حنف

1 حَنَفَ, aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. حَنْفٌ, (TK,) He, or it, inclined, or declined. (K, TA.) You say, حَنَفَ إِلَيْهِ (TA) and اليه ↓ تحنّف (K) He inclined to it. (K, TA.) And حَنَفَ عَنْهُ and عنه ↓ تحنّف He declined from it. (TA.) A2: حَنِفَ, aor. ـَ (Msb, K,) inf. n. حَنَفٌ; (Msb;) and حَنُفَ, aor. ـُ (K;) He had that kind of distortion which is termed حَنَفٌ as explained below. (Msb, K.) 2 حنّفهُ, (K,) or حنّف رِجْلَهُ, (S,) inf. n. تَــحْنِيفٌ, (K,) He rendered him, (K,) or his leg, or foot, (S,) أَحْنَف. (S, K.) 5 تحنّف: see 1, in two places. b2: [Hence,] He did according to the حَنِيفِــيَّة; (S, K;) i. e. the law of Abraham, which is the religion of ElIslám: (TA:) or he became circumcised: or he turned away from the worship of idols; (S, K;) and became, or made himself, a servant of God; or applied, or devoted, himself to religious services or exercises. (S.) [See تَحَنَّثَ.]

حَنَفٌ, originally, A natural wryness: and particularly an inversion of the foot, so that the upper side becomes the lower: so says IDrd; (Mgh;) or a crookedness in the leg, or foot; (S, O, K;) i. e., (S, O, but in the K “ or ”) a turning of one of the great toes towards the other: (S, O, K:) or [a distortion that causes] one's walking on the outer part of the foot, on the side in which is the little toe: (K: [and so accord. to an explanation of ↓ أَحْنَفُ by IAar cited in the S:]) or an inclining [app. inwards] in the fore part of the foot. (Lth, K.) b2: Accord. to Ibn-'Arafeh and the K, it signifies also A right state or condition or tendency; and accord. to the former, the epithet ↓ أَحْنَفُ is applied to him who has a wry leg, or foot, only by way of presaging a right state: but Er-Rághib explains حَنَفٌ better, as signifying an inclining, from error, to a right state or tendency. (TA.) حَنَفِيَّةٌ The persons called in relation to the Imám Aboo-Haneefeh [because they hold his tenets]; as also ↓ أَحْنَافٌ. (TA.) حَنَفِىٌّ [is its n. un.: and] signifies [also] one who is of the religion of Abraham. (Mgh. [See also حَنِيفٌ.]) A2: A مِيضَأَة; [by which is here meant a vessel with a tap, for the purpose of ablution, such as is often used in a private house; and a fountain, i. e. a tank with taps, for the same purpose, in a mosque; because persons of the persuasion of Aboo-Haneefeh must perform the ablution preparatory to prayer with running water, or from a tank or the like at least ten cubits in breadth and the same in depth;] but this application is post-classical. (TA.) A3: سُيُوفٌ حَنَفِيَّةٌ, (L, K, * TA,) or ↓ حَنِيفِــيَّةٌ, (so accord. to the CK,) or حَنْفِيَّةٌ, (so in a MS. copy of the K,) Certain swords, so called in relation to El-Ahnaf Ibn-Keys; because he was the first who ordered to make them: by rule it should be أَحْنَفِيَّةٌ. (Lth, L, K.) حَنِيفٌ Inclining to a right state or tendency: (Er-Rághib, TA:) or right, or having a right state or tendency; (Akh, S, TA;) thus applied in like manner as أَعْوَرُ is applied to a crow: (S:) [and particularly] inclining, from one religion, to another: (Ham p. 358:) or inclining, from any false religion, to the true religion: (Mgh:) or inclining in a perfect manner to El-Islám, and continuing firm therein: (K:) and any one who has performed the pilgrimage: (As, K, TA:) so say I'Ab and El-Hasan and Es-Suddee; and Az says the like on the authority of Ed-Dahhák: (TA:) or one who is of the religion of Abraham, (K, TA,) in respect of making the Sacred House [of Mekkeh] his kibleh, and of the rite of circumcision: (TA:) [and] a Muslim; (S, Mgh, Msb;) because he inclines to the right religion: (Msb:) but in this last sense, it is a conventional term of the professors: (Mgh:) [or,] accord. to AO, the worshipper of idols, in the Time of Ignorance, called himself thus; and when El-Islám came, they thus called the Muslim: accord. to Akh, it was applied in the Time of Ignorance to him who was circumcised, and who performed the pilgrimage to the [Sacred] House; because the Arabs in the Time of Ignorance held nothing of the religion of Abraham except circumcision and that pilgrimage: accord. to Ez-Zejjájee, it was applied in the Time of Ignorance to him who made the pilgrimage to the [Sacred] House and performed the ablution on account of جَنَابَة and was circumcised; and when El-Islám came, it was applied to the Muslim, because of his turning from the belief in a plurality of gods: (TA:) also one who devotes himself to religious exercises; or applies himself to devotion: (Msb:) its predominant application is to Abraham: (Mgh:) pl. حُنَفَآءُ. (AO, TA.) b2: [Hence,] حَسَبٌ حَنِيفٌ Recent [grounds of pretension to respect or honour]; of the time of El-Islám; not old. (TA.) A2: Short. (K.) A3: A maker of sandals. (K.) حُنَيْفٌ: see أَحْنَفُ.

حَنِيفِــيَّةٌ, accord. to Th and Zj, An inclining to a thing: but ISd says that this explanation is nought. (TA.) b2: The law of Abraham; which is the religion of El-Islám: also termed مِلَّةٌ حَنِيفِــيَّةٌ. (TA.) b3: See also حَنَفِيَّةٌ.

أَحْنَفُ Having that kind of distortion which is termed حَنَفٌ as explained above; (S, Msb, K;) applied to a man: (S, Msb:) and so [the fem.]

حَنْفَآءُ applied to a leg or foot: (K:) accord. to IAar, one who walks on the outer part of his foot, (S,) or of his feet, (Msb,) on the side in which is the little toe: (S:) or who has one of his great toes turning towards the other: (Mgh:) its abbreviated dim. is ↓ حُنَيْفٌ. (Msb.) See حَنَفٌ, in two places. b2: Also حَنْفَآءُ, A curved staff or stick; in the dial. of Syria. (TA.) b3: A bow; (K;) because of its curved shape. (TA.) b4: A razor; (K;) for the same reason. (TA.) b5: The chameleon. (K.) b6: The tortoise. (K.) b7: A certain marine fish, also called أَطُومٌ. (K.) b8: A certain tree. (IAar, K.) b9: (tropical:) A changeable female slave, at one time lazy and at another brisk. (IAar, K.) أَحْنَافٌ: see حَنَفِيَّةٌ.

علم الفقه
قال في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون:
علم الفقه ويسمى هو وعلم أصول الفقه بعلم الدراية أيضا على ما في مجمع السلوك وهو معرفة النفس ما لها وما عليها هكذا نقل عن أبي حنيفــة والمراد بالمعرفة: إدراك الجزئيات عن دليل فخرج التقليد.
قال التفتازاني: القيد الأخير في تفسير المعرفة مما لا دلالة عليه أصلا لا لغة ولا اصطلاحاً.
وقوله: وما لها وما عليها يمكن أن يراد به ما تنتفع به النفس وما تتضرر به في الآخرة والمشعر بهذا شهرة أن علم الفقه من العلوم الدينية ويمكن أن يراد به ما يجوز لها وما يجب عليها أو ما يجوز لها وما يحرم عليها.
ثم ما لها وما عليها يتناول الاعتقادات كوجوب الإيمان ونحوه.
والوجدانيات أي: الأخلاق الباطنة والملكات النفسانية. والعمليات: كالصوم والصلاة والبيع ونحوها.
فالأول: علم الكلام.
والثاني: علم الأخلاق والتصوف.
والثالث: هي الفقه المصطلح.
وذكر الغزالي أن الناس تصرفوا في اسم الفقه فخصوه بعلم الفتاوى والوقوف على دلائلها وعللها واسم الفقه في العصر الأول كان مطلقا على علم الآخرة ومعرفة دقائق آفات النفوس والاطلاع على الآخرة وحقارة الدنيا.
قال أصحاب الشافعي: الفقه هو العلم بالأحكام الشرعية العملية من أدلتها التفصيلية والمراد بالحكم النسبة التامة الخبرية التي العلم بها تصديق وبغيرها تصور.
فالفقه عبارة عن التصديق بالقضايا الشرعية المتعلقة بكيفية العمل تصديقا حاصلا من الأدلة التفصيلية التي نصبت في الشرع على تلك القضايا وهي الأدلة الأربعة: الكتاب والسنة والإجماع والقياس.
ثم إن إطلاق العلم على الفقه وإن كان ظنيا باعتبار أن العلم قد يطلق على الظنيات كما يطلق على القطعيات كالطب ونحوه.
ثم إن أصحاب الشافعي جعلوا للفقه أربعة أركان فقالوا: الأحكام الشرعية إما أن تتعلق بأمر الآخرة وهي العبادات أو بأمر الدنيا وهي إما أن تتعلق ببقاء الشخص وهي المعاملات أو ببقاء النوع باعتبار المنزل وهي المناكحات أو باعتبار المدينة وهي العقوبات وههنا أبحاث تركناها مخافة الإطناب فمن أراد الاطلاع عليها فليرجع إلى التوضيح والتلويح.
وموضوعه فعل المكلف من حيث الوجوب والندوب والحل والحرمة وغير ذلك كالصحة والفساد وقيل موضوعه أعم من الفعل لأن قولنا: الوقت سبب أو وجوب الصلاة من مسائله وليس موضوعه الفعل وفيه أن ذلك راجع إلى بيان حال الفعل بتأويل إن الصلاة تجب لسبب الوقت كما أن قولهم النية في الوضوء مندوبة في قوة أن الوضوء يندب فيه النية.
وبالجملة تعميم موضوع الفقه مما لم يقل به أحد ففي كل مسئلة ليس موضوعها راجعا إلى فعل المكلف يجب تأويله حتى يرجع موضوعها إليه كمسئلة المجنون والصبي فإنه راجع إلى فعل الولي هكذا في الخيالي وحواشيه ومسائله الأحكام الشرعية العملية كقولنا: الصلاة فرض.
وغرضه النجاة من عذاب النار ونيل الثواب في الجنة وشرفه مما لا يخفى لكونه من العلوم الدينية انتهى كلام الكشاف.
قال صاحب مفتاح السعادة: وهو علم باحث عن الأحكام الشرعية الفرعية العملية من حيث استنباطها من الأدلة التفصيلية.
ومباديه مسائل أصول الفقه.
وله استمداد من سائر العلوم الشرعية والعربية.
وفائدته: حصول العمل به على الوجه المشروع. والغرض منه: تحصيل ملكة الاقتدار على الأعمال الشرعية ولما كان الغاية والغرض في العلوم العملية يحصلان بالظن دون اليقين بناء على أن أقوى الأدلة الكتاب والسنة وإنه وإن كان علم الفقه قطعي الثبوت لكن أكثره ظني الدلالة فصار محلا للاجتهاد وجاز الأخذ فيه أولا بمذهب أي مجتهد أراد المقلد والمذاهب المشهورة التي تلقتها الأمة بالقبول وقبلها أهل الإسلام بالصحة هي المذاهب الأربعة للأئمة الأربعة: أبي حنيفــة ومالك والشافعي وأحمد بن حنبل ثم الأحق والأولى من بينها مذهب أبي حنيفــة رحمه الله لأنه المتميز من بينهم بالإتقان والإحكام وجودة القريحة وقوة الرأي في استبناط الأحكام وكثرة المعرفة بالكتاب والسنة وصحة الرأي في علم الأحكام إلى غير ذلك لكن ينبغي لمن يقلد مذهبا معينا في الفروع أن يحكم بأن مذهبه صواب يحتمل الخطأ ومذهب المخالف خطأ يحتمل الصواب.
ويحكم في الاعتقاديات بأن مذهبه حق جزما ومذهب المخالف خطأ قطعا انتهى ونحوه في مدينة العلوم.
أقول أحق المذاهب إتقانا وأحسنها اتباعا وأحكمها وأحراها بالتمسك به ما ذهب إليه أهل الحديث والقرآن والترجيح لمذهب دون مذهب تحكم لا دليل عليه بل المذاهب الأربعة كلها سواسية في الحقيقة والواجب على الناس كلهم اتباع صرائح الكتاب العزيز والسنة المطهرة دون اتباع آراء الرجال وأقوال العلماء والأخذ باجتهاداتهم سيما فيما يخالف القرآن الكريم والحديث الشريف.
وقد حققنا هذا البحث في كتابنا الجنة1 في الأسوة الحسنة بالسنة وذكر الغزالي في بيان تبديل أسامي العلوم ما تقدم ذكره وتمام هذا البحث ذكرناه في كتابنا قصد السبيل إلى ذم الكلام والتأويل.
والكتب المؤلفة على المذاهب الأربعة كثيرة جدا لا تكاد تحصى. ودواوين الإسلام من كتب الحديث وشروحه تغني الناس كلهم قرويهم وبدويهم عالمهم وجاهلهم ودانيهم وقاصيهم عن كتب الرأي والاجتهاد.
والأئمة الأربعة منعوا الناس عن تقليدهم ولم يوجب الله سبحانه وتعالى على أحد تقليد أحد من الصحابة والتابعين الذين هم قدوة الأمة وأئمتها وسلفها فضلا عن المجتهدين وآحاد أهل العلم بل الواجب على الكل اتباع ما جاء به الكتاب والسنة المطهرة وإنما احتيج إلى تقليد المجتهدين لكون الأحاديث والأخبار الصحيحة لم تدون ولكن الآن بحمد الله تعالى قد دون أهل المعرفة بالسنن علم حديث رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأغنوا الناس عن غيره فلا حيا الله عبدا قلد ولم يتبع ولم يعرف قدر السنة وحمد على التقليد.
ثم القول بأن المذهب الفلاني من المذاهب الأربعة أقدم وأحكم من أباطيل المقولات وأبطل المقالات وصدوره من مدعي العلم يدل على أنه ليس من أهل العلم لأن التقليد من صنيع الجاهل والمقلد ليس معدودا في العلماء انظر في الكتب التي الفت لرد التقليد كأعلام الموقعين عن رب العالمين وغير ذلك يتضح لك الصواب من الخطأ بلا ارتياب والكتب المؤلفة في الأخبار الصحاح والحسان والضعاف كثيرة جدا ذكرناها في كتابنا إتحاف النبلاء المتقين بإحياء مآثر الفقهاء المحدثين والمعتمد كل الاعتماد من بينها الأمهات الست وهي معروفة متيسرة في كل بلد وكذلك الكتب المؤلفة في أحكام السنة المطهرة خاصة كثيرة أيضا والمستند كل الاستناد من بينها هو مثل منتقى الأخبار وشرحه نيل الأوطار وبلوغ المرام وشرحه مسك الختام وسبل السلام والعمدة وشرحه العدة وغير ذلك مما ألف في ضبط الأحكام الثابتة بالسنة وما يليها مثل السيل الجرار ووبل الغمام ومنح الغفار حاشية ضوء النهار والهدي النبوي وسفر السعادة وكذا مؤلفات شيوخنا اليمانيين فإن فيها ما يكفي والمقلد المسكين يظن الخرافات في الكتاب والسنة.
وقد أطال الأرنيقي في مدينة العلوم في ذكر تراجم الأئمة الأربعة أبي حنيفــة ومالك والشافعي وأحمد والفقهاء الحنفية كأبي يوسف ومحمد بن الحسن الشيباني وابن المبارك وداود الطائي الكوفي ووكيع بن الجراح ويحيى بن زكريا وإسماعيل بن حماد ويوسف بن خالد وعافية بن يزيد وحبان ومندل ابني علي الغزي وعلي بن مسهرق القاسم بن معن وأسد بن عامر وأحمد بن حفص وخلف ابن أيوب وشداد بن حكم وموسى بن نصر وموسى بن سليمان الجوزجاني وهلال بن يحيى ومحمد بن سماعة وحكم بن عبد الله وأطال في ترجمة هؤلاء.
وقال: اعلم أن الأئمة الحنفية أكثر من أن تحصى لأنهم قد طبقوا أكثر المعمورة حتى قيل إن للإمام أبي حنيفــة سبعمائة وثلاثين رجلا من تلامذته وهذا ما عرف منهم وما لم يعرف أكثر من ذلك لكنا اكتفينا منهم ههنا بما سمح به الوقت والآن فلنذكر من الكتب المعتبرة في الفقه ما هو المشهور في الزمان انتهى.
ثم ذكر كتبا سماها قال: وإن استقصاء الأئمة الحنفية وتصانيفهم خارج عن طوق هذا المختصر ولنذكر بعد ذلك نبذا من أئمة الشافعية ليكون الكتاب كامل الطرفين حائز الشرفين وهؤلاء صنفان أحدهما: من تشرف بصحبة الإمام الشافعي والآخر: من تلاهم من الأئمة انتهى.
ثم ذكر هذين الصنفين وأطال في بيانهما وفضائلها إطالة حسنة والكتب التي ألفت في بيان طبقات أهل المذاهب الأربعة تغني عن ذكر جماعة خاصة من المقلدة المذهب واحد وإن كانوا أئمة أصحاب التصانيف ولا عبرة بكثرة المقلدة الذين قلدوا مذهبا واحدا من المذاهب الأربعة بل الاعتبار باختيار الحق والصواب وهو ترك التقليد لآراء الرجال وإيثار الحق على الحق والتمسك بالسنة.
وقد ألف جماعة كتبا كثيرة في طبقات المتبعين وتراجم الحفاظ والمحدثين وهم ألوف لا يحصيهم كتاب وإن طال الفصل والباب وهم أكثر وأطيب إن شاء الله تعالى بالنسبة إلى المقلدة.
وقد تعصب أصحاب الطبقات المذهبية في تعداد أهل نحلتهم حيث أدخلوا فيها من ليس منهم وغالب أئمة المذاهب ليسوا بمقلدين وإن انتسبوا إلى بعضهم بل هم مجتهدون مختارون لهم أحسن الأقوال وأحق الأحكام وبعد النظر والاجتهاد فعدهم في زمرة المقلدة بأدنى شركة في العلم ليس من الإنصاف في شيء وإنما خافوا فتنة العوام في ادعاء الاجتهاد أو عدم الاعتداد بالتقليد فصبروا على نسبتهم إلى مذهب من تلك المذاهب كما يعرف ذلك من له إلمام بتصانيف هؤلاء الكرام وليس هذا موضع بسط الكلام على هذا المرام وإلا أريتك عجائب المقام وأتيتك بما لم يقرع سمعك من الأمور العظام.
واعلم أن أصول الدين اثنان لا ثالث لهما: الكتاب والسنة وما ذكروه من أن الأدلة أربعة: القرآن والحديث والإجماع والقياس فليس عليه إثارة من علم وقد أنكر إمام أهل السنة أحمد بن حنبل رضي الله عنه الإجماع الذي اصطلحوا عليه اليوم وأعرض سيد الطائفة المتبعة داود الظاهري عن كون القياس حجة شرعية وخلاف هذين الإمامين نص في محل الخلاف ولهذا قال بقولهما عصابة عظيمة من أهل الإسلام قديما وحديثا إلى زماننا هذا ولم يروا الإجماع والقياس شيئا مما ينبغي التمسك به سيما عند المصادمة بنصوص التنزيل وأدلة السنة الصحيحة وهذه المسئلة من معارك المسائل بين المقلدة والمتبعة وأكثر الناس خلافا فيها الحنفية لأنهم أشد الناس تعصبا للمذهب وتقرير ذلك مبسوط في المبسوطات المؤلفة في هذا الباب.
ومن له نظر في مصنفات شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله وتلميذه الواحد المتكلم الحافظ ابن القيم ومن حذا حذوهما من علماء الحديث والقرآن خصوصا أئمة اليمن الميمون وتلامذتهم فهو يعلم بأن هذا القول هو الحق المنصور والمذهب المختار والكلام المعتمد عليه ما سواه سراب وتباب ولولا مخافة الإطالة وخشية الملالة لذكرت ههنالك ما تذعن له من الأدلة على ذلك ومفاسد ما هنالك وبالله التوفيق وهو العاصم عن التنكيب عن سواء الطريق اللهم أرحم أمة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم رحمة عامة.
فصل
قال ابن خلدون رحمه الله تعالى: الفقه معرفة أحكام الله تعالى في أفعال المكلفين بالوجوب والخطر والإباحة والندب والكراهة وهي متلقاة من الكتاب والسنة وما نصبه الشارع لمعرفتها من الأدلة على اختلاف فيها بينهم ولا بد من وقوعه ضرورة أن الأدلة غالبها من النصوص وهي بلغة العرب وفي اقتضاءات ألفاظها لكثير من معانيها اختلاف بينهم معروف أيضاً.
فالسنة1 مختلفة الطرق في الثبوت وتتعارض في الأكثر أحكامها فتحتاج إلى الترجيح وهو مختلف أيضا فالأدلة من غير النصوص مختلف فيها وأيضا فالوقائع المتجددة لا توفي بها النصوص وما كان منها غير ظاهر في النصوص فحمل على منصوص لمشابهة بينهما وهذه كلها إشارات للخلاف ضرورية الوقوع ومن هنا وقع الخلاف بين السلف والأئمة من بعدهم.
ثم إن الصحابة كلهم لم يكونوا أهل فتيا ولا كان الدين يؤخذ عن جميعهم وإنما كان ذلك مختصا بالحاملين للقرآن العارفين بناسخه ومنسوخه ومتشابهة ومحكمة وسائر دلالته بما تلقوه من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ومنهم سمعه منهم من عليتهم وكانوا يسمون لذلك القراء أي الذين يقرؤون الكتاب لأن العرب كانوا أمة أمية فاختص من كان منهم قارئا للكتاب بهذا الاسم لغرابته يومئذ وبقي الأمر كذلك صدر الملة ثم عظمت أمصار الإسلام وذهبت الأمية من العرب بممارسة الكتاب وتمكن الاستنباط وكمل الفقه وأصبح صناعة وعلما فبدلوا باسم الفقهاء والعلماء من القراء.
وانقسم الفقه إلى طريقتين: طريقة أهل الرأي والقياس وهم أهل العراق.
وطريقة أهل الحديث وهم أهل الحجاز.
وكان الحديث قليلا في أهل العراق فاستكثروا من القياس ومهروا فيه فلذلك قيل أهل الرأي ومقدم جماعتهم الذي استقر المذهب فيه وفي أصحابه أبو حنيفــة وإمام أهل الحجاز مالك بن أنس والشافعي من بعده.
ثم أنكر القياس طائفة من العلماء وأبطلوا العمل به وهم الظاهرية وجعلوا المدارك كلها منحصرة في النصوص والإجماع وردوا القياس الجلي والعلة المنصوصة إلى النص لأن النص على العلة نص على الحكم في جميع محالها وكان إمام هذا المذهب داود بن علي وابنه وأصحابه.
وكانت هذه المذاهب الثلاثة هي مذاهب الجمهور المشتهرة بين الأمة وشذ أهل البيت بمذاهب ابتدعوها وفقه انفردوا به وبنوه على مذهبهم في تناول بعض الصحابة بالقدح على قولهم بعصمة الأئمة ورفع الخلاف عن أقوالهم وهي كلها أصول واهية وشذ بمثل ذلك الخوارج ولم يحتفل الجمهور بمذاهبهم بل أوسعوها جانب الإنكار والقدح فلا نعرف شيئا من مذاهبهم ولا نروي كتبهم ولا أثر لشيء منهم إلا في مواطنهم فكتب الشيعة في بلادهم وحيث كانت دولتهم قائمة في المغرب والمشرق واليمن والخوارج كذلك ولكل منهم كتب وتآليف وآراء في الفقه غريبة.
ثم درس مذهب أهل الظاهر اليوم بدروس أئمته وإنكار الجمهور على منتحله ولم يبق إلا في الكتب المجلدة وربما يعكف كثير من الطالبين ممن تكلف بانتحال مذهبهم على تلك الكتب يروم أخذ فقههم منها ومذهبهم فلا يحلو بطائل ويصير إلى مخالفة الجمهور وإنكارهم عليه وربما عد بهذه النحلة من أهل البدع بنقله العلم من الكتب من غير مفتاح المعلمين. وقد فعل ذلك ابن حزم1 بالأندلس على علو رتبته في حفظ الحديث وصار إلى مذهب أهل الظاهر ومهر فيه باجتهاد زعمه في أقوالهم وخالف إمامهم داود وتعرض للكثير من أئمة المسلمين فنقم الناس ذلك عليه وأوسعوا مذهبه استهجانا وإنكارا وتلقوا كتبه بالإغفال والترك حتى إنها ليحظر بيعها بالأسواق وربما تمزق في بعض الأحيان ولم يبق إلا مذهب أهل الرأي من العراق وأهل الحديث من الحجاز.
فأما أهل العراق فإمامهم الذي استقرت عنده مذاهبهم أبو حنيفــة النعمان ابن ثابت ومقامه في الفقه لا يلحق شهد له بذلك أهل جلدته وخصوصا مالك والشافعي.
وأما أهل الحجاز فكان إمامهم مالك بن أنس الأصبحي إمام دار الهجرة رحمه الله تعالى واختص بزيارة مدرك آخر للأحكام غير المدارك المعتبرة عند غيره وهو عمل أهل المدينة لأنه رأى أنهم فيما يتفقون عليه من فعل أو ترك متابعون لمن قبلهم ضرورة لدينهم واقتدائهم وهكذا إلى الجيل المباشرين لفعل النبي صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم الآخذين ذلك عنه وصار ذلك عنده من أصول الأدلة الشرعية ظن كثير أن ذلك من مسائل الإجماع فأنكره لأن دليل الإجماع لا يخص أهل المدينة ممن سواهم بل هو شامل للأمة.
واعلم أن الإجماع إنما هو الاتفاق على الأمر الديني عن اجتهاد مالك رحمه الله لم يعتبر عمل أهل المدينة من هذا المعنى وإنما اعتبره من حيث اتباع الجيل بالمشاهدة للجيل إلى أن ينتهي إلى الشارع صلى الله عليه وسلم وضرورة اقتدائهم بعين ذلك يعم الملة ذكرت في باب الإجماع الأبواب بها من حيث ما فيها من الاتفاق الجامع بينها وبين الإجماع إلا أن اتفاق أهل الإجماع عن نظر واجتهاد في الأدلة واتفاق هؤلاء في فعل أو ترك مستندين إلى مشاهدة من قبلهم ولو ذكرت المسئلة في باب فعل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وتقريره أو مع الأدلة المختلف فيها مثل مذهب الصحابي وشرع من قبلنا والاستصحاب لكان أليق.
ثم كان من بعد مالك بن أنس محمد بن إدريس المطلبي الشافعي رحل إلى العراق من بعد مالك ولقي أصحاب الإمام أبي حنيفــة وأخذ عنهم ومزج طريقة أهل الحجاز بطريقة أهل العراق واختص بمذهب وخالف مالكا رحمه الله في كثير من مذهبه.
وجاء من بعدهما أحمد بن حنبل وكان من علية المحدثين وقرأ أصحابه على أصحاب الإمام أبي حنيفــة مع وفور بضاعتهم من الحديث فاختصوا بمذهب آخر ووقف التقليد في الأمصار عند هؤلاء الأربعة ودرس المقلدون لمن سواهم وسد الناس باب الخلاف وطرقه لما كثر تشعب الاصطلاحات في العلوم ولما عاق عن الوصول إلى رتبة الاجتهاد ولما خشي من إسناد ذلك إلى غير أهله ومن لا يوثق برأيه ولا بدينه فصرحوا بالعجز والأعواز وردوا الناس إلى تقليد هؤلاء كل من اختص به من المقلدين وحظروا أن يتداول تقليدهم لما فيه من التلاعب ولم يبق إلا نقل مذاهبهم وعمل كل مقلد بمذهب من قلده منهم بعد تصحيح الأصول واتصال سندها بالرواية لا محصول اليوم للفقه غير هذا ومدعي الاجتهاد لهذا العهد مردود على عقبه مهجور تقليده وقد صار أهل الإسلام اليوم على تقليد هؤلاء الأئمة الأربعة1.
فأما أحمد بن حنبل فمقلدوه قليلون لبعد مذهبه عن الاجتهاد وأصالته في معاضدة الرواية للأخبار بعضها ببعض وأكثرهم بالشام والعراق من بغداد ونواحيها وهم أكثر الناس حفظا للسنة ورواية الحديث.
وأما أبو حنيفــة: فمقلدوه اليوم أهل العراق ومسلمة الهند والصين وما وراء النهر وبلاد العجم كلها لما كان مذهبه أخص بالعراق ودار السلام وكانت تلاميذه صحابة الخلفاء من بني العباس فكثرت تآليفهم ومناظراتهم مع الشافعية وحسن مباحثهم في الخلافيات وجاؤوا منها بعلم مستطرف وأنظار غريبة وهي بين أيدي الناس وبالمغرب منها شيء قليل نقله إليه القاضي ابن العربي وأبو الوليد الباجي في رحلتهما.
وأما الشافعي رحمه الله فمقلدوه بمصر أكثر مما سواها وقد كان انتشر مذهبه بالعراق وخراسان وما وراء النهر وقاسموا الحنفية في الفتوى والتدريس في جميع الأمصار وعظمت مجالس المناظرات بينهم وشحنت كتب الخلافيات بأنواع استدلالاتهم ثم درس ذلك كله بدروس المشرق وأقطاره وكان الإمام محمد بن إدريس الشافعي لما نزل على بني عبد الحكم بمصر أخذ عنه جماعة من بني عبد الحكم وأشهب وابن القاسم وابن المواز وغيرهم ثم الحارث بن مسكين وبنوه.
ثم انقرض فقه أهل السنة من مصر بظهور دولة الرافضة وتداول بها فقه أهل البيت وتلاشى من سواهم إلى أن ذهبت دولة العبيديين من الرافضة على يد صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب ورجع إليهم فقه الشافعي وأصحابه من أهل العراق والشام فعاد إلى أحسن ما كان ونفق سوقه واشتهر منهم محيي الدين النووي من الحلبة التي ربيت في ظل الدولة الأيوبية بالشام وعز الدين بن عبد السلام أيضا ثم ابن الرفعة بمصر وتقي الدين بن دقيق العيد ثم تقي الدين السبكي بعد هما إلى أن انتهى ذلك إلى شيخ الإسلام بمصر لهذا العهد وهو سراج الدين البلقيني فهو اليوم أكبر الشافعية بمصر كبير العلماء بل أكبر العلماء من أهل العصر.
وأما مالك رحمه الله فاختص بمذهبه أهل المغرب والأندلس وإن كان يوجد في غيرهم إلا أنهم لم يقلدوا غيره إلا في القليل لما أن رحلتهم كانت غالبا إلى الحجاز وهو منتهى سفرهم والمدينة يومئذ دار العلم ومنها خرج العراق ولم يكن العراق في طريقهم فاقتصروا على الأخذ عن علماء المدينة وشيخهم يومئذ وإمامهم مالك رحمه الله وشيوخه من قبله وتلميذه من بعده فرجع إليه أهل المغرب والأندلس وقلدوه دون غيره ممن لم تصل إليهم طريقته وأيضا فالبداوة كانت غالبة على أهل المغرب والأندلس ولم يكونوا يعانون الحضارة التي لأهل العراق فكانوا إلى أهل الحجاز أميل لمناسبة البداوة ولهذا لم يزل المذهب المالكي غضا عندهم ولم يأخذه تنقيح الحضارة وتهذيبها كما وقع في غيره من المذاهب.
ولما صار مذهب كل إمام علما مخصوصا عند أهل مذهبه ولم يكن لهم سبيل إلى الاجتهاد والقياس فاحتاجوا إلى تنظير المسائل في الإلحاق وتفريقها عند الاشتباه بعد الاستناد إلى الأصول المقررة من مذهب إمامهم وصار ذلك كله يحتاج إلى ملكة راسخة يقتدر بها على ذلك النوع من التنظير أو التفرقة واتباع مذهب إمامهم فيهما ما استطاعوا وهذه الملكة هي علم الفقه لهذا العهد وأهل المغرب جميعا مقلدون لمالك رحمه الله.
وقد كان تلامذته افترقوا بمصر والعراق فكان بالعراق منهم القاضي إسماعيل وطبقته مثل ابن خويز منداد وابن اللبان والقاضي أبو بكر الأبهري والقاضي أبو الحسين بن القصار والقاضي عبد الوهاب من بعدهم وكان بمصر ابن القاسم وأشهب وابن عبد الحكيم والحارث بن مسكين وطبقتهم ورحل من الأندلس عبد الملك بن حبيب فأخذ عن ابن القاسم وطبقته وبث مذهب مالك في الأندلس ودون فيه كتاب الواضحة ثم دون العتبي من تلامذته كتاب العتبية ورحل من إفريقية أسد بن الفرات فكتب عن أصحاب أبي حنيفــة أولا ثم انتقل إلى مذهب مالك وكتب علي بن القاسم في سائر أبواب الفقه وجاء إلى القيروان بكتابه وسمى الأسدية نسبة إلى أسد بن الفرات فقرا بها سحنون على أسد ثم ارتحل إلى المشرق ولقي ابن القاسم وأخذ عنه وعارضه بمسائل الأسدية فرجع عن كثير منها وكتب سحنون مسائلها ودونها وأثبت ما رجع عنه وكتب لأسد أن يأخذ بكتاب سحنون فأنف من ذلك فترك الناس كتابه واتبعوا مدونة سحنون على ما كان فيها من اختلاط المسائل في الأبواب فكانت تسمى المدونة والمختلطة وعكف أهل القيروان على هذه المدونة وأهل الأندلس على الواضحة والعتبية.
ثم اختصر ابن أبي زيد المدونة والمختلطة في كتابة المسمى بالمختصر ولخصه أيضا أبو سعيد البرادعي من فقهاء القيروان في كتابه المسمى بالتهذيب واعتمده المشيخة من أهل إفريقية وأخذوا به وتركوا ما سواه وكذلك اعتمد أهل الأندلس كتاب العتبية وهجروا الواضحة وما سواها ولم تزل علماء المذهب يتعاهدون هذه الأمهات بالشرح والإيضاح والجمع.
فكتب أهل إفريقية على المدونة ما شاء الله أن يكتبوا مثل ابن يونس واللخمي وابن محرز التونسي وابن بشير وأمثالهم.
وكتب أهل الأندلس على العتبية ما شاء الله أن يكتبوا مثل ابن رشد وأمثاله وجمع ابن أبي زيد جميع ما في الأمهات من المسائل والخلاف والأقوال في كتاب النوادر فاشتمل على جميع أقوال المذهب وفرع الأمهات كلها في هذا الكتاب ونقل ابن يونس معظمه في كتابه على المدونة وزخرت بحار المذهب المالكي في الأفقين إلى انقراض دولة قرطبة والقيروان ثم تمسك بهما أهل المغرب بعد ذلك إلى أن جاء كتاب أبي عمرو بن الحاجب لخص فيه طرق أهل المذهب في كل باب وتعديد أقوالهم في كل مسئلة فجاء كالبرنامج للمذهب وكانت الطريقة المالكية بقيت في مصر من لدن الحارث بن مسكين وابن المبشر وابن اللهيث وابن رشيق وابن شاس وكانت بالإسكندرية في بني عوف وبني سند وابن عطاء الله ولم أدر عمن أخذها أبو عمرو بن الحاجب لكنه جاء بعدا نقراض دولة العبيديين وذهاب فقه أهل البيت وظهور فقهاء السنة من الشافعية والمالكية.
ولما جاء كتابه إلى المغرب آخر المائة السابعة عكف عليه الكثير من طلبة المغرب وخصوصا أهل بجاية لما كان كبير مشيختهم أبو علي ناصر الدين الزواوي هو الذي جلبه إلى المغرب فإنه كان قرأ على أصحابه بمصر ونسخ مختصره ذلك فجاء به وانتشر بقطر بجاية في تلاميذه ومنهم انتقل إلى سائر الأمصار المغربية وطلبة الفقه بالمغرب لهذا العهد يتداولون قراءته ويتدارسونه لما يؤثر عن الشيخ ناصر الدين من الترغيب فيه وقد شرحه جماعة من شيوخهم كابن عبد السلام وابن رشد وابن هارون وكلهم من مشيخة أهل تونس وسابق حلبتهم في الإجادة في ذلك ابن عبد السلام وهم مع ذلك يتعاهدون كتاب التهذيب في دروسهم والله يهدي من يشاء إلى صراط مستقيم.

عق

1 عَقَّ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (Mgh, O, Msb, TA,) He clave, split, slit, ripped, or rent; (Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA;) and he cut. (Mgh, O, TA.) You say, عَقَّ ثَوْبَهُ He slit, ripped, or rent, his garment. (Msb.) and عُقَّتْ تَمِيمَتُهُ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ [His amulet was cut off among the sons of such a one]; said of a boy when he has attained to the prime of manhood, and become strong, with a tribe; originating from the fact that as long as the boy was an infant, his mother hung upon him amulets to preserve him from the evil eye; and when he became full-grown, they were cut off from him: whence the saying of a poet, بِلَادٌ بِهَا عَقَّ الشَّبَابُ تَمِيمَتِى

وَأَوَّلُ أَرْضٍ مَسَّ جِلْدِى تُرَابُهَا [A country in which the attaining to the prime of manhood cut off my amulet, and the first land of which the dust touched my skin]. (TA.) b2: and [hence,] عَقَّتِ الرِّيحُ المُزْنَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, The wind drew forth a shower of fine rain from the مزن [or clouds containing water]; as though it rent them. (TA.) And عُقَّتِ السَّحَابَةُ The cloud poured forth its water; [as though it were rent;] and ↓ اِنْعَقَّت [means the same]; (TA;) and ↓ اعتقّت [likewise]. (O.) b3: and عَقَّ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ, (S, Msb,) or عَنِ المَوْلُودِ, (K,) aor. ـُ (S, Msb, TA) and عَقِّ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (S, Msb,) He slaughtered as a sacrifice (S, Msb, K, TA) for his child, (S, Msb,) or for the new-born child, (K,) a sheep or goat, (T, Msb, TA,) [generally the latter,] on the seventh day after the birth. (T, S, Msb, TA.) And He shaved the [hair termed] عَقِيقَة [q. v.] (S, TA) of his child, (S,) or of the new-born child. (TA.) b4: And عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ He shot the arrow towards the sky; and that arrow was called عَقِيقَةٌ; (S, O, K;) and it was the arrow of self-excuse: they used to do thus in the Time of Ignorance [on the occasion of a demand for blood-revenge]; and if the arrow returned smeared with blood, they were not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it returned clean, they stroked their beards, and made reconciliation on the condition of the bloodwit; the stroking of the beards being a sign of reconciliation: the arrow, however, as IAar says, did not [ever] return otherwise than clean: (S, O:) the origin was this: a man of the tribe was slain, and the slayer was prosecuted for his blood; whereupon a company of the chief men [of the family of the slayer] collected themselves together to the heirs [who claimed satisfaction for the blood] of the slain, and offered the bloodwit, asking forgiveness for the blood; and if the heir [who claimed satisfaction and who acted for himself and his coheirs] was a strong man, impatient of injury, he refused to take the bloodwit; but if weak, he consulted the people of his tribe, and then said to the petitioners, “We have, between us and our Creator, a sign denoting command and prohibition: we take an arrow, and set it on a bow, and shoot it towards the sky; and if it return to us smeared with blood, we are forbidden to take the bloodwit, and are not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it return clean, as it went up, we are commanded to take the bloodwit: ” so they made reconciliation; for this arrow never returned otherwise than clean; and thus they had an excuse in the opinion of the ignorant of them. (L, TA.) A poet (S, O, TA) of the family of the slain, said by some to be of Hudheyl, by IB to be El-As'ar El-Joafee, who was absent from this reconciliation, (TA,) says, عَقُّوا بِسَهْمٍ ثُمَّ قَالُوا صَالِحُوا يَا لَيْتَنِى فِى القَوْمِ إِذْ مَسَحُوا الِلُّحَى

[They shot an arrow towards the sky; them they said, “Make ye reconciliation: ” would that I were among the party when they stroked the beards]: (S, O, TA:) or, as some relate it, the first word is عَقَّوْا, with fet-h to the ق; which belongs to the class of unsound verbs [i. e. to art. عقى]. (S, O.) b5: One says also, عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, (S, O, K,) or أَبَاهُ, (Msb,) aor. ـُ (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عُقُوقٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and مَعَقَّةٌ (S, O, K) and عَقٌّ, (TA,) He was undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, to his parent, or father; contr. of بَرَّهُ; (K;) he broke his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) he disobeyed his father; and failed, or neglected, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner. (Msb.) And عَقَّ الرَّحِمَ, (TA, and Ham p. 93,) like قَطَعَهَا [i. e. He severed the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred]. (Ham ib.) and عَقَّ [alone], aor. ـُ inf. n. عُقُوقٌ, [He was undutiful, &c.; or he acted undutifully, &c.; or] he contravened, or opposed, him whom he was under an obligation to obey. (Har p. 158.) عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment, &c., of the two parents] is said in a trad. to be one of the great sins. (O.) And it is said in a prov., العُقُوقُ

أَحَدُ الثُّكْلَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is one of the two sorts of being bereft of a child]: or, as some relate it, العُقُوقُ ثُكْلُ مَنْ لَمْ يَثْكَلْ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is (like) the bereavement of him who is not (really) bereft of his child]: i. e. he whom his children have treated undutifully (مِنْ عَقَّهُ وَلَدُهُ) is as though he were bereft of his children although they are living. (O.) [See also 3: and 4.] b6: Hence, from عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ, the verb is metaphorically used in the saying, in a trad., مَثَلُكُمْ وَمَثَلُ عَائِشَةَ مَثَلُ العَيْنِ فِى الرَّأْسِ تُؤْذِى صَاحِبَهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَعُقَّهَا إِلَّا بِالَّذِى هُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهَا (tropical:) [The similitude of you and of 'Áïsheh is that of the eye in the head, when it hurts its owner, and he cannot treat it severely save with that which is good for it: app. meaning that her severity was for the good of the objects thereof]. (TA.) A2: عَقَّ, intrans., said of lightning: see 7.

A3: عَقَّتْ said of a mare, and of an ass: see 4.

A4: عَقَّتِ الدَّلْوُ, inf. n. عَقُّ, means The bucket came up full from the well; and some of the Arabs say عَقَّت as having تَعْقِيَةٌ for its inf. n.; but it is [said to be] originally ↓ عَقَّقَت, the third ق being changed into ى, [which is then in this case suppressed,] like as they said تَظَنَّيْتُ from الظَّنُّ: [it is, however, mentioned in the TA in art. عقو also, and there expl. as meaning it rose in the well turning round: and from what here follows, it appears to mean it rose swiftly, cleaving the air:] a poet, cited by IAar, says, of a bucket, عَقَّتْ كَمَا عَقَّتْ دَلُوفُ العِقْبَانٌ meaning It clave [the air of] the well, rising swiftly, like the hastening of the swift eagle in its flight towards the prey. (TA in the present art.) 2 عَقَّّ see above, last sentence.3 عَاقَقْتُ فُلَانًا, aor. ـَ inf. n. عِقَاقٌ, I contravened, or opposed, such a one. (TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.]4 اعقّ فُلَانٌ i. q. جَآءَ بِالعُقُوقِ [i. e. Such a one did that which was an act of undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to his father or the like]. (S, TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.] b2: and you say, مَا أَعَقَّهُ لِوَالِدِهِ [How undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, is he to his father!]. (TA.) A2: اعقّت She (a mare, S, O, K, and an ass, TA) conceived, or became pregnant; (S, O, K;) or she did not conceive, or become pregnant, after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) and ↓ عَقَّتْ, aor. ـِ (O, K, TA,) the verb being of the class of ضَرَبَ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقَاقٌ and عَقَقٌ (O, K, TA) and عُقُوقٌ, (CK, but not in other copies,) signifies the same, (O, * K, TA,) said of a mare, (O, K,) and of an ass; (O;) or عَقَاقٌ signifies pregnancy itself, as also عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and عَقَقٌ; (S, O;) or عَقَّتْ signifies she became pregnant; and اعقّت, the [hair called] عَقِيقَة grew in her belly upon the young one that she bore. (TA.) b2: Also It (a palm-tree, and a grape-vine) put forth what are termed عِقَّان [q. v.]. (S, O, K.) A3: اعقّهُ He made it bitter; (S, O, K;) namely, water; said of God; like اقعّهُ. (S, O.) and اعقّت الأَرْضُ المَآءَ The earth made the water bitter. (TA.) 7 انعقّ It became cloven, split, slit, ripped, or rent; or it clave, split, &c.; said of anything; (S, O, K, TA;) mentioned by Th as said of a garment. (TA.) b2: انعقّت السَّحَابَهُ The cloud became rent with the water. (S, O, K.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 8.] b3: انعقّ البَرْقُ and ↓ عَقَّ [of which latter the aor. is probably يَعَقُّ, and the inf. n. عَقَقٌ, said in the K to mean اِنْشِقَاقٌ,] signify تَشَقَّقَ and اِنْشَقَّ [as though meaning The lightning became cloven]; (TA;) [but] the former is expl. as signifying the lightning was, or became, in a state of commotion (تَضَرَّبَ) in the clouds. (S, O.) [Another meaning is suggested by an explanation of عَقِيقَةٌ (q. v.) in relation to lightning.] b4: انعقّ الغُبَارُ i. q. سَطَعَ [app. as meaning The dust spread, or diffused itself]: (IF, O, K:) or اِنْشَقَّ وَسَطَعَ [became cleft, and diffused itself]. (TA.) b5: انعقّ الوَادِى The valley was, or became, deep. (TA.) A2: انعقّت العُقْدَةُ The knot became strongly, or firmly, tied. (O, * K, * TA.) 8 اعتقّ السَّحَابُ The clouds became rent, (K, TA,) and their water poured forth. (TA.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 7.]

A2: اعتقّ السَّيْفَ He drew the sword (O, K) from its scabbard. (O.) A3: And اعتقّ [probably from عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ, q. v.,] He exceeded the due bounds, or was immoderate, in excusing himself. (TA.) R. Q. 1 عَقْعَقَ بِصَوْتِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. عَقْعَقَةٌ, (S, O,) said of the عَقْعَق [or magpie], It uttered a [kind of chattering] cry, (S, * O, TA,) resembling the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, TA;) whence its name: and said of a bird [that utters a cry of this kind] when it comes and goes. (TA.) b2: And عَقْعَقَةٌ signifies also The shaking, or being in a state of commotion, [so as to produce a kind of crackling, or rustling, sound,] of paper, and of a new garment; like قَعْقَعَةٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) عَقٌّ Any cleft, or furrow, and any hole, in sand &c. (S, TA.) See also عَقَّةٌ.

A2: Also i. q. عَاقٌّ, q. v. (O, K.) A3: مَآءٌ عَقٌّ: see عُقٌّ.

مَآءٌ عُقٌّ, with damm, (K, TA,) or ↓ عَقٌّ, (thus written in my copies of the S and in the O,) and ↓ عُقَاقٌ, (O, K, TA,) Bitter water: (S, O, K:) or intensely bitter water: used alike as sing. and pl.: (TA:) like قُعٌّ, (TA,) or قَعٌّ, (S, O,) and قُعَاعٌ. (O, TA.) عِقٌّ: see what next follows.

عَقَّةٌ A deep excavation, hollow, cavity, trench, or the like, in the ground; (K, TA;) as also ↓ عِقٌّ, accord. to the K, there said to be with kesr, but correctly ↓ عَقٌّ, with fet-h, [q. v.,] which signifies an elongated excavation in the ground, and is originally an inf. n.; thus in the L. (TA.) b2: And A blaze of lightning extending in an elongated form in the sky, (IDrd, O, K,) or in the side of the clouds, (A, TA,) and said to be as though it were a drawn sword. (TA.) [See also عَقِيقَةٌ.]

عُقَّةٌ A certain thing with which boys play. (L, K, TA.) عِقَّةٌ: see عَقِيقَةٌ, in the former half.

عَقَقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ. b2: It is said in the K to be syn. with عَاقٌّ; but in this sense the correct word is عُقَقٌ. (TA.) عُقَقٌ: see عُقِيقَةٌ, latter half: A2: and see also عَاقٌّ, in two places.

عُقُقٌ, as a sing. and as a pl.: see عَاقٌّ.

عَقَاقٌ is an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ said of a mare (O, K) and of an ass: (O:) or it signifies Pregnancy (AA, S, K) itself; (K;) as also ↓ عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and ↓ عَقَقٌ [which is likewise said to be an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ]. (S.) You say, أَظْهَرَتِ الأَتَانُ عَقَاقًا The she-ass manifested pregnancy. (AA, S, O.) b2: And, accord. to Esh-Shafi'ee, An embryo; or a fœtus. (TA.) A2: عَقَاقِ, like قَطَامِ, [indecl.,] is a [proper] name for العُقُوقُ [Undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to a parent, or the like]: (K, TA:) mentioned by IB, and in the O. (TA.) عُقَاقٌ, applied to water: see عُقٌّ.

عِقَاقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ.

عَقُوقٌ, applied to a mare, (S, O, K, TA,) and to an ass, (TA,) Pregnant: (S, O, K:) or not pregnant after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) or it signifies thus also; (O;) having two contr. meanings; (K;) or it is applied to one in the latter state as implying a presage of good; (O, K;) so says AHát; (O, TA;) i. e., as though they meant that she would become pregnant: (TA:) it is extr.; [as being from أَعَقَّتْ;] and one should not say ↓ مُعِقٌّ; or this is a bad dial. var.; (S, O, K;) or, accord. to AA, it is from اعقّت, and عَقُوقٌ is from عَقَّتْ: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُقٌ, and عِقَاقٌ is a pl. pl., (S, O, K,) i. e. pl. of عُقُقٌ. (S, O.) It is said in a prov., طَلَبَ الأَبْلَقَ العَقُوقَ, meaning He sought an impossible thing; because ابلق is applied to a male, and عقوق means pregnant: (S, O, and K in art. بلق) or الابلق العقوق means the dawn, because it breaks, lit, cleaves. (O, and K in art. بلق.) b2: نَوَى

العَقُوقِ means Date-stones that are easily broken, (Lth, S, O, K,) soft to be chewed; (Lth, O, K;) which are given as provender to camels, (S,) or to the pregnant thereof, in consideration of her state, wherefore they are thus called; and which are eaten, or chewed, by the old woman; but this is of the speech of the people of El Basrah, and not known by the Arabs in their desert: (Lth, O:) and sometimes they called a single date-stone of this sort ↓ عَقِيقَةٌ. (S.) A2: See also عَاقٌّ.

عَقِيقٌ Cleft, split, slit, ripped, or rent; and cut; as also ↓ مَعْقُوقٌ. (TA.) b2: And [hence] Any channel which the water of a torrent has cloven (S, O, Msb, * K) of old (Msb) and made wide: (S, O:) and a valley: (O, K:) pl. أَعِقَّةٌ (S, O, Msb, K, TA) and عَقَائِقُ. (TA.) And عَقَائِقُ signifies also Pools of water in cleft furrows: (AHn, TA:) and some say, red sands. (TA.) b3: See also عَقِيقَةٌ, in two places.

A2: Also [Carnelian;] a species of فُصُوص [or stones that are set in rings]; (S;) a sort of stone, (Msb,) or red خَرَز [meaning precious stones], (O, K,) of which فُصُوص are made; (O, Msb;) existing in ElYemen, (K, TA,) near to Esh-Shihr, said by Et-Teefáshee to be brought from mines thereof at San'à, (TA,) and on the shores of the Sea of Roomeeyeh; one kind thereof is of a turbid appearance, like water running from salted flesh-meat, and having in it faint white lines, (K, TA,) and this, Et-Teefáshee says, is what is known by the appellation الرطبى [so in my original]; the best kind is the red; then, the yellow; then, the white; and the other kinds are bad: or, as some say, the streaked (المُشَطَّب) is the best: (TA:) [I omit some absurd assertions in the K and TA respecting various virtues supposed to be possessed by this stone:] the n. un. is with ة: and the pl. is عَقَائِقُ. (O, K.) [العَقِيقُ اليَمَانِىُّ is an appel-lation applied by some to The agate.]

عَقِيقَةٌ [a subst. from عَقِيقٌ, made so by the affix ة. Hence, because cleft, or furrowed, in the earth,] A river, or rivulet. (IAar, O, K.) b2: And A fillet, or bandage, (عِصَابَةٌ,) at the time of its being rent from a garment, or piece of cloth. (IAar, O, K.) b3: And The prepuce of a boy (AO, IAar, O, K) when he is circumcised. (TA.) b4: And [app. because made of cut pieces of skin,] A [leathern water-bag such as is commonly called]

مَزَادَة. (IAar, O, K.) b5: Also The wool of a جَذَع [or sheep in or before its second year]: (S, O, K, TA:) that of a ثَنِىّ [or sheep in its third year] is called جَنِيبَةٌ: (TA:) and the hair of a young one recently born, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) that comes forth upon his head in his mother's belly, (TA,) of human beings, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) because it is cut off on his seventh day, (Mgh,) and of others, (Msb,) [i. e.] of beasts likewise; (S, O, K, TA;) as also ↓ عَقِيقٌ and ↓ عِقَّةٌ; (S, O, Msb, K;) but A 'Obeyd says that he had not heard this last except in relation to human beings and asses: (S, O, K: *) its pl. (i. e. the pl. of عِقَّةٌ) is عِقَقٌ: (O, K:) [the pl. of عَقِيقَةٌ and عَقِيقٌ is عَقَائِقُ: a law of the Sunneh requires that the عَقِيقَة of an infant should be weighed, and its weight in silver be given to the poor: (and Herodotus, in ii. 65, mentions a similar custom as obtaining among the Ancient Egyptians:)] when the hair has once fallen from the young [by its being cut], the term عَقِيقَةٌ ceases to be applied to it: so says Lth: (O, TA:) but it occurs in a trad. applied to hair as being likened to the hair of a recently-born infant. (TA.) b6: Hence, (S, O,) it is applied also to The sheep, or goat, [generally the latter,] that is slaughtered (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) as a sacrifice for the recentlyborn infant (S, Mgh, Msb) on the occasion of the shaving of the infant's hair (O, K) on the seventh day after his birth, (S, Msb,) and of which the limbs are divided, and cooked with water and salt, and given as food to the poor: (Lth, TA:) Z holds it to be thus called from the same word as applied to the hair: but it is said [by some] to be so called because it is slaughtered by cutting the windpipe and gullet and the two external jugular veins: (TA:) the Prophet disallowed this appellation, (Mgh, Msb,) as being of evil omen, (Mgh,) or as though he saw them to regard it as of evil omen, (Msb,) and desired them to use نَسِيكَةٌ in its stead; (Mgh, Msb, TA;) saying I like not العُقُوق. (TA.) b7: عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies What remains [for an instant] in the clouds, of the rays, or beams, of lightning; (Lth, O, K;) as also ↓ العُقَقُ; (K;) which, as well as العَقِيقَةُ, is also expl. as meaning lightning which one sees in the midst of the clouds, resembling a drawn sword: (TA:) or عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies lightning in a state of commotion in the clouds: (S, O:) or lightning extending in an elongated form in the side, or breadth, of the clouds: (TA:) or lightning that cleaves the clouds, and extends high, into the midst of the sky, without going to the right and left: (S in art. خفو:) or, as expl. by Aboo-Sa'eed, a flash of lightning that has spread in the horizon: (O, voce شَقِيقَةٌ:) a sword is likened thereto: (S, O, K:) and [the pl.] عَقَائِقُ is a name for swords: (O, K:) ↓ عَقِيقٌ, also, signifies lightning. (TA.) b8: And عَقِيقَةٌ signifies also An arrow shot towards the sky; (S, O, K;) the arrow of self-excuse; which was used in the manner described in the explanation of the phrase عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ [q. v.]. (S, O.) b9: See also عَقُوقٌ, last signification.

سَحَابَةٌ عَقَّاقَةٌ A cloud pouring forth its water: (TA:) or a cloud much rent by water. (T, TA voce هَيْدَبٌ.) عِقَّانٌ Shoots that come forth from the أُصُول [meaning trunks, or stems,] of palm-trees and of grape-vines; (S, O, K;) and which, if not cut off, cause the اصول to become vitiated, or unsound. (S, O.) [See also صُنْبُورٌ: and see عَوَاقٌّ, below.]

عَقْعَقٌ [The magpie, corvus pica; so called in the present day;] a certain bird, (S, O, Msb, K,) well known, (S, O,) of the size of the pigeon, (Msb,) party-coloured, black and white, (O, Msb, K,) having a long tail, (O, Msb,) said by Is-hák El-Mowsilee to be the same that is called شَجَجَى, (Th, IB, TA,) a species of crow, (IAth, Msb, TA,) wherefore it is said in a trad. that the man in the state of إِحْرَام may kill it; (IAth, TA;) its cry resembles the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, K;) and the Arabs regard it as an evil omen. (Msb.) [See also صُرَدٌ.]

عَاقٌّ Undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or illmannered, to his parent, or father; (S, * O, * K;) breaking, or one who breaks, his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) disobeying, or disobedient to, his father; and failing, or neglecting, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner; (Msb;) [and severing, or one who severs, the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred; (see its verb;)] and ↓ عَقٌّ signifies the same; (O, K;) as also ↓ عُقَقٌ, (S, O, TA,) but in an intensive sense, altered from عَاقٌّ, like غُدَر and فُسَق from غَادِر and فَاسِق, in the K erroneously said to be عَقَقٌ; (TA;) and ↓ عُقُقٌ; (L, and TA as from the K, but not in my MS. copy of the K nor in the CK;) which last signifies also [as a pl.] men severing, or who sever, the ties of relationship, by unkind behaviour to their kindred; and also remote, or distant, enemies: (TA:) [and ↓ عَقُوقٌ is app. used (as Freytag asserts it to be) in the sense of عَاقٌّ in the Fákihet el-Khulatà, p. 55, 1. 7 from the bottom:] the pl. of عَاقٌّ is عَقَقَةٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) like كَفَرَةٌ, (S,) and عُقَّقٌ, like رُكَّعٌ, a form used by Ru-beh, (O,) and أَعِقَّةٌ, which is an extr. [meaning anomalous] pl. (Ham p. 93.) ↓ ذُقٌ عُقَقُ, (S, O,) in a trad., (S,) said by Aboo-Sufyán to Hamzeh on the day of Ohod, when he passed by him slain, (S, * O,) means ذُقٌ جَزَآءَ فِعْلِكَ [Taste thou the recompense of thy deed], (S,) or ذُقِ القَتْلَ [taste thou slaughter], (O,) يَا عَاقُّ [O undutiful, &c.; or, accord. to the explanation in the TA mentioned above, عُقَقُ, for يَا عُقَقُ, means O very undutiful, &c.]. (S, O.) عَوَاقُّ النَّخْلِ The shoots, or offsets, of the palmtrees, that grow forth therewith. (O, K.) [See also عِقَّانٌ.]

أَعَقُّ مِنْ ضَبٍّ [More undutiful, &c., to kindred, than a lizard of the species called ضبّ] is a prov. [mentioned, but not expl., in the O]: IAar says, the female [of the ضبّ] is meant; and its عُقُوق consists in its eating its young ones. (TA.) [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 152-3. And see an ex. of أَعَقُّ in a verse cited in art. زهد, conj. 2.]

مُعِقٌّ: see عَقُوقٌ.

مَعْقُوقٌ: see عَقِيقٌ, first sentence.

عقل

1 عَقڤلَ [The inf. n.] عَقْلٌ signifies The act of withholding, or restraining; syn. مَنْعٌ. (TA.) [This is app. the primary signification, or it may be from what next follows.] b2: عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb,) He bound the camel with the [rope called] عِقَال; (Mgh;) meaning he bound the camel's fore shank to his arm; (K;) i. e. he folded together the camel's fore shank and his arm and bound them both in the middle of the arm with the rope called عِقَال; (S, O, Msb;) and ↓ اعتقلهُ signifies the same; as also ↓ عقّلهُ; (K;) or you say, عَقَّلْتُ الإِبِلَ, from العِقَالُ, (S, O,) inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, (O,) [i. e. I bound the camels in the manner expl. above,] this verb being with tesh-deed because of its application to a number of objects: (S, O:) and sometimes the hocks were bound with the عِقَال. (TA.) The she-camel, also, was bound with the عِقَال on the occasion of her being covered: b3: and hence العَقْلُ is metonymically used as meaning الجِمَاعُ [i. e. (assumed tropical:) The act of compressing a woman]. (TA.) b4: عَقَلْتُ القَتِيلَ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, *) or المَقْتُولَ, (S, O,) aor. as above, (TA,) and so the inf. n., (Msb, TA,) means I gave, or paid, the bloodwit to the heir, or next of kin, of the slain person: (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K: *) for the camels [that constituted the bloodwit] used to be bound with the عِقَال in the yard of the abode of the heir, or next of kin, of the slain person; and in consequence of frequency of usage, the phrase became employed to mean thus when the bloodwit was given in dirhems or deenárs. (As, S, O, Msb. * [See a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. عيف.]) And [hence] one says also, عَقَلْتُ عَنْهُ, (inf. n. as above, TA,) meaning I paid for him, (the slayer, Mgh,) i. e., in his stead, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, *) the bloodwit that was obligatory upon him, (S, Mgh, O, K, *) or what was obligatory upon him of the bloodwit. (Msb.) And عَقَلْتُ لَهُ دَمَ فُلَانٍ I relinquished in his favour retaliation of the blood of such a one for the bloodwit. (S, O, Msb, K. *) لَا تَعْقِلُ العَاقِلَةُ عَمْدًا وَلَا عَبْدًا, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) in a trad. (S, O, Msb) of Esh-Shaabee, (O,) or a saying of Esh-Shaabee, (Mgh, * K,) not a trad., (K,) but the like occurs in a trad. related on the authority of I'Ab, (TA,) [meaning, accord. to an expl. of the verb when trans. without a particle, mentioned above, Those who are responsible for the payment of a bloodwit in certain cases shall not pay it for an intentional act of slaying or the like, nor for the slaying or the like of a slave,] applies, accord. to Aboo-Haneefeh, to the case of a slave's committing a crime against a free person: (S, O, Msb, K: [and thus as expl. in the Mgh:]) but, (S, O, Msb, K,) accord. to Ibn-Abee-Leylà, (S, O, Msb,) it applies to the case of a free person's committing a crime against a slave; for if the meaning were as Aboo-Haneefeh says, the phrase would be لَا تَعْقِلُ العَاقِلَةُ عَنْ عَبْدٍ; (S, O, Msb, K;) and As pronounced this to be correct: (S, O, Msb: *) Akmal-ed-Deen, however, in the Exposition of the Hidáyeh, says that عَقَلْتُهُ is used in the sense of عَقَلْتُ عَنْهُ, and that the context of the trad. indicates this meaning, which MF also defends. (TA.) [See also the saying لَا أَعْقِلُ الكَلْبَ الهَرَّارَ in art. هر.] b5: عَقَلَهُ, inf. n. as above, also means He set him up [app. a man] on one of his legs; [app. from عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ;] as also عَكَلَهُ: and every عَقْل is a raising. (TA.) b6: Also, [agreeably with the explanation of the inf. n. in the first sentence of this art.,] and ↓ عقّلهُ, and ↓ تعقّلهُ, (TA, [see also the first paragraph of art. عجس,]) and ↓ اعتقلهُ, (Msb, TA,) He withheld him, or restrained him, (Msb, TA,) عَنْ حَاجَتِهِ from the object of his want. (TA.) b7: and [hence,] عَقَلَ الدَّوَآءُ بَطْنَهُ, (S, O, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (S, K) and عَقُلَ, (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) The medicine bound, or confined, his belly [or bowels]; syn. أَمْسَكَهُ: (S, O, Msb, K:) accord. to some, particularly after looseness: and بَطْنَهُ ↓ اعتقل signifies the same. (TA.) And يَعْقِلُ الطَّبْعَ is said of a medicine [as meaning, in like manner, It binds the bowels; is astringent]. (TA in art. حمض; &c.) And عقل البَطْنُ [app. عُقِلَ] The belly [or bowels] became bound, or confined; syn. اِسْتَمْسَكَ. (TA.) b8: عَقَلَ عَلَى القَوْمِ, [aor. ـِ inf. n. عِقَالٌ, means He collected, or exacted, the poor-rates of the people, or party; [app. from عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ; as though he bound with the rope called عِقَال the camels that he collected;] on the authority of IKtt. (TA.) 'Omar, when he had deferred [collecting] the poor-rate in the year [of drought called] عَامُ الرَّمَادَةِ, sent Ibn-AbeeDhubáb, and said, اِعْقِلْ عَلَيْهِمْ عِقَالَيْنِ فَاقْسِمْ فِيهِمْ عِقَالًا وَاءْتِنِى بِالآخَرِ [Collect thou from them two years' poor-rate; then divide among them one year's poor-rate, and bring to me the other]. (O.) One says of the collector of the poor-rate, يَعْقِلُ الصَّدَقَةَ [He collects, or exacts, the poor-rate]. (S, O.) b9: عَقَلَ فُلَانًا and ↓ اعتقلهُ signify He threw down such a one [in wrestling] by twisting his leg upon the latter's leg: (K, * TA:) [or] you say, الشَّغْزَبِيَّةَ ↓ صَارَعَهُ فَاعْتَقَلَهُ He wrestled with him and twisted his leg upon the leg of the latter: (S, O:) and one says of a wrestler, ↓ لِفُلَانٍ عُقْلَةٌ بِهَا النَّاسَ ↓ يَعْتَقِلُ, (S, O,) or يَعْقِلُ بِهَا النَّاسَ, i. e. [Such a one has] a [mode of] twisting his leg with another's [whereby he wrestles with men]. (TA.) b10: عَقَلَتْ شَعَرَهَا, (inf. n. عَقْلٌ, TA,) said of a woman, She combed her hair: (S, O:) or combed it in a certain manner; as also ↓ عَقَّلَتْهُ. (TA.) A2: عَقَلَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَقْلٌ and ↓ مَعْقُولٌ, (S, O, K,) or the latter, accord. to Sb, is an epithet, [or a pass. part. n.,] for he used to say that no inf. n. has the measure مَفْعُولٌ, (S, O,) He was, or became, عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.; and so ↓ تعقّل; as though he were withheld, or restrained, from doing that which is not suitable, or befitting: see عَقْلٌ below]: and ↓ عقّل, (K, TA,) inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, (TA,) signifies the same, (K,) or [he possessed much intelligence, for] it is with teshdeed to denote muchness: (TA:) and عَقِلَ, aor. ـَ is a dial. var. of عَقَلَ, aor. ـِ signifying he became عَاقِل. (IKtt, TA.) b2: And عَقَلَ الشَّىْءَ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـِ inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (Msb, TA,) He understood, or knew, the thing; syn. فَهِمَهُ: (K, TA:) or i. q. تَدَبَّرَهُ [app. as meaning he looked into, considered, examined, or studied, the thing repeatedly, until he knew it]; and عَقِلَ, aor. ـَ is a dial. var. thereof. (Msb.) See also 5. b3: مَا أَعْقِلُهُ عَنْكَ شَيْئًا, (S, and so in the K accord. to my copy of the TA, but in the CK and in my MS. copy of the K ↓ اَعْقَلَهُ,) meaning دَعْ عَنْكَ الشَّكَّ [Dismiss from thee doubt], is [said to be] mentioned by Sb; as though the speaker said, مَا أَعْلِمُ شَيْئًا مِمَّا تَقُولُ فَدَعْ عَنْكَ الشَّكَّ [I know not aught of what thou sayest, so dismiss from thee doubt]; and [to be] like the phrases خُذْ عَنْكَ and سِرْ عَنْكَ: Bekr El-Mázinee says, “I asked Az and As and Aboo-Málik and Akh respecting this phrase, and they all said, 'We know not what it is: ' ” (so in the S:) [but] it is a mistake, for مَا أَغْفَلَهُ; (K, TA;) and thus it is mentioned by Sb and others, with غ and ف. (TA.) نَخْلَةٌ لَا تَعْقِلُ الإِبَارَ (tropical:) A palm-tree that will not receive fecundation is a tropical phrase [perhaps from عَقَلَ meaning “ he understood ” a thing]. (A, TA.) b4: عَاقَلْتُهُ فَعَقْلْتُهُ: see 3. b5: عَقَلَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عُقُولٌ (S, O, K) and عَقْلٌ, (K,) He (a mountain-goat, S, O) became, or made himself, inaccessible in a high mountain: (S: in the O unexplained:) or he [a gazelle) ascended [a mountain]. (K.) Accord. to Az, العُقُولُ signifies The protecting oneself in a mountain. (TA.) and one says, عَقَلَ إِلَيْهِ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَقْلٌ and عُقُولٌ, He betook himself to him, or it, for refuge, protection, covert, or lodging. (K.) b6: عَقَلَ الظِّلُّ, (S, O, K,) aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ (K) [and probably عُقُولٌ also], The shade declined, and contracted, or shrank, at midday; (S, O;) the sun became high, and the shade almost disappeared. (S, O, K.) A3: عَقَلَ, (O, K,) aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) said of a camel, He pastured upon the plant called عَاقُول. (O, K.) A4: عَقِلَ, aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. عَقَلٌ, (S, O, K,) He (a camel) had a twisting in the hind leg, (S, O, K,) and much width [between the hind legs]: (S, O:) or had an excessive wideness, or spreading, of the hind legs, so that the hocks knocked together: (ISk, S, O:) or had a knocking together of the knees. (K.) [See also رَوَحَ.]2 عَقَّلَ see 1, in four places.

A2: عقّلهُ, inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, also signifies He, or it, rendered him عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.]. (O, K.) A3: And عقّل said of a grape-vine, (O, K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) It put forth its عُقَّيْلَى, or grapes in their first, sour, state. (O, K.) 3 المَرْأَةُ تُعَاقِلُ الرَّجُلَ إِلَى ثُلُثِ دِيَتِهَا (S, Mgh, O, K) means The woman is on a par with the man to the third part of her bloodwit; (S, Mgh, O;) she receives like as the man receives [up to that point]: (Mgh:) i. e., [for instance,] his مُوضِحَة [or wound of the head for which the mulct is five camels] and her مُوضِحَة are equal; (K;) but when the portion reaches to the third of the bloodwit, her [portion of the] bloodwit is the half of that of the man: (S, O, K:) thus, for one of her fingers, ten camels are due to her, as in the case of the finger of the man; for two of her fingers, twenty camels; and for three of her fingers, thirty; but for four of her fingers, only twenty, because they exceed the third, therefore the portion is reduced to the half of what is due to the man: so accord. to Ibn-El-Museiyab: but Esh-Sháfi'ee and the people of El-Koofeh assign for the finger of the woman five camels, and for two of her fingers ten; and regard not the third part. (TA.) A2: ↓ عَاقَلْتُهُ فَعَقَلْتُهُ, (S, O, K, *) inf. n. of the former مُعَاقَلَةٌ, (TA,) and aor. of the latter عَقُلَ, (S, O, K,) and inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) means I vied, or contended, with him for superiority in عَقْل [or intelligence], (O, TA,) and I surpassed him therein. (S, O, K, * TA.) 4 اعقل He (a man) owed what is termed عِقَال, (O, K, TA,) i. e. a year's poor-rate. (TA.) b2: اعقل القَوْمُ The people, or party, became in the condition of finding the shade to have declined, and contracted, or shrunk, with them, at midday. (S, O.) A2: اعقلهُ He found him to be عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.]: (K:) it is similar to أَحْمَدَهُ and أَبْخَلَهُ. (TA.) b2: See also 1, last quarter.5 تعقّلهُ: see 1, near the middle: b2: and see 8, in four places. b3: تَعَقَّلْ لِى بِكَفَّيْكَ حَتَّى أَرْكَبَ بَعِيرِى, (O, K, *) a saying heard by Az from an Arab of the desert, (O,) means Put thy two hands together for me, and intersert thy fingers together, in order that I may put my foot upon them, i. e. upon thy hands, and mount my camel; for the camel was standing; (O, K; *) and was laden; and if he had made him to lie down, would not rise with him and his load. (O.) A2: [It is used in philosophical works as meaning He conceived it in his mind, abstractedly, and otherwise; and so, sometimes, ↓ عَقَلَهُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. عَقْلٌ. Hence one says, هٰذَا شَىْءٌ لَا يُتَعَقَّلُ This is a thing that is not conceivable.]

A3: تعقّل as intrans.: see 1, latter half. b2: [Hence, He recovered his intellect, or understanding. b3: And] He affected, or endeavoured to acquire, عَقْل [i. e. intelligence, &c.]: like as one says تَحَلَّمَ and تَكَيَّسَ. (S, O.) [See also 6.] b4: Said of an animal of the chase, as meaning It stuck fast, and became caught, in a net or the like, it is a coined word, not heard [from the Arabs of chaste speech]. (Mgh.) 6 تعاقلوا دَمُ فُلَانٍ They paid among themselves, or conjointly, the mulct for the blood of such a one. (K.) It is said in a trad., إِنَّا لَا نَتَعَاقَلُ المَصْعَ Verily we will not pay among ourselves, or conjointly, the mulcts for slight wounds of the head, [lit. the stroke with a sword,] but will oblige him who commits the offence to pay the mulct for it: i. e. the people of the towns or villages shall not pay the mulcts for the people of the desert; nor the people of the desert, for the people of the towns or villages; in the like of the case of the [wound termed] مُوضِحَة. (TA.) And in another it is said, يَتَعَاقَلُونَ بَيْنَهُمْ مَعَاقِلَهُمُ الأُولَى [They shall take and give among themselves, or conjointly, their former bloodwits]: i. e. they shall be as they were in respect of the taking and giving of bloodwits. (TA.) And one says, القَوْمُ عَلَى مَا كَانُوا يَتَعَاقَلُونَ عَلَيْهِ [The people, or party, are acting in conformity with that usage in accordance with which they used to pay and receive among themselves bloodwits]. (S, O.) A2: تعاقل also signifies He affected, or made a show of possessing, عَقْل [i. e. intelligence, &c.], without having it. (S, O.) [See also 5.]8 إِعْتَقَلَ see 1, former half, in three places. b2: اُعْتُقِلَ said of a man, He was withheld, restrained, or confined. (S, O.) b3: And اُعْتُقِلَ لِسَانُهُ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) and اِعْتَقَلَ, also, (Msb,) His tongue was withheld, or restrained, (Mgh, Msb, TA,) from speaking; (Mgh, Msb;) he was unable to speak. (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K.) b4: [Hence,] اعتقل الشَّاةَ He put the hind legs of the ewe, or she-goat, between his shank and his thigh, (S, O, K,) to milk her, (S, O,) or and so milked her. (K.) And اعتقل رُمْحَهُ He put his spear between his shank and his stirrup [or stirrup-leather]: (S, O, K:) or he (a man riding) put his spear beneath his thigh, and dragged the end of it upon the ground behind him. (IAth, TA.) And اعتقل الرَّحْلَ, and ↓ تعقّلهُ; (O;) or اعتقل الرِّجْلَ, (O, K,) accord. to one relation of a verse of Dhu-rRummeh, (O,) and ↓ تعقّلها; (K;) He [a man riding upon a camel] folded his leg, and put it upon the مَوْرِك: (O, K, * TA:) in the K, الوَرِك is erroneously put for المَوْرِك: (TA:) the مَوْرِك is before the وَاسِطَة [or upright piece of wood in the fore part] of the camel's saddle: (AO, in TA art. ورك:) and one says also, اعتقل قَادِمَةَ رَحْلِهِ and ↓ تعقّلها; both meaning the same [as above]: (TA:) and السَّرْجَ ↓ تعقّل and اعتقلهُ He folded his leg upon the fore part of the سرج [or saddle of the horse or the like]. (Mgh.) b5: See also 1, latter half, in three places. b6: الاِعْتِقَالُ also signifies The inserting a سَيْر [or narrow strip of skin or leather], when sewing a skin, beneath a سَيْر, in order that it may become strong, and that the water may not issue from it. (AA, O.) A2: and one says, اعتقل مِنْ دَمِ فُلَانٍ, (O, K,) and مِنْ طَائِلَتِهِ, (O,) meaning He took, or received, the عَقْل, (O, K, TA,) i. e. the mulct for the blood of such a one. (TA.) 10 إِسْتَعْقَلَ [استعقلهُ He counted, accounted, or esteemed, him عَاقِل, i. e. intelligent, &c.: for] you say of a man, يُسْتَعْقَلُ [from العَقْلُ], like as you say يُسْتَحْمَقُ [from الحُمْقُ], and يُسْتَرْأَى from الرِّئَآءُ. (AA, S in art. رأى.) عَقْلٌ an inf. n. used as a subst. [properly so termed], (Msb,) A bloodwit, or mulct for bloodshed; syn. دِيَةٌ; (As, S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) so called for a reason mentioned in the first paragraph in the explanation of the phrase عَقَلْتُ القَتِيلَ; (As, S, Mgh, * O, Msb;) as also ↓ مَعْقُلَةٌ, (S, Mgh, O, K,) of which ↓ مِعْقَلَةٌ, with fet-h to the ق, is a dial. var., mentioned in the R; (TA;) and of which the pl. is مَعَاقِلُ: (S, O, K:) one says, ↓ لَنَاعِنْدَ فُلَانٍ ضَمَدٌ مِنْ مَعْقُلَةٍ i. e. We have a remainder of a bloodwit owed to us by such a one. (S, O.) And الأُولَى ↓ هُمْ عَلَى مَعَاقِلِهِمِ They are [acting] in conformity with [the usages relating to] the bloodwits that were in the Time of Ignorance; (K, TA;) or meaning عَلَى مَا كَانُوا يَتَعَاقَلُونَ عَلَيْهِ [expl. above (see 6)]: (S, O:) or they are [acting] in conformity with the conditions of their fathers; (K, TA;) but the former is the primary meaning: (TA:) and [hence]

عَلَى قَوْمِهِ ↓ صَارَ دَمُ فُلَانٍ مَعْقُلَةً The blood of such a one became [the occasion of] a debt incumbent on his people, or party, (S, O, K, *) to be paid by them from their possessions. (S, O.) A2: And as being originally the inf. n. of عَقَلَ in the phrase عَقَلَ الشَّىْءَ meaning [فَهِمَهُ or] تَدَبَّرَهُ; (Msb;) or as originally meaning المَنْعُ, because it withholds, or restrains, its possessor from doing that which is not suitable; or from المَعْقِلُ as meaning “ the place to which one has recourse for protection &c.,” because its possessor has recourse to it; (TA;) العَقْلُ signifies also Intelligence, understanding, intellect, mind, reason, or knowledge; syn. الحَجْرُ, (S, O,) and النُّهَى, (S,) or النُّهْيَةُ, (O,) or الحِجَا, and اللُّبُّ, (Msb,) or العِلْمُ, (K,) or the contr. of الحُمْقُ; (M, TA;) or the knowledge of the qualities of things, of their goodness and their badness, and their perfectness and their defectiveness; or the knowledge of the better of two good things, and of the worse of two bad things, or of affairs absolutely; or a faculty whereby is the discrimination between the bad and the good; (K, TA;) but these and other explanations of العَقْل in the K are all in treatises of intellectual things, and not mentioned by the leading lexicologists; (TA; [in which are added several more explanations of a similar kind that have no proper place in this work;]) some say that it is an innate property by which man is prepared to understand speech; (Msb;) the truth is, that it is a spiritual light, (K, TA,) shed into the heart and the brain, (TA,) whereby the soul acquires the instinctive and speculative kinds of knowledge, and the commencement of its existence is on the occasion of the young's becoming in the fætal state, [or rather of its quickening,] after which it continues to increase until it becomes complete on the attainment of puberty, (K, TA,) or until the attainment of forty years: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُولٌ: (K:) Sb mentions عَقْلٌ as an instance of an inf. n. having a pl., namely, عُقُولٌ; like شُغْلٌ and مَرَضٌ: (TA in art. مرض:) IAar says, (O,) العَقْلُ is [syn. with] القَلْبُ, and القَلْبُ is [syn. with] العَقْلُ: (O, K:) and ↓ المَعْقُولُ is [said to be] a subst., or name, for العَقْلُ, like المَجْلُودُ and المَيْسُورُ for الجَلَادَةُ and اليُسْرُ: (Har p. 12:) it is said in a prov., ↓ مَا لَهُ جُولٌ وَلَا مَعْقُولٌ, (Meyd, and Har ubi suprà,) meaning He has not strong purpose of mind, [to withhold, or protect, him,] like the جول [or casing] of the well of the collapsing whereof one is free from fear because of its firmness, nor intellect, or intelligence, (عَقْل,) to withhold him from doing that which is not suitable to the likes of him. (Meyd. [But see مَعْقُولٌ below.]) [Hence, أَسْنَانُ العَقْلِ (see 1 in art. حنك) and أَضْرَاسُ العَقْلِ (see ضِرْسٌ), both meaning The wisdom-teeth.]

A3: [It is said that]

عَقْلٌ also signifies A fortress; syn. حِصْنٌ. (K.) [But this seems to be doubtful.] See مَعْقِلٌ.

A4: And A sort of red cloth (S, O, K) with which the [women's camel-vehicle called] هَوْدَج is covered: (K:) or a sort of what are called بُرُود [pl. of بُرْدٌ, q. v.] or a sort of figured cloth, (K,) or, as in the M, of red figured cloth: (TA:) or such as is figured with long forms. (Har p. 416.) عُقْلَةٌ A bond like the عِقَال [q. v.]: or a shackle. (Har p. 199.) b2: [Hence it seems to signify An impediment of any kind.] One says, بِهِ عُقْلَةٌ مِنَ السِّحْرِ وَقَدْ عُمِلَتْ لَهُ نُشْرَةٌ [app. meaning In him is an impediment arising from enchantment, and a charm, or an amulet, has been made for him]. (S, O.) b3: And A [mode of] twisting one's leg with another's in wrestling. (TA.) See 1, latter half. b4: And A twisting of the tongue when one desires to speak. (Mbr, TA in art. حبس.) b5: And, in the conventional language of the geomancers, (O, K,) it consists of A unit and a pair and a unit, (O,) the sign ??: (K, TA:) also called ثِقَافٌ. (O, TA.) عَقْلِىٌّ Intellectual, as meaning of, or relating to, the intellect.]

عِقَالٌ A rope with which a camel's fore shank is bound to his arm, both being folded together and bound in the middle of the arm: pl. عُقُلٌ. (S, O, Msb.) [See also شِكَالٌ.] b2: And The poor-rate (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) of a year, (S, Mgh, O, K,) consisting of camels and of sheep or goats. (K.) [See a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. سعو and سعى.] One says, عَلَى بَنِى فُلَانٍ عِقَالَانِ On the sons of such a one lies a poor-rate of two years. (S, O.) And hence the saying of Aboo-Bekr, لَوْ مَنَعُونِى عِقَالًا (Mgh, O, Msb) If they refused me a year's poor-rate: (Mgh, O:) and it is said that the phrase أَخَذَ عِقَالًا was used when the collector of the poor-rate took the camels themselves, not their price: (TA:) or Aboo-Bekr meant a rope of the kind above mentioned; (Mgh, O, Msb;) for when one gave the poor-rate of his camels, he gave with them their عُقُل: (O, Msb:) or (Mgh, TA) he meant thereby a paltry thing, (Mgh, Msb, TA,) of the value of the [rope called] عقال: (TA:) or he said عَنَاقًا [“ a she-kid ”]; (Mgh, TA;) so accord. to Bkh, (Mgh,) and most others: (TA:) or جُدَيًّا [“ a little kid ”]. (Mgh, TA.) b3: Also A young [she-camel such as is called] قَلُوص. (K.) b4: عِقَالُ المِئِينَ meansThe man of high rank who, when he has been made a prisoner, is ransomed with hundreds of camels. (K.) عَقُولٌ A medicine that binds, confines, or astringes, the belly [or bowels]; (S, O, Msb;) as also ↓ عَاقُولٌ; contr. of حَادُورٌ. (A in art. حدر.) A2: See also عَاقِلٌ, latter half, in two places.

عَقِيلَةٌ A woman of generous race, (S, O, K,) modest, or bashful, (S, O,) that is kept behind the curtain, (K,) held in high estimation: (TA:) the excellent of camels, (Az, S, O, K,) and of other things: (Az, TA:) or the most excellent of every kind of thing: (S, O, K:) and the chief of a people: (K:) the first is the primary signification: then it became used as meaning the excel-lent of any kind of things, substantial, and also ideal, as speech, or language: pl. عَقَائِلُ. (TA.) And العَقِيلَةُ: (K,) or عَقِيلَةُ البَحْرِ, (S, O, TA,) signifies The pearl, or large pearl: (S, O, K, * TA: *) or the large and clear pearl: or, accord. to IB, the pearl, or large pearl, in its shell. (TA.) إِبِلٌ عُقَيْلِيَّةٌ Certain hardy, excellent, highly esteemed, camels, of Nejd. (Msb.) عُقَّالٌ A limping, or slight lameness, syn. ظَلَعٌ, (so in copies of the S,) or ضَلَعٌ [which is said to signify the same, or correctly to signify a natural crookedness], (so in other copies of the S and in the O,) which occurs in the legs of a beast: (S, O:) or a certain disease in the hind leg of a beast, such that, when he goes along, he limps, or is slightly lame, for a while, after which he stretches forth; (K, TA;) accord. to A'Obeyd, (TA,) peculiar to the horse; (K, TA;) but it mostly occurs in sheep or goats. (TA.) b2: دَآءٌ ذُو عُقَّالٍ

A disease of which one will not be cured. (TA.) A2: عُقَّالُ الكَلَأِ Three herbs that remain after having been cut, which are the سَعْدَانَة and the حُلَّب and the قُطْبَة. (TA.) A3: And عَقَاقِيلُ, [a pl.] of which the sing. is not mentioned, [perhaps pl. of عُقَّالٌ, but in two senses a pl. of عَقَنْقَلٌ,] signifies The portions of a grape-vine that are raised and supported upon a trellis or the like. (TA.) عُقَّيْلَى Grapes in their first, sour, state. (O, K.) أَخَذَهُ العِقِّيلَى i. q. شَغْزَبَهُ and شَغْرَبَهُ. (Az, TA in art. شغزب.) عَاقِلٌ [act. part. n. of عَقَلَ: and as such,] The payer of a bloodwit: pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.]

↓ عَاقِلَةٌ: (Msb:) the latter is an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates; (TA;) and signifies a man's party (S, Mgh, O, K, TA) who league together to defend one another, (S, O, K, TA,) consisting of the relations on the father's side, (S, Mgh, * O, TA,) who pay the bloodwit (S, Mgh, O, TA) [app. in conjunction with the slayer] for him who has been slain unintentionally: (S, O, TA:) it was decided by the Prophet that it was to be paid in three years, to the heirs of the person slain: (TA:) they look to the offender's brothers on the father's side, who, if they take it upon them, pay it in three years: if they do not take it upon them, the debt is transferred to the sons [meaning all the male descendants] of his grandfather; and in default of their doing so, to those of his father's grandfather; and in default of their doing so, to those of his grandfather's grandfather; and so on: it is not transferred from any one of these classes unless they are unable [to pay it]: and such as are enrolled in a register [of soldiers or pensioners or any corporation] are alike in respect of the bloodwit: (IAth, TA:) or, accord. to the people of El-'Irák, it means the persons enrolled in the registers [of soldiers or of others]: (S, O:) or it is applied to the persons of the register which was that of the slayer; who derive their subsistence-money, or allowances, from the revenues of a particular register: (Mgh:) Ahmad Ibn-Hambal is related to have said to Is-hák Ibn-Mansoor, it is applied to the tribe (قَبِيلَة) [of the slayer]; but that they bear responsibility [only] in proportion to their ability; and that if there is no عَاقِلَة, it [i. e. the bloodwit] is not to be from the property of the offender; but Is-hák says that in this case it is to be from the treasury of the state, the bloodwit not being [in any case] made a thing of no account: (TA:) the pl. of عَاقِلَةٌ thus applied is عَوَاقِلُ. (Msb.) A2: عَاقِلٌ also signifies Having, or possessing, عَقْل [i. e. intelligence, understanding, &c.; or intelligent, &c.; a rational being]; (S, O, Msb, K;) and so ↓ عَقُولٌ, (S, O, K,) or this latter has an intensive signification [i. e. having much intelligence &c.]: (TA: [see an ex. in a saying cited voce أَبْلَهُ, in art. بله:]) the former is expl. by some as applied to a man who withholds, or restrains, and turns back, his soul from its inclinations, or blamable inclinations: (TA:) and it is likewise applied to a woman, as also عَاقِلَةٌ: (Msb:) the pl. masc. is عُقَّالٌ and عُقَلَآءُ, (Msb, K,) this latter pl. sometimes used; and the pl. fem. is عَوَاقِلُ and عَاقِلَاتٌ. (Msb.) b2: عَاقِلٌ is also applied to a mountaingoat, as an epithet, signifying That protects himself in his mountain from the hunter: (TA:) [and in like manner ↓ عَقُولٌ is said by Freytag to be used in the Deewán of Jereer.] And it is [also] a name for A mountain-goat, (S, O,) or a gazelle; (K;) because it renders itself inaccessible in a high mountain. (S, O, K. *) b3: And عَاقِلَةٌ signifies A female comber of the hair. (S, O.) عَاقِلَةٌ, as a coll. gen. n.: see عَاقِلٌ; of which it is also fem.

عَاقُولٌ: see عَقُولٌ.

A2: Also A bent portion, (S, O,) or place of bending, (K,) of a river, and of a valley, (S, O, K,) and of sand: (S, O:) pl. عَوَاقِيلُ: or the عَوَاقِيل of valleys are the angles, in the places of bending, thereof; and the sing. is عَاقُولٌ. (TA.) b2: And The main of the sea: or the waves thereof. (K.) b3: And A land in which (so in copies of the K, but in some of them to which,) one will not find the right way, (K, TA,) because of its many places of winding. (TA.) b4: [Hence,] عَوَاقِيلُ الأُمُورِ What are confused and dubious of affairs. (S, O, K. *) b5: And [hence] one says, إِنَّهُ لَذُو عَوَاقِيلَ, meaning Verily he is an author, or a doer, of evil. (TA.) A3: Also A certain plant, (O, K,) well known, (K,) not mentioned by AHn (O, TA) in the Book of Plants; (TA;) [the prickly hedysarum; hedysarum alhagi of Linn.; common in Egypt, and there called by this name; fully described by Forskål in his Flora Aegypt. Arab., p. 136;] it has thorns; camels pasture upon it; and [hence] it is called شَوْكُ الجِمَالِ; it grows upon the dykes and the تُرَع [or canals for irrigation]; and has a violetcoloured flower. (TA.) [See also تَرَنْجُبِينٌ; and see حَاجٌ, in art. حيج.]

عَنْقَلٌ: see the next paragraph.

عَقَنْقَلٌ A great كَثِيب [i. e. hill, or heap, or oblong or extended gibbous hill,] of intermingled sands: (S, O:) or a كَثِيب that is accumulated (K, TA) and intermingled: or a حَبْل [or long and elevated tract] of sand, having winding portions, and حِرَف [app. meaning ridges], and compacted: (TA:) accord. to El-Ahmar, it is the largest quantity of sand; larger than the كَثِيب: (S voce لَبَبٌ:) pl. عَقَاقِلُ (S, O) and عَقَاقِيلُ (O) and عَقَنْقَلَاتٌ. (TA.) b2: And A great, wide, valley: (K:) pl. عَقَاقِلُ and عَقَاقِيلُ. (TA.) b3: Also, (S, O, K,) sometimes, (S, O,) and ↓ عَنْقَلٌ, (O, K,) The مَصَارِين [or intestines into which the food passes from the stomach], (S, O,) or قَانِصَة [which here probably signifies the same], (K,) of a [lizard of the species called] ضَبّ: (S, O, K:) or the [portion of fat termed] كُشْيَة of the ضَبّ. (TA.) أَطْعِمْ أَخَاكَ مِنْ عَقَنْقَلِ الضَّبِّ [Give thy brother to eat of the intestines, &c., of the dabb: or, as some relate it, مِنْ كُشْيَةِ الضَّبِّ:] is a prov., said in urging a man to make another to share in the means of subsistence; or, accord. to some, denoting derision. (TA.) b4: Also A [drinking-cup, or bowl, of the kind called] قَدَح. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b5: And A sword. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) أَعْقَلُ, applied to a camel, Having what is termed عَقَلٌ, i. e. a twisting in the hind leg, &c.: (S, O, K: [see the last portion of the first paragraph:]) fem. عَقْلَآءُ, applied to a she-camel. (S, K.) A2: [Also More, and most, عَاقِل, or intelligent, &c.]

مَعْقِلٌ A place to which one betakes himself for refuge, protection, preservation, covert, or lodging; syn. مَلْجَأٌ; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) as also ↓ عَقْلٌ, (S, O, K,) of which the pl. is عُقُولٌ: (S, O:) but Az says that he had not heard عَقْل in this sense on any authority except that of Lth; and held العُقُولُ, which is cited as an ex. of its pl., to signify “ the protecting oneself in a mountain: ” (TA:) and مَعْقِلٌ signifies also a fortress; [like as عَقْلٌ is said to do;] syn. حِصْنٌ: (Mgh:) the pl. is مَعَاقِلُ. (TA.) Hence one says, using it metaphorically, هُوَ مَعْقِلُ قَوْمِهِ (tropical:) He is the refuge of his people: and the kings of Himyer are termed in a trad. مَعَاقِلُ الأَرْضِ, meaning The fortresses [or refuges] of the land. (TA.) b2: [It is perhaps primarily used in relation to camels; for] مَعَاقِلُ الإِبِلِ means The places in which the camels are bound with the rope called عِقَال. (TA.) مَعْقُلَةٌ and مَعْقَلَةٌ; and the pl.: see عَقْلٌ, first quarter, in five places. b2: [It seems to be implied in the S and O that the former signifies also Places that retain the rain-water.]

تَمْرٌ مَعْقِلِىٌّ, (Mgh, Msb,) or رُطَبٌ مَعْقِلِىٌّ, (S,) A certain sort of dates, (Mgh, * Msb,) [or fresh ripe dates,] of El-Basrah: (Msb:) so called in relation to Maakil Ibn-Yesár. (S, Mgh, Msb.) مُعَقَّلَةٌ is applied to camels (إِبِلٌ) as meaning Bound with the rope called عِقَال. (O, TA.) and also to a she-camel bound therewith on the occasion of her being covered: and hence the epithet مُعَقَّلَاتٌ is applied by a poet, metonymically, to women, in a similar sense. (TA.) مَعْقُولٌ [pass. part. n. of عَقَلَ in all its senses as a trans. verb. b2: Hence it signifies Intellectual, as meaning perceived by the intellect; and excogitated: thus applied as an epithet to any branch of knowledge that is not necessarily مَنْقُولٌ, which means “ desumed,” such as the science of the fundamentals of religion, and the like. b3: Hence also, Intelligible. b4: And Approved by the intellect; or reasonable.

A2: It is also said to be an inf. n.]: see 1, latter half. b2: And see عَقْلٌ, latter half, in two places.

مَعْقُولَاتٌ Intellectual things, meaning things perceived by the intellect: generally used in this sense in scientific treatises. b2: And hence, Intel-ligible things. b3: And Things approved by the intellect; or reasonable.]