ظهر

1 ظَهَرَ, (S, Msb, K, &c.,) aor. ـَ (Msb,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.,) [It was, or became, outward, exterior, external, extrinsic, or exoteric: and hence,] it appeared; became apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, plain, or evident; (S, Mgh, Msb, K, TA;) after having been concealed, or latent: (Msb, TA:) and ↓ تظاهر signifies the same. (Har p. 85.) Hence the phrase ظَهَرَ لِى رَأْىٌ (assumed tropical:) [An idea, or opinion, occurred to me], said when one knows what he did not know before. (Msb.) [And هٰذَا مَا يَظْهَرُ لِى (assumed tropical:) This is what appears to me to be the case, or to be the right way or course; or this is my opinion.] ظَهَرَ الحَمْلُ, inf. n. as above, means Pregnancy became apparent, or manifest: it is said that this is not the case in less than three months. (Msb.) and it is said in a trad. of 'Áïsheh, كَانَ يُصَلِّى العَصْرَ فِى حُجْرَتِى قَبْلَ أَنْ تَظْهَرَ i. e. [He used to perform the prayer of the afternoon in my chamber] before it (meaning the sun) became high and apparent: (TA:) or وَالشَّمْسُ فِى حُجْرَتِى لَمْ تَظْهَرْ بَعْدُ i. e. [when the sun was in my chamber,] it not having risen high so as to be on the flat roof [thereof]: referring to the Prophet. (O. [But العَصْرَ must be a mistranscription for الفَجْرَ, i. e. the prayer of the dawn.]) The saying in the Kur [xxiv. 31], وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا [which is app. best rendered And that they discover not their ornature except what is external thereof] has been expl. in seven different ways, most correctly as meaning the clothes: (O, TA:) accord. to 'Áïsheh, it means the bracelet (القُلْب) and the ring (الفَتَخَة): and accord. to I'Ab, the hand and the signet-ring and the face. (TA.) b2: Also He went forth, or out, (Mgh, TA,) to the outside of a place. (O, TA.) b3: And He (a bird) migrated, or went down, from one country or region to another: used in this sense by AHn in relation to the vulture, migrating to Nejd. (L.) b4: ظَهَرَ عَنْهُ, said of a vice, or fault, (O, TA,) or a disgrace, (JK, A, O,) (tropical:) It did not cleave to him; (A, O, TA;) it was remote from him; (TA;) it quitted him, or departed from him. (JK.) b5: ظَهَرْتُ بِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. ظَهْرٌ, (K,) (assumed tropical:) I gloried, or boasted, by reason of it. (O, K * TA.) [Respecting a meaning assigned to ظَهَرَ بِفُلَانٍ in the K, see 4.] b6: أَكَلَ الرَّجُلُ أُكْلَةً

ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا ظَهْرَةً means (assumed tropical:) [The man ate some food] in consequence of which] he became fat. (TA.) A2: ظَهَرَهُ He mounted it; went, or got, upon it, or upon the top of it; (S, A, * Mgh, O, Msb, K;) as also ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ; (O;) namely, a house, (S,) or a house-top, (A, Mgh, O,) and a mountain, (A,) and a wall; (O, Msb;) properly, he became upon its back: (Mgh:) and [in like manner] one says, فُلَانٌ نَجْدًا ↓ ظَهَّرَ, inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ, Such a one mounted, or went up, upon the high region (ظَهْر) of Nejd. (O.) b2: Hence, (Mgh, Msb,) ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and بِهِ, (K,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ (Bd in xxiv. 31) and ظَهْرٌ also, (Ham p. 301,) He overcame, conquered, subdued, overpowered, or mastered, him; gained the mastery or victory, or prevailed, over him; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) namely, his enemy; (Msb;) and in like manner, [he conquered, won, achieved, or attained, it, i. e.] a thing. (O, TA.) [The saying فُلَانٌ لَا يَظْهَرُ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ is expl. in the L and TA by the words اى لا يَسْلَم, and said to be tropical: but Ibr D thinks that the correct reading is لا يُسَلِّمُ, from التَّسْلِيمُ; and that it is said of one who will not give up, or resign, what is in his hand; so that the meaning is, (tropical:) Such a one is a person whom no one will overcome in respect of that which he holds in his possession.] b3: And [hence also] ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, (Msb, TA,) inf. n. ظُهُورٌ, (TA,) He knew, became acquainted with, or got knowledge of, him, or it. (Msb, TA.) So in the Kur xxiv. 31, وَالطِّفْلُ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَى عَوْرَاتِ النِّسَآءِ [And the young children] who have not attained knowledge of the عورات, (Bd, Jel,) meaning [pudenda, or] parts between the navel and the knee, (Jel,) of women, by reason of their want of discrimination: (Bd:) or (tropical:) who have not attained to the generative faculty; (O, Bd, * TA;) from الظُّهُورُ in the sense of الغَلَبَةُ. (Bd.) So too in the Kur [xviii. 19], إِنْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَيْكُمْ If they get knowledge of you. (O, TA.) b4: And [hence] ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, (Fr, A, O, TA,) and ↓ استظهرهُ, (S, A, O, K,) (tropical:) He knew it, or learned it, by heart; namely, the Kur-án; (A, O, TA;) and he recited it by heart: (A, * TA; and so in the S and O in explanation of the latter:) or [simply] he recited it by heart; namely, the Kur-án; as also ↓ اظهرهُ: (O, K, TA:) in the copies of the K we find أَظْهَرْتُ عَلَى القُرْآنِ and أَظْهَرْتُهُ; but the former is a mistake for ظَهَرْتُ, aor. ـَ (TA.) A3: For another signification of ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِ, see 3.

A4: ظَهَرَ بِحَاجَتِى, (S, A, K,) aor. ـَ (TA,) inf. n. ظَهْرٌ; (TK;) and ↓ ظهّرها, (K, TA,) in some copies of the K ظَهَرَهَا; (TA;) and ↓ اظهرها, (K,) inf. n. إِظْهَارٌ; (TA;) and ↓ اِظَّهَرَهَا, (K,) of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ; (TA;) (tropical:) He held the object of my want in little, or light, estimation, or in contempt; (S, A;) [lit.] he put it behind [his] back; (S, K;) as though he put it away, [out of his sight,] and paid no regard to it. (S, TA.) One says also, يَظْهَرُونَ بِهِمْ وَلَا يَلْتَفِتُونَ

إِلَى أَرْحَامِهِمْ [They hold them in contempt, and do not pay any regard to their ties of relationship]. (S.) b2: See also 10, in three places.

A5: ظَهَرَهُ, (O, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. ظَهْرٌ, (K,) He struck, or smote, (TA,) or hit, or hurt, (O, K,) his back. (O, K, TA.) A6: ظَهِرَ, (S, O, K,) aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. ظَهَرٌ, (O, K,) He (a man, S, O) had a complaint of his back. (S, O, K.) A7: ظَهُرَ, (JK, O, L,) or ظَهَرَ, (K, [but this is app. a mistranscription,]) inf. n. ظَهَارَةٌ, (S, O, L, K,) said of a camel, (JK, S, O,) He was, or became, strong (JK, S, O, L, K) in the back. (L, K.) 2 ظَهَّرَ see 1, near the middle: b2: and again, in the last quarter: b3: and see also 3. b4: ظهّر الثَّوْبَ [and ↓ اظهرهُ, contr. of بطّنهُ and ابطنهُ,] He faced the garment, or piece of cloth; put a facing, or an outer covering, (ظِهَارَة,) to it. (TA.) A2: See also 4, last sentence.3 ظاهرهُ, (A,) inf. n. مُظَاهَرَةٌ, (S, O, Msb,) He aided, or assisted, him; (S, A, O, Msb;) as also عَلَيْهِ ↓ ظَهَرَ. (Th, K.) And ظاهر عَلَيْهِ He aided, or assisted, against him. (TA.) b2: ظاهر بِهِ: see 10. b3: ظاهر بَيْنَهُمَا, (K,) i. e. (TA) بَيْنَ ثَوْبَيْنِ, (S, A, Mgh, TA,) and دِرْعَيْنِ, (A, Mgh, TA,) and نَعْلَيْنِ, (TA,) i. q. طَارَقَ بَيْنَهُمَا, (S, TA,) or طَابَقَ, (A, K, TA,) i. e. (TA) He put them on, or attired himself with them, [namely, two garments, and two coats of mail, and two sandals or soles, or rather, when relating to two soles, he sewed them together,] one over, or outside, the other: (Mgh, TA:) app. from تَظَاهُرٌ in the sense of “ mutual aiding or assisting. ” (IAth.) The phrase ظاهر بِدِرْعَيْنِ requires consideration; and the ب in it should be regarded as meant to denote conjunction; not as a part of the necessary complement of the verb. (Mgh.) ظاهر الدِّرْعَ is said to signify لَأَمَ بَعْضَهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ [app. meaning He folded over and fastened one part of the coat of mail upon another]. (TA.) And ظاهر عَلَيْهِ جِلَالًا means He threw upon him (i. e. a horse) housings or coverings [one over another]. (TA in art. حنذ.) A2: ظاهر مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) inf. n. ظِهَارٌ (S, Mgh, Msb, K) and مُظَاهَرَةٌ; (JK, TA;) and مِنْهَا ↓ تظاهر, (A, Mgh, O, TA,) and ↓ اِظَّاهَرَ; (Mgh;) and منها ↓ تظهّر, (S, Msb, K,) and ↓ اِظَّهَّرَ; (O, TA;) and منها ↓ ظهّر, (S, O, K,) inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ; (S;) signify the same; (O;) He said to his wife أَنْتِ عَلَىَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّى

[Thou art to me like the back of my mother]; (S, Mgh, Msb, K;) [as though he said رُكُوبُكِ حَرَامٌ عَلَىَّ;] meaning رُكُوبُكِ لِلنِّكَاحِ حَرَامٌ عَلَىَّ كَرُكُوبِ أُمِّى لِلنِّكَاحِ; the back being specified in preference to the بَطْن or فَخِذ or فَرْج because the woman is likened to a beast that is ridden, and the act of نِكَاح to that of رُكُوب: the phrase being a form of divorce used by the Arabs in the Time of Ignorance. (Msb, * TA.) In the Kur lviii. 2 [and 4], some read ↓ يَظَّهَّرُونَ; some

↓ يَظَّاهَرُونَ; and 'Ásim read يُظَاهِرُونَ. (Bd.) The verb is made trans. by means of مِن because the man who uttered this sentence estranged himself from his wife. (IAth.) 4 اظهرهُ He made it apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, plain, or evident; he showed, exhibited, manifested, displayed, discovered, revealed, or evinced, it; or put it forth: (S, O, K:) [it is also used in relation to a saying, and an action, and the like, as meaning it showed, &c., as above, or it bespoke, it:] and Mtr relates his having heard from one worthy of reliance of the people of Baghdád, that they say ↓ تظاهرتُ بِهِ in the place of أَظْهَرْتُهُ, and scarcely ever employ اظهر in its usual sense. (Har p. 85.) [Hence, اظهر التَّضْعِيفَ He made the doubling of a letter distinct; as in لَحِحَتْ; which, accord. to a general rule, should be لَحَّتْ: opposed to أَدْغَمَ. And اظهر لَهُ كَذَا He showed, &c., to him such a thing: and he made a show of, professed, pretended, or feigned, to him such a thing: as, for instance, love.] b2: أَظْهَرْتُ بِفُلَانٍ means أَعْلَيْتُ بِهِ [a phrase which I have not found except in this instance, app. I elevated, or exalted, such a one: like أَعْلَيْتُهُ, which has this meaning]: (S, IKtt, L, TA:) or أَعْلَنْتُ بِهِ [app. meaning I made such a one to be, or become, publicly known]: (So in the O:) [but the former explanation seems to be regarded by SM as the right; for he remarks that,] accord. to all the copies of the K, the explanation is أَعْلَنَ بِهِ, and refers to ظَهَرَ بِفُلَانٍ

[instead of أَظْهَرَ]; so that what its author says in this case differs in two points of view from what is found in the “ Kitáb el-Abniyeh ” of IKtt, in which the ى in أَعْلَيْتُ has been marked as correct, and in the L [as well as in the S]. (TA.) A2: اظهرهُ اللّٰهُ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِ means God made him to overcome, conquer, subdue, overpower, master, gain the victory over, or prevail over, his enemy. (S, A, O, TA.) b2: And [hence] اظهرهُ عَلَيْهِ He (God) made him to know it, or become acquainted with it: you say, أَظْهَرَنِى اللّٰهُ عَلَى مَا سُرِقَ مِنِّى God made me to know [or discover] what had been stolen from me. (TA.) A3: See also 1, last quarter, in two places.

A4: And see 2.

A5: اظهر signifies also He entered upon the time called the ظَهِيرَة: (A, Msb, K:) or the time called the ظُهْر. (Msb.) And He went, or journeyed, in the time called the ظَهِيرَة; as also ↓ ظهّر, (K,) inf. n. تَظْهِيرٌ: (TA:) or the time called the ظُهْر. (S, O.) 5 تظهّر and اِظَّهَّرَ: see 3, latter half, in three places.6 تَظَاْهَرَ see 1, first sentence: b2: and see also 4, first sentence. b3: تظاهروا They aided, or assisted, one another. (S, O, * K.) And تظاهروا عَلَى فُلَانٍ

They leagued together, and aided one another, against such a one. (Ibn-Buzurj, TA in art. ضفر.) b4: Also They regarded, or treated, one another with enmity, or hostility; or severed themselves, one from another: (S, Msb, K:) as though they turned their backs, one upon another: (S:) or, because they who do so turn their backs, one upon another. (Msb.) Thus the verb has two contr. meanings. (K.) b5: تظاهر مِنِ امْرَأَتِهِ and اِظَّاهَرَ: see 3, latter half, in three places.8 اِظَّهَرَ: see 1, last quarter.10 استظهر بِهِ He sought aid, or assistance, in, or by means of, him, or it, (S, O, Msb, K, TA,) عَلَيْهِ [against him, or it]; as also استظهرهُ. (TA.) [In the CK, after the explanation of استظهر به, is an omission, to be supplied by the insertion of وَقَرَأَهُ.] One says, استظهر بِالْغِنَى عَلَى النَّوَائِبِ [He sought aid in wealth against calamities, or afflictions]. (Msb.) And بِهِ ↓ ظاهر signifies the same as استظهر [in this sense or in another of the senses expl. in what follows]. (TA.) b2: and استظهرتُ بِالشَّىْءِ, and بِهِ ↓ ظَهَرْتُ, and ↓ ظَهَرْتُهُ, I put the thing behind my back for protection, or security. (Har p. 265.) b3: And استظهر He prepared for himself a camel, or two camels, or more, for future need: (T:) and استظهرهُ, and بِهِ ↓ ظَهَرَ, He prepared him, namely, a camel, for future need: (K:) and استظهر بِبَعِيرَيْنِ ظِهْرِيَّيْنِ He prepared for himself two camels for future need. (T. [See ظِهْرِىٌّ.]) b4: Hence, (T,) استظهر signifies also He used precaution (T, Msb) with respect to anything: (T:) he secured himself, (اِسْتَوْثَقَ,) by using precaution; as, for instance, a woman does by remaining three days, before she performs the ablution termed غُسْل, and prays, after the usual period of the menses. (T, L.) One says, يُسْتَحَبُّ الاِسْتِظْهَارُ بِغَسْلَةٍ ثَانِيَةٍ

وَثَالِثَةٍ The using precaution by a second and a third washing, to make sure of being pure, is approved. (Er-Ráfi'ee, Msb.) And استظهرتُ فِى طَلَبِ الشَّىْءِ I adopted the most fit, or proper, way, and used precaution, in seeking to attain the thing. (Msb.) b5: See also 1, in the middle of the latter half.

ظَهْرٌ The back; contr. of بَطْنٌ: (S, A, O, Msb, K:) in a man, from the hinder part of the كَاهِل [or base of the neck] to the nearest part of the buttocks, where it terminates: (TA:) in a camel, the part containing six vertebræ on the right and left of which are [two portions of flesh and sinew called the] مَتْنَانِ: (AHeyth, T, O:) of the masc. gender: (Lh, A, K:) pl. [of pauc.] أَظْهُرٌ, and [of mult.] ظُهُورٌ and ظُهْرَانٌ. (Msb, K.) b2: رَجُلٌ خَفِيفُ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) A man having a small household to maintain: and ثَقِيلُ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) having a large household to maintain. (K, * TA.) b3: أَنْت عَلَىَّ كَظَهْرِ

أُمِّى Thou art to me like the back of my mother: said by a man to his wife. (S, Mgh, Msb, K.) [This has been expl. above: see 3.] b4: عَدَا فِى

ظَهْرِهِ (tropical:) He stole what was behind him: (A:) [or he acted wrongfully in respect of what was behind him: for] لِصٌّ عَادِى ظَهْرٍ is expl. by the words عَدَا فِى ظَهْرٍ فَسَرَقَهُ [so that it app. means (tropical:) A thief who has acted wrongfully in respect of what was behind one, and stolen it]. (O, K.) b5: أَقْرَانُ الظَّهْرِ (S, O, K) and الظُّهُورِ (O, TA) Adversaries who come to one from behind his back, in war, or fight. (S, O, K, * TA.) In the copies of the K, يُحِبُّونَكَ is erroneously put for يَجِيؤُونَكَ. (TA.) You say also, فُلَانٌ قِرْنُ الظَّهْرِ Such a one is an adversary who comes to one from behind, unknown. (IAar, As.) b6: قَتَلَهُ ظَهْرًا He slew him unexpectedly; he assassinated him; syn. غِيلَةٌ. (IAar, TA.) b7: جَعَلَنِى بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) He cast me off. (TA.) And جَعَلتُ حَاجَتَهُ بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) I cast his want behind my back: (AO, K:) and ↓ جَعَلَهَا ظِهْرِيَّةً signifies the same: (S:) and ↓ اِتَّخَذَهَا ظِهْرِيًّا, (K,) and ↓ ظِهْرِيَّةً: (TA:) or the former of the last two phrases signifies he held it in contempt; as though ظهريّا were an irreg. rel. n. from ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) or ↓ اِتَّخَذَهُ ظِهْرِيًّا signifies he neglected, or forgot, (S, O, * Msb,) him, as in the Kur xi. 94, (S, O,) or it, namely, what was said. (Msb.) And لَا تَجْعَلْ حَاجَتِى

بِظَهْرٍ (tropical:) Forget not thou, or neglect not, my want: (S:) and ↓ جَعَلَهُ ظِهْرِيًّا signifies he forgot it; as well as جعله بِظَهْرٍ. (A.) And جَعَلْتُ هٰذَا الأَمْرَ بِظَهْرٍ, and رَمَيْتُهُ بِظَهْرٍ, (tropical:) I cared not for this thing. (Th, O.) b8: فُلَانٌ مِنْ وَلَدِ الظَّهْرِ (assumed tropical:) Such a one is of those who do not belong to us: or of those to whom no regard is paid: (TA:) or of those who are held in contempt, and to whose ties of relationship no regard is paid. (S, TA.) b9: هُوَ ابْنُ عَمِّهِ ظَهْرًا (tropical:) [He is his cousin on the father's side,] distantly related: contr. of دِنْيًا [and لَحًّا]. (As, A, O, TA.) b10: رَجَعَ عَلَى ظَهْرِهِ [He receded, retired, or retreated]. (K in art. ثبجر.) b11: هُوَ نَازِلٌ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَيْهِمْ, and ↓ بين ظَهْرَانَيْهِمْ, (S, A, O, Msb, K, *) in which latter the ا and ن are said by some to be added for corroboration, (Msb,) and for which one should not say ظَهْرَانِيهِمْ, (IF, S, O, Msb, K,) and بين أَظْهُرِهِمْ, (Msb, K,) (tropical:) He is making his abode in the midst of them; in the main body of them: (K, TA:) originally meaning he is making his abode among them for the purpose of seeking aid of them and staying himself upon them: as though it meant that the back of one of them was before him, and that of another behind him, so that he was defended in either direction: afterwards, by reason of frequency of usage, it came to be employed to signify abiding among a people absolutely. (IAth, Msb.) You say also هُوَ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَيْهِ, and ↓ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِ, meaning It (anything) is in the midst, or main part, of it, namely, another thing. (TA.) b12: لَقِيتُهُ بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَيْنِ, and ↓ بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ, (S, O, Msb, K,) (tropical:) I met him during the day, (Msb,) or during the two days, (S, O, K,) or during the three days, (K,) or the days: (S, O, Msb:) from the next preceding phrase. (TA.) And أَتَيْتُهُ مَرَّةً بَيْنَ الظَّهَرْينِ (tropical:) I came to him one day: or, accord. to Aboo-Fak'as, on a day between two years. (Fr.) And اللَّيْلِ ↓ رَأَيْتُهُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَىِ (tropical:) I saw him between nightfall and daybreak. (TA.) and النَّهَارِ ↓ جِئْتُهُ بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَىِ (tropical:) [I came to him between the beginning and end of the day]. (A.) b13: تَقَلَّبَ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ (assumed tropical:) It turned over and over, or upside down, (lit. back for belly,) as a serpent does upon ground heated by the sun. (S and TA in art. قلب.) [Hence,] قَلَبْتُ الأَرْضَ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ (tropical:) [I turned the earth over, upside-down]. (A.) And [hence,] قَلَّبَ أَمْرَهُ ظَهْرًا لِبَطْنٍ, (O, * TA,) and ظَهْرَهُ لِبَطْنٍ, and ظَهْرَهُ لِبَطْنِهِ, and ظَهْرَهُ لِلْبَطْنِ, which last form is preferred by El-Farezdak to the second, because [as in the third form] the second of the two words is determinate like the first word, (tropical:) He meditated, or managed, the affair with forecast, and well. (O, * TA.) b14: The Arabs used to say, هٰذَا ظَهْرُ السَّمَآءِ and هذا بَطْنُ السَّمَآءِ, both meaning (tropical:) This is the apparent, visible, part of the sky. (Fr, Az.) And the like is said of the side of a wall, which is its بَطْن to a person on the same side, and its ظَهْر to one on the other side. (Az.) b15: مَا نَزَلَ مِنَ القُرْآنِ آيَةٌ إِلَّا لَهَا ظَهْرٌ وَبَطْنٌ, [part of] a saying of Mohammad, [of which see the rest voce مُطَّلَعٌ,] means (assumed tropical:) Not a verse of the Kur-án has come down but it has a verbal expression and an interpretation: (K, * TA:) or a verbal expression and a meaning: or that which has an apparent and a known [or an exoteric] interpretation and that which has an intrinsic [or esoteric] interpretation: (TA:) or narration (K, TA) and admonition: (TA:) or [it is to be read and to be understood and taught; for] by the ظهر is meant the reading; and by the بطن, the understanding and teaching. (TA.) [See also بَطْنٌ.] b16: ظَهْرٌ signifies also (tropical:) Camels on which people ride, and which carry goods; (S, * A, * O, K, * TA;) camels that carry burdens upon their backs in journeying: (TA:) [or] a beast: or a camel for riding: (Mgh:) pl. ظُهْرَانٌ. (TA.) It is said in a trad. of 'Arfajeh, فَتَنَاوَلَ السَّيْفَ مِنَ الظَّهْرِ And he reached, or took in his hand, the sword from the camels for carrying burdens and for riding: and in another, أَتَأْذَنُ لَنَا فِى نَحْرِ ظَهْرِنَا Dost thou permit us to slaughter our camels which we ride? (TA.) And one says also, هُوَ عَلَى ظَهْرٍ (tropical:) He is determined upon travel: (K:) as though he had already mounted a beast for that purpose. (TA.) b17: [Hence, app.,] (assumed tropical:) Property consisting of camels and sheep or goats: (TA:) or much property. (K, TA.) b18: (assumed tropical:) The short side [or lateral half] of a feather: (S, O, K:) pl. ظُهْرَانٌ: (S, M, K, TA, &c.:) opposed to بَطْنٌ, sing. of بُطْنَانٌ, (TA,) which latter signifies the “ long sides: ” (S, TA:) and ↓ ظُهَارٌ signifies the same as ظَهْرٌ, (K,) or the same as ظُهْرَانٌ, being an irregular pl.; and this is meant by the saying الظُّهَارُ بِالضَّمِ الجَمَاعَةُ, mentioned in a later place in the K [in such a manner as to have led to the supposition that ظُهَارٌ is also syn. with جَمَاعَةٌ]: (TA:) AO says that among the feathers of arrows are the ظُهَار, which are those that are put [upon an arrow] of the ظَهْر [or outer side] of the عَسِيب [app. here meaning the shaft] of the feather; (S, TA;) i. e., the shorter side, which is the best kind of feather; as also ظُهْرَان: sing. ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) ISd says that the ظُهْرَان are those parts of the feathers of the wing that are exposed to the sun and rain: (TA:) Lth says that the ظُهَار are those parts of the feathers of the wing that are apparent. (O, TA.) One says, رِشْ سَهْمَكَ بِظُهْرَانٍ وَلَا تَرِشْهُ بِبُطْنَانٍ

[Feather thine arrow with short sides of feathers, and feather it not with long sides of feathers]. (S, TA.) [De Sacy supposes that ظُهُورٌ and بُطُونٌ are also pls. of ظَهْرٌ and بَطْنٌ thus used: (see his “ Chrest. Arabe,” sec. ed., tome ii., p.

374:) but his reasons do not appear to me to be conclusive.] ↓ ظُهَارٌ and ظُهْرَانٌ are also used as epithets: you say, رِيشٌ ظُهَارٌ and رِيشٌ ظُهْرَانٌ. (TA.) b19: [ظَهْرُ الكَفِّ and ↓ ظَاهِرُهَا mean (assumed tropical:) The back of the hand. And in like manner, ظَهْرُ القَدَمِ and ↓ ظَاهِرُهَا mean (assumed tropical:) The upper, or convex, side, or back, of the human foot, corresponding to the back of the hand, including the instep: opposed to بَطْن and بَاطِن. And ظَهْرُ اللِّسَانِ means (assumed tropical:) The upper surface of the tongue.] b20: And ظَهْرٌ also signifies (tropical:) A way by land. (S, M, O, Msb, K.) This expression is used when there is a way by land and a way by sea. (M.) You say, سَارُوا فِى طَرِيقِ الظَّهْرِ (tropical:) They journeyed by land. (A.) b21: And (assumed tropical:) An elevated tract of land or ground; as also ↓ ظَاهِرةٌ: (A:) or rugged and elevated land or ground; (JK, K;) as also ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ: (JK:) opposed to بَطْنٌ, which signifies “ soft and plain and fine and low land or ground: ” (TA:) and ↓ ظَوَاهِرُ [pl. of. ظَاهِرَةٌ] signifies (assumed tropical:) elevated tracts of land or ground: (S, K:) you say, هَاجَتْ ظَوَاهِرُ الأَرْضِ, meaning, (assumed tropical:) the herbs, or leguminous plants, of the elevated tracts of land, or ground, dried up: (As, S, L:) and ↓ ظَاهِرٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) the higher, or highest, part of a mountain; (ISh, L, TA;) whether its exterior be plain or not: (TA:) and ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ, the same, of anything: (L:) when you have ascended upon the ظَهْر of a mountain, you are upon its ظَاهِرَة. (TA.) b22: سَالَ وَادِيهِمْ ظَهْرًا means (assumed tropical:) Their valley flowed with the rain of their own land: opposed to دُرْءًا, meaning, “from other rain: ” (IAar, O, K: *) or the former signifies their valley flowed with its own rain: and the latter, “with other than its own rain: ” (TA:) and some say ↓ ظُهْرًا, which Az thinks the better form. (O, TA.) b23: [Hence, probably,] أَصَبْتُ مِنْهُ مَطَرَ ظَهْرٍ (assumed tropical:) I obtained from him, or it, much good. (Sgh, O, K.) b24: And another signification of ظَهْرٌ is What is absent, or hidden, or concealed, from one. (O, K.) b25: It is sometimes prefixed to another noun to give plainness and force to the expression; as in ظَهْرُ الغَيْبِ and ظَهْرُ القَلْبِ, meaning نَفْسُ الغَيْبِ and نَفْسُ القَلْبِ: (Msb:) or it is redundant in these instances. (Mgh.) Lebeed says, describing a [wild] cow going about after a beast of prey that had eaten her young one, وَتَسَمَّعَتْ رِزَّ الأَنِيسِ فَرَاعَهَا عَنْ ظَهْرِ غَيْبٍ وَالأَنِيسُ سَقَامُهَا [And she heard the sound of man, and it frightened her, from a place that concealed what was in it; for man is her malady; i. e., a cause of pain and trouble and death to her]: (TA:) meaning, she heard the sound of the hunters, &c. (TA in art. غيب.) And you say, تَنَاوَلَهُ بِظَهْرِ الغَيْبِ بِمَا يَسُوؤُهُ He carped at him behind the back, or in absence, by saying what would grieve him. (TA in art. غيب.) And تَكَلَّمْتُ بِهِ عَنْ ظَهْرِ الغَيْبِ (A, O) or عن ظَهْرِ غَيْبٍ (TA) [app., (tropical:) I spoke it by memory; in the absence of a book or the like; as one says in modern Arabic, عَلَى الغَائِب. See also غَيْبٌ.] And قَرَأَهُ عَنْ ظَهْرِ القَلْبِ (tropical:) He recited it by heart, or memory; without book: (L, K: [in the latter, مِنْ is put in the place of عَنْ; but the right reading is that in the L: and in the CK is an omission here, to be supplied by the insertion of وَقَرَأَهُ:]) and ↓ قرأه ظَاهِرًا and قرأه عَلَى

ظَهْرِ لِسَانِهِ [signify the same]. (K.) And حَمَلَ القُرْآنَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ لِسَانِهِ like حَفِظَهُ عَلَى ظَهْرِ قَلْبِهِ (tropical:) [He knew the Kur-án by heart]. (A, * O, TA.) b26: One says also, فُلَانٌ يَأْكُلُ عَلَى ظَهْرِ يَدِ فُلَانٍ (tropical:) Such a one eats at the expense of such a one. (A, O, K. *) And in like manner, الفُقَرَآءُ يَأْكُلُونَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ أَيْدِى النَّاسِ (tropical:) The poor eat at the expense of the people. (A, TA.) And أَعْطَاهُ عَنْ ظَهْرِ يَدٍ (tropical:) He gave him originally; without compensation. (O, * K; but in some copies of the K we find مِنْ in the place of عَنْ.) It is said [in a trad.], أَفْضَلُ الصَّدَقَةِ مَا كَانَ عَنْ ظَهْرِ غِنًى (tropical:) The most excellent of alms is that which is [derived] from competence; ظهر: (Msb:) or simply عَنْ غِنًى, the word ظهر being here redundant: (Mgh:) or from manifest competence upon which one relies, and in which he seeks aid against calamities, or afflictions: or from what remains after fight: (Msb:) or from superfluous property. (TA.) A2: See also ظَهِيرٌ

A3: قِدْرُ ظَهْرٍ means (assumed tropical:) An old cooking-pot: (O, K: *) pl. قُدُورُ ظُهُورٍ: (O:) as though, because of its oldness, it were thrown behind the back. (TA.) ظُهْرٌ Midday, or noon: (IAth, TA:) or the time when the sun declines from the meridian: (Msb, * K, * O, * TA:) or [the time immediately] after the declining of the sun: (S, Mgh:) masc. and fem.; unless when the word صَلَاة is prefixed to it, in which case it is fem. only: (Msb:) [pl. أَظْهَارٌ. See also ظَهِيرَةٌ.] صَلَاةُ الظُّهْرِ means The prayer [i. e. the divinely-ordained prayer] of midday, or noon: (IAth, TA:) or of the time after the declining of the sun. (S, O.) In the phrases أَبْرِدُوا بِالظُّهْرِ [Defer ye the prayer of midday until the cooler time of day] and صَلَّى الظُّهْرَ [He performed the prayer of midday], the prefixed noun (صَلَاة) is suppressed. (Mgh.) A2: سَالَ وَادِيهِمْ ظُهْرًا: see ظَهْرٌ, last quarter.

ظَهِرٌ, (S,) or ↓ ظَهِيرٌ, (K,) [the former agreeable with analogy, being derived from ظَهِرَ,] A man (S,) having a complaint of the back: (S, K:) or having a pain in the back: as also ↓ مَظْهُورٌ. (O, TA.) ظُهْرَةٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, in three places.

A2: Also The tortoise. (O, K.) ظِهْرَةٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, in six places.

ظَهَرَةٌ The goods, or furniture and utensils, of a house or tent; (IAar, S, O, K, TA;) as also أَهَرَةٌ: (IAar, TA:) or the former signifies the exterior of a house, or tent; and the latter, the “ interior thereof. ” (Th, TA.) b2: And Abundance of مَال [i. e. property, or cattle]. (TA.) A2: See also ظَهِيرٌ.

ظِهْرِىٌّ A camel prepared for future need; (T, S, O, K;) taken, by way of precaution, to bear the burden of any camel that may happen to fail in a journey: sometimes two or more unladen camels are taken for this purpose: some say that such a camel is thus called because its owner puts it behind his back, not riding it nor putting any burden upon it: (T, TA:) the word appears to be an irreg. rel. n. from ظَهْرٌ: (ISd, TA:) pl. ظَهَارِىٌّ, imperfectly decl., because the rel. ى

retains its place in the sing. [inseparably; there being no such word as ظِهْر: but if it be a rel. n., this pl. is irreg., like مَهَارِىٌّ]. (S, O, K.) b2: See ظَهْرٌ, first quarter, in five places, for examples of ظِهْرِىٌّ and ظِهْرِيَّةٌ used tropically.

ظُهْرَان [app. ظُهْرَانٌ (which is also a pl. of ظَهْرٌ used in several senses), or, perhaps ظُهْرَانِ, as having a dual meaning,] The upper, thick, pair of wings of the locust. (AHn, TA.) b2: [See also ظَهْرٌ.]

بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِمْ, and ظَهْرَانَيْهِ, and الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ, &c.: see ظَهْرٌ, former half, in five places.

ظَهَارٌ The exterior (K, TA) and elevated (TA) part of a [stony tract such as is called] حَرَّة. (K, TA.) ظُهَارٌ Pain in the back. (Az, O, TA.) A2: See also ظَهْرٌ, third quarter, in two places.

ظَهِيرٌ: see ظَاهِرٌ.

A2: Also An aider, or assistant; (S, A, O, Msb, K;) and so ↓ ظِهْرَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ ظُهْرَةٌ: (K:) [in one place, in the K, ظِهْرَةٌ is expl. by عَوْن; but by this is meant, as will be seen below, the same as is meant by مُعِين, by which all the three words are expl. in another place in the K, as well as in the S &c.:] and aiders, or assistants; (S, Msb;) as also ↓ ظِهْرَةٌ and ↓ ظُهْرَةٌ and ↓ ظَهْرٌ: (TA:) the pl. of ظَهِيرٌ is ظُهَرَآءُ. (O.) It is said in the Kur [xxv. 57], وَكَانَ الكَافِرُ عَلَى رَبِّهِ ظَهِيرًا And the unbeliever is an aider of the enemies of God [against his Lord]. (Ibn-'Arafeh.) You say also, فُلَانٌ عَلَى فُلَانٍ ↓ ظِهْرَتِى Such a one is my aider (عَوْن) against such a one: and عَلَى هٰذَا ↓ أَنَا ظِهْرَتُكَ الأَمْرِ I am thine aider against this thing, or affair. (S, O.) And it is also said in the Kur [lxvi. 4], وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ بَعْدَ ذٰلِكَ ظَهِيرٌ [And the angels after that will be his aiders]: and instance of ظهير in a pl. sense: (S, O, Msb:) for words of the measures فَعُولٌ and فَعِيلٌ are sometimes masc. and fem. [and sing.] and pl. (S.) You also say, ↓ جَآءَ فُلَانٌ فِى ظِهْرَتِهِ, (S, A, K,) and ↓ ظُهْرَتِهِ, (A, K,) and ↓ ظَهَرَتِهِ, and ↓ ظَاهِرَتِهِ, (K,) Such a one came among his people, (S,) or kinsfolk, (K,) and those who performed his affairs for him, (S, A,) i. e., his aiders, or assistants. (A.) And وَاحِدَةٍ ↓ هُمْ فِى ظِهْرَةٍ They aid one another against the enemies. (TA.) b2: Also Strong in the back; (K;) sound therein: (Lth:) and so ↓ مُظَهَّرٌ: (S, O, K:) applied to a man: (S:) or hard and strong; whether in the back or any other part is not said: (TA:) in this sense, (TA,) or as signifying strong, (S, O,) applied to a camel: fem. with ة. (S, O, TA.) b3: Also A camel whose back is not used, on account of galls, or sores, upon it: or unsound in the back by reason of galls, or sores, or from some other cause. (Th.) Thus it has two contr. significations. (TA.) A3: See also ظَهِرٌ.

ظِهَارَةٌ [The facing, or outer covering, or] what is uppermost, (TA,) what is apparent (Msb, TA) to the eye, (Msb,) not next the body, of a garment; (TA;) and in like manner, what is uppermost and apparent, not next the ground, of a carpet; (TA;) as also ↓ ظَاهِرَةٌ: (JK:) contr. of بِطَانَةٌ: (S, O, Msb, K:) pl. ظَهَائِرُ. (TA.) ظَهِيرَةٌ The point of midday: (M, A, K:) or only in summer: (M, K:) or i. q. هَاجِرَةٌ [i. e. midday in summer or when the heat is vehement: or the period from a little before, to a little after, midday in summer: or midday, when the sun declines from the meridian, at the ظُهْر: or from its declining until the عَصْر]: (S, O, TA:) or the هَاجِرَة, which is when the sun declines from the meridian: (Msb:) or the vehement heat of midday: (IAth, TA:) or i. q. ظُهْرٌ [q. v.]: (Az, TA:) pl. ظَهَائِرُ. (TA.) You say, أَتْيْتُهُ حَدَّ الظَّهِيرَةِ [I came to him at the point of midday in summer; &c.]: and حِينَ قَامَ قَائِمُ الظَّهِيرَةِ [when the sun had become high, and the shade had almost disappeared: so expl. in art. قوم]. (S, O.) and أَبْرِدْ عَنْكَ مِنَ الظَّهِيرَةِ Stay thou until the middayheat shall have become assuaged, and the air be cool. (L in art. فيح.) And hence, in a trad. of 'Omar, when a man came to him complaining of gout in the feet, he said, كَذَبَتْكَ الظَّهَائِرُ, meaning Take thou to walking during the heat of the middays in summer. (TA.) ظُهَارِيَّةٌ One of the modes of seizing [and throwing down] in wrestling: or i. q. شَغْزَبِيَّةٌ: (K:) the twisting one's leg with the leg of another in the manner that is termed شَغْزَبِيَّة, and so throwing him down: one says, أَخَذَهُ الظُّهَارِيَّةَ and الشَّغْزَبِيَّةَ [He seized him and threw him down by the trick above described]: both signify the same: (ISh, O:) or ظُهَارِيَّةٌ signifies the throwing one down upon the back. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b2: And (hence, as being likened thereto, TA) (tropical:) A certain mode, or manner, of compressing, or coïtus. (O, K, TA.) b3: And أَوْثَقَهُ الظُّهَارِيَّةَ He bound his hands behind his back. (Ibn-Buzurj, O, K, TA.) ظَاهِرٌ [Outward, exterior, external, extrinsic, or exoteric: and hence, appearing, apparent, overt, open, perceptible or perceived, manifest, conspicuous, ostensible, plain, or evident: in all these senses] contr. of بَاطِنٌ: (S, K, TA:) and so ↓ ظَهِيرٌ. (TA.) [Hence, ظَاهِرًا Outwardly, &c.: and apparently; &c.: and فِى الظَّاهِرِ in appearance. And الظَّاهِرُ أَنَّهُ كَذَا It appears, or it seems, or what seems to be the case is, that it is so, or thus. And ظَاهِرُ كَذَا for ظَاهِرٌ فِيهِ كَذَا, meaning A person, or thing, in whom, or in which, such a quality is apparent, or manifest, &c.: see an ex. in a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. طعن.] See also مُظْهَرٌ. b2: [Hence also,] عَيْنٌ ظَاهِرَةٌ A prominent eye; (S, O, K, TA;) that fills its cavity. (TA.) b3: And هٰذَا

أَمْرٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ عَارُهُ (tropical:) This is a thing, or an affair, of which the disgrace is remote from thee: (S, TA:) or does not cleave to thee. (TA.) and هٰذَا عَيْبٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ (tropical:) This is a vice, or fault, that does not cleave to thee. (A.) A poet says, (namely, Kutheiyir, accord. to a copy of the S, or Aboo-Dhu-eyb, TA,) وَعَيَّرَهَا الوَاشُونَ أَنِّى أُحِبُّهَا وَتِلْكَ شَكَاةٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَنْكَ عَارُهَا (tropical:) [And the slanderers taunted her with the fact of my loving her; but that is a fault of which the disgrace is remote from thee]. (S, TA.) b4: [الظَّاهِرُ also signifies The outside, or exterior, of a thing. You say, نَزَلَ ظَاهِرَ المَدِينَةِ He alighted, or took up his abode, outside the city: comp. ظَاهِرَةٌ. Hence,] ظَاهِرُ الكَفِّ and ظَاهِرُ القَدَمِ; and another signification of ظَاهِرٌ: for all of which see ظَهْرٌ, third quarter. b5: [Also The external, outward, or extrinsic, state, condition, or circumstances, of a man: and the outward, or apparent, character, or disposition of the mind: opposed to البَاطِنُ.] b6: One says also, فُلَانٌ ظَاهِرٌ عَلَى فُلَانٍ Such a one has the ascendancy, or mastery, over such a one; is conqueror of him, or victorious over him. (TA.) And هٰذَا أَمْرٌ ظَاهِرٌ بِكَ This is a thing, or an affair, that overcomes, or overpowers, thee. (TA.) And هٰذَا أَمْرٌ

أَنْتَ بِهِ ظَاهِرٌ This is an affair which thou hast power to do. (TA.) [And هُوَ ظَاهِرٌ عَلَى كَذَا He is a conqueror, a winner, an achiever, or an attainer, of such a thing: see an ex. voce غَرَبٌ, near the end.] And الظَّاهِرُ is one of the names of God, meaning The Ascendant, or Predominant, over all things: or, as some say, He who is known -by inference of the mind from what appears to mankind of the effects of his actions and his attributes. (IAth, TA.) b7: حَاجَتُهُ عِنْدَكَ ظَاهِرَةٌ means (tropical:) His want is in thine estimation [an object of contempt, or neglect, as though] cast behind the back. (O, * TA.) b8: قَرَأَهُ ظَاهِرًا: see ظَهْرٌ, towards the end of the paragraph.

A2: شَآءٌ ظَوَاهِرُ Sheep, or goats, that come to the water every day at noon. (TA.) ظَاهِرَةٌ as a subst.; and its pl. ظَوَاهِرُ: see ظَهْرٌ, in four places, in the third quarter of the paragraph. [Hence,] قُرَيْشُ الظَّوَاهِرِ Those, of Kureysh, that dwell in the exterior of Mekkeh, (O,) upon the mountains thereof, (K, * TA,) or upon the higher parts of Mekkeh: (TA:) those who dwell in the lower parts are called قُرَيْشُ البِطَاحِ; (O, * TA;) and these are the more honourable, (O, TA, *) because they are neighbours of the House of God. (O.) b2: See also ظِهَارَةٌ.

A2: And see ظَهِيرٌ.

A3: Also The coming of camels, (S, O, K, TA,) and of sheep or goats, (TA,) to the water every day, at noon. (S, O, K, TA.) One says, of camels, [and of sheep or goats,] تَرِدُ الظَّاهِرَةَ [They come to the water every day, at noon]: and Sh says that they return from the water at the عَصْر. (TA.) And شَرِبَ الفَرَسُ ظَاهِرَةً The horse drank every day, at noon. (TA.) ظَاهِرَةُ الغِبِّ [The coming to the water at noon on alternate days] is for sheep or goats; scarcely ever, or never, for camels; and is a little shorter [in the interval] than what is called [simply] الغِبُّ. (O, TA.) مَظْهَرٌ i. q. مَصْعَدٌ [i. e. A place of ascent, or a place to which one ascends]; (O, K; in some copies of the latter of which, both words are erroneously written with damm to the م; TA;) and دَرَجَةٌ [as meaning a degree, grade, rank, condition, or station, or an exalted, or a high, grade, &c.]: (O:) used by En-Nábighah ElJaadee as meaning Paradise. (O, TA.) مُظْهَرٌ Made apparent, &c. b2: And hence, as also ↓ ظَاهِرٌ, but the former more commonly, applied to a noun, Explicit; and, elliptically, an explicit noun; opposed to مُضْمَرٌ and ضَمِيرٌ (a concealed noun, i. e. a pronoun); and to مُبْهَمٌ (a noun of vague signification).]

مُظْهِرٌ Possessing camels for riding or for carrying goods: pl. مُظْهِرُونَ. (S, * K, * TA.) A2: and A camel made to sweat by the ظَهِيرَة [or vehement heat of midday in summer]. (Sgh, K, TA.) and accord. to As, one says, ↓ أَتَانَا فُلَانٌ مُظَهِّرًا, meaning Such a one came to us in the time of the ظَهِيرَة [or midday in summer, &c.]: but accord. to A 'Obeyd, others say مُظْهِرًا, without teshdeed; and this is the proper form: (S) or both mean, in the time of the ظُهْر. (O.) مُظَهَّرٌ: see ظَهِيرٌ, near the end of the paragraph.

مُظَهِّرٌ: see مُظْهِرٌ.

مُظْهُورٌ pass. part. n. of ظَهَرَ [q. v.]. b2: See also ظَهِرٌ. Quasi ظور 3 ظَاوِرْ, occurring in a trad. for ظَائِرْ: see 3 in art. ظأر.

ظهر
الظَّهْرُ: خِلافُ البَطْنِ، ورَجُلٌ مُظَهَّرٌ: شَديدُ الظَّهْرِ. وشَيْخٌ ظَهِيْرٌ: يَشْتكي ظَهْرَه. والظَّهْرُ من الأرْضِ: ما غَلُظَ وارْتَفَعَ، والظّاهِرَهُ مِثْلُه، والرِّكَابُ التي تَحْمِل الأثْقالَ. وفي بَني فلانٍ ظَهِيْرَةٌ وظَهْرٌ: أي إبِلٌ جِيَادُ الظُّهُور. والبَعِيرُ الظِّهْرِيُّ: العُدَّةُ، للحاجَةِ إليه، ويُجْمَعُ ظَهَارِيَّ وظِهَارى. وطَرِيقُ الظَّهْرِ: طَرِيقُ البَرِّ. وقَلَبْتُ الأمْرَ ظَهْراً لبَطْنٍ: أي دَبَّرْتَه.
والظُّهْرُ: ساعَةُ الزَّوال، والظَّهِيْرَةُ: حَدُّ انْتِصافِ النَّهار. وبَعِيرٌ مُظْهِرٌ: هَجَمَتْه الظَّهِيْرةُ، وظَهَّرْتُ تَظْهِيْراً وأظْهَرْتُ: من الظَّهِيْرَة.
والظَّهِيْرُ: البَعِيرُ القَوِيُّ الظَّهْرِ الصَّحِيْحُه، والفِعْلُ: ظَهَرَ ظَهَارَةً، ويَظْهَرُه: أي يَتْبَعُه. والظَّهِيْرُ: العَوْنُ يُظَاهِرُكَ، وهما يَتَظَاهَرانِ، والظَّهْرَةُ: ظَهْرُ الرَّجُلِ وأنصارُه، وليستْ له ظَهَرَةٌ: أي مَنَعَةٌ، وفلانٌ ظِهْرِيُّ فلانٍ: أي مُعِيْنُه. والظُّهُوْرُ: بُدُوُّ الشَّيْءِ الخَفيِّ إذا ظَهَرَ. والظُّهُوْرُ: الظَّفَرُ بالشَّيْءِ والإطِّلاعُ عليه. وظَهْرُ الغَيْبِ: ما غابَ عنكَ. والاسْتِظْهارُ: أنْ تَقْرَأ الشَّيْءَ ظاهِراً. وظَهَرْتُ على القُرآن وأظْهَرْتُه: بمعنىً.
والظاهِرَةُ: العَيْنُ الجاحِظَةُ وهي خِلافُ الغائرة. والظاهِرَةُ: الظِّهَارُ من الفُرشِ والأقْبِيَةِ، له ظاهِرَةٌ وباطنَةٌ، وظِهَاةٌ وبِطَانَةٌ. وظَهَّرْتُه تَظْهِيراً: جَعَلْتَ له ظِهَارَةً. والمُظاهَرَةُ والظِّهَارُ: أنْ يقولَ الرَّجُلُ لامْرَأتِه: أنتِ عَلَيَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّي، وتَظَهَّرَ فلانٌ من امرأتِه.
والظُّهَارُ من الرِّيشِ: الذي يَظْهَرُ من رِيْشِ الطائر، والجميع الظُّهْرَانُ. والظُّهَارُ: الجَمَاعَةُ، الواحِدُ ظَهْرٌ. والظِّهْرِيُّ: الشَّيْءُ تَنْسَاه وتَغْفُل عنه وفي القُرآن: " واتَّخَذْتُموه وراءكُم ظِهْرِيّاً ".
وأظْهَرْتُ الشَّيْءَ: جَعَلْتُه وَرَاءَ ظَهْري، وظَهَرْتُ به وأظْهَرْتُ به: بمعنىً. وإذا نَسَبْتَ رَجُلاً إلى ظَهْر الكُوفة قُلْتَ: ظَهْرِيٌّ. وهو بَيْنَ ظَهْرَانَيْهِم وظَهْرَيْهِم. وأتانا بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ: أي مُنْذُ شَهْرٍ أو نحوِه، ولَقِيْتُه بَيْنَ الظَّهْرَانَيْنِ: أي في اليَوْمَيْنِ، وأتانا ظاهِراً: أي كلَّ يومٍ. وشَرَبَ الفَرَسُ ظاهِرَةً: أي كلَّ يومٍ نِصْفَ النَّهار، وكذلك الإبلُ. ويقولون: لأَضرِبَنَّكَ غِبَّ الحِمارِ وظاهِرَةَ الفَرَس. ويُقال لِمَتَاع البَيْتِ: ظَهَرَةٌ وأهَرَةٌ. وقيل: هي مُؤخَّرُ البَيْتِ الذي يكون عليه الأنْضَادُ، وكذلك هَيْئةُ الرَّجُل، وخِيَارُ الشَّيْءِ وكَثْرَتُه، وكذلك: الظَّهَرُ من الناس خِيَارُهم.
وقِدْرٌ ظَهْرٌ وقُدُْورٌ ظُهُوْرٌ: أي قَدِيْمَةٌ. وهو ابنُ عمِّه ظَهْراً: أي دِنْياً. وأصَبْتُ من فلانٍ مَطَرَ ظَهْرٍ: أي خَيْراً كثيراً. وسالَ الوادي ظَهْراً: أي من قُرْبٍ. ولِصٌّ عادِيْ ظَهْرٍ: أي عَدا في ظَهْرٍ فَسَرَقَه. وأقْرَانُ الظَّهْرِ: الذين يَجِيْئونَ من ورائكَ ويُعِيْنُونَكَ، وأقْرانُ الظُّهُورِ أيضاً.
والظُّهَارِيَّةُ من أُخَذِ الصِّرَاع: أنْ تَصْرَعَه على الظَّهْرِ. وهو ضَرْبٌ من البُضْع أيضاً. والظُّهْرَةُ: السُّلَحْفَاةُ. ويقولون: ظَهَرَ عنه العارُ: أي زالَ وذَهَبَ، وعلى ذا فُسِّرَ:
وتِلْكَ شَكاةٌ ظاهِرٌ عنكَ عارُها
ويقولون: ذلك على ظَهْرِ العُسِّ: أي أنَّه ظاهرٌ واضح، كقولهم: على رأْسِ الثُّمَام.

ظهر: ظَهَر. بما يَظْهَر لهم: بما يبدو لهم (أماري ديب ص3) وقد أخطأ الناشر فظن أن الفعل يُظْهر مضارع أظهر.
ظهر إلى فلان: أظهر نفسه أرى نفسه: يقال مثلاً: ظهر إلى الناس أي برز إلى الناس (مملوك 1، 1:10): ظهر على. يقال: ظهر العدو على إذا بدا أمام سور المدينة (عبد الواحد ص99).
ظهر: اشتهر وعُرف ففي النويري (الأندلس ص451) في كلامه عن الحكم الأول: فاستعان بعمروس بن يوسف المعروف بالموَّلد وكان قد ظهر في هذا الوقت بالثغر الأعلى واظهر طاعة الحكم ودعا إليه. وفي الحلل السندسية (ص6 و) قوي أمر جدالة وزاد ظهورهم.
ظهر: بمعنى خَرَج وهذا الفعل قد استعمله غَريب بهذا المعنى فيما يقول العبدري (ص37 ق) وقد لاحظ هذا الرحالة أن بدو برقة لا يزالون يستعملونه بهذا المعنى.
ظهر: علا علي وظهر على (لين) اقل استعمالاً من ظهر فقط الذي نجده في المقري (1: 135).
ظهر على: اطلع على، أحاط به علماً (لين 1926).
وفي رياض النفوس (ص64 و) وقيل انه لم يبق عند سحنون كتاب إلا وقد ظهر عليه يونس.
ظهر له: عاونه وظهر عليه: غلبهُ (بوشر).
ظهَّر (بالتشديد): أظهر، أبدى، ابان، كشف (هلو) ظَهَّر فلان السفنجة كتب على ظهرها ما يعلن وصول قيمتها، وهو من اصطلاح التجار (محيط المحيط).
ظاهَر: ظاهر فلاناً: تراءى له، اظهر نفسه له (عباد 1: 57، 131 رقم 344) ظاهرَ: تذرّع ب تعلل ب، اتخذه حجة وذريعة وعذراً (عباد 2: 104) والصواب فيه يُظاهر كما قلت في (3: 206) منه.
ظاهَر: يعني في الحقيقية استظهر (انظر لين في مادة استظهر) أي استعان به وطلب مساعدته ففي كتاب ابن القوطية (ص38 و) ولما لم يجرأ على الظهور أمام والده أتى عمَّه مظاهراً وفيه (ص39 و) أتيت عَمّي مظاهراً.
ظاهر: لبس ثوباً فوق أخر ففي حيان- بسام (3: 4و) كان يُظاهر الوشي على الخز.
أظهْر: اصدر قانوناً (الكالا) وأصدر كتاباً (بوشر، همبرت ص96).
أظهر دعوة فلان: اعترف بسلطته وسيادته.
ففي رحلة ابن بطوطة (1: 363): وكان الحاج سعيد قد سمع من ملك الهند أنه يريد إظهار الدعوة العباسية ببلده، وفي مخطوطة جاينجوس الدولة.
أظهْر: عرض شيئاً، أبدى شيئاً (عباد 1: 424) أظهر على أحد: عرض عليه شيئاً وأبداه له.
(عباد 1: 237 رقم 65 المقري 2: 69).
أظهر برهن على، أقام الدليل، أثبت (ألكالا، هلو).
أظهر فلاناً: جعله ذائع الصيت مشهوراً ففي الحلل السندسية (ص6 ق) أراد أن يظهرهم ويملكهم بلاد المغرب.
أظهْر: أبدى، أرى، (معجم جوليوس، معجم لين، فوك، كليلة ودمنة ص242، 281).
أظْهر: هذا الفعل عند الصرفيين والقراء ضد ادغم. ومعنى ادغم ادخل حرفاً في حرف يقال مثلا: اِدَّغم بدل اِدْتَغَم. والفعل أظهر معناه لم يدخل حرفاً حرف كأن يقول اِدْتَّغم بدل اِدَّغم (محيط المحيط، البيضاوي 2: 47، المقري 1: 489) وانظره في تضعيف.
تَظَهرَ: ظهر، بدا، انكشف (فوك).
تظاهَر: عرض، بين، وظهر أمام الجمهور، وانفق بسخاء للمباهاة (بوشر). ونجد كلمة تظاهر بمعنى تفاخر وتباه في عبارة العبدري التي ذكرتها رسالتي إلى السيد فليشر (ص80).
تظاهر ب: عمل شيئاً علانية وجهاراً. ففي كتاب الخطيب (ص36 و) وكان غير متظاهر بقول الشعر إلا أن أصحابه يسمعون منه ويروون عنه.
تظاهر ب: تكلّف، تخّلق ب (تاريخ البربر 1: 53) تظاهر بفلان: تحالف معه، واستعان به.
(انظر في مادة تضافر).
تظاهر لفلان ب: تعاون، تآزر، استعان ففي المقري (1: 848): على الرجل العاقل أن يتظاهر لِكُل بما يرفقه.
استظهر: احتاط (لين) ويقال: استظهر ب (أبحاث 2 ملحق ص47) وفيها: وتحت درع يوسف درعُ حصينة كان قد استظهر بلباسها خلل ثيابه. واستظهر على: احتاط ضد واحتاط لِ. ففي رحلة ابن جبير (ص188) كُلّ ذلك من قوة الاستعداد وشدَّة الاستظهار على الأسفار (ابن جبير ص208) وانظر ابن حيان (ص55 و) ففيه: فخافوه على أنفسهم- فاستظهروا على إتيانه بان لبسوا دروعهم وكفروا عليها.
وفي عبارة الفخري (ص375) قبض على الخليفة ونُقل إلى دار في دار الخلافة فأقام بها تحت الاستظهار على حالة الإكرام والمراعاة إلى أن مات تحت الاستظهار في سنة 617.
والمصدر استظهار يعني فيما يظهر اتخاذ احتياطات لكيلا يهرب السجين. ومن هذا كان معناه حراسة. استظهر: أيدّ رأياً (الملابس ص6 رقم 3) ترافع أمام القاضي ودافع عن الخصم علناً.
ففي المقري (1: 594): فوكل ابا طالب في التكلم عنه والاستظهار بين يديه (أي أمام الحبر الأعظم البابا).
استظهر: ظاهر بين ثوبين أي لبس أحدهما فوق الآخر. ففي المقري (2: 88) رأى ان يلبسوا الخ- ويستظهروا من تحتها إذا احتاجوا صنوف الفراء.
استظهر: درس علماً، أكب على الدرس.
ففي تاريخ البربر (1: 528): استظهر عِلْم الطبّ وهو الفعل الذي يدل على حفظ.
استظهر فلاناً ل: رجا حضوره المجلس ففي كتاب الخطيب (ص100 ق): ولحين وصوله عقد مجلسَ مذاكرة استظهر له نُبهاء الطَلَبة.
استظهر: وجدت في تعليقه لهماكر (الواقدي ص85) أن جيكيجز يقول أن هذا الفعل معناه تبختر، وهذا صحيح فكلمة استظهار موجودة في المقري (2: 335) بمعنى: تباهى، تفاخر، فخفخة، خيلاء، زهو، وقد أشرت في مادة تظاهر أن كلمة تظاهُر تدل على نفس هذا المعنى.
استظهر ب: استعد للمقاومة ب (عبد الواحد ص66، ابن بطوطة 1: 260، 177) (وقد أسيئت ترجمتها) 3: 112، 430، أماري ديب ص22، 100، 125) وفي حيان (ص53 و): فغضبت العرب- واستظهرته بالبعد عن الحاضرة فخرج بنو حجاج عنها إلى باديتهم بالسند الخ.
ورد هذا الفعل بهذا المعنى أيضاً في أول عبارة نقلتها في (عباد 1: 233 رقم 47) وقد أسأت تصحيحها لأن، على ذلك فيها، تعني (في نفس الوقت)، وصواب العبارة: استظهر بجّر الأذيال.
استظهر على فلان: غلبه وتفوق عليه. (بوشر، فريتاج) ولم يذكرها لين. وفي محيط المحيط: علا وغلبه (عبد الواحد ص7) وفي النويري (الأندلس ص458) فقاتلوه فلم تستظهر إحدى الطائفتين على الأخرى.
استظهر على فلاناً: عامله بعجرفة وتكبر. ففي تاريخ البربر (2: 437): وكان صاحب ديوان العطاء يحيى الفرقاجي وكان مستظهراً على العُمَّال.
استظهر على: استولى على (عباد 1: 223 رقم 47) وانظر: استظهر ب لمعرفة معنى الفقرة الأولى التي نقلتها منه. وفي حيان- بسام (1: 10و): ورَجَوْا استظهاره على الأمر.
استظهر على: استطاع عمل شيء ففي حيان- بسام (1: 46و): وحكم هذا السلطان وتصريفه للأمور قد أفاد رعيته واستظهروا به على العمارة. وهذا المعنى يوافق كل الموافقة عبارة الواقدي (ص39) التي أربكت هماكر وهي: أني قد استظهرت على مخاطبة ملوك الروم.
استظهر على: استعد له كل الاستعداد (فريتاج) وعبارة الطرائف لسلفستر دي ستسي التي ينقلها من الطبعة الأولى موجودة في (1: 154) من الطبعة الثانية.
ظَهْر وتجمع على أظْهِرَة (قصة عنتر ص45) الظَهر في الظهر: ظهراً لظهر (بوشر).
ويقول عبد الواحد (ص244) إشارة إلى مهمة الصلب في نتاج النسل: انتشر من ظهر عمر هذا بشر كثير وكان له عدة من الولد.
ظَهْرَك! حَذَارِ! (كويان ص176، ما نتجازا ص89، بوشر، زيشر 11: 480).
شَدَّ ظَهْره: ساعده وآزره بكل قوته واعتنق حزبه، ويقال: ظهره مشدود، ومشدود الظهر، وله الظهر أي له من يستده ويؤيده (بوشر).
اشدٌّ ظهري: أرى أني قويّ. اشتد ظهري: أشعر بأني قوي (معجم الطرائف).
قطع ظهرَه: ملأه غماً وأحزنه وأشجاه ويقال أيضاً: علاه ظهراً، كما يقال: قُطع ظهره بالبناء للمجهول، أو انقطع ظهره (معجم الطرائف). أو تقطع ظهره (قصة عنتر ص48).
ظهره مقطوع أو مقطوع الظهر: مهمل، ليس له سند، ليس له من يؤيده (بوشر).
كسر الظهر: أضنى، أتعب (بوشر).
ظَهْر: مسند، جزء من الكرسي أو المقعد وغيرهما يسند إليه الظهر (بوشر).
ظَهْر: سطح سفينة (ابن بطوطة 4: 93).
ظهر الأرض: ظاهر الأرض سطح الأرض ويقال اختصاراً: على ظهرها أي على سطح الأرض.
وهذا موجود في القرآن الكريم ويقال كثيراً: على الظهر أي على الأرض بدل على ظهر الأرض.
على ظهر البحر: يقال أيضاً بمعنى على سطح البحر. وقد يقال بمعنى على شاطئ البحر ايضاً، وعلى ضفة البحر (معجم الطرائف) وانظر (معجم مسلم).
ظَهْر (الاصطخري ص9) والى ظهر وبظهر (الأغاني ص32، ابن جبير ص212، المقري 1: 486).
وعلى ظهر، وفي ظهر (ابن جبير ص13 ف، كرتاس ص131) كل هذا يعني: خلف، وراء (معجم الطرائف) وفي حيان - بسام (1: 47ق): خرج من باب بظهر القصر أي خلف القصر.
ظَهْر: مساعدة، عون، حماية (بوشر) ظَهْر: حامٍ، ظهير، مدافع (بوشر).
ظَهْر: جنود احتياط، رديف، وسفينة في المؤخرة (بوشر).
ظَهْر: قمَّة، ذروة، قنّة (همبرت ص 169).
على ظَهْر (الشيء) فوقه (الادريسي ص182، 187 وهذا هو الصواب في المخطوطات الأخرى. (كرتاس ص34).
حفظ على ظَهْر، وقرأ على ظَهْر. أي حفظ الشيء وقرأ من حفظه وفي فوك: حفظ ظَهَرْ، وقرأ ظَهَر.
ظَهْر: ورقة الغلاف (ابن خلكان 11: 123).
وقد تحرفت هذه العبارة في طبعة وستنفيلد وفي طبعة بولاق وفيها: ونقل من نسخة لكتاب إصلاح المنطق. والصواب: نُقل من ظَهْرَ نُسخة لكتاب إصلاح المنطق (من غير واو قيل نقل) والمعنى نقل ما تقدم من ورقة الغلاف لكتاب إصلاح المنطق.
ظُهَرَة: من يظهر سرّه ويبوح به ولا يكتمه (الكامل ص424) ظَهْريّ: نسبة إلى الظَهْر، صُلبي، فقاريّ (بوشر).
ظُهري: نسبة إلى الظُهر وهو نصف النهار وساعة زوال الشمس (فوك) والظهريات. جهاراً، في وضح النهار (بوشر).
ظَهْريَّة: مسند، قسم الكرسي وغيره من المقاعد الذي يسند إليه المظَهْر (بوشر).
ظُهْريَّة= ظهيرة أي وقت الظُهْر (باين سميث 1435).
ظَهرَوى: من الشمال (دوماس صحارى ص104، 240).
ظهور: فجر (فوك).
الظهور الإلهي: التجلي الالهي، الوحي الإلهي.
الكشف الإلهي (زيشر 3: 303).
عيد الظهور: عند النصارى عيد التجلي عيد الدنح أو الغطاس (همبرت ص153 محيط المحيط) ظَهير، وجمعها ظَهائر: شهادة، براءة مرسومة، وثيقة رسمية منح امتياز، منح هبة (عباد 2: 164 رقم 59 فوك) وفي كتاب ابن القوطية (ص6 و): وزعم عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله أن ولاية جَدَّهم عبد الرحمن الأندلسي كانت من قبل يزيد بن عبد الملك لا من قبل عامل أفريقية وبايديهم بذلك ظهير. وفي مخطوطة كوبنهاجن المجهولة الهوية (ص95): ولما دنا الرشيد إلى مدينة مراكش كتب لاهلها ظهيرا بتامين كافتهم- ووجه بهذا الظهير الفقيه القاضي الخ (ابن بطوطة 1: 35، 2: 34 كرتاس ص41، 45، تاريخ البربر 1: 252، دي ساسي ديب 9: 486 وصواب الكلمة فيه ظهير بدل طهير).
ظهير: مرسوم وثيقة رسمية كتبها يوسف الثاني امير الموحدين لرهبان دير بوبلات وقد نشرت في مذكرات تاريخ الأندلس (6: 115).
وتبدأ بما يلي: هذا ظهير كريم أمر به أمير المؤمنين- لرهبان بوبلات. وفي تاريخ تونس (ص101): ولما تقلد منصب الباشا صار يكتب في ظهائره إبراهيم الشريف باي داي باشا.
ظِهَارَة، وتجمع على ظَهائِر: جلباب أو قميص يلبس فوق الثياب من قماش أبيض (المعجم اللاتيني العربي) وفيه ( camisa ملحفة وقميص وظهاره) ورداء طويل أبيض (فوك، المقري1: 230،2: 88) ويذكر عريب (البيان 1: 157) انه رداء يرتدي شعاراً للحزن في عهد الامويين. وفي المقري (1: 251): عليهم الظهائر البيض شِعارُ الحزن.
ظُهَارة الدابة: ما يجعل على ظهرها وقاية لها، وهو من كلام المولدين (محيط المحيط).
ظاهر. هذا ليس على ظاهره: هذا ليس بالمحتمل هذا ليس قريباً من الحق (المقدمة ب: 13).
ظاهِر: عالٍ، مرتفع. يقال مثلاً بلد ظاهر (معجم البلاذري) ويظهر أن اسم المقري الظاهرة وهو اسم قرى نغزاوة في مقاطعة قسطلة يعني القرى المرتفعة (تاريخ البربر 1: 146، 2:639).
ظاهِرِ: رَبْوة، جبل (البكري ص109، 114، أماري ص118) وانظر تعليقات نقدية.
ظاهِر: فاخر، رائع، بديع، جميل، نفيس.
ويقال: لباس ظاهِر (دي ساسي طرائف 1: 2، المعجم اللاتيني العربي. وهذه الكلمة التي ذكرها فريتاج وقال إنها صفة تستعمل أيضاً اسماً للباس الرائع البديع الجميل).
ظاهر: سطح السفينة (فريتاج طرائف ص134).
ظاهر وجمعها ظَواهِر مرسوم، براءة، امتياز، شهادة وثيقة، رسمية، مثل ظهير (الكالا).
الظاهر في خراسان نقيب العلويين. وانظر في مادة طاهر بالطاء المهملة.
ظاهِر الباب: الباب الرئيسي للبناية (بوشر).
ظاهِرة: يتكهنون بالمستقبل حسب ظواهر مأثورة وتأويلات محتملة (المقدمة 2: 171).
ولا ادري ما تعنيه الكلمة الأولى. وقد ترجمها دي ساسي (طرائف 2: 299) إلى الفرنسية بما معناه: حوادث حقيقية نقلتها الروايات المأثورة. وترجمها دي سلان بما معناه: حادثة كبيرة احتفظ بذكرها.
ظاهِر: تستعمل بدل ظَهْر ففي أماري (ص400) وبقي الأسطول على ظاهر البحر لا يمكنه الدخول إلى البلاد بسبب الريح أو بدل. ظهر البحر والمترجم لكتاب الاصطخري بغير أحياناً كلمة ظهر الواردة في النص بكلمة ظاهر (معجم الطرائف).
ظاهري: سطحي (بوشر).
أَظْهَر: هذا اظهر من الشمس: هذا أوضح من النهار، هذا أمر جلي، هذا بين صريح (بوشر).
تظهير: براءة، مرسوم، شهادة، وثيقة رسمية، ظهير (شيرب، مارتن ص90).
مَظْهّر: مَسْرَح. مشهد، جزء من فصول مسرحية، ومجازاً موقع يجتذب الانظار، ومنطقة ومجازاً. مكان يستطيع المرء أن ينمي مواهبه وخصاله الحسنة فيه (بوشر).
مَظْهَر: شيء محسوس؛ مادة، جسم وموضوع أو مادة حيث يقع فعل أو عمل- وبسبب العواطف والأعمال يقال مثلاً: مظهر الألطاف الملوكية، أي موضعها (بوشر).
مظاهر: تجليّات خارجية (المقدمة 3: 68).
حيث يلاحظ السيد دي سلان أن بعض الصوفية يرون أن المظاهر هي كل ما يتكون منه العالم المحسوس.

الألفية في النحو
للشيخ، العلامة، جمال الدين، أبي عبد الله: محمد بن عبد الله الطائي، الجياني، المعروف: بابن مالك النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وسبعين وستمائة.
وهي: مقدمة مشهورة، في ديار العرب (كالحاجبية)، في غيرها
جمع فيها: مقاصد العربية.
وسماها: (الخلاصة).
وإنما اشتهر: (بالألفية) لأنها ألف بيت في الرجز.
أولها:
قال محمد هو ابن مالك * أحمد ربي الله خير مالك
وله عليها شرح.
ذكره: الذهبي.
وشروحها كثيرة، منها:
شرح: ولده، بدر الدين، أبي عبد الله: محمد.
المتوفى: سنة ست وثمانين وستمائة.
وهو شرح منقح.
اشتهر: (بشرح ابن المصنف).
خطَّأ والده في بعض المواضع، وأورد الشواهد من الآيات القرآنية.
أوله: (أما بعد، حمد الله سبحانه... الخ).
فرغ من تأليفه: في محرم، سنة ست وسبعين وستمائة.
وعلى هذا الشرح: حاشية.
للشيخ، عز الدين: محمد بن أبي بكر بن جماعة الكناني.
المتوفى: سنة تسع عشرة وثمانمائة.
وحاشية.
للقاضي: زكريا بن محمد الأنصاري.
المتوفى: سنة تسع عشرة وتسعمائة.
سماها: (بالدرر السنية).
أولها: (الحمد لله الذي منحنا علم اللسان... الخ).
علقها: سنة خمس وتسعين وثمانمائة.
وحاشية:
القاضي: تقي الدين بن عبد القادر التميمي.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وألف.
جمع فيه: أقوال الشراح، وحاكم فيما بينهم.
وتعليقة.
للشيخ، جلال الدين: عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطي.
المتوفى: سنة 911.
وصل فيها إلى أثناء الإضافة.
وسماها: (المشنف، على ابن المصنف).
وحاشية.
للشيخ، العلامة، شهاب الدين: أحمد بن قاسم العبادي.
جردها: الشيخ: محمد الشوبري.
في مجلد.
وحاشية:
العلامة، بدر الدين: محمود بن أحمد العيني.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وخمسين وثمانمائة.
ومن الشروح المشهورة:
شرح: الشيخ، شمس الدين: حسن بن القاسم المرادي، المعروف: بابن أم قاسم النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وأربعين وسبعمائة.
أوله: (الحمد لله والشكر له... الخ).
وشرح: الشيخ، أبي محمد: عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن، الشهير: بابن عقيل النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وستين وسبعمائة.
وعليه حاشية.
لجلال الدين السيوطي.
سماه: (السيف الصقيل، على شرح ابن عقيل).
وله: شرح مختصر، ممزوج.
مكث في تأليفه: سنتين.
وسماه: (النهجة المرضية).
أوله: (أحمدك اللهم على نعمك وآلائك... الخ).
وقد قرظ له: جماعة من الأدباء.
وله: (مختصر الألفية).
في ستمائة بيت، وثلاثين رقيقية.
وسماه: (الوفية).
وللشيخ: عبد الوهاب الشعراني.
المتوفى:...
(مختصر الألفية) أيضا.
ومنها:
شرح: الشيخ: محمد بن محمد بن جابر الأعمى، النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة ثمانين وسبعمائة.
وهو: شرح مفيد، نافع للمبتدي، لاعتنائه بإعراب الأبيات، وتفكيكها، وحل عبارته.
قال السيوطي: لكنه وقع فيه وهم، تتبعتها في تأليفي المسمى: (بتحرير شرح الأعمى والبصير).
وشرح: الشيخ، العلامة، أبي زيد: عبد الرحمن بن علي المكودي، الفاسي.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة ثمانمائة. (807).
كبيرا، وصغيرا.
وشرحه الصغير، وصل إلى الديار المصرية، وهو شرح لطيف، نافع، استوفى فيه الشرح والإعراب.
عليه: حاشية.
للشيخ: عبد القادر بن أبي القاسم العبادي.
وشرح: العلامة، تقي الدين: أحمد بن محمد الشمني.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وسبعين وثمانمائة.
وهو: شرح بديع، مهذب المقاصد.
سماه: (منهج المسالك، إلى ألفية ابن مالك).
أوله: (حمدا لله تعالى على ما منح من أسباب البيان... الخ).
وممن شرحها: الشيخ، شمس الدين: محمد بن محمد الجزري.
المتوفى: سنة إحدى عشرة وسبعمائة.
ومحمد بن أبي الفتح الحنبلي، النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وسبعمائة.
والعلامة، أثير الدين، أبو حيان: محمد بن يوسف الأندلسي، النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وأربعين وسبعمائة.
ولم يكمله.
وسماه: (منهج السالك، في الكلام على ألفية ابن مالك).
أوله: (حمد الله من أوجب ما افتتح به الإنسان... الخ).
ذكر أن غرضه، في مقاصد ثلاثة: تبيين ما أطلقه، وتنبيه على الخلاف الواقع في الأحكام، وحل ما أشكل.
وأبو أمامة: محمد بن علي بن النقاش الدكاكي.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وستين وسبعمائة.
والشيخ: محمد بن أحمد الأسنوي.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وستين وسبعمائة.
وزين الدين: عمر بن المظفر بن الوردي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وأربعين وسبعمائة.
وشمس الدين: محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن الصائغ الزمردي.
المتوفى: سنة سبع وسبعين وسبعمائة.
قيل: هو شرح حسن.
والقاضي، برهان الدين: إبراهيم بن عبد الله الحكري، (المصري).
المتوفى: سنة 780، ثمانين وسبعمائة.
وجمال الدين: عبد الرحيم بن الحسن الأسنوي.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وستين وسبعمائة.
قال السيوطي في (طبقات النحاة) : ولم يكمله.
وشمس الدين، أبو عبد الله: محمد بن أحمد ابن اللبان المصري.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وأربعين وسبعمائة.
وأبو زيد: عبد الرحمن بن علي الكوفي.
المتوفى: تقريبا سنة ثمانمائة.
وبهرام بن عبد الله المالكي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وثمانمائة. (805).
ومحمد بن محمد الأندلسي، الشهير: بالراعي، النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وخمسين وثمانمائة.
والقاضي، جمال الدين: يوسف بن الحسن الحموي.
المتوفى: سنة تسع وثمانمائة.
ونور الدين: علي بن محمد الأشموني.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة تسعمائة.
وبرهان الدين: إبراهيم بن موسى الأنباسي.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وعشرين وثمانمائة.
وبدر الدين: محمد بن محمد بن الرضي الغزي.
المتوفى: (في حدود) سنة ألف.
له ثلاث شروح: منثور، ومنظومان.
والعلامة، زين الدين: عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر، الشهير: بابن العيني، الحنفي.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وتسعين وثمانمائة.
شرحها مزجا.
وعماد الدين: محمد بن الحسين الأسنوي.
المتوفى: سنة سبع وسبعين وسبعمائة.
ولم يكمله.
والشيخ، برهان الدين: إبراهيم بن محمد بن قيم الجوزية.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وستين وسبعمائة.
وسماه: (إرشاد السالك).
وبرهان الدين: إبراهيم بن محمد القبقابي، الحلبي.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة خمس وثمانمائة.
وبرهان الدين: إبراهيم بن الفزاري.
المتوفى: سنة 729.
والقاضي: أحمد بن إسماعيل، الشهير: بابن الحسباني.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة خمس عشرة وثمانمائة.
وشمس الدين: محمد بن زين الدين.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وأربعين وثمانمائة.
شرحها نظما.
وجلال الدين: محمد بن أحمد ابن خطيب داريا.
المتوفى: سنة عشرة وثمانمائة.
مزج فيه المتن.
وسراج الدين: عمر بن علي، الشهير: بابن الملقن.
المتوفى: سنة أربع وثمانمائة.
وأبو عبد الله: محمد بن أحمد بن مرزوق التلمساني، الصغير.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وأربعين وثمانمائة. (781).
ومن شروح الألفية:
(بلغة ذي الخصامة، في حل الخلاصة).
لمحمد بن محمد الأسدي، القدسي.
المتوفى: سنة ثمان وثمانمائة.
(وفتح الرب المالك، لشرح ألفية ابن مالك).
لمحمد بن قاسم بن علي الغزي، الشافعي.
وهو: شرح وسط حجما.
أوله: (الحمد لله المانح من أراد لسانا عربيا... الخ).
(والشرح النبيل، الحاوي لكلام ابن المصنف، وابن عقيل).
لعماد الدين: محمد بن أحمد الأقفهسي.
أوله: (الحمد لله جامع أشتات العلوم... الخ).
ذكر فيه: أن ابن عقيل، يستشهد غالبا بأشعار العرب.
وابن المصنف: يستشهد بذلك، وبآيات القرآن.
فجمع بينهما، وأضاف فوائد من كلام: ابن هشام، والزمخشري.
وفي إعراب الألفية كتاب.
للشيخ، شهاب الدين: أحمد بن الحسين الرملي، الشافعي.
المتوفى: سنة أربع وأربعين وثمانمائة.
وللشيخ: خالد بن عبد الله الأزهري.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وتسعمائة.
مجلد أيضا.
سماه: (تمرين الطلاب، في صناعة الإعراب).
أوله: (الحمد لله الذي رفع قدر من أعرب بالشهادتين... الخ).
فرغ منه: في رمضان، سنة ست وثمانين وثمانمائة.
وفي شرح (شواهد شروح الألفية) كتابان: كبير، وصغير.
للشيخ، أبي محمد: محمود بن أحمد العيني.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وخمسين وثمانمائة.
سمي الكبير: (بالمقاصد النحوية، في شرح شواهد شروح الألفية).
وقد اشتهر: (بالشواهد الكبرى).
جمعها من: (شروح التوضيح).
وشرح: ابن المصنف.
وابن أم قاسم.
وابن هشام.
وابن عقيل.
ورمز إليها: بالظاء، والقاف، والهاء، والعين.
وعدد الأبيات المستشهدة: ألف ومائتان وأربعة وتسعون.
وفرغ من الشرح: في شوال، سنة ست وثمانمائة.
وممن نثر الألفية:
الشيخ، نور الدين: إبراهيم بن هبة الله الأسنوي.
المتوفى: سنة إحدى وعشرين وسبعمائة.
وله شرحها أيضا.
وبرهان الدين: إبراهيم بن موسى الكركي.
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وخمسين وثمانمائة.
وله شرحها أيضا.
والعلامة، جمال الدين: عبد الله بن يوسف، المعروف: بابن هشام، النحوي.
المتوفى: سنة اثنتين وستين وسبعمائة.
في مجلد.
وسماه: (أوضح المسالك، إلى ألفية ابن مالك).
ثم اشتهر: (بالتوضيح).
وله عدة حواشي على الألفية، منها:
(دفع الخصاصة، عن الخلاصة).
في أربع مجلدات.
وعلى التوضيح تعليقات، منها:
شرح: الشيخ: خالد بن عبد الله الأزهري، النحوي.
الذي فرغ عنه: سنة تسعين وثمانمائة.
وهو شرح عظيم ممزوج.
سماه: (التصريح، بمضمون التوضيح).
أوله: (الحمد لله الملهم لتوحيده... الخ).
ذكر أنه: رأى ابن هشام في منامه، فأشار إليه بشرح كتابه، فأجاب.
ومن الحواشي على (التوضيح) :
حاشية:
الشيخ، جلال الدين: عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطي.
المتوفى: سنة إحدى عشرة وتسعمائة.
سماها: (التوشيح).
وحاشية:
عز الدين: محمد بن أبي بكر بن جماعة.
المتوفى: سنة تسع عشرة وثمانمائة.
وحاشية:
جمال الدين: أحمد بن عبد الله بن هشام.
المتوفى: سنة خمس وثلاثين وثمانمائة.
وحاشية:
بدر الدين محمود بن أحمد العيني.
المتوفى: سنة 855.
وحاشية:
برهان الدين: إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن الكركي.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة تسعين وثمانمائة.
وحاشية:
محيي الدين: عبد القادر بن أبي القاسم السعدي، المالكي، المكي.
المتوفى: سنة ثمانين وثمانمائة.
سماها: (رفع الستور والأرائك، عن مخبئات أوضح المسالك).
أولها: (أما بعد، حمدا لله ذي الجلال... الخ).
وشرح: الشيخ: أبي بكر الوفائي.
وحاشية:
سيف الدين: محمد بن محمد البكتمري.
المتوفى: في حدود سنة سبعين وثمانمائة.
وحاشية:
الشيخ: محمد بن إبراهيم بن أبي الصفا، من تلامذة ابن الهمام.
و (نظم التوضيح).
للقاضي، شهاب الدين: محمد بن أحمد الخولي. (الخويي).
المتوفى: سنة ثلاث وتسعين وستمائة.

بدو

1 بَدَا, (T, S, M, &c.,) aor. ـْ (S, Msb,) inf. n. بُدُوٌّ (S, M, Msb, K) and بَدْوٌ and بَدَآءٌ (M, K) and بَدَآءَةٌ (K) and بَدًا, (M, on the authority of Sb,) for which last we find, in [some of] the copies of the K, بُدُوٌّ, a repetition, (TA,) or بُدُوْءٌ, (so in other copies of the K,) It appeared; it became apparent, open, manifest, plain, or evident: (T, S, M, Msb, K:) and ↓ تبدّى

[signifies the same; or he showed himself, or it showed itself; (see an ex. in art. جيش, voce جَاشَ, last sentence;) or] he, or it, came in sight, or within sight. (KL.) b2: بَدَا لَهُ فِى الأَمْرِ, (T, M, Msb, K, and Har p. 665,) inf. n. بَدْوٌ (M, K) and بَدًا (M, and so in a copy of the K) and بَدَآءٌ, (T, M, and so in the CK,) or بَدَآءَةٌ and بَدَاةٌ; (as in some copies of the K;) or ↓ بَدَا لَهُ فِى الأَمْرِ بَدَآءٌ, (S, IB,) the last word being in the nom. case because it is the agent; (IB, TA;) An opinion presented itself, or occurred, to him, or arose in his mind, syn. نَشَأَ, (S, K, and Har ubi suprà,) or appeared to him, (M,) [respecting the affair, or case,] different from his first opinion, so that it turned him therefrom: (Har ubi suprà:) or there appeared to him, respecting the affair, or case, what did not appear at first: (Msb:) accord. to Fr, ↓ بَدَا لِى بَدَآءٌ means another opinion appeared to me: accord. to Az, بَدَا لِى بَدًا means my opinion changed from what it was. (TA.) Esh-Shemmàkh says, لَعَلَّكَ وَ المَوْعُودُ حَقٌّ وَفَاؤُهُ بَدَا لَكَ فِى تِلْكَ القَلُوصِ بَدَآءُ [May-be (but it is right that the promise be fulfilled) an opinion different from thy first opinion hath arisen in thy mind respecting that youthful she-camel]. (M, TA.) ثُمَّ بَدَا لَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا رَأَوُا الْآيَاتِ لَيَسْجُنَنَّهُ, in the Kur [xii.35], means بَدَا وَقَالُوا لَيَسْجُنُنَّهُ ↓ لَهُمْ بَدَآءٌ, [i.e. Then an opinion arose in their minds, after they had seen the signs of his innocence, and they said that they should certainly imprison him,] because ليسجننّه, being a proposition, cannot be the agent: so says Sb. (M.) بَدَا لِلّهِ أَنْ يَقْتُلَهُمْ, occurring in a trad., means (tropical:) God determined that He would slay them: for, as IAth says, بَدَآءٌ signifies the deeming to be right a thing that is known after its having been not known; and this may not be attributed to God: but as is said by Suh, in the R, one may say, [of God,] بَدَا لَهُ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ كَذَا, [properly signifying It occurred to him, or appeared to him, that he should do such a thing,] as meaning (tropical:) He desired to do such a thing; [as also بَدَا لَهُ فِى فِعْلِ كَذَا;] and thus the phrase in the trad., here mentioned, has been explained. (TA.) [One says also, اِفْعَلْ كَذَا مَا بَدَا لَكَ Do thou thus as long as it seems fit to thee: see, a verse of El-Ahmar cited voce جَلَّ.] b3: بَدَا القَوْمُ, (T, S, M, K,) inf. n. بَدْوٌ, (S,) or بَدَآءٌ; (M, K;) [the latter of which is said in the TA to be the right;] or بَدَا إِلَى البَادِيَةِ, inf. n. بَدَاوَةٌ and بِدَاوَةٌ; (Msb;) The people, or company of men, went forth to the بَادِيَة [or desert]: (M, Msb, K:) or, the former, went forth to their بَادِيَة: (S:) or went forth from the region, or district, of towns or villages or of cultivated land, to the pasturingplaces in the deserts: (T:) [ISd says,] بَدْوٌ may be used as meaning بِدَاوَةٌ, which is the contr. of حِضَارَةٌ: (M:) [J says,] بَدَاوَةٌ and بِدَاوَةٌ signify the dwelling, or abiding, in the بَادِيَة [or desert]; the contr. of حِضَارَةٌ: but Th says, I know not بَدَاوَةٌ, with fet-h, except on the authority of Az alone: (S:) As says that بداوة and حضارة are with kesr to the ب and fet-h to the ح; but Az says the reverse, i. e. with fet-h to the ب and kesr to the ح: (T:) both are also explained as signifying the going forth to the بَادِيَة: and some mention بُدَاوَةٌ, with damm; but this is not known: (TA:) ↓ تبدّى like wise signifies he went forth from the constant sources of water to the places where herbage was to be sought [in the desert]; (T;) or he dwelt, or abode, in the بَادِيَة. (S, K.) It is said in a trad., مَنْ بَدَا جَفَا, i. e. He who abides in the desert becomes rude, rough, coarse, or uncivil, like the desert-Arabs. (S.) And in another, كَانَ يَبْدُو إِلَى هٰذِهِ التِّلَاعِ [He used to go forth to these water-courses in the desert, or these high grounds, or low grounds, &c.]. (TA.)b4: [Hence,] بَدَا He voided his excrement, or ordure; (M, K;) as also ↓ ابدى (T, K) [and ابدأ]: because he who does so goes forth from the tents or houses into the open country. (T.) A2: بَدَانِى بِكَذَا, aor. ـْ is like بَدَأَنِى [i. e. He began with me by doing such a thing]. (M, TA.) A3: بَدِيَتِ الأَرْضُ The land produced, or abounded with, بَدَاة, i. e. truffles: (K, * TA:) or had in it truffles. (TK.) b2: And The land had in it بَدَاة, meaning dust, or earth. (K, * TK.) 2 بدّى, inf. n. تَبْدِيَةٌ, He showed, or made apparent, a want that occurred, or presented itself, to him. (TA.) [See بدَآءَةٌ.] b2: He sent forth a horse [or beast] to the place of pasture [app. in the بَادِيَة, or desert]. (TA, from a trad.) 3 مُبَادَاةٌ The going, or coming, out, or forth, in the field, to encounter another in battle, or war. (TA.) b2: And [more commonly] The showing open enmity, or hostility, with any one: (KL, TA:) [a meaning more fully expressed by the phrase مُبَادَاةٌ بِالعَدَاوَةِ: for you say,] بَادَى بِالعَدَاوَةِ He showed open enmity, or hostility, [with another;] syn. جَاهَرَ بِهَا; (S, K; *) as also ↓ تبادى: (K:) or you say, بالعدواة ↓ تبادوا they showed open enmity, or hostility, one with another; syn. تَجَاهَرُوا بِهَا. (S.) You say also, بادى النَّاسَ بِأَمْرِهِ He showed, or revealed, to the people, or to men, his affair, or case. (TA.) [Thus, باداهُ بِالأَمْرِ and لَهُ الأَمْرَ ↓ ابدى signify the same; i. e. He showed, or revealed, to him the affair, or case.]

b3: And بادى بَيْنَهُمَا He measured, or compared, them both together, each with the other. (A, TA.) 4 ابداهُ He made it apparent, open, manifest, plain, or evident; he showed, exhibited, manifested, evinced, discovered, or revealed, it; (S, M, Msb, K;) and it has been said [correctly, as will be seen below,] that ابدى عَنْهُ signifies the same. (MF, TA.) It is said in a trad., مَنْ يُبْدِ لَنَا صَفْحَتَهُ نَقَمَ عَلَيْهِ كِتَابُ اللّٰهِ, i. e. (tropical:) Whoso showeth, or revealeth, to us his deed [or crime] which he was concealing, [the book of God shall execute vengeance upon him, meaning] we will inflict upon him the punishment ordained by the book of God. (TA.) ابدى لَهُ صَفْحَتَهُ also means (tropical:) He showed open enmity, or hostility, with him. (A and TA in art. صفح.) And ابدى عَنْ قَعْرِهِ, said of water, means It showed its bottom, by reason of its clearness. (L in art. مكد.) See also 3. b2: أَبْدَيْتَ فِى مَنْطِقِكَ Thou deviatedst, or hast deviated, from the right way in thy speech. (S.) b3: See also 1.5 تبدّى: see 1, in two places.

A2: In the common dial. of the people of El-Yemen, it signifies He ate the morning-meal; syn. تَغَدَّى. (TA.) 6 تبادى: see 3, in two places. b2: Also He affected to be like, or imitated, the people of the بَادِيَة [or desert]. (S, K.) بَدٍ: see بَدْوٌ, in two places.

بَدًا The excrement from the anus (M, K *) of a man. (M.) [And بَدَآءٌ, from أَبْدَأَ, signifies the same.] b2: A joint (مَفْصِل) of a man; (AA, M, K;) as also بَدْءٌ: (AA, M:) pl. أَبْدَآءٌ. (AA, M, K.) A2: بَدَا for بَدًا: see بَدْوٌ, in two places.

بَدْوٌ: see بَادِيَةٌ: A2: and see also بَادٍ.

A3: Also The first of a thing; originally [بَدْءٌ,] with hemzeh: (Har p. 583:) and ↓ بَدِىٌّ, also, [originally بَدِىْءٌ,] signifies the first: (TA:) [and ↓ بَدٍ and ↓ بَدَا, the latter for بَدًا, are used for بَدْءٍ.

Hence,] one says, ↓ اِفْعَلْ ذٰلِكَ بَادِى بَدٍ, (S,) or بَادِىَ بَدٍ, (M, K,) and ↓ بَادِى بَدِى, (Fr, S, M,) or بَادِىَ بَدِى, (as in some copies of the K,) or ↓ بادى بَدِىٍ, (as in other copies of the K and in the TA,) and ↓ بَادَىَ بَدًا, (M, K,) mentioned by Sb, who says that it is without tenween, though analogy does not forbid its being with tenween, (M,) meaning Do thou that first; (S, TA;) or, the first thing: (Fr, TA:) originally [بَادِئَ بَدْءٍ, &c.,] with hemz. (S, K. [See بَدْءٌ.]) Hence also the phrase, ↓ الحَمْدُلِلٰهِ بَدِيًّا [Praise be to God in the first place]. (TA.) بَدِي for بَدٍ: see بَدْوٌ.

بَدَاةٌ: see بَدَآءٌ: b2: and see also بَادِيَةٌ.

A2: Also, (K, TA,) like قَطَاةٌ, (TA, [but in the CK بَدْأَة, q. v.,]) Truffles; syn. كَمْأَةٌ. (K.) b2: And Dust, or earth. (K.) بَدْوَةٌ Either side of a valley. (AHn, M, K.) بَدَوِىٌّ [Of, or belonging to, or relating to, the بَدْو, or desert: and, used as a subst., a man, and particularly an Arab, of the desert:] a rel. n. from بَدْوٌ, (S, M, K,) extr. [with respect to rule], (M, K,) for by rule it should be بَدْوِىٌّ; (ElTebreezee, TA;) or it is an irregular rel. n. from بَادِيَةٌ: (Msb:) and ↓ بَدَاوِىٌّ and ↓ بِدَاوِىٌّ are similar rel. ns., (M, K,) from بَدَاوَةٌ and بِدَاوَةٌ, as syn. with بَدْوٌ and بَادِيَةٌ, agreeably with rule; or the former of these two may be a rel. n. from بَدْوٌ and بَادِيَةٌ, and therefore extr. [with respect to rule]; but it is said that when a rel. n. may be regarded as regular or irregular, it is more proper to regard it as regular; (M;) or the former is a rel. n. signifying of, or belonging to, or relating to, البَدَاوَة as meaning the dwelling, or abiding, in the desert, (S, TA,) accord. to the opinion of Az; and the latter is a rel. n. from البِدَاوَة accord. to the opinion of As and others; and is held by Th to be the chaste form: (TA:) but بَدَوِىٌّ is the only one of these rel. ns. that is known to the common people: (M:) it is opposed to a townsman or villager. (TA.) [The pl. is بَدَاوَى, and vulg. بِدْوَانٌ. See also بَادٍ, often applied to a man as syn. with بَدَوِىٌّ.]

بَدَوَاتٌ: see بَدَآءٌ, in three places.

بَدَآءٌ [An opinion that occurs to one, or arises in the mind; and particularly one that is different from a former opinion;] a subst. from بَدَا in the phrase بَدَا لَهُ فِى الأَمْرِ. (Msb.) See 1, in four places. One says also, ↓ هُوَ ذُو بَدَوَاتٍ He is one who has various opinions occurring to him, or arising in his mind, (IDrd, S, * K, * and Har p. 665,) of which he chooses some and rejects others: (IDrd, TA:) it is said in praise, (IDrd, TA, and Kzz in Har ubi suprà,) and sometimes in dispraise: (Kzz in Har ubi suprà:) بَدَوَاتٌ is pl. of ↓ بَداةٌ, [which is therefore syn. with بَدَآءٌ,] like as قَطَوَاتٌ is pl. of قَطَاةٌ. (IDrd, TA, and Har ubi supra.) One says likewise ↓ أَبُو البَدَوَاتِ, meaning The father [i. e. originator] of opinions that present themselves to him. (IDrd, TA.) and ↓ السُّلْطَانُ ذُو عَدَوَاتٍ وَذُو بَدَوَاتٍ (S, [in which the context indicates it to mean The Sultán is characterized by deviations from the right way:] but accord. to SM, it is) a trad., meaning the Sultán ceases not to have some new opinion presenting itself to him. (TA.) بِدَآءٌ, in the common dial. of the people of ElYemen, signifies The morning-meal; syn. غَدَآءٌ. (TA.) بَدِىٌ: see بَادِيَةٌ: b2: and see بَدْوٌ, in three places. b3: Also, [or بِئْرٌ بَدِىٌّ,] originally بَدِىْءٌ, q. v. in art. بدأ, (TA,) A well: (T:) or a well that is not ancient: (TA:) pl. بُودَانٌ, formed by transposition from بُدْيَانٌ. (T.) بَدَآءَةٌ What appears, or becomes apparent, of wants, or needful things: pl. بَدَاآتٌ; for which one may also say, بَدَاوَاتٌ. (T.) These two pls. also signify Wants that appear, or become apparent, to one. (TA.) [The latter of them is likewise pl. of what next follows.]

بَدَاوَةٌ and بِدَاوَةٌ: see بَادِيَةٌ. b2: The former also signifies The first that appears, or becomes apparent, of a thing. (Lh, M, K.) [See بَدَآءَةٌ.]

بَدَاوِىٌّ and بِدَاوِىٌّ: see بَدَوِىٌّ.

بَادٍ Appearing, or apparent; or becoming, or being, apparent, open, manifest, plain, or evident. (Msb.) [Hence,] بَادِىَ الرَّأْىِ At the [first] appearance of opinion; (Fr, Lh, M;) or according to the appearance of opinion; (Zj, S, K; *) which may mean either insincerely or inconsiderately: (Zj, TA:) so in the Kur xi. 29; (Zj, S;) where only AA read it with hemz: (TA:) if with hemz, it is from بَدَأْتُ, and means at first thought, or on the first opinion. (S; and Lh in M, art. بدأ: see بَدْءٌ.) For بَادِى بَدٍ, or بَادِىَ بَدٍ, and بَادِى بَدِى, &c., see بَدْوٌ, in four places. b2: بَادِى

بَدِى is sometimes used as a name for Calamity, or misfortune: it consists of two nouns made one, like مَعْدِىْ كَرِبَ. (S.) b3: بَادٍ also signifies A man going forth to the بَادِيَة [or desert]: (M, * Msb, K, * TA:) or one who is in the بَادِيَة, dwelling in the tents, and not remaining in his place: (TA:) pl. بَادُونَ and بُدًّا [in the TA erroneously said to be بُدًى like هُدًى] and بُدَّآءٌ: (M, K:) and ↓ بَدْوٌ is a quasi-pl. n. of بَادٍ; (M, TA;) or is for أَهْلُ بَدْوٍ, meaning people who go forth to the desert; (M;) or it means dwellers in the desert, or people of the desert: (MF:) ↓ بَادِيَةٌ also signifies the same as بَادُونَ, i. e. people migrating from the constant sources of water, and going forth to the desert, seeking the vicinity of herbage; contr. of حَاضِرَةٌ; and بَوَادِى [or بَوَادٍ] is pl. of بَادِيَةٌ. (T.) بَادَاةٌ: see what next follows.

بَادِيَةٌ (T, S, &c.) A desert; so called because of its being open, or uncovered; (TA;) contr. of حَضَرٌ; (M, K;) as also ↓ بَدْوٌ, (S, * M, Msb, K,) and ↓ بَادَاةٌ, (M, K,) or ↓ بَدَاةٌ, (TA, [thought by SM to be the correct form because found by him in the M, in which I find باداة,]) and ↓ بَدِىٌّ, said to be used as syn. with بَادِيَةٌ in a verse of Lebeed cited among the exs. of the preposition بِ, p. 142, (TA,) and ↓ بدَاوَةٌ (M, K) and ↓ بِدَاوَةٌ; (M;) [of which the last two and the second (namely, بَدْوٌ,) seem to be originally inf. ns.; see 1:] or a land in which are no towns or villages or cultivated soil: (Lth, T:) or the places to which people migrate from the constant sources of water, when they go forth to the desert, seeking the vicinity of herbage; also termed مَبَادٍ, which is syn. with مَنَاجِعُ, contr. of مَحَاضِرُ, and pl. of ↓ مَبْدًى, (T,) this last signifying the contr. of مَحْضَرٌ: (S:) the pl. of بَادِيَةٌ is بَوَادٍ. (T, Msb.) b2: See also بَادٍ.

مَبْدًى: pl. مَبَادٍ: see بَادِيَةٌ.

رَكِىٌّ مُبْدٍ Wells showing their water; having it uncovered by dust or earth; contr. of رَكِىٌ غَامِدٌ. (A in art. غمد.)

دعو

1 دَعَوْتُ and دَعَيْتُ signify the same: (Fr, K and TA in art. دعى:) the aor. of the former is أَدْعُو, (TA in that art.,) sec. Pers\. fem. sing.

تَدْعِينَ and تَدْعُوِينَ and تَدٌعُيْنَ, the last with an inclination to the sound of a dammeh in the vowel of the ع [so that it is between a kesreh and a dammeh], and sec. Pers\. masc. and fem. pl. تَدْعُونَ: (S, TA:) aor. of the latter verb أَدْعِى: inf. n. دُعَآءٌ. (TA in art. دعى.) دُعَآءٌ [generally] signifies [or implies] The act of seeking, desiring, asking, or demanding. (KT.) b2: You say, دَعَا اللّٰهَ, (K,) first Pers\. دَعَوْتُ, aor. ـْ (Msb,) inf. n. دُعَآءٌ (Msb, K) and دَعْوَى, (K,) in which latter the alif [written ى] is to denote the fem. gender, [and therefore the word is without tenween,] (TA,) He prayed to God, supplicated Him, or petitioned Him humbly, (Msb, K, TA,) desiring to obtain some good that He had to bestow. (Msb, TA.) And دَعَوْتُ اللّٰهَ لَهُ [I prayed to God for him]; and عَلَيْهِ [against him]; inf. n. دُعَآءٌ: (S:) [and دَعَوْتُ لَهُ I prayed for him, or blessed him; and دَعَوْتُ عَلَيْهِ I prayed against him, or cursed him:] and دَعَوْتُ لَهُ بِخَيْرٍ [I supplicated for him good]; and دَعَوْتُ عَلَيْهِ بِشَرٍّ [I imprecated upon him evil]. (TA.) b3: دَعَا بِالكِتَابِ He desired, or required, or requested, that the writing, or book, should be brought. (TA.) And دَعَا أَنْفُهُ الطِّيبَ His nose, perceiving its odour, desired the perfume. (TA.) b4: [Hence,] دَعَا بِهِ, said of anything in the earth, means It needed it; or required it: [and so دَعَا إِلَيْهِ: one says of a wall, دَعَا إِلَى إِصْلَاحِهِ It needed, or required, its being repaired: (see 10 in art. رم:) and] one says to him whose clothes have become old and worn out, قَدْ دَعَتْ ثِيَابُكَ [Thy clothes have become such as to need thy putting on others; or] thou hast become in need of putting on other clothes. (Aboo-'Adnán, TA.) [See also 10.] b5: دَعَوْتُهُ, (S, MA, Mgh, Msb,) and دَعَوْتُ بِهِ, (MA, [and of frequent occurrence,]) inf. n. [دُعَآءٌ and] دَعْوٌ, (TA, [but the former is more common,]) also signify I called him, called out to him, or summoned him, (S, MA, Mgh, Msb,) syn. نَادَيْتُهُ, (Mgh, Msb,) or الدُّعَآءُ is to the near and النِّدَآءُ is to the distant, (Kull p. 184,) and desired him to come, to come forward, or to advance; (Msb;) and ↓ اِسْتَدْعَيْتُهُ signifies the same, (S, MA,) [i. e.] I called him to myself. (MA.) One says, دَعَا المُؤَذِّنُ النَّاسَ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ [The مؤذّن called the people to prayer]. (Msb.) And the saying of En-Nahdee كُنَّا نَدْعُو وَنَدَعُ means We used to call, or invite, them to ElIslám at one time, and to leave doing so at another time. (Mgh.) And دَعَوْتُ النَّاسَ, (Msb,) inf. n. دُعَآءٌ and دَعْوَةٌ, (S,) or the latter is a simple subst., (Msb,) and مَدْعَاةٌ, (S, [app. there mentioned as an inf. n., agreeably with many other instances,]) means also I invited people to eat with me, or at my abode. (Msb.) b6: [Hence,] مَا دَعَاكَ إِلَى هٰذَا الأَمْرِ What drew, led, induced, or caused, and constrained, or drove, thee to do this thing? (TA.) And دَعَانَا غَيْثٌ وَقَعَ بِبَلَدٍ قَدْ أَمْرَعَ, i. e. [Rain that fell in a region which had become abundant in herbage invited us thither, or] was the cause of our seeking its herbage. (TA.) And يَدْعُومَا بَعْدَهُ, (S, Mgh, K, *) or يَدْعُومَا وَرَآءَهُ مِنَ اللَّبَنِ, (Nh, TA,) [It draws, or attracts, what is to come after it, of the milk,] said of some milk left in the udder. (S, Nh, Mgh, K, TA.) And دَعَاهُ إِلَى الأَمِيرِ He drove him, or urged him to go, [but more commonly meaning he summoned him,] to the prince, or commander. (K, * TA. [In the TK, الى الأَمْرِ to the thing, or affair.]) b7: [Hence likewise,] الدُّعَآءُ signifies also The calling to one's aid: thus, [in the Kur ii. 21,] وَادْعُوا شُهَدَآءَكُمْ meansAnd call ye to your aid [your helpers]. (TA.) b8: And دَعَا المَيِّتَ He called upon the dead, praising him, and saying, Alas for such a one! or he wailed for, wept for, or deplored the loss of, the dead, and enumerated his good qualities and actions; as though he called him. (TA. [See also 5.]) b9: And دَعَوْتُهُ زَيْدًا and بِزَيْدٍ (tropical:) I called him, i. e. named him, Zeyd. (Msb, K, TA.) And دَعَوْتُهُ بِابْنِ زَيْدٍ (assumed tropical:) I called him, i. e. asserted him to be, the son of Zeyd. (Msb.) b10: دَعَاهُ اللّٰهُ (assumed tropical:) God destroyed him: [as though He called him away:] whence تَدْعُو مَنْ أَدْبَرَ وَتَوَلَّى, in the Kur lxx. 17, [describing the fire of Hell,] (assumed tropical:) It shall destroy him who shall have gone back from the truth and turned away from obedience: or this means (tropical:) it shall draw, and bring, &c.: or it refers to the زَبَانِيَة of Hell [i. e. the tormentors of the damned]: (Bd:) or it means (assumed tropical:) it will do to them hateful deeds. (TA.) [Also] God punished him, or tormented him. (TA.) and دَعَاهُ اللّٰهُ بِمَكْرُوهٍ (tropical:) God caused an evil, or abominable, event to befall him. (ISd, Z, K.) b11: دَعَا فِى الضَّرْعِ (tropical:) He left some milk, such as is termed دَاعِيَة, in the udder. (M, K, TA.) Accord. to IAth, دَاعِيَةٌ is an inf. n., like عَاقِبَةٌ and عَافِيَةٌ. (TA.) 3 مُدَاعَاةٌ signifies (tropical:) The proposing an enigma or enigmas to a person; or the contending with another in doing so; syn. مُحَاجَاةٌ. (S, K, TA.) You say, دَاعَيْتُهُ (tropical:) I proposed to him an enigma or enigmas; &c. (TA.) A poet says, أُدَاعِيكَ مَا مُسْتَصْحَبَاتٌ مَعَ السُّرَى حِسَانٌ وَمَا آثَارُهَا بِحِسَانِ [(assumed tropical:) I propose to thee an enigma: What are things that are taken as companions in night-journeying, good, and the effects whereof are not good?]: meaning swords. (S.) b2: And The asking a thing of one much, so as to weary; as also مُحَاجَاةٌ. (K.) b3: دَاعَيْنَا الحَائِطَ عَلَيْهِمْ (tropical:) We pulled down, or demolished, the wall upon them, from the sides [or foundations] thereof. (K, * TA.) b4: [Golius assigns other significations to دَاعَى, for which I find no authority: namely, “Convocavit ad Deum propheta, præco sacer,” followed by an accus.: and “ Contendit contra alium: Provocavit: pecul. rem vindicans sibi vel arrogans. ”]4 أَدْعَاهُ [so in some copies of the K; in other copies ↓ اِدَّعَاهُ; the former of which I regard as the right reading;] He made him to assert his relationship as a son [for يُدْعَى, in my copies of the K, I read ↓ يَدَّعِى, syn. with يَعْتَزِى,] to one who was not his father. (K.) [SM, who appears to have read ↓ اِدَّعَاهُ, says that it is like اِسْتَلْحَقَهُ and اِسْتَلَاطَهُ.]5 التَّدَعِّى [inf. n. of تَدَعَّتْ] signifies The تَطْرِيب [or singing, or quavering or trilling and prolonging of the voice, or prolonging and modulating of the voice,] of a woman wailing for the dead. (TA. [See دَعَا المَيِّتَ, above.]) 6 التَّدَاعِى signifies The calling, summoning, or convoking, one another. (Mgh.) You say, تَدَاعَوْ لِلْحَرْبِ [They called, summoned, or convoked, one another for war: and hence,] (assumed tropical:) they prepared themselves for war. (TA.) And تَدَاعَوْا عَلَيْهِ, (Msb, K,) or عَلَى بَنِى فُلَانٍ, (T, M,) They collected themselves together, (K,) or called one another so that they assembled together, (M,) or leagued together, and called one another to mutual aid, (T, Msb, *) against him, (Msb, K,) or against the sons of such a one. (T, M.) and تَدَاعَى عَلَيْهِ العَدُوُّ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ (assumed tropical:) The enemy advanced against him from every side. (K, * TA.) b2: [Hence,] تَدَاعَتِ السَّحَابَةُ بِالبَرْقِ وَالرَّعْدِ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ (assumed tropical:) The cloud lightened and thundered from every quarter. (TA.) And تَدَاعَى البُنْيَانُ, (Mgh, Msb,) or البِنَآءُ, (TA,) (tropical:) The building cracked in its sides, (Msb,) or became much broken, (TA,) and gave notice of falling to ruin: (Msb, TA:) or cracked in several places, without falling; and in like manner, تَدَاعَتِ الحِيطَانُ, (Mgh,) the walls cracked in several places, without falling: (Mgh, K: *) and تَدَاعَتِ الحِيطَانُ لِلْخَرَابِ the walls fell to ruin by degrees; syn. تَهَادَمَت: (S:) [but Mtr says,] تَدَاعَتْ إِلَى الخَرَابِ is a vulgar phrase; not [genuine] Arabic. (Mgh.) And تداعى said of a sand-hill, (assumed tropical:) It, being put in notion, or shaken in its lower part, poured down. (Msb.) And [hence,] تَدَاعَتْ إِبِلُ بَنِى فُلَانٍ (tropical:) (tropical:) The camels of such a one became broken by emaciation. (TA.) b3: تَدَاعَوْ بِالأَلْقَابِ They called one another by surnames, or nicknames. (Msb.) b4: التَّدَاعِى also signifies (assumed tropical:) The trying one another with an enigma or enigmas; or contending, one with another, in proposing an enigma or enigmas; syn. التَّحَاجِى. (TA in art. حجو.) You say, بَيْنَهُمْ أُدْعِيَّةٌ يَتَدَاعُوْنَ بِهَا (assumed tropical:) [Between them is an enigma with which they try one another; or by proposing which they contend, one with another]. (S, K. *) b5: يَتَدَاعَوْنَ فَصْلَ الخِطَابِ (assumed tropical:) They compete, one with another, [as though each one challenged the others,] in discoursing of the science of chasteness of speech, and eloquence. (Har p. 446.) b6: See also 8, in two places.

A2: [It is also used transitively:] you say, تَدَاعَوُا القَوْمَ They [together] called the people. (Mgh in art. نقض. [See 6 in that art.]) 7 اندعى i. q. أَجَابَ. (K.) Akh heard one or more of the Arabs say, لَوْدَعَوْنَا لَانْدَعَيْنَا, meaning لَأَجُبْنَا [i. e. Had they called us, &c., we had certainly answered, or replied, or assented, or consented]. (S.) 8 اِدَّعَى He asserted a thing to be his, or to belong to him, or to be due to him, either truly or falsely: (K, * TA:) he claimed a thing; laid claim to it; or demanded it for himself: and he desired a thing; or wished for it. (Msb.) and اِدَّعَوُا الشَّىْءَ and الشىء ↓ تَدَاعَوُا signify the same [i. e. They claimed the thing, every one of them for himself]. (Mgh.) You say, اِدَّعَيْتُ عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا [I asserted myself to have a claim upon such a one for such a thing; preferred a claim against such a one for such a thing; or claimed of such a one such a thing]. (S.) And اِدَّعَى زَيْدٌ عَلَى عَمْرو مَالًا [Zeyd asserted himself to have a claim upon 'Amr for property; or preferred a claim against 'Amr &c.]. (Mgh.) And اِدَّعَيْتَ عَلَىَّ مَا لَمْ أَفْعَلْ [Thou hast asserted against me, or charged against me, or accused me of, that which I have not done]. (S and K in art. شرب, and S in art. اكل.) هٰذَا الَّذِى كُنْتُمْ بِهِ تَدَّعُونَ, in the Kur [lxvii. 27], means This is that on account of which ye used to assert vain and false things: or which ye used to deny, or disbelieve: or, accord. to Fr, the latter verb may here be used in the sense of تَدْعُونَ; and the meaning may be, this is that which ye desired to hasten, and for which ye prayed to God in the words of the Kur [viii. 32], “O God, if this be the truth from Thee, then rain Thou upon us stones from Heaven, or bring upon us some [other] painful punishment: ” it may be from الدُّعَآءُ: and it may be from الدَّعْوَى: (TA:) [i. e.] it means this is that which ye used to demand, and desire to hasten; from الدُّعَآءُ: or that which ye used to assert, [namely,] that there will be no raising to life; from الدَّعْوَى. (Bd.) And وَلَهُمْ مَا يَدَّعُونَ, in the Kur [xxxvi. 57], is explained as meaning and they shall have what they desire, or wish for; which is referrible to the meaning of الدُّعَآءُ. (TA.) b2: You say also, اِدَّعَى غَيْرَ أَبِيهِ [He asserted the relationship of father to him of one who was not his father; or claimed as his father one who was not his father]. (T, Mgh, Msb.) And يَدَّعِى إِلَى غَيْرِ أَبِيهِ [He asserts his relationship as a son, or claims the relationship of a son, to one who is not his father]. (T, Msb. See 4, in three places.) And يَدَّعِيهِ غَيْرُ أَبِيهِ [One who is not his father asserts him to be his son; or claims him as his son]. (T, Msb.) الاِدِّعَآءُ in war signifies The asserting one's relationship; syn. الاِعْتِزَآءُ; (S, TA;) as also ↓ التَّدَاعِى; (TA;) i. e. the saying “ I am such a one the son of such a one. ” (S.) And [hence] sometimes it includes the meaning of Informing, or telling; and therefore بِ may be prefixed to its objective complement; so that one says, فُلَانٌ يَدَّعِى بِكَرَمِ فِعَالِهِ, i. e. Such a one informs of the generosity of his deeds. (Msb.) 10 إِسْتَدْعَوَ see 1, near the middle of the paragraph. b2: [Hence, استدعى signifies also It called for, demanded, required, or invited, a thing. See also دَعَابِهِ.]

دَعْوَةٌ [as an inf. n. of un.] signifies A single time or act (S, Msb) [of prayer and of imprecation, as is indicated in the S, and also, though less plainly, in the TA]. See دُعَآءٌ. b2: [Also, as such, A call.] You say, هُوَمِنِّى دَعْوَةُ الرَّجُلَ (K, TA) and الكَلْبِ, and دَعْوَةَ الرَّجُلِ and الكَلْبِ, in the former case دعوة being used as a simple subst., and in the latter case as an adv. n., (TA,) meaning قَدْرُ مَا بَيْنِى وَبَيْنَهُ ذَاكَ [i. e. He, or it, is distant from me the space of the call of the man and of the dog]. (K, TA.) And لَهُمُ الدَّعْوَةُ عَلَى

غَيْرِهِمْ The call is to them before the others of them: (K, TA: [يَبْدَأُ in the CK is a mistake for يُبْدَأُ:]) accord. to the T and the Nh, in the case of gifts, or pay, or salary. (TA.) b3: The call to prayer: whence, in a trad., الدَّعُوَةُ فِى الحَبَشَةِ [meaning The office of calling to prayer rests among the Abyssinians]; (JM, TA;) said by the Prophet in preference of his مُؤَذِّن Bilál. (JM.) b4: A call, or an invitation, to El-Islám. (Mgh.) Yousay, أَدْعُوكَ بِدَعْوَةِ الإِسْلَامِ and السلام ↓ دِعَايَةِ and الاسلام ↓ دَاعِيَةِ, meaning I call thee, or invite thee, by the declaration of the faith whereby the people of false religions are called: دَاعِيَةٌ being an inf. n. syn. with دَعْوَةٌ, like عَافِيَةٌ and عَاقِبَةٌ: (JM:) دَعْوَةُ الإِسْلَامِ and ↓ دَعايَتُهُ and ↓ دَاعِيَتُهُ signify the same: and دَعْوَةُ الحَقِّ [in like manner] means the declaration that there is no deity but God. (TA.) b5: An invitation to food, (S, M, Msb, K, TA,) and to beverage; or, accord. to Lh, specially a repast, feast, or banquet, on the occasion of a wedding or the like: (TA:) thus pronounced by most of the Arabs, except 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, who pronounce it, in this sense, ↓ دِعْوَةٌ: (A 'Obeyd, S, M, Msb:) it is an inf. n. in this sense, (S,) or a simple subst.: (Msb:) and ↓ دُعْوَةٌ signifies the same; (K;) or, as some say, this, which is given as on the authority of Ktr, is a mistake: (TA:) and so does ↓ مَدْعَاةٌ [app. an inf. n.]. (S, Msb, K.) You say, كُنَّافِى

دَعْوَةِ فُلَانٍ and ↓ مَدْعَاتِهِ, meaning [We were included in] the invitation (دُعَآء [see 1]) of such a one to food: (S, Msb: [but in the latter, نَحْنُ, in the place of كُنَّا:]) [or we were at the repast, or feast, or banquet, of such a one; for] you say [also] دَعَاهُ إِلَى الدَّعْوَةِ and ↓ الى المَدْعَاةِ [He invited him to the repast, or feast, or banquet: and in this sense دَعْوَة is commonly used in the present day]. (MA.) b6: See also دِعْوَةٌ: b7: and دَعْوَى. b8: Also i. q. حَلِفٌ or حَلْفٌ (accord. to different copies of the K) [both in the sense of Confederation to aid or assist]: (K, TA:) [whence] one says, دَعْوَةٌ فُلَانٍ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ

[meaning The confederation of such a one is with the sons of such a one]. (TA.) دُعْوَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

دِعْوَةٌ respects relationship, (S, Msb,) like ↓ دَعْوَى or دَعْوَى فِى النَّسَبِ; (S;) meaning A claim in respect of relationship; (K;) [i. e.] one's claiming as his father a person who is not his father; (Az, Mgh, Msb;) [in other words,] one's claiming the relationship of a son to a person who is not his father: or one's being claimed as a son by a person who is not his father: (Az, Msb:) thus pronounced by most of the Arabs, except 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, who pronounce it, in this sense, ↓ دَعْوَةٌ. (S, Msb.) See also دَعْوَى. b2: Also Kindred, or relationship, and brotherhood: so in the saying, لِى فِىالقَوْمِ دِعْوَةٌ [I have in, or among, the people, or company of men, kindred, or relationship, and brotherhood]. (Ks, Msb.) b3: See also دَعْوَةٌ.

دَعْوَى: see دُعَآءٌ, in five places. b2: Also a subst. from 8; (S, M, Mgh, Msb, TA;) omitted in the K, though better known than the sun; (TA;) and so ↓ دَعَاوَةٌ (M, Msb, K) and ↓ دِعَاوَةٌ and ↓ دِعْوَةٌ, (M, K,) accord. to the general pronunciation, (M, TA,) and ↓ دَعْوَةٌ, (M, K,) accord. to the pronunciation of 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, (M, TA,) and ↓ دَاعِيَةٌ; (TA, there said to be syn. with دَعْوَى;) [meaning An assertion that a thing belongs to one, or is due to one; a claim; as is indicated in the S and Mgh and K &c.;] a demand; a suit; (Yz, Az, Msb;) whether true or false: (Mgh, K, TA:) the pl. of دَعْوَى is دَعَاوٍ and دَعَاوَى; the former of which is preferable accord. to some, being, as IJ says, the original form; but some say that the latter is preferable: (Msb:) [the latter only is mentioned in the Mgh:] the alif in the sing. [written ى] is a sign of the fem. gender; and therefore the word is without tenween. (Mgh.) Yz mentions the sayings, لِى فِى هٰذَا الأَمْرِ دَعْوَى I have, in respect of this thing, [a claim or] a demand, and دَعَاوَى or دَعَاوٍ [claims or] demands, as written in different copies. (Az, Msb.) And لَوْ أُعْطِىَ النَّاسُ بِدَعَاوِيهِمْ [If men were given according to their claims, or demands,] occurs in a trad. (Msb.) b3: See also دِعْوَةٌ.

دُعْوِىٌّ is a word used only in negative sentences: (S:) you say, مَا بِالدَّارِ دُعْوِىٌّ There is not in the house any one: (S, K: *) Ks says that it is from دَعَوْتُ, and [properly] means لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَنْ يَدْعُو [there is not in it one who calls, &c.]. (S.) دُعَآءٌ is an inf. n. of 1; (Msb, K;) as also ↓ دَعْوَى: (K:) the former is originally دُعَاوٌ: (S:) [both, used as simple substs., signify A prayer, or supplication, to God:] and the pl. of the former is أَدْعِيَةٌ. (S.) IF says that some of the Arabs, for ↓ دَعْوَةٌ, say ↓ دَعْوَى, with the fem. alif [written ى]. (Msb, TA.) One says, اَللّٰهُمَّ المُسْلِمِينَ ↓ أَشْرِكْنَا فِى دَعْوَى, meaning [O God, make us to share] in the prayer (دُعَآء) of the Muslims. (TA.) And hence, in the Kur [x. 10], فِيهَا سُبْحَانَك اللّٰهُمَّ ↓ دَعْوَاهُمْ [Their prayer in it shall be سبحانك اللّٰهمّ]. (TA.) [دُعَآءٌ followed by لِ signifies An invocation of good, a blessing, or a benediction: followed by عَلَى, an imprecation of evil, a curse, or a malediction.] سُورَهُ الدُّعَآءِ is a title of The first chapter of the Kur-án. (Bd.) b2: [Hence,] دُعَآءٌ signifies also Adoration, worship, or religious service. (TA.) b3: And i. q. إِيمَانٌ [i. e. Belief; particularly in God, and in his word and apostles &c.: faith: &c.]: a meaning mentioned by the Expositors of El-Bukháree. (TA.) b4: [Also A call, or cry; and so ↓ دَعْوَى, as in the Kur vii. 4 (where the latter is explained by Bd as syn. with the former) and xxi. 15.] b5: And [particularly] A calling, or crying, for aid or succour. (TA.) دَعِىٌّ One invited to a repast: pl. دُعَوَآءُ; as in the saying عِنْدَهُ دُعَوَآءُ [With him, or at his abode, are guests invited to a repast]. (TA.) b2: One who makes a claim in respect of relationship; (S;) [i. e.] one who claims as his father a person who is not his father; (Az, Mgh, Msb;) [in other words,] one who claims the relationship of a son to a person who is not his father: or one who is claimed as a son by a person who is not his father; (Az, Msb;) an adopted son: (S, K:) pl. أَدْئِيَآءُ, (S,) which is anomalous; (Bd in xxxiii. 4;) occurring in the Kur [in the verse just referred to], where it is said, وَمَاجَعَلَ أَدْئِيَاءَكُمْ أَبْنَآءَكُمْ (S) Nor hath He made your adopted sons to be your sons in reality. (Jel.) b3: And One whose origin, or lineage, or parentage, is suspected; (K, TA;) as also ↓ مَدْعِىٌّ: pl. of the former as in the next preceding sentence. (TA.) دَعَاوَةٌ and دِعَاوَةٌ: see دَعْوَى.

دِعَايَةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, in two places.

دَعَّآءٌ One who prays, or supplicates God, or who calls, &c., much, or often. (TA.) الدَّعَّآءَةُ [an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates;] The سَبَّابَة [or fore finger]; (K;) i. e. the finger with which one calls [or beckons]. [TA.) دَاعٍ [Praying, or supplicating God:] calling, or summoning: (Mgh:) [inviting:] and particularly, [as an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates,] one who calls, or summons, or invites, to obey a right or a wrong religion: (TA:) pl. دُعَاةٌ (Mgh, Msb, TA) and دَاعُونَ. (Msb, TA.) [Hence,] دَاعِى اللّٰهِ [God's summoner, or inviter; i. e.] the prophet: (K:) and also, (Msb, K,) or simply الدَّاعِى, (TA,) The مُؤَذِّن [or summoner to prayer]. (Msb, K, TA.) [Hence also, دَاعِى المَنَايَا The summoner of death, lit. of deaths; like طَارِقُ المَنَايَا] b2: See also the next paragraph, in two places. b3: Also A punisher. (TA.) دَاعِيَةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, in two places: b2: and see also دَعْوَى. b3: دَاعِيَّةٌ اللَّبَنِ The remainder of the milk, (K,) or what is left, of the milk, in the udder, (S, Mgh,) that draws, or attracts, (K,) or in order that it may draw, or attract, (S, Mgh,) what is to come after it; (S, Mgh, K; *) as also اللَّبَنِ ↓ دَاعِى, occurring in a trad., where it is said, دَعْ دَاعِىَ اللَّبَنِ [Leave thou the remainder of the milk, in the udder, that is to draw, or attract, what is to come after it]; (S, Mgh;) i. e. do not exhaust it entirely. (Mgh.) b4: Hence, دَاعِيَةٌ is metaphorically applied to signify (tropical:) A mean, or means; a cause; or a motive; (Har p. 306;) [as also ↓ دَاعٍ, often used in these senses in the present day;] and so, in an intensive sense, ↓ مَدْعَاةٌ [properly signifying a cause of drawing, attracting, or inducing, &c., originally مَدْعَوَةٌ, being a noun of the same class as مَبْخَلَةٌ and مَجْبَنَةٌ]: (Idem p. 86:) [the pl. of the first is دَوَاعٍ.] b5: Also (assumed tropical:) The cry of horsemen in battle; (K;) as being a call to him who will aid, or succour. (TA.) b6: دَوَاعِى الصَّدْرِ (assumed tropical:) The anxiety [or rather anxieties] of the bosom. (Ham p. 509.) b7: دَوَاعِى الدَّهْرِ (tropical:) The vicissitudes of fortune: (K, TA:) sing. دَاعِيَةٌ. (TA.) أُدْعُوَّةٌ: see what next follows.

أُدْعِيَّةٌ (S, K) and ↓ أُدْعُوَّةٌ (K) An enigma; a riddle; (S, K; *) like أُحْجِيَّةٌ [and أُحْجُوَّةٌ]; and including such as is in verse, like that quoted above, in the second paragraph of this article. (S.) مَدْعَاةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, latter part, in three places: b2: and see also دَاعِيَةٌ: [pl. مَدَاعٍ. b3: Hence the saying,] لَهُ مَسَاعٍ وَمَدَاعٍ, i. e. (tropical:) [He possesses means of attaining honour and elevation, and] causes of glorying, or memorable and generous qualities, especially in war. (TA.) مَدْعُوٌّ pass. part. n. of 1; as also ↓ مَدْعِىٌّ.]

مَدْعِىٌّ: see what next precedes: b2: and see also دَعِىٌّ, last sentence.

مُدَّعًى Claimed property [&c.]: مُدَّعًى بِهِ is nought. (Mgh.) b2: مُدَّعًى عَلَيْهِ One upon whom a claim is made for property [&c.]. (Mgh.) [A defendant in a law-suit.]

مُدَّعٍ Claiming property [&c.]; a claimant. (Mgh.) [A plaintiff in a law-suit.]