَّ and لَوْ أَنَّ are all syn. with عَلَّ and لَعَلَّ; and أَنِّى and أَنَّنِى, and لَأَنِّى and لأَنَّنِى, and لُوْ أَنِّى and لَوْ أَنِّنِى, with عَلِّى and لَعَلِّى. (K voce لَعَلَّ.) b7: It is also syn. with أَجَلْ [Yes, or yea; or it is as thou sayest]. (M, TA.) [See also إِنَّ as exemplified by a verse commencing with وَيَقُلْنَ and by a saying of Ibn-Ez-Zubeyr.]

إِنَّ is one of the particles which annul the quality of the inchoative, like أَنَّ, of which it is the original: (I 'Ak p. 90:) it is a corroborative particle, (I 'Ak, Mughnee,) corroborating the predicate; (S, K;) governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case; (S, I 'Ak, Mughnee, K;) [and may generally be rendered by Verily, or certainly, or the like; exactly agreeing with the Greek ὃτι, as used in Luke vii. 16 and in many other passages in the New Testament; though it often seems to be nothing more than a sign of inception, which can hardly be rendered at all in English; unless in pronunciation, by laying a stress upon the predicate, or upon the copula;] as in the saying, إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily, or certainly, Zeyd is standing; or simply, Zeyd is standing, if we lay a stress upon standing, or upon is]. (I 'Ak p. 90.) But sometimes it governs both the subject and the predicate in the accus. case; as in the saying, إِذَا اشْتَدَّ جُنْحُ اللَّيْلِ فَلْتَأْتِ وَلْتَكُنٌ خُطَاكَ خِفَافًا إِنَّ حُرَّاسَنَا أُسْدَا [When the darkness of night becomes, or shall become, intense, then do thou come, and let thy steps be light: verily our guardians are lions]; (Mughnee, K; [but in the latter, for اشْتَدَّ, we find اسْوَدَّ, so that the meaning is, when the first portion of the night becomes, or shall become, black, &c.;]) and as in a trad. in which it is said, انَّ قَعْرَ جَهَنَّمَ سَبْعِينَ خَرِيفًا [Verily the bottom of Hell is a distance of seventy years of journeying]: (Mughnee, K:) the verse, however, is explained by the supposition that it presents a denotative of state [in the last word, which is equivalent to شِجْعَانًا or the like], and that the predicate is suppressed, the meaning being, تَلْقَاهُمْ أُسْدًا [thou wilt find them lions]; and the trad. by the supposition that قَعْرَ is an inf. n., and سَبْعِينَ is an adverbial noun, so that the meaning is, the reaching the bottom of hell is [to be accomplished in no less time than] in seventy years. (Mughnee.) And sometimes the inchoative [of a proposition] after it is in the nom. case, and its subject is what is termed ضَمِيرُ شَأْنٍ, suppressed; as in the saying of Mohammad, إِنَّ مِنْ أَشَدِّ النَّاسِ عَذَابًا يَوْمَ القِيٰمَةِ المُصَوِّرُونَ [Verily, (the case is this:) of the men most severely to be punished, on the day of resurrection, are the makers of images], originally إِنَّهُ, i. e. إِنَّ الشَّأْنَ; (Mughnee, K; *) and as in the saying in the Kur [xx. 66], إِنَّ هٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ, [accord. to some,] as will be seen in what follows. (TA.) b2: Of the two particles إِنَّ and ↓ أَنَّ, in certain cases only the former may be used; and in certain other cases either of them may be used. (I' Ak p. 91.) The former must be used when it occurs inceptively, (Kh, T, I' Ak p. 92, Mughnee, K,) having nothing before it upon which it is syntactically dependent, (Kh, T,) with respect to the wording or the meaning; (K;) as in إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]. (I' Ak, K.) It is used after أَلَا, (I' Ak, K,) the inceptive particle, (I' Ak,) or the particle which is employed to give notice [of something about to be said]; (K;) as in أَلَا إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Now surely Zeyd is standing]. (I' Ak K.) And when it occurs at the commencement of the complement of a conjunct noun; (I' Ak, K; *) as in جَآءَ الَّذِى إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ [He who is standing came]; (I' Ak;) and in the Kur [xxviii. 76], وَآتَيْنَاهُ مِنَ الْكُنُورِ مَا إِنَّ مَفَاتِحَهُ لَتَنُوْءُ بِالْعُصْبَةِ أُولِى

القُوَّةِ [And we gave him, of treasures, that whereof the keys would weigh down the company of men possessed of strength]. (I' Ak, * K, * TA.) And in the complement of an oath, (I' Ak, K,) when its predicate has لَ, (I' Ak,) or whether its subject or its predicate has لَ or has it not; (K;) as in وَاللّٰهِ إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [By Allah, verily Zeyd is standing], (I' Ak,) and إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ: or, as some say, when you do not employ the ل, the particle is with fet-h; as in قَائِمٌ ↓ وَاللّٰهِ أَنَّكَ [I swear by Allah that thou art standing]; mentioned by Ks as thus heard by him from the Arabs: (TA:) but respecting this case we shall have to speak hereafter. (I' Ak.) And when it occurs after the word قَوْلٌ or a derivative thereof, in repeating the saying to which that word relates; (Fr, T, I' Ak, * K; *) as in the saying [in the Kur iv. 156], وَقَوْلِهِمْ إِنَّا قَتَلْنَا الْمَسِيحَ [And their saying, Verily we have slain the Messiah]; (Fr, T;) and قُلْتُ

إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [I said, Verily Zeyd is standing]; (I' Ak;) and [in the Kur v. 115,] قَالَ اللّٰهُ إِنّى

مُنّزِّلُهَا عَلَيْكُمْ [God said, Verily I will cause it to descend unto you]; accord. to the dial. of him who does not pronounce it with fet-h: (K:) but when it occurs in explaining what is said, you use ↓ أَنَّ; as in the saying, قَدْ قُلْتُ لَكَ كَلَامًا حَسَنًا

أَنَّ أَبَاكَ شَرِيفٌ وَأَنَّكَ عَاقِلٌ [I have said to thee a good saying; that thy father is noble and that thou art intelligent]; (Fr, T;) or when the word signifying “ saying ” is used as meaning “ thinking; ” as in أَتَقُولُ أَنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Dost thou say that Zeyd is standing?], meaning أَتَظُنُّ [Dost thou think?]. (I' Ak.) Also, when it occurs in a phrase denotative of state; (I' Ak;) [i. e.,] after the و denotative of state; (K;) as in زُرْتُهُ وَإِنِّى

ذُوأَمَلٍ [I visited him, I verily having hope, or expectation]; (I' Ak;) and in جَآءَ زِيْدٌ وَ إِنَّ يَدَهُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ [Zeyd came, he verily having his hand upon his head]. (K.) And when it occurs in a phrase which is the predicate of a proper (as opposed to an ideal) substantive; (I' Ak, K; *) as in زَيْدٌ إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ [Zeyd, verily he is standing], (I' Ak,) or ذَاهِبٌ [going away]; contr. to the assertion of Fr. (K.) And when it occurs before the ل which suspends the grammatical government of a verb of the mind, preceding it, with respect to its objective complements; (I' Ak, K; *) as in عَلِمْتُ إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [I knew Zeyd verily was standing]; (I' Ak;) and in [the Kur lxiii. 1,] وَاللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُ [And God knoweth thou verily art his apostle]: (K:) but if the ل is not in its predicate, you say, ↓ أَنَّ; as in عَلِمْتُ أَنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [I knew that Zeyd was standing]. (I' Ak.) And in the like of the saying in the Kur [ii. 171], وَإِنَّ الَّذِينَ اخْتَلَفُوا فِى الْكِتَابِ لَفِى شَقَاقٍ

بَعِيدٍ [And verily they who differ among themselves respecting the book are in an opposition remote from the truth]; because of the ل [of inception] which occurs after it, in لَفِى: (Ks, A 'Obeyd:) the ل of inception which occurs before the predicate of إِنَّ should properly commence the sentence; so that إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing] should properly be لَإِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ; but as the ل is a corroborative and إِنَّ is a corroborative, they dislike putting two particles of the same meaning together, and therefore they put the ل later, transferring it to the predicate: Mbr allows its being put before the predicate of ↓ أَنَّ; and thus it occurs in an unusual reading of the saying [in the Kur xxv. 22], إِلَّا أَنَّهُمْ لَيَأْكُلُونَ الطَّعَامَ [But they ate food]; but this is explained by the supposition that the ل is here redundant: (I' Ak p. 95:) this is the reading of Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr: others read, إِلَّا إِنَّهُمْ لَيَأْكُلُنَ الطَّعَامَ [but verily they ate food]: and إِنَّ [as well as ↓ أَنَّ] is used after the exceptive إِلَّا when it is not followed by the ل [of inception]. (TA.) Also, When it occurs after حَيْثُ; as in اِجْلِسْ حَيْثُ إِنَّ زَيْدًا جَالِسٌ [Sit thou where Zeyd is sitting]. (I' Ak p. 92, and k) And after حَتَّى; as in مَرِضَ زَيْدٌ حَتَّى إِنَّهُمْ لَا يَرْجُونَهُ [Zeyd has fallen sick, so that verily they have no hope for him: whereas after a particle governing the gen. case, [i. e. a preposition,] you say, ↓ أَنَّ. (IHsh in De Sacy's Anthol. Gr. Ar. P. 76.) b3: Either of these two forms may be used after إِذَا denoting a thing's happening suddenly, or unexpectedly; as in خَرَجْتُ فَإِذَا إِنَّ زَيْدًاقَائِمٌ [I went forth, and lo, verily Zeyd was standing], and زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ ↓ فَإِذَا أَنَّ [and lo, or at that present time, Zeyd's standing]; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is [properly] an inchoative, and its enunciative is إِذَا; the implied meaning being, and at that present time was the standing of Zeyd: or it may be that the enunciative is suppressed, and that the implied meaning is, [and lo, or at that present time,] the standing of Zeyd was an event come to pass. (I' Ak p. 93.) Also, when occurring in the complement of an oath, if its enunciative is without ل: (I' Ak:) [see exs. given above:] or, as some say, only ↓ أَنَّ is used in this case. (TA.) Also, when occurring after فَ denoting the complement of a condition; as in مَنْ يَأْتِنِى فَإِنَّهُ مُكْرَمٌ [He who cometh to me, verily he shall be treated with honour], and مُكْرَمٌ ↓ أَنَّهُ; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is an inchoative, and the enunciative is suppressed; the implied meaning being, honourable treatment of him shall be an event come to pass: or it may be an enunciative to an inchoative suppressed; the implied meaning being, his recompense shall be honourable treatment. (I' Ak p. 94.) Also, when occurring after an inchoative having the meaning of a saying, its enunciative being a saying, and the sayer being one; as in خَيْرُ القَوْلِ إِنّى أَحْمَدُ [The best saying is, Verily I praise God], and أَحْمَدُ ↓ أَنِّى; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is an enunciative of خَيْرُ; the implied meaning being, the best saying is the praising of God [or my praising of God]. (I' Ak ubi suprà.) You also say, لَبَّيْكَ إِنَّ الحَمْدَلَكَ [At thy service !

Verily praise belongeth to Thee! O God]; commencing [with إِنَّ] a new proposition: and sometimes one says, ↓ أَنَّ; meaning بِأَنَّ الحَمْدَ لَكَ [because praise belongeth to Thee]. (Msb.) b4: The cases in which إِن may not be used in the place of أَنَّ have been mentioned above, voce أَنَّ. b5: [When it has the affixed pronoun of the first person, sing. or pl.,] you say, إِنِّى and إِنَّنِى, (S,) and إِنَّا and إِنَّنَا, (TA,) like as you say لٰكِنِّى and لٰكِنِّنِى [&c.]. (S.) إِنَّ as a contraction of إِنَّ أَنَا has been mentioned above, as occurring in the phrase إِنَّ قَائِمٌ, voce إِنْ, q. v. b6: Accord. to the grammarians, (T,) إِنَّمَا is a compound of إِنَّ and مَا, (T, S,) which latter prevents the former's having any government: (T:) it imports restriction; like أَنَّمَا, which see above, voce أَنَّ, in three places: (Mughnee, K:) [i. e.] it imports the restriction of that which it precedes to that which follows it; as in إِنَّمَا زَيْدٌ مُنْطَلِقٌ [Zeyd is only going away], and إِنَّمَا يَنْطَلِقُ زَيْدٌ [Only Zeyd goes away]: (Bd in ii. 10:) [in other words,] it is used to particularize, or specify, or distinguish a thing from other things: (S:) it affirms a thing in relation to that which is mentioned after it, and denies it in relation to other things; (T, S;) as in the saying in the Kur [ix. 60], إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَآءِ [The contributions levied for pious uses are only, or but, for the poor]: (S:) but El-Ámidee and AHei say that it does not import restriction, but only corroboration of an affirmation, because it is a compound of the corroborative إِنَّ and the redundant مَا which restrains the former from exercising government, and that it has no application to denote negation implied in restriction, as is shown by the trad., إِنَّمَا الِّرِبَا فِى

النَّسِيْئَةِ [which must mean, Verily usury is in the delay of payment], for usury is in other things beside that here mentioned, as رِبَا الفضْلِ [or profit obtained by the superior value of a thing received over that of a thing given], by common consent: (Kull p. 76:) some say that it necessarily imports restriction: J says what has been cited above from the S: some say that it has an overt signification in denoting restriction, and is susceptible of the meaning of corroboration: some say the reverse of this: El-Ámidee says that if it were [properly] restrictive, its occurrence in another sense would be at variance with the original import; but to this it may be replied, that if it were [properly] corroborative, its occurrence in another sense would be at variance with the original import: it [therefore] seems that it is susceptible of both these meanings, bearing one or the other according as this or that suits the place. (Msb.) إِنَّمَا is to be distinguished from إِنَّ with the conjunct [noun] مَا, which does not restrain it from governing [though its government with this is not apparent, and which is written separately]; as in إِنَّ مَا عِنْكَ حَسَنٌ meaning Verily what is with thee is good, and in إِنَّ مَا فَعَلْتَ حَسَنٌ meaning Verily thy deed is good. (I' Ak pp. 97 and 98.) b7: إِنَّ is sometimes contracted into إِنٌ; (S, Mughnee, K;) and in this case, it is made to govern and is made to have no government: (S:) it is seldom made to govern in this case; often made to have no government: the Koofees say that it is not contracted; (Mughnee, K;) and that when one says, إِنْ زَيْدٌ لَمُنْطَلِقٌ [the meaning is virtually Verily Zeyd is going away, but] إِنٌ is a negative and the ل is syn. with إِلّا; but this assertion is refuted by the fact that some make it to govern when contracted, as in exs. cited above, voce إِنْ, q. v. (Mughnee.) b8: It is also syn. with نَعَمٌ [Even so; yes; yea]; (Mughnee, K;) contr. to the opinion of AO. (Mughnee.) [See also أَنَّ, last sentence.] Those who affirm it to have this meaning cite as an ex. the following verse (Mughnee, K *) of 'Obeyd-Allah Ibn-Keys-er-Rukeiyát: (S, * TA:) كَ وَقَدْ كَبِرْتَ فَقُلْتُ إِنَّهْ وَيَقُلْنَ شَيْبٌ قَدْ عَلَا [And they say, (namely, the women,) Hoariness hath come upon thee, and thou hast become old: and I say, Even so, or yes, or yea]: (Mughnee, K:) but this has been rebutted by the saying, We do not concede that the ه is here added to denote the pause, but assert that it is a pronoun, governed by إِنَّ in the accus. case, and the predicate is suppressed; the meaning being, إِنَّهُ كَذٰلِكَ [Verily it, i. e. the case, is thus]. (Mughnee.) [J says,] The meaning is, إنَّهُ قَدْ كَانَ كَمَا تَقُلْنَ [Verily it, i. e. the case, hath been as ye say]: A 'Obeyd says, This is a curtailment of the speech of the Arabs; the pronoun being deemed sufficient because the meaning is known: and as to the saying of Akh, that it signifies نَعَمْ, he only means thereby that it may be so rendered, not that it is originally applied to that signification: he says that the ه is here added to denote the pause. (S.) There is, however, a good ex. of إِنَّ in the sense of نَعَمْ in the saying of Ibn-Ez-Zubeyr, to him who said to him, “May God curse a she camel which carried me to thee,”

إِنَّ وَرَاكِبَهَا, i. e. Even so, or yes, or yea; and may God curse her rider: for the suppression of both the subject and the predicate is not allowable. (Mughnee.) And hence, accord. to Mbr, the saying in the Kur [xx. 66], as thus read, إِنَّ هٰذانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ [meaning, if so, Yes, these two are enchanters]. (Mughnee.) [But this phrase has given rise to much discussion, related in the Mughnee and other works. The following is a brief abstract of what has been said respecting it by several of the leading authorities.] A booIs-hák says that the people of El-Medeeneh and El-Koofeh read as above, except 'Ásim, who is reported to have read, إِنٌ هٰذَانِ, without tesh-deed, and so is Kh; [so too is Hafs, as is said above, voce إِنْ;] and that AA read إِنَّ هٰذيْنِ, the former word with teshdeed, and the latter in the accus. case: that the argument for إِنَّ هٰذَانِ, with teshdeed and the nom. case, [or rather what is identical in form with the nom. case,] is, that it is of the dial. of Kináneh, in which the dual is formed by the termination ان in the nom. and accus. and gen. cases alike, as also in the dial. of Benu-l-Hárith Ibn-Kaab: but that the old grammarians say that ه is here suppressed; the meaning being, إِنَّهُ هٰذَانِ: (T:) this last assertion, however, is weak; for what is applied to the purpose of corroboration should not be suppressed, and the instances of its suppression which have been heard are deviations from general usage, except in the case of أَنَّ, with fet-h, contracted into أَنْ: (Mughnee:) Aboo-Is-hák then adds, that some say, إِنَّ is here syn. with نَعَمْ: this last opinion he holds to be the best; the meaning being, نَعَمْ هٰذَانِ لَهُمَا سَاحِرَانِ [Yes, these two, verily they are two enchanters: for this is not a case in which the ل (which is the ل of inception) can be regarded as transferred from its proper place, at the commencement of the sentence or proposition, as it is in some instances mentioned in the former half of this paragraph: but it is said in the Mughnee that this explanation is invalidated by the fact that the combining of the corroborative ل and the suppression of the inchoative is like the combining of two things inconsistent, or incompatible; as is also the opinion that the ل is redundant, because the redundant ل prefixed to the enunciative is peculiar to poetry]: next in point of goodness, in the opinion of A booIs-hák, is, that it is of the dial. of Kináneh and Benu-l-Hárith Ibn-Kaab: the reading of AA he does not allow, because it is at variance with the written text: but he approves the reading of 'Ásim and Kh. (T.) A2: إِنَّ also occurs as a verb: it is the third person pl. fem. of the pret. from الأَيْنُ, syn. with التَّعَبُ; or from آنَ syn. with قَرُبَ: or the third person sing. masc. of the pret. passive from الأَنيِنُ, in the dial. of those who, for رُدَّ and حُبَّ, say رِدَّ and حِبَّ, likening these verbs to قِيلَ and بِيعَ: or the sing. masc. of the imperative from the same: or the pl. fem. of the imperative from الأَيْنُ; or from آنَ syn. with قَرُبَ: or the sing. fem. of the corroborated form of the imperative from وَأَى, syn. with وَعَدَ. (Mughnee.) أَنَا, signifying I: see أَنْ, in seven places.

أَنَهٌ, signifying I: see أَنْ, in two places.

أَنَّةٌ i. q. أَنِينٌ [inf. n. of أَنَّ, but app. a simple subst., signifying A moan, moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or a saying Ah: or a complaint: or a cry]. (TA.) أَنْتَ, signifying Thou: fem. أَنْتِ; dual أَنْتُمَا; pl. masc. أَنْتُمْ, and pl. fem. أَنْتُنَّ: see أَنْ, in six places.

أُنَنَةٌ see أَنَّانٌ

أُنَانٌ see أَنَّانٌ

أَنَّانٌ One who moans; who utters a moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or who says Ah; much, or frequently; as also ↓ أُنَانٌ and ↓ أُنَنَةٌ: (M, K:) or this last signifies one who publishes complaint, or makes it public, much, or frequently: (M:) or one who talks and grieves and complains much, or frequently; and it has no verb derived from it: (T:) and you say, رَجُلٌ أُنَنَةٌ قُنَنَةٌ, [in which the latter epithet is app. an imitative sequent to the former,] meaning an eloquent man. (TA.) The fem. of أَنَّانٌ is with ة: (M, K:) and is said to be applied to a woman who moans, or says Ah, and is affected with compassion, for a dead husband, on seeing another whom she has married after the former. (MF.) [See also حَنَّانَةٌ, voce حَنَّانٌ.]

آنَ, signifying I: see أَنْ, in two places.

آنٌّ part. n. of أَنَّ, [Moaning; or uttering a moan or moaning or a prolonged voice of complaint; or saying Ah; by reason of pain: complaining by reason of disease or pain: or] uttering a cry or cries: fem. with ة. (Msb.) [Hence,] you say, مَا لَهُ حَانَّةٌ وَلَا آنَّةٌ He has not a she camel nor a sheep, or goat: (S, M, A, K:) or he has not a she camel nor a female slave (M, K) that moans by reason of fatigue. (M.) مَئِنَّةٌ, occurring in a trad., (S, Mgh, K, &c., in the first and last in art. مأن, and in the second in the present art.,) where it is said, إِنَّ طُولَ الصَّلَاةِ وَقِصَرَ الخُطْبَةِ مَئِنَّةٌ مِنْ فِقْهِ الرَّجُلِ, (S, Mgh, TA, &c.,) is of the measure مَفعِلَةٌ وَقِصَرَ الخُطْبَةِ مَئِنَّةٌ مِنْ فِقْهِ الرَّجُلِ, [originally مَأْنِنَةٌ,] from إِنَّ, (S, Z in the Fáïk, IAth, Mgh, K,) the corroborative particle; (Z, IAth, Mgh;) like مَعْسَاةٌ from عَسَى; (S, K;) but not regularly derived from إِنَّ, because a word may not be so derived from a particle; or it may be said that this is so derived after the particle has been made a noun; (Z, IAth;) or neither of these modes of derivation is regular: (MF:) the meaning is, [Verily the longness of the prayer and the shortness of the oration from the pulpit are (together)] a proper ground for one's saying, Verily the man is a person of knowledge or intelligence: (Z, * Mgh, K in art. مأن:) this is the proper signification: accord. to AO, the meaning is, a thing whereby one learns the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man: (Mgh:) or it means a thing suitable to, (S, Mgh,) and whereby one knows, (S,) the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man: (S, Mgh:) or a sign (As, S, K) of the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man; and suitable thereto: (As, S:) or an evidence thereof: (M:) or an indication, or a symptom, thereof; everything that indicates a thing being said to be مَئِنَّةٌ لَهُ: [so that مَئِنَّةٌ لِكَذَا may be well rendered a thing that occasions one's knowing, or inferring, or suspecting, such a thing; and in like manner, a person that occasions one's doing so: or, more properly, a thing, &c., in which such a thing is usually known to take place, or have place, or be, or exist, like مَظِنَّةٌ:] one of the strangest of the things said of it is, that the ء is a substitute for the ظ of مَظِنَّةٌ: (IAth:) this seems to have been the opinion of Lh: (Az, L:) accord. to AA, it is syn. with آيَةٌ [a sign, &c.]. (TA.) As says (S, * K, TA, all in art. مأن) that the word is thus, with teshdeed to the ن, in the trad. and in a verse of poetry, as these are related; (S, TA;) but correctly, in his opinion, it should be مَئِينَةٌ of the measure فَعِيلَةٌ, (S, K, * TA,) unless it be from إِنَّ, as first stated above: (S, TA:) Az used to say that it is مَئِتَّةٌ, with ت, (S, K, * TA,) meaning a thing (lit. a place) meet, fit, or proper, or worthy or deserving, and the like; of the measure مَفْعِلَةٌ, [originally مَأْتِتَةٌ,] from أَتَّهُ meaning “he overcame him with an argument or the like:” (S, K, TA:) but some say that it is of the measure فَعِلَّةٌ, from مَأَنَ meaning اِحْتَمَلَ: see art. مأن. (K in that art.) You say also, هُوَ مَئِنَّةٌ لِلْخَيْرِ, from إِنَّ, He is a person fit, or proper, for one's saying of him, Verily he is good; and in like manner, مَعْسَاةٌ, from عَسَى, as meaning “a person fit, or proper, for one's saying of him, May-be he will do good.” (A, TA.) And إِنَّهُ لَمَئِنَّةٌ أَنْ يَكُونَ كَذَا Verily it is meet, fit, or proper, for one's saying of it, Verily it is thus; or is worthy, or deserving, of one's saying &c.: or verily it is a thing meet, fit, or proper, for one's saying &c.; or is a thing worthy, or deserving, of one's saying &c.: of the measure مَفْعِلَةٌ, from إِنَّ. (K in the present art.) and إِنَّهُ لَمَئِنَّةٌ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَاكَ Verily he is meet, fit, or proper, for doing that; or is worthy, or deserving, of doing that: or verily he is a person meet, fit, or proper, for doing that; or is a person worthy, or deserving, of doing that: and in like manner you say of two, and of more, and of a female: but مَئِنَّةٌ may be of the measure فَعِلَّةٌ [from مأن], i. e. a triliteral-radical word. (M.) b2: You also say, أَتَاهُ عَلَي مَئنَّة ذَاكَ, meaning He came to him at the time, or season, [or fit or proper time,] of that; and at the first thereof. (M.)

خرق

1 خَرَقَهُ, (JK, S, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (Mgh, Msb, K) and خَرُقَ, (K,) the former of which is the more chaste, (TA,) inf. n. خَرْقٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb, KL,) He made a hole in it, perforated it, pierced it, or bored it; (Msb, * KL;) syn. جَابَهُ [in this sense, as well as in another to be explained below], (K, [in the CK, erroneously, جاءَ بهِ,]) and ثَقَبَهُ: (TA:) and he cut it [so as to make a hole or a slit in it]: (Msb:) and he rent it, or tore it. (JK, K, KL.) You say, خَرَقَ الثَوْبَ, (JK, S, Mgh, K,) aor. ـِ [and خَرُقَ], inf. n. as above, (Mgh,) He [made a hole in, or] rent, or tore, the garment, or piece of cloth; (JK, K;) and الخُفَّ [the boot]; and the like. (Mgh.) And خَرَقَ الصَّخْرَةَ He made a hole in the rock; syn. جَابَهُ. (A in art. جوب.) [And خَرَقَ الحَائِطَ He made a hole in, or through, the wall: see خَرْقٌ, below.] And خَرَقَهُ بِالمِثْقَبِ He made a hole in it or through it, perforated it, pierced it, or bored it, with a drill or the like; syn. ثَقَبَهُ. (Msb in art. ثقب.) خَرَقَ السَّفِينَةَ [He made a hole in the ship], in the Kur xviii. 70, means that he did so by taking out, from the ship, with an axe, (Ksh, Bd, Jel,) a plank, (Jel,) or two planks. (Ksh, Bd.) b2: [Hence,] خَرَقَ الأَرْضَ, (JK, S, Msb,) or المَفَازَةَ, (Mgh, K, *) (tropical:) He traversed, crossed, or cut through by journeying, (JK, S, Mgh, Msb, K,) the earth, or land, (JK, S, Msb,) or the desert; (Mgh, K;) syn. قَطَعَهَا; (JK, Mgh, K; *) or جَابَهَا; (S, Msb;) so as to reach the furthest part thereof. (Mgh, TA.) [See also 8.] It is said in the Kur [xvii. 39], إِنَّكَ لَنْ تَخْرِقَ الأَرْضَ, meaning, For thou shalt not reach the extremities of the earth: or, accord. to Az, thou shalt not traverse the earth in length and breadth: (TA:) or it means thou shalt not bore through the earth, (Jel, TA,) so as to reach the end thereof: (Jel:) or thou shalt not make a hole in the earth by thy vehement treading: (Ksh, Bd:) accord. to one reading, لن تَخْرُقَ. (Ksh, TA.) b3: [and خَرَقَتِ الرِّيحُ (assumed tropical:) The wind passed along: and (assumed tropical:) blew: for] the inf. n. خَرْقٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) the passing of the wind: and (assumed tropical:) the blowing thereof. (KL.) [See also 7 and 8.] b4: خَرَقَ الكَذِبَ (tropical:) He forged, or feigned, the lie; as also ↓اخترقهُ. (K, TA.) It is said in the Kur vi. 100, وَخَرَقُوا لَهُ بَنِينَ وَبَنَاتٍ, i. e. (tropical:) And they have feigned Him to have, or falsely attributed to Him, sons and daughters. (Ksh, Bd, Jel. [See also 2.]) And خَرَقَ [alone, the object being understood], (K,) inf. n. as above, (KL,) signifies (tropical:) He lied; told a lie: (K, KL, TA:) and ↓ تخرّق (tropical:) he forged, or feigned, a lie. (S, K, TA.) A2: خَرِقَتِ الشَّاةُ, aor. ـَ inf. n. خَرَقٌ, The sheep had in its ear a خَرْق, i. e. a round hole or perforation. (Msb.) A3: خَرِقَ فِى

البَيْتِ, aor. ـَ (JK, K,) inf. n. خُرُوقٌ, (JK,) or خَرَقٌ; (TK;) and خَرَقَ, inf. n. خُرُوقٌ; (K;) He remained in the house, or tent, not quitting it. (JK, * K.) b2: And خَرِقَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. خَرَقٌ, said of a gazelle, or young gazelle, (Msb, K, TA,) when hunted, (TA,) or when overtaken by the dog, (IAar,) It was frightened, (Msb, K, TA, [in the CK, اَنْ يَعْرَقَ is erroneously put for أَنْ يَفْرَقَ,]) so as to be unable to go away, (Msb,) or so as to be unable to rise, (K, TA,) and clave to the ground: (IAar, TA:) and in like manner said of a bird, (Msb, K,) it became frightened, (K,) or impatient, (TA,) so as to be unable to fly away. (K, TA.) b3: And hence, (Msb,) the same verb, (S, Msb, K,) with the same aor. , (Msb, K,) and the same inf. n., (S, Msb, K,) said of a man, (Msb,) He became confounded, or perplexed, and unable to see his right course; or he became bereft of his reason or intellect, because of fear, or of shame: (S, Msb, K:) or he was confounded, perplexed, or amazed, [for يَتَهَيَّبَ in the CK, I read يَبْهَتَ, as in other copies of the K and in the TA,] opening his eyes, and looking: (K, TA:) and he remained confounded, or perplexed, and unable to see his right course, by reason of anxiety, or of hardship, or distress. (TA.) وَقَعَ فَخَرِقَ [He fell down and clave to the ground], occurring in a trad, means he fell down dead. (TA.) A4: خَرِقَ, aor. ـَ (JK, S, Msb, K,) inf. n. خَرَقٌ; (S, Msb, K; *) and خَرُقَ, aor. ـُ (JK, K,) [of which خُرْقٌ, said in the S and Msb to be a simple subst., may be the inf. n., like as حُسْنٌ is of حَسْنَ;] He was rough, ungentle, clumsy, or awkward, (S, Msb, K,) in doing, or making, a thing: (Msb:) and he was unskilful in work, and in the management of affairs: and he was foolish; stupid; or unsound, or deficient, in intellect or understanding: (K:) or he was ignorant: (JK:) or the latter verb signifies he knew not his work with his hand, or his handicraft. (Msb.) and خَرُقَ بِالشَّىْءِ He was ignorant of the thing, (K, TA,) and did it not well. (TA.) 2 خرّقه, (S, Msb,) inf. n. تَخْرِيقٌ, (Msb, K,) is similar to خَرَقَهُ, but has an intensive signification; [He made holes in it; perforated it, pierced it, or bored it, in several, or many, places: he cut it so as to make holes or slits in it:] (Msb:) he rent it, or tore it, much, or in several, or many, places: (K, TA:) namely, a garment, (S, TA,) &c. (TA.) b2: And خرّق, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (K,) (assumed tropical:) He lied much. (K, TA.) Aboo-Jaafar and Náfi' read, [in the Kur vi. 100,] وَخَرَّقُوا لَهُ بَنِينَ وَبَنَاتٍ (assumed tropical:) [And they have very falsely attributed to Him sons and daughters]. (TA. [See also 1.]) 4 اخرقهُ He (a man, S) caused him to be confounded, or perplexed, so that he was unable to see his right course; or caused him to be bereft of his reason, or intellect. (S, K.) 5 تخرّق quasi-pass. of خَرَّقَ; [thus signifying It had holes made in it; became perforated, pierced, or bored, in several, or many, places: it became cut so as to have holes or slits made in it: it became rent, or torn, much, or in several, or many, places:] (S, * K:) as also ↓ انخرق; (K;) [or rather the latter, as is indicated in the S, is quasi-pass. of خَرَقَ, and thus signifies it had a hole made in it; became perforated, pierced, or bored: it became cut so as to have a hole or slit made in it: it became rent, or torn:] and ↓اخرورق signifies the same [as the former or as the latter]: all said of a garment [&c.]: (S:) and ↓ انخرق signifies also it became wide, or expanded. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] تخرّق فِى السَّخَآءِ (tropical:) He took a wide, or an ample, range, or was profuse, in liberality, bounty, or munificence; syn. توسّع. (S, K, TA.) b3: See also 1, in the middle of the paragraph. b4: And see what next follows, in two places.7 إِنْخَرَقَ see 5, in two places. b2: انخرقتِ الرِّيحُ (tropical:) The wind blew [app. in any manner, (see مُنْخَرَق,) or] irregularly; not in one uniform manner: (TA:) [and ↓تخرّفت app. signifies the same: for you say,] بَلَدٌ وَاسِعٌ تَنْخَرِقُ بِهِ الرِّيَاحُ [(assumed tropical:) A wide country in which the winds blow, or blow irregularly]: (El-Muärrij, TA:) and فِيهَا الرِّيَاحُ ↓ أَرْضٌ وَاسِعَةٌ تَتَخَرَّقُ [app. meaning, in like manner, (assumed tropical:) A wide land in which the winds blow, &c.]. (S, K.) 8 اخترق (tropical:) He, or it, passed through, or over, or across. (Mgh, K, * TA.) [See also 1, in the former half of the paragraph.] (tropical:) He traversed, or crossed, (Mgh, TA,) a desert, (Mgh,) or a land, (TA,) not following a road. (Mgh, TA.) [(assumed tropical:) He travelled a road: see an ex. voce ثُغْرَةٌ.] (tropical:) He made a mosque, (Mgh, TA,) and a house, (TA,) to be his way, or thoroughfare. (Mgh, TA.) Hence, اخترق الحِجْرَ (assumed tropical:) He entered into the midst of the حِجْر [q. v.], without going around the حَطِيم. (Mgh.) And الخَيْلُ تَخْتَرِقُ مَابَيْنَ القُرَى وَالأَرْضِ (tropical:) The horses, or horsemen, pass through the midst of the intervening spaces of the towns, or villages, and the land. (TA.) And اِخْتَرَقْتُ القَوْمَ (assumed tropical:) I stepped into the midst of the people, or party. (TA.) And الرَّيحُ تَخْتَرِقُ الأَشْجَارَ (assumed tropical:) [The wind passes, or blows, through the trees.] (JK.) اِخْتِرَاقُ الرِّيَاحِ signifies (assumed tropical:) The passing [or blowing] of the winds. (S.) [See also 1, in the middle of the paragraph; and see 7.] b2: اخترق الكَذِبَ: see 1, in the middle of the paragraph.12 إِخْرَوْرَقَ see 5.

خَرْقٌ, originally an inf. n., of 1: (S, Mgh, Msb, TA:) A hole, or perforation, (Mgh, Msb, KL,) in a garment, (S, TA,) and in a wall, (Msb, TA,) &c.: (Msb:) and a round hole, or perforation, in the ear of a sheep: (S, Msb:) pl. خُرُوقٌ. (S, Mgh, Msb.) Hence the saying, اِتَّسَعَ الخَرْقُ عَلَى الرَّاقِعِ [The hole was, or became, wide to the patcher]. (TA.) b2: And A part that has a hole made in it, or that is rent, or torn, of, or from, a thing. (TA.) b3: Also A desert; and so ↓ مَخْرَقٌ: (K:) or the former, a desert far extending, (JK, TA,) whether level or not level: and ↓ the latter, a wide desert in which the winds [blow, or] blow irregularly: (TA:) and the former, (El-Muärrij, K,) as also ↓ خَرْقَآءٌ, (K,) signifies likewise a wide land, (K,) or a wide country, (El-Muärrij,) in which the winds [blow, or] blow irregularly: (El-Muärrij, K: [see 7:]) ISh says, the space between El-Basrah and Hafr Abee-Moosà is a خَرْق, and that between En-Nibáj and Dareeyeh is a خَرْق: (TA:) pl. خُرُوقٌ. (K.) You say also خَوْقَآءُ ↓ مَفَازَةٌ خَرْقَآءُ A farextending desert. (TA.) And قَطَعْنَا إِلَيْكُمْ أَرْضًا

↓ خَرْقَآءَ and ↓ خَرُوقًا [We have traversed, in journeying to you, a wide land, or a wide land in which the winds blow, &c.]. (TA.) A2: Also A certain plant, resembling the قُسْط [q. v.], (JK, Ibn-'Abbád, K,) having leaves. (JK, Ibn-'Abbád.) خُرْقٌ a subst. from خَرِقَ, (S, Msb,) [or perhaps inf. n. of خَرُقَ as syn. with خَرِقَ, (see 1, last two sentences,)] and ↓ خُرُقٌ, (TA,) Roughness, ungentleness, clumsiness, or awkwardness; contr. of رِفْقٌ; (JK, S, * Mgh, Msb, * K, TA;) in doing, or making, a thing: (Msb:) unskilfulness in work, and in the management of affairs: foolishness; stupidity; or unsoundness, or deficiency, in intellect or understanding; as also ↓ خُرْقَةٌ: (K:) and ignorance. (TA.) [Hence,] نَوْمَةُ الخُرْقِ The sleep of [the time of morning called] the ضُحَى. (Har p. 223. [See also حُمْقٌ and خُلُقٌ.]) A2: The first of these words is also pl. of أَخْرَقُ and of [its fem.] خَرْقَآءُ. (K.) A3: Also The she-camel's vulva. (JK.) خِرْقٌ and ↓ خِرِّيقٌ (tropical:) Liberal, bountiful, munificent, or generous; (S, K;) as also ↓ مِخْرَاقٌ: (IAar, K:) or ↓ the second signifies very liberal or bountiful &c.: (K: [so in a later part of the art.:]) or this and the first signify one who takes a wide, or an ample, range, or is profuse, in liberality or bounty &c.: (TA:) or a youth, or young man, (JK,) excellent, or elegant, in mind, manners, address, speech, person, and the like; or clever, or ingenious; with liberality, bounty, munificence, or generosity, (Lth, JK, K,) and courage: (Lth, JK:) and a goodly youth or young man, [for الفَتِىُّ in the CK, I read الفَتَى, as in other copies of the K,] of generous disposition: (K:) the pl. (of خِرْقٌ, TA) is أَخْرَاقٌ [a pl. of pauc.] (K) and خُرَاقٌ, or خُرَّاقٌ, (accord. to different copies of the K, [both anomalous, and perhaps it is خِرَاقٌ, agreeably with analogy,]) and خُرُوقٌ; (K;) and the pl. of ↓ خِرِّيقٌ is خِرِّيقُونَ; no broken pl. of it having been heard. (T, TA.) One says also, الكَفِّ بِالنَّوَالِ ↓ هُوَ مَتَخَرِّقُ (tropical:) [He has a liberal hand, largely beneficent]. (TA.) and الكّفِّ بِالنَّوَالِ ↓ هُوَ مَخْرُوقُ (tropical:) He is liberal, bountiful, munificent, or generous. (TA. [But see مَخْرُوقٌ below.]) b2: خِرْقٌ is also applied to a spear, meaning (assumed tropical:) Highly esteemed or prized; excellent; or rare. (TA.) خَرُقٌ: see أَخْرَقُ.

خَرِقٌ [part. n. of خَرِقَ, q. v.:] A young gazelle weak in the legs, (K, TA,) cleaving to the ground, and not rising: (TA:) a gazelle, or young gazelle, (K, TA,) when hunted, (TA,) frightened, so as to be unable to rise: (K, TA:) and in like manner a bird (K, TA) frightened, (K,) or impatient, (TA,) so as to be unable to fly away: (K, TA:) fem. with ة. (K.) b2: And [hence,] A man (Msb) confounded, or perplexed, and unable to see his right course; or bereft of his reason or intellect, by reason of fear, or of shame: (S, Msb, K:) or confounded, perplexed, or amazed, opening his eyes, and looking. (K, TA.) See also أَخْرَقُ.

A2: Also Ashes: because they remain [cleaving to the ground] while the people thereof go away. (K.) خُرُقٌ: see خُرْقٌ.

خُرْقَةٌ: see خُرْقٌ.

خِرْقَةٌ A piece, (S, Msb, K,) or piece torn off, (TA,) of a garment, or of cloth; [a rag;] pl. خِرَقٌ. (S, Msb, TA.) b2: [A ragged, patched, garment: and particularly one worn by a devotee; also called مُرَقَّعَةٌ, q. v.: but this is probably postclassical. Hence, أَصْحَابُ الخِرَقِ The devotees.]

b3: (tropical:) A portion of a swarm of locusts, (K, TA,) less than a رِجْل; as also حِزْقَةٌ. (TA.) خَرُوقٌ: see the next paragraph: b2: and see also خَرْقٌ.

خَرِيقٌ A womb rent by the fœtus, and that consequently does not conceive (K, TA) afterwards; (TA;) [of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ;] as also ↓ مُتَخَرِّقَةٌ. (K.) b2: And A she-camel whose womb has been rent. (JK.) Applied to a well (بِئْر), it signifies الَّتِى

كُسِرَ جِبْلَتُهَاعَنِ المَآءِ: (JK, Ibn-' Abbád, K:) [in the CK جَبَلَتُها: neither of these readings affords an admissible meaning: the right reading I believe to be جِيلُهَا; and the meaning, Of which the side, or lateral part, is broken, from the water upwards:] pl. خَرَائِقُ (JK, Ibn-' Abbád, K, TA) and خُرُقٌ, (Ibn-' Abbád, K, TA, [the latter erroneously written in the CK خُرُوْقٌ,]) like سَفَائِنُ and سُفْنٌ. (TA.) b3: A channel of water that is not deep, and not without trees. (JK, Ibn-'Abbád, K.) b4: The place of expanding of a valley, where it ends. (JK, K.) b5: A low, or depressed, tract of land, containing herbage: pl. خُرُقٌ. (S, K.) One says, مَرَرْتُ بِخَرِيقٍ مِنَ الأَرْضِ بَيْنَ مَسْحَاوَيْنِ [I passed by a low tract of land, containing herbage, between two plain tracts containing small pebbles and without herbage]. (Fr, S.) b6: Hard ground. (A, TA.) b7: (tropical:) A violent wind; (A, TA;) as also ↓ رِيحٌ خَرْقَآءُ: (S, K:) the latter signifies (tropical:) a wind that blows violently: or, that does not continue to blow in the same direction: (TA:) or the former signifies (tropical:) a cold wind that blows violently; (S, K;) as also ↓ خَرُوقٌ: (K:) [it is an epithet; for] one says رِيحٌ خَرِيقٌ which is anomalous, as by rule one should say خَرِيقَةٌ: (S:) it is [also] one of the names for (tropical:) a cold wind that blows violently; (JK, T, TA;) as though it perforated, or rent; the agent [رِيحٌ] being unused: (T, TA:) and (as some say, TA) it signifies also (assumed tropical:) a gentle, soft, wind; thus bearing two contr. meanings: or that returns, and [then] continues its course: (K:) or, as in the L, does not continue its course: (TA:) or that blows long. (K.) خُرَّقٌ A certain bird, (JK, IDrd, K,) smaller than the قُنْبُر [or lark], (JK,) that cleaves to the ground: (IDrd:) or a kind of sparrow: (K:) so says AHát, in the “ Book of Birds: ” (TA:) pl. خَرَارِقُ. (JK, IDrd, K.) خِرِّيقٌ: see خِرْقٌ, in three places.

خَارِــقٌ [act. part. n. of خَرَقَ]. b2: [And hence,] سَيْفٌ خَارِــقٌ A sharp, or cutting, sword: pl. خُرُقٌ. (TA.) b3: [Hence also,] أَمْرٌ خَارِــقٌ لِلْعَادَةِ (assumed tropical:) [An event breaking through, or infringing, the usual course of nature]. (KT, in a definition of مُعْجِزَةٌ, q. v.) b4: [In the present day, خَارِــقٌ signifies also (assumed tropical:) Profound, or penetrating, in learning or science.]

أَخْرَقُ and [its fem.] خَرْقَآءُ have for their pl. خُرْقٌ. (K.) b2: The fem., applied to a ewe, signifies Having her ear perforated (S, Mgh, Msb, K) with a round hole. (S, Msb.) And, applied to an ear, Perforated, or bored. (TA.) b3: and the masc., applied to a camel, That puts his مَنْسِم [or toe] upon the ground before [the sole of] his خُفّ [or foot]: the doing of which is a result of generous quality. (JK, Ibn-'Abbád, K.) And the fem., applied to a she-camel, That does not retread (لَا تَتَعَاهَدُ), in the L لا تتعهّد,) [with her hind feet] the places of her [fore] feet (JK, L, K) upon the ground: mentioned by Ibn-'Abbád and Z. (TA.) b4: Applied to a man, (Mgh, Msb,) Rough, ungentle, clumsy, or awkward, (JK, S, Msb,) in doing, or making, a thing: (Msb:) unskilful in work [and in the management of affairs (see خَرِقَ]; as also ↓ خَرِقٌ and ↓ خَرُقٌ: (K:) or foolish; stupid; or unsound, or deficient, in intellect or understanding: (Mgh, K:) ignorant: (TA:) not knowing his work with his hand, or his handicraft: (Msb:) fem. as above. (JK, S, Mgh, Msb, &c.) It is said in a prov., (JK, S,) لَا تَعْدَمُ الخَرْقَآءُ عِلَّةً

[The stupid woman is not in want of an excuse]: (JK, S, K:) used in forbidding excuses: (K:) i. e., excuses are many: the stupid woman is skilled in making them: how then must be the clever? (S, K:) applied to every one who excuses himself being able. (K in art. عل.) b5: خَرْقَآءُ applied to a desert, and to a land: see خَرْقٌ, in three places. b6: And applied to a wind: see خَرِيقٌ. b7: Hence, رِحْلَةٌ خَرْقآءُ (assumed tropical:) A hard journey. (Har p. 177.) مَخْرَقٌ: see خَرْقٌ, in two places. b2: مَخْرَقُ حَوْضٍ

A stone that is at the عُقْر [or hinder part] of a watering-trough, for the purpose of their [standing upon it, and] drawing forth the water from it, [i. e. the trough,] when they will. (K.) مَخْرِقٌ, though unheard by us, is the sing. of مَــخَارِــقُ signifying The orifices of the body; such as the mouth and the nose and the ears and the anus and the like. (Mgh.) مُخْرَقٌ [pass. part. n. of 4; Confounded, &c.: and hence,] silent. (JK: but there written without the vowel of the ر.) غَيْرُ مُخْرِقٍ, applied to a road, means [That does not cause one to be confounded, or perplexed, and unable to see his right course; or] in which one is not confounded, or perplexed, so as to be unable to see his right course. (IAar in TA: but the latter word is there written without the vowel of the ر.) مِخْرَاقٌ A kerchief twisted for the purpose of beating therewith: (JK, S:) a genuine Arabic word: (S:) or a thing made of twisted rags, with which boys play: (TA:) or a twisted kerchief, or an inflated [skin such as is termed] زِقّ, or the like, with which boys play, beating one another therewith: so called because it rends (يَخْرِقُ) the air when they make use of it: (Ham p. 702:) pl. مَــخَارِــيقُ. (S, TA.) 'Amr Ibn-Kulthoom says, كَأَنَّ سُيُوفَنَا مِنَّا وَمِنْهُمْ مَــخَارِــيقٌ بِأَيْدِى لَا عِبِينَا [As though our swords, ours and theirs, were kerchiefs twisted for beating therewith, in the hands of players]: (S:) or مــخاريق in this verse [written with tenween by poetic license] is the pl. of مِخْرَاقٌ signifying a wooden sword with which boys play: the poet means, we cared not for the smiting with the swords, like as the players care not for the smiting with the مــخاريق. (EM p. 198.) [See also another ex., in a verse cited voce خَرِيجٌ.] 'Alee is related, in a trad., to have said that the lightning is the مَــخَارِــيق of the angels; (S, TA;) meaning thereby the instruments with which the angels chide and drive the clouds. (TA.) b2: Also A garment, or piece of cloth. (JK. [But this I find not elsewhere.]) b3: And (tropical:) A sword [in the ordinary sense of the word]: so in the A and O and L: in the K, السَّيِّدُ is erroneously put for السَّيْفُ. (TA.) b4: (assumed tropical:) A man goodly in body, or person, whether tall or not tall. (JK, K.) b5: (assumed tropical:) One who falls not into a case without escaping, or extricating himself, therefrom. (Sh, TA.) b6: (assumed tropical:) One who exercises art in the management of affairs. (K.) b7: (tropical:) A wild bull: (As, K:) so called because he traverses far-extending districts: (As, TA:) or because the dogs pursue him and he escapes from them: said in the A to be called مِخْرَاقُ المَفَازَةِ. (TA.) b8: (assumed tropical:) A man who engages in wars, or fights, and is active therein. (S, K.) b9: See also خِرْقٌ.

مَخْرُوقٌ (tropical:) One who is denied good, or prosperity; into whose hand wealth falls not. (K, TA.) And مَخْرُوقُ الكَفِّ (assumed tropical:) A man who gains not, or gets not, anything. (JK.) See also خِرْقٌ.

مُخْرَوْرِقٌ One who goes round about camels, [meaning who has them within the compass of his rule and care,] (JK, K, TA,) and urges them against their will, (TA,) and is active, and exercises art in his management [of them]: (JK, K, TA:) mentioned by Sgh on the authority of Ibn-'Abbád. (TA.) مُخْتَرَقٌ (assumed tropical:) A passage, or place of passing. (S. [See خَوْخَةٌ, in two places.]) b2: [Hence,] بَلَدٌ بَعِيدُ المُخْتَرَقِ (assumed tropical:) [A country, or district, wide to traverse; lit., far extending in respect of the place of passing]. (TA.) b3: مُخْتَرَقُ الرِّيَاحِ (assumed tropical:) A place in which the winds blow: (K:) and الرِّيحِ ↓ مُنْخَرَقُ (assumed tropical:) a place in which the wind blows [in any manner, or irregularly: see 7]. (S.) مُتَخَرِّقُ: see the last paragraph in this art.: and see also خَرِيقٌ: b2: and خِرْقٌ.

مُنْخَرَقٌ: see مُخْتَرَقٌ.

مُنْخَرِقٌ [Having a hole made in it, &c.: see its verb]. رَجُلٌ مُنْخَرِقُ السِّرْبَالِ A man having his clothing rent, or torn, (JK, K,) by long travel; as also السِّرْبَال ↓ مُتَخَرِّقُ. (K.) b2: Also (assumed tropical:) Quick, or swift. (Ham p. 42.)