خال
الخالُ: أخُو الأُمِّ، والخالَةُ أُخْتُها. والمَصْدَر: الخُؤولة. وأخْوَلَ الرَّجُلُ: إذا كانَ ذا أخْوَالٍ، فهو مُخْوِلٌ ومُخْوَلٌ: كَرِيمُ الخال.
والخالُ: بَثْرَةٌ بالوَجْه؛ يَضْرِبُ إلى السَّوَاد، والجميع الخِيْلانُ، ورَجُلٌ مَخُوْلٌ ومَخِيْلٌ: من الخال، وتَصْغِيرها خُوَيْلٌ وخُيَيْلٌ. وثَوْبٌ ناعِمٌ من ثياب اليَمَن. والمُخْتالُ الشَّدِيدُ الخُيَلاء. والظَّلعُ والغَمزُ في الدابَّة، خالَ الفَرَسُ خالاً، والفَرَسُ خائلٌ. واللِّوَاءُ، يقولون: لا يُرَوَّعُ خالُها، أي لا يُفَزَّعُ لِواؤها. والرَّجُلُ السَّمْحُ يُشَبَّهُ بالغَيْم الذي يَبْرُق. وخالُ مالٍ وخائلُ مالٍ: أي حَسَنُ القِيام عليه والنَّظَرِ. والمَلِكُ الذي يَسُوسُ أمْرَ رَعِيَّتِه. والجَمَلُ العَظِيم. والمَخِيْلَةُ والشَّبَهُ. وغَيْمٌ يَنْشَأُ يُخَيَّل إليك أنَّه ماطِرٌ، والسَّحَابةُ مَخِيْلَةٌ. وكُلُّ شَيْءٍ كانَ خَلِيقاًلشَيْءٍ فهومَخِيْلٌ له. وخَيَّلَتِ السَّماءُ: أغامَتْ ولم تُمْطِرْ. والخَيَالُ: كلُّ شَيْءٍ تَراه كالظِّلِّ. وما يُرى في النَّوم، وكذلك الخَيَالةُ. وتَخَيَّلَ إليَّ الخَيَالُ. وخَيَّلَ عَلَيَّ الرَّجُلُ: إذا وَجَّهَ التُهَمَةَ عليك، تَخْيِيلاً. وخَيَّلْتُ للناقَةِ وأخْيَلْتُ: وهو أنْ تَضَعَ لولدها خيالاً يَفْزَعُ منه الذِّئْبُ فلا يَقْرَبه. وتقول: إخَالُ زَيْد اً أخاكَ، خِيْلاناً. وتَخَيَّلَ عليكَ فلانٌ: إذا اخْتَارَكَ وتَفَرَّسَ فيك الخَيْرَ. وأخالَتِ الناقةُ فهي مُخِيْلةٌ حَسَنَةُ العَطلِ: إذا كان في ضَرْعِها لَبَنٌ. وأخَلْتُ فيه خالاً من الخَيْرِ، وتَخَوَّلْتُ فيه. ولا يُخِيْلُ ذاكَ على أحَدٍ: أي لا يُشْكِل. وتَخَيَّلَتِ الأرْضُ: كَثُرَ نَبْتُها. ووَجَدْتُ أرضاً مُتَخَيِّلَةً: إذا بَلَغَ نَبْتًها المَدى وخَرَخ زَهرُها. وامْرَأةٌ مُخِيْلةٌ: لا زَوْجَ لها. والأخْيَلُ: تَذَكُّرُالخيَلاء. والتَّخايُلُ: خُيَلاءٌ في مُهْلةٍ.
وخالَ الرَّجُلُ يَخِيْلُ: إذا تَكَبَّرَ، ويَخُوْل: لُغَةٌ فيه. والخِيْلَةً: الخُيَلاء. ورَجُلٌ أُخائلُ: أي مُتَبَخْتِرٌ. وفلانٌ يُخايِلُ فلاناً: أي يُبارِيه في الخُيَلاء.
وخِلْتُه خَيْلَةً وخِيْلاناً: أي حَبَسْته. والمُخِيْلَةُ: الرايَةُ العَظِيمةُ كمُخِيلةِ السَّحاب التي لا تُخْلِفُ. وتَخَيَّلَ الخَرْقُ بالسَّفْرِ، وتَخَيُّلُه بهم: ما يُرِيهم من تَلَوُّنِه بالآل.

سل

1 سَلَّ الشَّىٌءَ, (S, M, Mgh,) aor. ـُ (S, M,) inf. n. سَلٌّ; (S, M, Mgh, K;) and ↓ استلّهُ, (M,) inf. n. اِسْتِلَالٌ; (K; [in the CK, الِاسْلال is put in the place of الِاسْتِلَال;]) He drew the thing out or forth from another thing: (Jel in xxiii. 12:) or he pulled out the thing, or drew it forth, gently: (M, K: *) or he drew, or pulled, the thing out, or forth, as a sword from its scabbard, and a hair from dough. (Mgh.) You say, سَلَّ السَّيْفَ, (S, Msb,) aor. and inf. n. as above; (Msb;) and ↓ استلّهُ, both signifying the same; (S;) [i. e. He drew the sword;] as also ↓ اسلّهُ, inf. n. إِسْلَالٌ. (TA.) In the saying of El-Farezdak, غَدَاةَ تَوَلَّيْتُمْ كَانَّ سُيُوفَكُمْ

↓ ذَآنِينُ فِى أَعْنَاقِكُمْ لَمْ تُسَلْسَلِ [In the morning when ye turned back, as though your swords were ذآنين (pl. of ذُؤْنُونٌ a species of fungus) upon your necks, (for the sword was hung upon the shoulder, not by a waist-belt,) not drawn forth], he has separated the doubled letter: thus the verse is related by IAar: but by Th, ↓ لَمْ تَسَلَّلِ [for تَتَنَسَلَّلِ]. (M.) It is said in a trad., لَأَسُلَّنَّكَ مِنْهُمْ كَمَا تُسَلُّ الشَّعْرَةُ مِنَ العَجِينِ [I will assuredly draw thee forth from them like as the single hair is drawn forth from dough]. (TA.) And in another trad., اَللّٰهُمَّ أْسْلُلْ سَخِيمَةَ قَلْبِى (tropical:) [O God, draw forth the rancour of my heart]: and hence the saying الهَدَايَا تَسُلُّ السَّخَائِمَ وَتَحُلُّ الشَّكَائِمَ (tropical:) [Presents draw away feelings of rancour, and loose, or melt, resistances, or incompliances]. (TA.) And سُلَّ, said of a colt, means He was drawn forth a سَلِيل [q. v.]. (M, TA.) b2: Also He took the thing. (Msb.) Hence one says, تُسَلُّ المَيِّتُ مِنْ قِبَلِ رَأْسِهِ إِلَى القَبْرِ, i. e. [The dead body] is taken [head-foremost to the grave]: (Msb:) [or is drawn forth &c.: for] it is said of the Apostle of God, سُلَّ مِنْ قِبَل رَأْسِهِ, meaning He was drawn forth [&c.] from the bier. (Mgh.) b3: Also, aor. and inf. n. as above, He stole the thing: (Msb, TA:) or he stole it covertly, secretly, or clandestinely; (TA;) and so ↓ اسلّهُ. (TK. [But see 4, below, where اسلّ meaning “ he stole ” is mentioned only as intrans.]) Yousay, سَلَّ البَعِيرَ جَوْفِ اللَّيْلِ He drew away the camel from among the other camels in the middle of the night: and in like manner you say of other things. (TA.) A2: سَلَّ, aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. سَلٌّ, (TK,) said of a man; (TA;) or سَلَّتْ, aor. ـَ [whence it would seem that the sec. Pers\. of the pret. is سَلِلْتَ, and the inf. n. سَلَلٌ,] said of a sheep or goat, شاة; (M;) He, or it, lost his, or its, teeth: (M, K:) on the authority of Lh. (M.) A3: سُلَّ, (M, Msb, K,) in the pass. form, (Msb,) with damm, (K,) He was, or became, affected with the disease termed سِلّ [q. v.]. (M, Msb, K.) 4 أَسْلَ3َ see 1, second sentence. b2: اسلّ, (ISk, S, M, Mgh,) inf. n. إِسْلَالٌ, (ISk, S, K,) also signifies He stole: (ISk, S, Mgh:) or he stole covertly, secretly, or clandestinely. (M, K.) See also 1, in the latter half of the paragraph. You say, اسلّ مِنَ المَغْنَمِ He stole of the spoil. (Mgh.) b3: إِسْلَالٌ signifies also An open raid or predatory incursion. (TA.) b4: And اسلّ He aided another to steal, or to steal covertly, secretly, or clandestinely. (TA.) b5: [See also إِسْلَالٌ below. Accord. to Freytag, اسلّ signifies He received a bribe: but this requires consideration: he gives no authority but the K, which does not justify this explanation.]

A2: اسلّهُ He (God) caused him to be affected with the disease termed سِلّ [q. v.]. (S, M, Msb, K.) 5 تسلّل: see 7: and see also 1, in the former half of the paragraph. b2: Also i. q. اِضْطَرَبَ [It was, or became, in a state of commotion, agitation, &c.]; said of a thing; as though it were imagined to be repeatedly drawn forth. (Er-Rághib, TA.) 7 انسلّ It (a thing) became pulled out, or drawn forth, gently; (M;) it became drawn, or pulled out or forth, as a sword from its scabbard, and a hair from dough. (Mgh.) You say, انسلّ السَّيْفُ مِنَ الغَمْدِ The sword [became drawn from the scabbard: or] slipped out from the scabbard. (TA.) And انسلّ قِيَادُالفَرَسِ مِنْ يَدِهِ [The leading-rope of the horse slipped out or] came forth [from his hand]. (Mgh.) b2: And [hence], as also ↓ تسلّل, (S, M, K,) He slipped away, or stole away; i. e., went away covertly, secretly, or clandestinely: (M, K:) or he went forth, مِنْ بَيْنِهِمْ [from among them]. (S.) And اِنْسَلَلْتُ مِنْ بَيْنِ يَدَيْهِ I went away, and went forth, deliberately, or leisurely, and by degrees, from before him. (TA.) Sb says that اِنْسَلَلْتُ [used in this or a similar sense] is not a quasi-pass. verb; but is only like [a verb of the measure] فَعَلْتُ; like as اِفْتَقَرَ is like ضَعُفَ. (M.) It is said in a prov., رَمَتْنِى بِدَائِهَاوَانْسَلَّتْ [She reproached me with her own fault, and slipped away]: (S, Meyd, TA:) [originally] said by one of the fellow-wives of Ruhm, daughter of El-Khazraj, wife of Saad Ibn-Zeyd-Menáh, on Ruhm's reproaching her with a fault that was in herself. (Meyd, TA. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. cap. x. no. 2; and another prov. there referred to in cap. ii. no. 78.]) And one says also, بِكَذَا ↓ استلّ, meaning He went away with such a thing covertly, secretly, or clandestinely. (TA.) 8 إِسْتَلَ3َ see 1, first and second sentences: A2: and see also 7, last sentence.10 استسل النَّهْرُ جَدْوَلًا (tropical:) The river had a rivulet or streamlet, branching off from it. (TA.) R. Q. 1 سَلْسَلَةٌ [as inf. n. of سُلْسِلَ (see مُسَلْسَلٌ below)] signifies A thing's being connected with another thing. (M, K.) [It is also inf. n. of سَلْسَلَ, as such signifying The connecting a thing with another thing.] b2: [Hence, or the reverse may be the case,] سَلْسَلْتُهُ I bound him with the سِلْسِلَة [or chain]. (O. TA.) b3: And سَلْسَلْتُ المَآءَ فِى الحَلْقِ I poured the water into the throat, or fauces, [app. in a continuous stream.] (S, * O.) b4: And مَاسَلْسَلَ طَعَامًا He did not eat food: (K:) as though he did not pour it into his throat, or fauces. (TA.) A2: Accord. to IAar, سَلْسَلَ signifies He ate a سَلْسَلَة, i. e., a long piece of a camel's hump. (O.) A3: See also 1, third sentence. R. Q. 2 تَسَلْسَلَ, said of water, It ran into the throat, or fauces: (S, O:) or it ran down a declivity, or declivous place: (M, K:) or (assumed tropical:) it became [fretted with a succession of ripples] like a chain, in running [in a shallow and rugged bed], or when smitten by the wind. (S.) b2: And, said of lightning, (assumed tropical:) It assumed the form of سَلَاسِل, [i. e. chains, meaning elongated streams,] pl. of سِلْسِلَةٌ [q. v.], in the clouds. (M.) b3: And تَسَلْسُلٌ signifies (assumed tropical:) The glistening, and [apparent] creeping, of the diversified wavy marks, streaks, or grain, [resembling a chain, (see مُسَلْسَلٌ,) and also likened to the creeping of ants, (see فِرِنْذٌ, and رُبَدٌ,)] of a sword. (TA. [See also أَثْرٌ.]) b4: And تَسَلْسَلَ said of a garment, (assumed tropical:) It was worn until it became thin; (O, K;) like تَخَلْخَلَ. (O.) سَلٌّ, (M, K,) applied to a man, (M,) Whose teeth are falling out; (M;) losing his teeth: (K:) fem. with ة: (M, K:) likewise applied to a sheep or goat (شَاْةٌ); on the authority of Lh; (M;) and to a she-camel whose teeth have fallen out from extreme old age; or one extremely aged, having no tooth remaining; on the authority of IAar. (TA.) A2: See also سَلَّةٌ, in two places.

سُلٌّ: see what next follows.

سِلٌّ (S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ سُلَالٌ, (S, M, K,) the former [the more common, and] often occurring in the verses of chaste poets, though El-Hareeree says in the “ Durrat el-Ghowwás ” that it is an erroneous term of the vulgar, and that the latter is the right term, (TA,) signify the same, (S, M, K,) as also ↓ سُلٌّ and ↓ سَلَّةٌ, (K,) [Consumption: or phthisis:] an emaciating, oppressive, and fatal malady: (T, TA:) a certain disease, well known; said in the medical books to be one of the diseases of girls, because of the abundance of blood in them: (Msb:) accord. to the physicians, (TA,) an ulcer, (K, TA,) or ulcers, (Msb,) [or ulceration,] in the lungs; (Msb, K, TA;) succeeding (تُعَقِّبُ [grammatically referring to سَلَّة]) either ذَات الرِّئَة [i. e. inflammation of the lungs] or ذَات الجَنْب [i. e. pleurisy]: (in the CK, بِعَقَبِ ذات الرِّيّةِ اوذاتِ الجَنْبِ is [erroneously] put in the place of تُعَقِّبُ ذَاتَ الرِّئَةِ أَوْ ذَاتَ الجَنْبِ: and in what here follows, the gen. case is put in the place of the nom. in four instances:) or a rheum (زُكَامٌ), and defluxions (نَوَازِلُ), or a long cough, and attended with constant fever. (K, TA.) b2: Hence the saying, in a trad., غُبَارُذَيْلِ المَرْأَةِ الفَاجِرَةِ يُورثُ السِّلَّ (assumed tropical:) [The dust of the skirt of the vitious woman occasions the loss of property]; meaning that he who follows vitious women and acts vitiously, loses his property, and becomes poor: the diminution and departure of property being likened to the diminution and wasting away of the body when one has the disorder termed سِلّ. (TA.) سَلَّةٌ The drawing of swords; (S, M, K;) as also ↓ سِلَّةٌ. (K.) So in the saying, أَتَيْنَاهُمْ عِنْدَ السَّلَّةِ [We came to them on the occasion of the drawing of swords]. (S, M, K.) b2: And Theft: (S, Msb:) or covert, secret, or clandestine, theft; (M, K;) like إِسْلَالٌ [except that the former is a simple subst., and the latter is an inf. n., i. e. of 4]: (K:) one says, فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ سَلَّةٌ [Among the sons of such a one is theft, or covert theft]: (S:) and الخَلَّةُ تَدْعُو إِلَى السَّلَّةِ [Want invites to theft, or covert theft]. (TA.) A2: Also (tropical:) The rush (دُفْعَة) of a horse among other horses, in running: (TA:) or the rush (دُفْعَة) of a horse in striving to outstrip: (S, TA: [I read فِى سِبَاقِهِ, as in a copy of the S; instead of فى سِيَاقِهِ, as in other copies of the S and in the TA:]) so in the saying, فَرَسٌ شَدِيدُ السَّلَّةِ (tropical:) [A horse of which the rush &c. is vehement]: (S, TA:) and خَرَجَتْ سَلَّتُهُ عَلَى

الخَيْلِ (S) or عَلَى سَائِرِ الخَيْلِ (TA) (tropical:) [His rush in striving to outstrip proceeded against the other horses]. b2: And A revulsion of shortness of breathing (اِرْتِدَادُ رَبْوٍ) in the chest of a horse, in consequence of his suppressing such shortness of breathing [so I render مِنْ كَبْوَةٍ يَكْبُوهَا, but this phrase admits of other renderings, as will be seen in art. كبو]: (M, K:) when he is inflated thereby, one says, أَخْرَجَ سَلَّتَهُ [app. meaning he has manifested his revulsion of shortness of breathing]; and thereupon he is urged to run with vehemence, and made to sweat, and coverings are thrown upon him, and that shortness of breathing (ذٰلِكَ الرَّبْوُ) passes forth. (M.) b3: [In a sheep or goat, or a ewe or she-goat, it seems to mean Power, or force, of long continuance: see مَسْلُولَةٌ, voce مَسْلُولٌ.]

A3: See also سِلٌّ.

A4: Also A [basket of the kind called] جُونَة: (K:) or a thing like the جُونَة, (M,) or like the covered جُونَة, which is also called سَبَذَةٌ; so says Az: (TA:) a receptacle in which fruit is carried: (Msb:) [sometimes covered with red skin: (see حَوَرٌ:) in the present day commonly applied to a basket made of twigs, oblong and deep, generally between a foot and a foot and a half in length:] and ↓ سَلٌّ signifies the same: (M, K:) what is termed سَلَّةُ الخُبْزِ [the bread-basket] is well known: (S:) سَلَّةٌ meaning as expl. above is not thought by IDrd to be an Arabic word: (M:) [the dim. ↓ سُلَيْلَةٌ occurs in the K voce جُونَةٌ, and in the Mgh voce رَبْعَةٌ, &c.:] the pl. is سِلَالٌ (M, K) and سَلَّاتٌ (Msb) and [coll. gen. n.] ↓ سَلٌّ, of which Abu-l-Hasan says that it is in his opinion a rare kind of pl. [or coll. gen. n.] because it denotes what is made by art, not created, and it should more properly be regarded as of the class of كَوْكَبٌ and كَوْكَبَةٌ [which are syn.] because this is more common than the class of سَفِينَةٌ and سَفِينٌ. (M.) A5: Also A fault, or defect, in a water-ing-trough or tank, or in a [jar of the kind called]

خَابِيَة: (M, K:) or a breach between the أَنْصَابِ, (K,) or [more properly] between the نَصَائِب, [i. e. the stones set up, and cemented together with kneaded clay, around the interior,] (M,) of a watering-trough or tank. (M, K.) b2: And Fissures in the ground, that steal [i. e. imbibe] the water. (TA.) A6: Also One's sewing [a skin, or hide, with] two thongs in a single puncture, or stitch-hole. (M, K.) سِلَّةٌ: see سَلَّةٌ, first sentence.

سُلَالٌ i. q. سِلٌّ, q. v. (S, M, K.) سَلِيلٌ A drawn sword; i. q. ↓ مَسْلُولٌ. (M, K.) b2: (assumed tropical:) A child, or male offspring; [because drawn forth;] (S, M, Msb, K;) as also ↓ سُلَالَةٌ; (M, Mgh, Msb, K;) metonymically so termed: (Mgh:) or, when it comes forth from the belly of its mother; as also ↓ the latter; the former so called because created from the [sperma genitalis, which is termed] سُلَالَة: (Akh, TA:) fem. of the former ↓ سَلِيلَةٌ, (S, M, Msb, K,) applied to a daughter. (AA, K.) b3: A colt; (M, K;) and with ة a filly; (S, * M, TA;) the ة being affixed, though سليل is of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ, because the word is made a subst.: (Ham p. 102:) or, as some say, (M, in the K “ and ”) the former signifies a colt that is born not in a [membrane such as is called] مَاسِكَة nor [in one such as is called] سَلًى: if in either of these, it is termed بَقِيرٌ [not بُقَيْرٌ as in the CK]. (M, K.) [See also دُعْمُوصٌ.] b4: And A young camel when just born, before it is known whether it is a male or a female. (As, S, TA.) A2: Clear, or pure, beverage or wine; (K, TA;) as though gently drawn away from dust or motes or particles of rubbish or the like: such is said to be the beverage, or wine, of Paradise: or cool beverage or wine: or such as is clear from dust or motes or particles of rubbish or the like, and from turbidness; of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ: or such as is easy [in its descent] in the throat, or fauces. (TA.) [See also سُلَالَةٌ, and سَلْسَالٌ.]

A3: The channel of the water, or place in which the water flows, in a valley: or the middle of a valley, (M, K, *) where flows the main body of water. (M.) and A wide (S, M, K) and deep (M, K) valley, (S, M, K,) that gives growth to the [trees called]

سَلَم and سَمُر, (S, K,) or that gives growth to the سَلَم and ضَعَة and يَنَمَة and حَلَمَة; (M;) and ↓ سَالٌّ signifies the same: (M, K:) or this latter, a place in which are trees: (TA:) or a narrow channel of a torrent in a valley: (As, S, TA:) or a low place surrounded by what is elevated, in which the water collects: (En-Nadr, TA:) pl. of both سُلَّانٌ, (M, K,) or of the former accord. to Kr, (M, TA,) and of the latter accord. to As [and the S], (TA,) or that of the latter is سَوَالُّ. (En-Nadr, K, TA.) One says سَلِيلٌ مِنْ سَمُرٍ

like as one says غَالٌّ مِنْ سَلَمٍ. (S.) The phrase سَالَ السَّلِيلُ بِهِمْ [lit. The wide, or wide and deep, valley, &c., flowed with them] is used by the poet Zuheyr (S, IB) as meaning (assumed tropical:) they journeyed swiftly. (IB, TA.) A4: The brain of the horse. (M, K.) b2: The hump of the camel. (M, K.) b3: The نُخَاع [or spinal cord]. (M, K.) b4: and سَلِيلُ اللَّحْمِ The [portions that are termed]

خَصِيل [q. v. voce خَصِيلَةٌ] of flesh: [the former word in this case being app. a coll. gen. n., of which the n. un. is ↓ سَلِيلَةٌ (q. v.); the more probably as it is added that] the pl. is سَلَائِلُ. (TA.) سُلَالَةٌ What is, or becomes, drawn forth, or drawn forth gently, from, or of, a thing: (M, K:) or so سُلَالَةُ شَىْءٍ: (S:) [an extract of a thing: and hence,] the clear, or pure, part, or the choice, best, or most excellent, part [of a thing]; (Mgh; and Ksh and Bd and Jel in xxiii. 12;) because drawn from the thick, or turbid, part. (Mgh.) It is said in the Kur [xxiii. 12], وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ سُلَالَةٍ مِنْ طِينٍ, meaning [and verily we created man from] what was drawn forth from every kind of dust, or earth: (Fr, TA:) or from a pure, or choice, or most excellent, sort of earth or clay. (Ksh, Bd, Jel.) b2: and [hence,] The sperma genitalis of a man, or human being; (S, TA;) what is drawn from the صُلْب [app. here meaning loins] of the man and from the تَرَائِب [pl. of تَرِيبَة, q. v.,] of the woman: (AHeyth, TA:) the water (مَآء) that is drawn from the back. ('Ikrimeh, TA.) b3: See also سَليلٌ, second sentence, in two places.

سَلِيلَةٌ: see سَلِيلٌ, second sentence. b2: Also A sinew, (عَصَبَةٌ, (M, K, or عَقَبَةٌ, K,) or a portion of flesh having streaks, or strips, (M, K,) that separate, one from another. (TA.) And The oblong portion of flesh of the part on either side of the backbone: (K:) or this is called سَلِيلَةُ المَتْنِ: (M:) [or] accord. to As, [the pl.] سَلَائِلُ signifies the long streaks, or strips, of flesh extending with the backbone. (TA.) See also سَلِيلٌ, last sentence. [Also] A small thin thing [or substance] resembling flesh: pl. سَلَائِلُ. (TA in art. خشم.) And سَلَائِلُ السَّنَامِ Long slices cut from the camel's hump. (TA.) b3: And the pl., Oblong نَغَفَات [or portions of dry mucus or the like] in the nose. (M.) b4: Also [Goats'] hair separated, or plucked asunder, with the fingers, then folded, and tied; then the woman draws from it one portion after another, which she spins: (M:) or سَلِيلَةٌ مِنْ شَعَرٍ signifies what is drawn forth from a ضَرِيبَة of [goats'] hair, which is a portion thereof separated, or plucked asunder, with the fingers, then folded, and rolled up into long portions, the length of each being about a cubit, and the thickness that of the half of the fore arm next the hand: this is tied, then the woman draws from it one portion after another, and spins it. (S.) [See also عَمِيتَةٌ.]

A2: Also A certain long fish, (K, TA,) having a long مِنْقَار [app. meaning beak-like snout, or nose]. (TA.) سُلَيْلَةٌ: see سَلَّةٌ (of which it is the dim.), in the latter half of the paragraph.

سُلَّآءٌ; n. un. with ة; mentioned in the M and K in this art. as well as in art. سلأ: see the latter art. سَلَّالٌ: see سَالٌّ.

A2: [And it seems to be somewhere mentioned in the S, though not in the present art., as meaning A maker of the sort of baskets called سِلَال (pl. of سَلَّةٌ): for Golius explains it, as on the authority of J, as signifying qui sportas qualosque contexit.]

سَلْسَلٌ and ↓ سَلْسَالٌ and ↓ سُلَاسِلٌ (S, M, K) Sweet water, (M, K,) that descends easily in the throat, or fauces; (M;) water that enters easily into the throat, or fauces, by reason of its sweetness and clearness: (S:) or cold, or cool, water: (M, K:) or water that has fluctuated to and fro, in the place where it has continued, until it has become limpid, or clear. (Er-Rághib, TA.) and the first and ↓ second, Mellow wine: (M, K:) the former is expl. by Lth as meaning sweet and clear, that runs [easily] into the throat, or fauces, when drunk. (TA.) b2: And غَدِيرٌ سَلْسَلٌ [A pool of water left by a torrent] which, being smitten [or blown upon] by the wind, becomes [rippled so as to be] like the سِلْسِلَة [or chain]. (TA.) سُلْسُلٌ A boy, or young man, light, or active, in spirit; as also لُسْلُسٌ. (IAar, O.) سِلْسِلٌ: see سِلْسِلَةٌ, in two places.

سَلْسَلَةٌ [as an inf. n.: see R. Q. 1.

A2: Also] A long piece of a camel's hump: (IAar, O, K:) accord. to AA, it is called لَسْلَسَةٌ: accord. to As, لِسْلِسَةٌ. (O.) سِلْسِلَةٌ A chain, i. q. زِنْجِيرْ in Pers\.; (KL;) rings (دَائِرٌ [app. used as a coll. gen. n., though I do not know any authority for such usage of it,] K [in the M دَائِرَةٌ]) of iron (S, M, K) or the like (M, K) of metals: derived from السَّلْسَلَةُ signifying “ the being connected ” with another thing: (M: [see R. Q. 1:]) pl. سَلَاسِلُ. (S, Mgh, TA.) It was a custom to extend a سِلْسِلَة over a river or a road, the ships or beats or the passengers being arrested thereby, for the purpose of the taking of the tithes from them by an officer set over it. (Mgh.) b2: [Hence,] سِلْسِلَةُ بَرْقٍ (tropical:) An elongated stream of lightning [like a chain] in the midst of the clouds: (S, TA: *) or سَلَاسِلُ البَرْقِ means what have assumed the form of chains (مَاتَسَلْسَلَ), of lightning, (M, K,) in the clouds; (M;) and السَّحَابِ [i. e., of the clouds in like manner]: (K: [but I think that وَالسَّحَابِ in the K is evidently a mistranscription for فِى السَّحَابِ the reading in the M:]) sing. سِلْسِلَةٌ (M, K) and ↓ سِلْسِلٌ, (K,) thus in the copies of the K, but in the L ↓ سِلْسِيلٌ, which is [said to be] the correct word. (TA. [See, however, what follows.]) And in like manner, سَلَاسِلُ الرَّمْلِ (assumed tropical:) What have assumed the form of chains (مَا تَسَلْسَلَ) of sands: (M:) or سَلَاسِلُ signifies (tropical:) sands that become accumulated, or congested, (يَنْعَقِدُ,) one upon another, and extended along: (A'Obeyd, S, O, K, TA:) you say رَمْلٌ ذُوسَلَاسِلَ (tropical:) [sands having portions accumulated, or congested, &c.]: and ذَاتُ سَلَاسِلَ, which has been expl. as meaning (assumed tropical:) elongated sands: (TA:) sing. سِلْسِلَةٌ (M, TA) and ↓ سِلْسلٌ, (M,) or ↓ سِلْسِيلٌ; and الرَّمْلِ ↓ سَلْسُولُ, with fet-h [to the first letter], is a dial. var. of سِلْسِيلُهُ. (TA.) b3: And سَلَاسِلُ كِتَابٍ (tropical:) The lines of a book or writing. (O, K, TA.) b4: and بِرْذَوْنٌ ذُو سَلَاسِلَ (assumed tropical:) [A hackney] upon whose legs one sees what resemble سَلَاسِل [or chains]. (M.) A2: Also The وَحَرَة, (O, K,) which is a small reptile, [a species of lizard, the same that is called السِلْسِلَةُ الرَّقْطَآءُ, (see أَرْقَطُ,)] spotted, black and white, having a slender tail, which it moves about when running. (TA.) سَلْسَالٌ: see سَلْسَلٌ, in two places.

سَلْسُولٌ: see سِلْسِلَةٌ.

سِلْسِيلٌ: see سِلْسِلَةٌ, in two places.

سُلَاسِلٌ: see سَلْسَلٌ.

سَالٌّ [act. part. n. of سَلَّ, Drawing out, or forth: &c. b2: Stealing: or stealing covertly, secretly, or clandestinely:] a thief; as also ↓ سَلَّالٌ [which is commonly applied in the present day to a horse-stealer and the like] and ↓ أَسَلُّ. (TA.) A2: See also سَلِيلٌ.

أَسَلُّ: see the next preceding paragraph.

إِسْلَالٌ A bribe. (S, M, K.) It is said in a trad., لَا إِغْلَالَ وَلَا إِسْلَالَ There shall be no treachery, or perfidy, and no [giving or receiving of a] bribe: or, and no stealing. (S in this art. and in art. غل. [See 4.]) مَسَلّ in the phrase مَضْجَعُهُ كَمَسَلِّ شَطْبَةٍ, in the trad. of Umm-Zara, meaning [His sleepingplace is] like a green palm-stick drawn forth from its skin [by reason of his slenderness], or, as some say, a sword drawn forth [from its scabbard], is [originally] an inf. n. used in the sense of a pass. part. n. (TA. [See also art. شطب.]) مِسَلَّةٌ A large needle: (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K:) [a packing-needle:] pl. مَسَالُّ. (S, Mgh, Msb.) مُسَلِّلٌ Subtle of machination in stealing. (TA.) مَسْلُولٌ: see سَلِيلٌ. b2: [Hence, elliptically,] A man (Msb) whose testicles have been extracted. (Mgh, Msb.) A2: Also Affected with the disease termed سِلّ: (S, M, Msb, K:) [regularly derived from سُلَّ, but] anomalous [as derived from أَسَلَّهُ]: (S, M, Msb:) Sb says, as though the سِلّ were put into him. (M.) A3: AA says that the مَسْلُولَة of غَنَم [meaning sheep or goats, i. e., applied to a شَاة, meaning a sheep or goat, or a ewe or she-goat,] is One whose powers, or forces, are of long continuance (اَلَّتِى يَطُولُ قُوَاهَا): and that one says [of such] فِى فِيهَا سَلَّةٌ [in which phrase فى seems evidently to have been preposed by mistake: see سَلَّةٌ]. (O, TA.) مُسَلْسَلٌ A thing having its parts, or portions, connected, one with another. (S, O.) b2: and [hence, (see سِلْسِلَةٌ,)] Chained; bound with the سِلْسِلَة. (TA.) [المَرْأَةُ المُسَلْسَلَةُ is the name of The constellation Andromeda; described by Kzw and others.] b3: (assumed tropical:) Lightning that assumes the form of chains (يَتَسَلْسَلُ) in its upper portions, and seldom, or never, breaks its promise [of being followed by rain]. (IAar, TA.) b4: Applied to hair, [as also ↓ مُتَسَلْسِلٌ, (K in art. حجن,) (assumed tropical:) Forming a succession of rimples, like water running in a shallow and rugged bed, or rippled by the wind; (see R. Q. 2;) or] crisp, or curly, or twisted, and contracted; syn. جَعْدٌ. (Mgh.) b5: (assumed tropical:) A sword having in it, or upon it, diversified wavy marks, streaks, or grain, resembling the سِلْسِلَة [or chain]. (TA.) [See also مُسَلَّسٌ.] b6: (assumed tropical:) A garment, or piece of cloth, figured with stripes, or lines; (K;) as also مُلَسْلَسٌ: as though formed by tranposition. (TA.) Also, and ↓ مُتَسَلْسِلٌ, (assumed tropical:) A garment, or piece of cloth, woven badly (M, K) and thinly. (M.) b7: حَدِيثٌ مُسَلْسَلٌ (assumed tropical:) A tradition [related by an uninterrupted chain of transmitters,] such as when one says, I met face to face such a one who said, I met face to face such a one, and so on, to the Apostle of God. (O, TA.) مُتَسَلْسِلٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places. b2: Also (assumed tropical:) A garment worn until it has become thin, (TA.)

شمر

1 شَمَرَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. شَمْرٌ: see the next paragraph, in five places.2 شمّر, (S, A, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَشْمِيرٌ, (S, K,) He raised, (S, Msb, K,) or tucked up, or contracted, (A,) his garment, (Msb, K,) or his waist-wrapper, (S,) [or his sleeve,] or his skirts. (A.) One says, شمّر عَنْ سَاقِهِ [He raised, or tucked up, his garment, or waist-wrapper, or skirts, from his shank]. (S.) [And in like manner, ↓ تشمّر signifies He raised, or tucked up, his garment, &c.: for] one says also, تشمّر عَنْ سَاعِدَيْهِ [He tucked up his sleeves from his fore arms]. (TA.) It is said in a prov., شَمَّرَ ذَيْلًا وَادَّرَعَ لَيْلًا i. e. [lit.] He contracted, or drew up, his [or a] skirt [and clad himself with night as with a tunic]: (TA:) or شَمِرْ ذَيْلًا وَادَّرِعْ لَيْلًا, meaning (tropical:) Use thou prudence, or precaution, or good judgment, and journey all the night. (S and K in art. درع.) b2: [Hence,] (assumed tropical:) He strove, or laboured, exerted himself or his power or ability, employed himself vigorously or laboriously or with energy, or took extraordinary pains, (AA, Msb, TA,) and was quick, (AA, TA,) فِى الأَمْرِ [in the affair]; as also ↓ شَمَرَ, inf. n. شَمْرٌ: (TA:) and فِى العِبَادَةِ [in religious service]: (Msb:) and فِى سَيْرِهِ [in his pace, or journeying]; like تَجَرَّدَ and اِنْجَرَدَ. (L and TA in art. جرد.) Also, (K,) inf. n. as above; (TA;) and ↓ شَمَرَ, (K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. شَمْرٌ; (TA;) and ↓ انشمر, and ↓ تشمّر; (K;) (assumed tropical:) He passed along striving, or exerting himself, or vigorously: or he passed along with a proud and self-conceited gait; (K;) [and] ↓ مَرَّ يَشْمُرُ, inf. n. as above, has the latter meaning. (S.) And شمّر فِى الأَمْرِ (assumed tropical:) He was, or became, light, or active, (S, Msb, K,) and quick, (Msb,) in, or for, the affair: (S, Msb, K:) and شمّر لِلْأَمْرِ, and شمّر لِلْأَمْرِ أَذْيَالَهُ, (A, TA,) and شمّر عَنْ سَاقِهِ, (TA,) (tropical:) He was, or became, light, or active, and he rose, or hastened, to do the thing, or affair. (A, TA.) And شمّرت الحَرْبُ and شمّرت عَنْ سَاقِهَا (tropical:) [The war, or battle, became vehement; like كَشَفَتْ عَنْ سَاقٍ]. (A.) b3: Also He contracted a thing; syn. قَلَّصَ; (TA;) [and so, perhaps, ↓ شَمَرَ; for] الشَّمْرُ signifies تَقْلِيصُ الشَّىْءِ, like التَّشْمِيرُ: (K:) [or the author of the TA may have misunderstood this explanation in the K, and the meaning may be it (a thing) contracted, or became contracted; for قَلَّصَ is trans. and also (like قَلَصَ) intrans.: that شمّر has this latter meaning, whether it have also, or have not, the former, is shown by the statement that] one says, شَمَّرَتِ الشَّفَةُ meaning قَلَصَت [i. e. The lip became contracted, or became contracted upwards]: (M in art. قلص:) and ↓ تشمّر [in like manner] signifies it (a thing) contracted, or became contracted; syn. تَقَلَّصَ. (TA.) b4: Also, (inf. n. as above, As, S,) (tropical:) He launched forth a ship, or boat; let it go; let it take its course; (As, IAar, S, A, K;) and in like manner, a hawk; (A;) and he discharged, or shot, an arrow: (As, IAar, S, A, Msb:) and hence, (As, S,) (tropical:) he sent, sent forth, or sent away, (As, S, M, A, K,) a thing. (M, A.) [See also سَمَّرَ.] And شمّر الإِبِلَ, inf. n. as above; (TA;) and ↓ اشمرها; (K;) (assumed tropical:) He hastened the camels; made them to hasten; syn. أَكْمَشَهَا, [which seems to be either syn. with, or a mistranscription for, كَمَّشَهَا, (see سَمَّرَ,)] and أَعْجَلَهَا. (O, K, TA.) b5: And شَمَّرْتُ النَّخْلَ (tropical:) I cut off the fruit of the palm-trees; syn. صَرَمْتُهُ; (A, TA;) or so ↓ شَمَرْتُهُ, (Ibn-'Abbád, O,) [for]

الشَّمْرُ signifies صِرَامُ النَّخْلِ. (K.) 4 اشمر الإِبِلَ: see 2, last sentence but one. b2: اشمر الجَمَلُ طَرُوقَتَهُ The he-camel impregnated the she-camel covered by him. (O, K.) b3: اشمرهُ بِالسَّيْفِ He destroyed him with the sword; syn. أَدْرَجَهُ. (O, K.) 5 تشمّر: see 2, third sentence. b2: [Hence,] تشمّر لِلْأَمْرِ, (S, K,) or لِلْعَمَلِ (A,) and ↓ انشمر لَلامر, (S,) (assumed tropical:) He prepared himself (S, A, K) for the affair, (S, K,) or for the work. (A.) [Freytag mentions اشمر للامر in a similar sense, “Paratus fuit ad rem peragendam,” as on the authority of J; but I do not find it in the S,] b3: See also 2 as syn. with 1 and 7.

A2: [Also, app., as quasipass. of 2, It (a garment, &c., was, or became, raised, or tucked up, or contracted; and so signifies ↓ انشمر.] b2: See 2 again, in the latter part of the paragraph.7 انشمر: see 5, in two places. b2: See also 2 as syn. with 1 and 5. b3: Also He (a horse) hastened, or went quickly. (S, O. [Accord. to Freytag, the verb in this sense in the S is اشتمر; but this is a mistake.]) b4: And i. q. مَضَى and نَفَذَ [app. as meaning (assumed tropical:) It, or he, acted with a penetrative force or energy (see شِمْرٌ and شَمَّرِىٌّ)]; and so ↓ اشتمر. (TA.) b5: And It (the water of a wall) went away. (A, TA.) 8 إِشْتَمَرَ see the next preceding paragraph.

شِمْرٌ, applied to a man, (assumed tropical:) Light, agile, or active; acute, or sharp, or quick, in intellect; clever, knowing, or intelligent; syn. زَوْلٌ; and بَصِيرٌ; (ElMuärrij, O, K;) and نَاقِدٌ; (O, K;) thus accord. to the copies of the K [probably from the O]; but in the Tekmileh &c., نَافِذ, [which I regard as the right reading, meaning one who acts with a penetrative energy, or who is sharp, vigorous, or effective,] (TA,) in everything. (O, TA.) See also شَمَّرِىٌّ. b2: Also (assumed tropical:) Liberal, bountiful, munificent, or generous; (O, K;) and courageous. (TA.) شَمَرٌ: see شَمَارٌ.

شِمْرَةٌ The gait, or manner of walking, of a vitious, or depraved, man; (O, K;) or, accord. to IAar, of a man who goes to and fro, and round about. (TA.) [See also شَنْرَةٌ.]

شَرٌّ شِمِرٌّ Severe evil. (S, O, K.) It is said in a prov., أَلْجَأَهُ الخَوْفُ إِلَى شَرٍّ شِمِرٍّ, (TA,) or أَجَآءَهُ, (so in a copy of the A,) [Fear compelled him to betake himself to that which was a severe evil:] i. e. he feared an evil, and fear reduced him to a greater evil. (A.) شَمَارٌ i. q. رَازِيَانَجٌ, in the dial. of Egypt, (O, K, TA,) also [and more commonly] called ↓ شَمَرٌ [applied to the Anethum graveolens, or common garden-dill, and to its seed; and also to the anethum fœniculum, or fennel: see also سَنُّوتٌ]. (TA.) شَمَّرِىٌّ [in the CK شَمَرِىٌّ, without teshdeed to the م,] (tropical:) A man, (S,) penetrating, or acting with a penetrative energy, or sharp, vigorous, and effective, in the performing of affairs, and expert, or experienced; (S, * K, TA;) mostly with respect to travel; (TA;) as though it were a rel. n. from شَمَّرَ; (S;) as also شِمَّرِىٌّ (S, K) and شِمِّرِىٌّ [in the CK شِمِرِىٌّ] and شُمُّرِىٌّ [in the CK شُمُرِىٌّ] and ↓ شِمْرٌ and ↓ شِمِّيرٌ, (K,) the last an intensive form, (TA,) and ↓ مُشَمِّرٌ: (K:) or clever in the performing of affairs, and quick: (Fr, TA:) or one who strives, labours, or exerts himself, and is clever and skilful: (Aboo-Bekr, TA:) or quick in evil, and in what is vain, or false; who strives, labours, or exerts himself, therein; from شَمَّرَ meaning “ he strove, laboured, or exerted himself, and was quick: ” (AA, Aboo-Bekr, TA:) or one who goes his own way, or pursues a headlong, or rash, course, and will not refrain. (Aboo-Bekr, TA.) b2: نَاقَةٌ شَمَّرِيَّةٌ, (S, K,) and شِمَّرِيَّةٌ, and شِمِّرِيَّةٌ, and شُمُّرِيَّةٌ, (K, TA,) [all in the CK without teshdeed to the م,] and ↓ شِمِّيرٌ, (S, K,) (assumed tropical:) A she-camel that is quick (S, K) in pace. (TA.) شَمُّورٌ, occurring in a trad. respecting 'Ooj Ibn-'Unuk, [or Ibn-'Ook,] as meaning something with which a mass of rock was hollowed out according to the size of his head, (TA,) Diamond: (K:) thought by El-Khattábee to have this meaning; but he says, “I have not heard respecting it anything upon which I place reliance. ” (IAth, TA.) شِمِّيرٌ (assumed tropical:) One who strives, labours, or exerts himself; who employs himself vigorously, laboriously, or with energy; (K, TA;) in the performance of affairs. (TA.) See also شَمَّرِىٌّ, in two places.

شَاةٌ شَامِرٌ, and شَامِرَةٌ, A ewe or she-goat, having her udder drawn up to her belly: (S, K:) an epithet having no verb. (TA.) b2: شَفَةٌ شَامِرَةٌ, and ↓ مُتَشَمِّرَةٌ, A contracted lip. (TA.) b3: لِثَةٌ شَامِرَةٌ, (A, K,) and ↓ مُتَشَمِّرَةٌ, (K,) or ↓ مُشَمِّرَةٌ, (so in a copy of the A,) A gum cleaving to the roots of the teeth. (A, K.) مُشَمِّرٌ: see شَمَّرِىٌّ: b2: and see also شَامِرٌ.

مُتَشَمِّرٌ: see its fem. voce شامِرٌ, in two places.

علم الحساب
هو علم بقواعد تعرف بها طرق استخراج المجهولات العددية من المعلومات العددية المخصوصة من الجمع والتفريق والتصنيف والتضعيف والضرب والقسمة.
والمراد بالاستخراج معرفة كمياتها.
وموضوعه العدد إذ يبحث فيه عن عوارضه الذاتية والعدد هو الكمية المتألفة من الوحدات فالوحدة مقومة للعدد وأما الواحد فليس بعدد ولا مقوم له وقد يقال لكل ما يقع تحت العد فيقع على الواحد وعبارة ابن خلدون هي صناعة عملية في حساب الأعداد بالضم والتفريق فالضم يكون في الأعداد بالإفراد هو الجمع وبالتضعيف وهو تضاعف عددا بآحاد عدد آخر وهذا هو الضرب والتفريق أيضا يكون في الأعداد.
أما بالإفراد مثل إزالة عدد من عدد ومعرفة الباقي وهو الطرح.
أو تفصيل عدد بأجزاء متساوية تكون عدتها محصلة وهو القسمة وسواء كان هذا الضم التفريق في الصحيح من العدد أو الكسر.
ومعنى الكسر نسبة عدد إلى عدد تلك النسبة تسمى كسر أو كذلك يكون بالضم والتفريق في الجذور ومعناها العدد الذي يضرب في مثله فيكون منه العدد المربع فإن تلك الجذور أيضا يدخلها الضم والتفريق.
وهذه الصناعة حادثة احتيج إليها للحساب في المعاملات انتهى.
ومنفعته ضبط المعاملات وحفظ الأموال وقضاء الديون وقسمة المواريث والتركات وضبط ارتفاعات المماليك وغير ذلك.
ويحتاج إليه في العلوم الفكلية وفي المساحة والطب وقيل يحتاج إليه في جميع العلوم بالجملة ولا يستغني عنه ملك ولا عالم ولا سوقة وزاد شرفا بقوله - سبحانه وتعالى -: {وَكَفَى بِنَا حَاسِبِينَ} وبقوله تعالى: {وَلِتَعْلَمُوا عَدَدَ السِّنِينَ وَالْحِسَابَ} وقوله تعالى: {فاسْأَلِ الْعَادِّينَ} ولذلك ألف فيه الناس كثيرا وتداولوه في الأمصار بالتعليم للولدان.
ومن أحسن التعليم عند الحكماء الابتداء به لأنه معارف متضحة وبراهينه منتظمة فينشأ عنه في الغالب عقل مضيــء يدل على الصواب وقد يقال إن من أخذ نفسه بتعلم الحساب أول أمره يغلب عليه الصدق لما في الحساب من صحة المباني ومنافسة النفس فيصير له ذلك خلقا ويتعود الصدق ويلازمه مذهبا.
وهو مستغلق على المبتدئ إذا كان من طريق البرهان وهذا شأن علوم التعاليم لأن مسائلها وأعمالها واضحة وإذا قصد شرحها وهو التعليل في تلك الأعمال ظهر من العسر على الفهم مالا يوجد في أعمال المسائل.
وهو فرع علم العدد المسمى بالأرتماطيقي وله فروع أوردها صاحب مفتاح السعادة بعد أن جعل علم العدد أصلا وعلم الحساب مرادفا له مع كونه فرعا حيث قال:
الشعبة الثامنة في فروع علم العدد وقد يسمى بعلم الحساب فعرفه بتعريف مغاير لتعريف علم العدد.
قال في مدينة العلوم ولعلم الحساب فروع.
منها علم حساب التخت والميل وهو علم يتعرف منه كيفية مزاولة الأعمال الحسابية برقوم تدل على الآحاد وتغني عما عداها بحفظ المراتب وتنسب هذه الأرقام إلى الهند انتهى.
وقال صاحب الكشف:
بل هو علم بصور الرقوم الدالة على الأعداد مطلقا ولكل طائفة أرقام دالة على الآحاد الأرقام الهندية والرومية والمغربية والإفرنجية والنجومية وغيرها ويقال له التخت والتراب أيضا انتهى
ونفع هذا العلم ظاهر ولابن الهيثم كتاب برهن فيه بمعرفة أصول أعماله ببراهين عددية لما فيسه من تسيهل الأعمال الحسابية.
ومن الكتب الشاملة فيه كتاب نصير الدين الطوسي وكتاب: البهائية وشرحه وكتاب المحمدية لعلي القوشجي وغير ذلك من الكتب التي لا تحصى.
ولأهل المغرب طرق ينفردون بها في الأعمال الجزئية من هذا العلم فمنها قريبة المآخذ لطرق ابن الياسين ومنها بعيدة كطرق الحضار كذا في المدينة.
ومنها علم الجبر والمقابلة وقد سبق في الجيم.
ومنها علم حساب الخطأين وهو قسم من مطلق الحساب وسيأتي في الخاء المعجمة وإنما جعل علما برأسه لتكثير الأنواع.
ومنها علم حساب النجوم وهو علم يبحث فيه عن كيفية حساب الأرقام الواقعة في الزيجات وهذا وإن كان من فروع علم العدد إلا أنه لما امتازت عن سائر علم الحساب بقواعد مخصوصة يعرفها أهلها وتوقف علم التقويم عليه جعلوه علما برأسه.
ومنها علم حساب الدور والوصايا وهو علم يتعرف منه مقدار ما يوصي به إذا تعلق بدور في بادئ النظر.
مثال: رجل وهب لعتقه في مرض موته مائة درهم لا مال له غيرها فقبضها ومات قبل موت سيده وخلف بنتا والسيد المذكور ثم مات السيد فظاهر المسئلة أن الهبة تــمضي من المائة في ثلثها فإذا مات المعتق رجع إلى السيد نصف الجائز بالهبة فيزداد مال السيد من إرثه وهلم جراً.
وبهذا العلم يتعين مقدار الجائز بالهبة.
وظاهر أن منفعة هذا العلم جليلة وإن كانت الحاجة إليه قليلة ومن كتبه كتاب لأفضل الدين الخونجي.
أقول هذا العلم يؤول إلى علم الجبر والمقابلة وفيه تأليف لطيف لأبي حنيفة أحمد بن داود الدينوري المتوفى سنة إحدى وثمانين ومائتين وكتاب نافع لأحمد بن محمد الكرابيسي وكتاب مفيد لأبي كامل شجاع بن مسلم ذكر فيه كتاب الوصايا بالجذور للحجاج بن يوسف. ومنها: علم حساب الدرهم والدينار وهي علم يتعرف منه كيفية استخراج المجهولات العددية التي تزيد عدتها على المعادلات الجبرية ولهذه الزيادة لقبوا تلك المجهولات بالدرهم والدينار والفلس وغير ذلك ومنفعته كمنفعة الجبر والمقابلة فيما يكثر فيه الأجناس المعادلة:
ومن الكتب المؤلفة فيه كتاب لابن فلوس إسماعيل بن إبراهيم بن غازي المارديني الحنبلي المتوفى سنة سبع وثلاثين وستمائة والرسالة المغربية والرسالة الشاملة للخرقي والكافي الكرخي. ومختصره للسمؤل بن يحيى بن عباس المغربي الإسرائيلي المتوفى سنة ست وسبعين وخمسمائة كذا في إرشاد القاصد وكتاب لابن المحلي الموصلي.
ومن المبسوطة فيه الكافي والكامل لأبي القاسم بن السمح.
ومنها علم حساب الفرائض وهو معرفة فروض الوراثة وتصحيح سهام الفريضة مما نصح باعتبار فروضها الأصول أو مناسختها وذلك إذا هلك أحد الورثة وانكسرت سهامه على فروض ورثته فإنه حينئذ يحتاج إلى حساب يصحح الفريضة الأولى حتى يصل أهل الفروض جميعا في الفريضتين إلى فروضهم من غير تجزية.
وقد تكون هذه المناسخات أكثر من واحد واثنين وتتعدد لذلك بعدد أكثر وبقدر ما تتعدد تحتاج إلى الحسبان.
وكذلك إذا كانت فريضة ذات وجهين مثل أن يقر بعض الورثة بوارث وينكره الآخر فتصحح على الوجهين حينئذ وينظر مبلغ السهام ثم تقسم التركة على نسب سهام الورثة من أصل الفريضة وكل ذلك يحتاج إلى الحسبان وكان غالبا فيه وجعلوه فناء مفردا وللناس فيه تآليف كثيرة.
أشهرها عند المالكية من متأخري الأندلس كتاب ابن ثابت ومختصر القاضي أبي القاسم الحوفي ثم الجعدي.
ومن متأخري إفريقية ابن النمر الطرابلسي وأمثالهم.
وأما الشافعية والحنفية والحنابلة فلهم فيه تآليف كثيرة وأعمال عظيمة صعبة شاهدة لهم باتساع الباع في الفقه والحساب
وقد يحتج الأكثر من أهل هذا الفن على فضله بالحديث المنقول عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه إن الفرائض ثلث العلم وإنها أول ما ينسى وفي رواية نصف العلم خرجه أبو نعيم الحافظ واحتج به أهل الفرائض بناء على أن المراد بالفرائض فروض الوراثة.
والذي يظهر أن هذا المحمل بعيد وأن المراد بالفرائض إنما هي الفرائض التكليفية في العبادات والعادات والمواريث وغيرها وبهذا المعنى يصحح فيها المنصفية والثلثية وأما فروض الوراثة فهي أقل من ذلك كله بالنسبة إلى علم الشريعة كلها أو يعين هذا المراد أن حمل اللفظ للفرائض على هذا الفن المخصوص أو تخصيصه بفروض الوراثة إنما لهو صلاح ناشئ للفقهاء عند حدوث الفنون 2 / 243 والاصطلاحات ولم يكن صدر الإسلام يطلق على هذا الأعلى عموم مشتقا من الفرض الذي هو لغة التقدير أو القطع وما كان المراد به في إطلاقه إلا جميع الفروض كما قلناه وهي حقيقته الشرعية فلا ينبغي أن يحمل إلا على ما كان يحمل في عصرهم والله - سبحانه وتعالى - أعلم وبه التوفيق انتهى كلام ابن خلدون ملخصا. ومنها علم حساب الهواء وهو علم يتعرف منه كيفية حساب الأموال العظيمة في الخيال بلا كتابة ولها طرق وقوانين مذكورة في بعض الكتب الحسابية وهذا العلم عظيم النفع للتجار في الأسفار وأهل السوق من العوام الذين لا يعرفون الكتابة وللخواص إذا عجزوا عن إحضار آلات الكتابة.
ومنها علم حساب العقود أي عقود الأصابع وقد وضعوا كلا منها بإزاء عدد مخصوص ثم رتبوا الأوضاع الأصابع آحادا وعشرات ومئات وألوفا ووضعوا قواعد يتعرف بها حساب الألوف فما فوقها بيد واحدة.
وهذا عظيم النفع للتجار سيما عند استعجام كل من المتبايعين لسان الأخر عند فقد آلات الكتابة والعصمة عن الخطأ في هذا العلم أكثر من حساب الهواء.
وكان هذا العلم يستعمله الصحابة رضي الله عنهم كما وقع في الحديث في كيفية وضع اليد على الفخذ.
ومنه في التشهد أنه عقد خمسا وخمسين وأراد بذلك هيئة وضع الأصابع لأن هيئة عقد خمس وخمسين في علم العقود هي عقد أصابع اليد غير السبابة والإبهام وتحليق الإبهام معها وهذا الشكل في العلم المذكور دال على العدد المرقوم فالراوي ذكر المدلول وأراد الدال.
وهذا دليل على شيوع هذا العلم عندهم والمراد بالعقود في تمثيل الدلالة غير اللفظية الوضعية هي عقود الأصابع حيث مثلوها بالخطوط والعقود والإشارات والنصب وفي هذا العلم أرجوزة لابن الحرب أورد فيها مقدار الحاجة ورسالة لشرف الدين اليزدي أورد فيها قدر الكفاية.
ومنها علم إعداد الوفق وتقدم في الألف.
ومنها علم خواص الأعداد المتحابة والمتباغضة وسيأتي في الخاء.
ومنها علم التعابي العددية وقد سبق في التاء وهذه الثلاثة من فروع علم العدد من حيث الحساب ومن فروع الخواص من جهة أخرى ولذلك أوردناها إجمالا كما أوردها صاحب مفتاح السعادة ومدينة العلوم وأما علم حساب النجوم فهو علم يتعرف منه قوانين حساب الدرج والدقائق والثواني والثوالث بالضرب والقسمة والتجذير والتفريق ومرابتها في الصعود والنزول وتقدم وفيه كتب مفردة غير ما بين في مبسوطات الكتب الحسابية وأما المصنفات في علم الحساب مطلقا فكثيرة ذكرها صاحب كشف الظنون على ترتيب الكتاب إجمالا لا نطول بذكرها.