عرب

1 عَرُبَ لِسَانُهُ, [aor. ـُ inf. n. عُرُوبَةٌ, His tongue [or speech] was, or became, Arabic, (S, O,) or chaste Arabic. (Msb.) b2: See also 4, first sentence, in three places.

A2: عَرِبَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. عَرَبٌ, He (a man) became disordered in the stomach by indigestion. (TA.) And عَرِبَتْ مَعِدَتُهُ, inf. n. as above, His stomach became in a corrupt, or disordered, state, (S, O, Msb, K,) from being burdened. (TA.) b2: Also, (O, K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) said of a camel's hump, (O, TA,) It became swollen and purulent. (O, K, TA.) b3: And, said of a wound, (S, O, K, TA,) It became corrupt: (TA:) or it broke open again; or became recrudescent: (S, O:) or it had a scar remaining after it had healed. (K.) b4: Said of a river, It abounded with water. (K.) and عَرِبَتِ البِئْرُ The well contained much water; or its water became abundant. (K.) b5: And, (K, TA,) inf. n. عَرَبٌ (O, * K, * TA) and عَرَابَةٌ, said of a man, (TA,) He was, or became, brisk, lively, or sprightly. (K, TA.) A3: عَرَبَ, (O, K,) aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. عَرْبٌ, (TK,) He ate (O, K) food. (TK.) 2 عرّب, (S, O,) inf. n. تَعْرِيبٌ, (S,) He (an Arab) arabicized a foreign word; spoke it, or pronounced it, agreeably with the ways of Arabic speech; (S;) as also ↓ اعرب, (S, O, *) inf. n. إِعْرَابٌ. (TA.) b2: And He taught another the Arabic language. (TA, from a trad.) b3: See also 4, in fourteen places. b4: The inf. n. signifies also The showing, or declaring, one's saying, (K, TA,) and one's deed, (TA,) to be bad, evil, abominable, or foul. (K, TA.) One says, عرّب عَلَيْهِ He showed him, or declared to him, that his saying, and his deed, was bad, &c.; and upbraided him for it. (TA.) And فَعَلْتُ كَذَا وَكَذَا فَمَا عَرَّبَ عَلَىَّ أَحَدٌ I did so and so, and no one upbraided me; or charged me with having acted disgracefully. (Az, TA.) And عرّب عَلَيْهِ فِعْلَهُ, (S, O,) and قَوْلَهُ, (TA,) He showed him, or declared to him, that his deed was bad, evil, abominable, or foul, (S, O,) and so his saying. (TA.) تَعْرِيبٌ is The saying to a man who has uttered what is foul, or erroneous, “It is not so, but so; ” telling him what is more correct. (Sh, TA.) And The replaying against a speaker; (K, TA;) and so ↓ إِعْرَابٌ. (TA.) One says, عرّب عَلَيْهِ He replied against him, denying or disallowing or disapproving what he said: (S:) or he prevented, hindered, or forbade, him: or he did so, and denied or disallowed or disapproved [what he said or did]. (TA.) [See what next follows.] b5: Also The treating medically, to remove his disease, one whose stomach is in a corrupt, or disordered, state. (O, K. [In both, التَّعْرِيبُ is expl. as meaning تَمْرِيضُ العَرِبِ i. e. الذَّرِبِ المَعِدَةِ. Freytag has strangely rendered the verb as signifying “ ægrotum reddidit aliquem stomachi corruptio. ”]) Az says that التَّعْرِيبُ followed by عَلَى and having for its object him who says what is disapproved may be from this. (TA.) b6: Also The lopping a palm-tree; or pruning it by cutting off some of its branches. (S, O, K. *) b7: And The scarifying a horse or similar beast in the parts of the skin next the hoofs and then cauterizing those parts: (K, TA:) or the cauterizing a horse in several places in those parts, and then gently scarifying them without producing any effect upon the sinews, or tendons, (Az, O, TA,) in order to strengthen the parts, (Az, TA,) or in order that the hair may become strong: (O:) or عرّب الفَرَسَ signifies he made an incision in the bottom of the horse's hoof; and the verb implies that, by this operation, what was concealed becomes apparent to the eye, so that one knows the state of the hoof, whether it be hard or soft, sound or diseased. (L, TA. See also 1 in art. بزغ.) A2: Also, the inf. n., The getting, or procuring for oneself, an Arabian horse. (TA. [See also 4, near the end.]) b2: And The taking, or making, for oneself, an Arabian bow. (O, K.) A3: Also the drinking much clear, or limpid, water, (O, K,) which is termed عَرِب. (O.) A4: عرّب البَقَرَةَ, (K,) or ↓ أَعْرَبَهَا, (O,) He rendered the cow desirous [of copulation]; said of a bull. (O, K.) A5: And عرّب, (Fr, Mgh, O,) inf. n. تَعْرِيبٌ; (Fr, O, K;) and ↓ اعرب, (Fr, Mgh, O, Msb,) inf. n. إِعْرَابٌ; (Fr, Mgh, K;) and ↓ عَرْبَنَ; (O, and S and K in art. عربن;) He gave what is termed an عُرْبُون (O, Msb, K) or عُرْبَان (Fr, Mgh) [i. e. an earnest], فِى كَذَا [in the case of such a thing], (O,) or فِى بَيْعِهِ [in the case of his purchase]. (Msb.) One says, ↓ أَعْرَبُوا فِى الدَّارِ أَرْبَعَمِائَةٍ They paid in advance, as an earnest, in the case of the house, four hundred [dirhems]. (L, TA.) It is related in a trad. that ↓ الإِعْرَاب in buying and selling is forbidden: (Mgh, O, TA:) this is said by Sh to mean A man's saying to another, If I do not purchase this for so much, thou shalt have such and such of my property. (O, TA.) 3 عَاْرَبَ [The following ex. is given of the inf. n. of this verb.] One says, مَا أُوتِىَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ مُعَارَبَةِ النِّسَآءِ مَا أُوتِىَ فُلَانٌ, (O,) or مَا أُوتِيتُهُ أَنَا, (TA,) meaning, (O, TA,) app., (TA,) [No one has been given what such a one has been given, or what I have been given, of] the means of coïtus [with women]. (O, TA.) 4 اعرب, (Az, Msb, TA,) [for اعرب الكَلَامَ, like افصح for افصح الكَلَامَ,] inf. n. إِعْرَابٌ, (A, K,) He spoke clearly, plainly, distinctly, or intel-ligibly, (Az, A, Msb, K, * TA,) in Arabic; (Msb;) as also ↓ تعرّب, and ↓ استعرب; said of a foreigner, or one [previously] not clear, plain, distinct, or intelligible, in speech: (Az, Msb, TA:) and ↓ عَرُبَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. عُرْبٌ and عُرُوبٌ, accord. to Th, and عُرْبَةٌ and عِرَابَةٌ [which accord. to general analogy would be عَرَابَةٌ] and عُرُوبِيَّةٌ; (TA;) or ↓ عَرِبَ, aor. ـَ (Msb;) [likewise] signifies he spoke clearly, plainly, or distinctly, after being barbarous, or vitious, in speech: (Msb, TA:) and ↓ عَرُبَ he spoke without incorrectness; (Msb;) and [so اعرب, for] إِعْرَابٌ signifies the committing no error in speech: (K, TA:) and the expressing of meanings clearly, plainly, distinctly, or perspicuously, by words. (TA.) [↓ عرّب, also, has a similar meaning:] it is said in a trad., أَنْ ↓ كَانُوا يَسْتَحِبُّونَ أَنْ يُلَقِّنُوا الصَّبِىَّ حِينَ يُعَرِّبُ يَقُولَ لَا إِلَاهَ إِلَّا اللّٰهُ سَبْعَ مَرَّاتٍ (O, TA) i. e. [They used to like teaching the boy,] when he spoke distinctly, or articulately, [to say “ There is no deity but God ” seven times.] (TA.) And one says, اعرب الكَلَامَ, and اعرب بِهِ, meaning He made the speech [that he spoke] clear, plain, distinct, or perspicuous. (TA.) And اعرب بِحُجَّتِهِ He declared, or spoke out clearly or plainly, his argument, plea, allegation, or the like, without fearing any one. (S, O.) And أَعْرَبْتُ الشَّىْءَ and اعربت عَنْهُ, and ↓ عَرَّبْتُهُ and عرّبت عَنْهُ, which last, accord. to Fr, is better than عرّبتهُ and اعربتهُ, I made the thing clear, plain, distinct, or manifest. (Msb.) And اعرب عَمَّا فِى ضَمِيرِهِ He declared, or spoke out clearly or plainly, what was in his mind. (TA.) And اعرب عَنْهُ لِسَانُهُ, and ↓ عرّب عنه, His tongue made clear, or plain, or spoke clearly, or plainly, for him: and عَمَّا فِى ↓ يُعَرِّبُ قَلْبِهِ لِسَانُهُ His tongue tells plainly, or declares, what is in his heart. (Az, TA.) It is said in a trad., الثَّيِّبُ تُعْرِبُ عَنْ نَفْسِهَا, (S,) or الأَيِّمُ, and ↓ تُعَرِّبُ, accord. to different relaters, but some say the former only, (Msb,) i. e. [She who has become a widow, or been divorced, &c., or she who has no husband, whether she be a virgin or not, or not being a virgin,] shall speak out plainly for herself [when demanded in marriage]: (S, Msb:) or الثَّيِّبُ يُعْرِبُ عَنْهَا لِسَانُهَا, so accord. to IKt, (O,) or عنها ↓ يُعَرِّبُ, (Mgh, O,) so accord. to A 'Obeyd, but, as IAmb says, both are dial. vars. of which neither is preferable to the other; and the meaning is [she who has become a widow, &c., her tongue] shall declare for her. (O.) One says also, اعرب عَنِ الرَّجُلِ He spoke out, or explained, for the man. (TA.) And عَنِ القَوْمِ ↓ عَرَّبْتُ I spoke for the people, or party; (Fr, S, Mgh, * O, K;) and pleaded for them; (Fr, Mgh, * TA;) as also أَعْرَبْتُ; but the former in this sense is better known. (Mgh.) And اعرب عَنْهُ, and عنه ↓ عرّب, He pleaded his cause. (TA.) and عَنْ حَاجَتِهِ ↓ عرّب He spoke and pleaded for the object of his want. (A.) b2: اعرب also signifies He was, or became, chaste, uncorrupt, or free from barbarousness, in speech; although not an Arab. (Msb.) And لَهُ الكَلَامَ ↓ عَرَّبْتُ, inf. n. تَعْرِيبٌ; as also أَعْرَبْتُ له, inf. n. إِعْرَابٌ; I made the speech [that I spoke] clear, or plain, to him, so that there was in it no barbarousness. (TA.) And مَنْطِقَهُ ↓ عرّب, (S, O,) inf. n. تَعْرِيبٌ, (K,) He made his speech free from error, or incorrectness. (S, O, K.) And أَعْرَبْتُ الحَرْفَ I made the حرف [i. e. word] clear, or plain: or the ا in this case denotes privation, and the meaning is (assumed tropical:) I removed its عرب, [app. ↓ عَرَب, from this word as inf. n. of عَرِبَ used in relation to the stomach &c.,] i. e. vagueness. (Msb.) And اعرب كَلَامَهُ He made his speech free from error, or incorrectness, in [what is termed] الإِعْرَاب [here meaning what grammarians generally intend thereby, namely, desinential syntax, or the science of the various inflections of words, literal or virtual, by reason of the various governing words]. (S, O.) [اعرب is also used by grammarians as meaning He declined a word; and أُعْرِبَ as meaning It was declined, or declinable; in these senses opposed to بَنَى and بُنِىَ, inf. n. بِنَآءٌ: and the former also as meaning He analyzed grammatically, or parsed, a sentence: and the inf. n. of the verb (act. and pass.) in these senses is إِعْرَابٌ.] b3: See also 2, first sentence: b4: and again in the first third part of the paragraph. b5: إِعْرَابٌ also signifies The making [a person] to revert from, or relinquish, foul speech; (K, TA;) and so ↓ تَعْرِيبٌ. (TA.) b6: And The speaking foul, or obscene, language; as also ↓ تَعْرِيبٌ, and ↓ اِسْتِعْرَابٌ: (O, K:) thus it bears two contr. significations. (K, TA.) One says of a man, اعرب [&c.], (S, O,) or اعرب فِى كَلَامِهِ, (Msb,) He spoke foul, or obscene, language. (S, O, Msb.) [Golius and Freytag have assigned this meaning to ↓ تعرّب also: the latter of them as from the S and K; in neither of which do I find it.] b7: And The act of copulating: or the speaking of that act in an oblique, or indirect, manner. (K.) A2: and اعرب, (S, O,) inf. n. إِعْرَابٌ, (K,) He had a child born to him of Arabian complexion, or colour. (S, O, K.) b2: And He possessed, or acquired, or sought to acquire, horses, or camels, of pure Arabian race. (TA. [See also 2, in the middle of the latter half; and see مُعْرِبٌ.]) b3: And إِعْرَابٌ signifies One's knowing a horse of pure Arabian race from one of mean race by his neighing. (K.) And A horse's being known by his neighing to be of pure Arabian race, free from any admixture of other than Arabian blood: (K, TA:) [or his making himself to be known as such by his neighing; for] اعرب means he (a horse) neighed, and was consequently known to be of Arabian race. (A.) b4: And The making a horse to run. (K.) Accord. to Fr, one says, اعرب عَلَى فَرَسِهِ, meaning He made his horse to run: but he adds that some say اغرب. (O.) A3: And إِعْرَابٌ signifies The taking as one's wife a woman such as is termed عَرُوبٌ [q. v.]. (K.) A4: اعرب سَقْىُ القَوْمِ meansThe people's watering [of their camels], having been at one time on alternate days, and another time on the fourth day after that of the next preceding watering, then became, and continued to be, of one uniform way. (S, O.) A5: See also 2, last four sentences.5 تعرّب He assimilated himself to the Arabs. (S.) He (a man not of genuine Arabian descent) introduced himself among the Arabs, and spoke their language, and imitated their manner or appearance; [he became a naturalized, or an insitious, Arab; (see العَرَبُ;)] as also ↓ استعرب. (Az, TA.) b2: He became an Arab of the desert; (S, Mgh;) he returned to the desert, (Az, Mgh, TA,) after he had been dwelling in a region of cities or towns or villages and of cultivated land, and joined himself to the Arabs of the desert. (Az, TA.) Hence, تعرّب بَعْدَ هِجْرَتِهِ He became an Arab of the desert [after his flight, or emigration, for the sake of El-Islám], (S, Mgh,) returning to the desert. (Mgh.) b3: He dwelt, or abode, in the desert. (O, K.) b4: See also 4, first sentence. b5: تَعَرَّبَتْ لِزَوْجِهَا She acted in an amorous manner, or with amorous dalliance, and mani-fested love, to her husband. (A, TA.) b6: Respecting a meaning assigned to تعرّب by Golius and Freytag, see 4, latter half.10 استعرب: see 5: b2: see also 4, first sentence: b3: and the same again in the latter half of the paragraph.

A2: استعرب جَرَبًا, said of a camel, He was affected with mange, or scab, which began in his armpits and groins or similar parts, and his lips, and appeared upon the general extent of his skin. (O.) b2: And استعربت, said of a cow, She desired the bull. (O, K.) Q. Q. 1 عَرْبَنَ: see 2, near the end.

عَرْبٌ is syn. with إِعْرَابٌ in the sense of إِفْصَاحٌ [but app. as a subst. (not an inf. n.) meaning Clear, plain, or distinct, speech]. (TA.) b2: and syn. with عِرَابَةٌ, q. v. (TA.) b3: And syn. with عَرَبٌ as [inf. n. of عَرِبَ, and] meaning نَشَاطٌ [i. e. Briskness, liveliness, or sprightliness]. (O, K.) العُرْبُ: see العَرَبُ, first sentence.

عِرْبٌ Such as is dried up, of the [species of barley-grass called] بُهْمَى: (S, O, K:) or of any herb, or leguminous plant: n. un. with ة: or عِرْبُ البُهْمَى signifies the prickles of the بُهْمَى. (TA.) العَرَبُ, (S, A, Mgh, O, Msb, K, &c.,) as also ↓ العُرْبُ, (S, O, Msb, K,) A certain people, or nation; [the Arabs, or Arabians;] (S, O;) the contr. of العَجَمُ (A, Msb, K, TA) and العُجْمُ; (TA;) the inhabitants of the cities, or large towns, (S, A, O, K,) or of the Arabian cities and towns or villages: (Mgh:) [but now, on the contrary, generally applied to those who dwell in the desert:] or those who have alighted and made their abode in the cultivated regions, and have taken as their homes the Arabian cities and towns or villages, and others also that are related to them: (Az, Msb:) or [accord. to general usage] an appellation of common application [to the whole nation]: (T, K:) [and in the lexicons and lexicological works applied to the desert Arabs of pure speech:] it is of the fem. gender: (Msb, K:) and العَرَبُ has two pls., namely, العُرُبُ, with two dammehs, and الأَعْرُبُ [which is a pl. of pauc.]: (Msb:) the rel. n. [which serves as a sing.] is ↓ عَرَبِىٌّ: (S, O, K: [عَرَبٌ عَرَبِىٌّ in the CK is a mistake:]) accord. to Az, (TA,) this appellation is applied to a man of established Arab lineage, even if he be not chaste, or correct, in speech. (Msb, TA.) The dim. of العَرَبُ is ↓ العُرَيْبُ, (S, O,) without ة, (O, TA,) an extr. word [with respect to analogy, as the undiminished noun is fem.]: (TA:) a poet (Abu-l-Hindee, whose name was 'Abd-El-Mu-min, son of 'AbdEl-Kuddoos, O, TA) says, وَمَكْنُ الضِّبَابِ طَعَامُ العُرَيْبِ وَلَا تَشْتَهِيهِ نُفُوسُ العَجَمْ

[And the eggs of dabbs are food of the little Arabs; but the souls of the Foreigners do not desire them]: in which he uses the dim. form to imply respect, or honour, like as it is used in the saying أَنَا جُذَيْلُهَا المُحَكَّكُ وَعُذَيْقُهَا المُرَجَّبُ [expl. in art. جذل]. (S, O.) b2: ↓ العَرَبُ العَارِبَةُ (in which the latter word is used as a corroborative of the former as in لَيْلٌ لَائِلٌ, S, O) and ↓ العَرَبُ العَرْبَآءُ (S, A, O, Msb, K) and ↓ العَرَبُ العَرَبِيَّةُ (O) and ↓ العَرَبُ العَرِبَةُ (K) and ↓ العَرَبُ العَرِبَاتُ (CK [but this I do not find in any other copy of the K]) are appellations of The pure, or genuine Arabs: (S, A, O, K:) or those who spoke the language of Yaarub Ibn-Kahtán; which is the ancient language: (Msb:) and ↓ العَرَبُ المُسْتَعْرِبَةُ, (S, O, Msb, K,) as also ↓ العَرَبُ المُتَعَرِّبَةُ, (S, O, K,) is an appellation of The insititious [or naturalized Arabs]; (K;) those who are not pure, or genuine, Arabs: (S, O:) or those who spoke the language of Ismá'eel [or Ishmael] the son of Ibráheem [or Abraham], i. e., the dialects of El-Hijáz and the parts adjacent thereto: (Msb:) and the appellation of ↓ مُسْتَعْرِبَةٌ is thought by Az to apply [also] to people not of pure Arabian descent, who have introduced themselves among the Arabs, and speak their language, and imitate their manner or appearance. (TA.) [The former division is most reasonably considered as consisting of the extinct tribes ('Ád, Thamood, and others mentioned in what follows); or of these together with the unmixed descendants of Kahtán, whose claims to the appellation of genuine Arabs are held by many to be equally valid: and the latter division, as consisting of those whose origin is referred, through Ma'add and 'Adnán, to Ismá'eel (or Ishmael), whose wife was descended from Kahtán. What I find in the TA, on this subject, is as follows.] The former of these two divisions consisted of nine tribes, descendants of Irem [or Aram] the son of Sám [or Shem] the son of Nooh [or Noah]; namely, 'Ád, Thamood, Umeiyim, 'Abeel, Tasm, Jedees, 'Imleek [or Amalek], Jurhum, and Webári; and from them Ismá'eel [or Ishmael is said to have] learned the Arabic language: and the ↓ مُتَعَرِّبَة are [said to be] the descendants of Ismá'eel, the descendants of Ma'add the son of 'Adnán the son of Udd: so says Abu-l-Khattáb Ibn-Dihyeh, surnamed Dhun-Nesebeyn: or the former division consisted of seven tribes, namely, 'Ád, Thamood, 'Imleek, Tasm, Jedees, Umeiyim, and Jásim; the main portion of whom has become extinct, some remains of them, only, being scattered among the [existing] tribes: so says IDrd: and the appellation of ↓ العَرَبُ العَارِبَةُ is also given to the descendants of Yaarub the son of Kahtán [only]. (TA.) [It should be observed, however, that the appellation of ↓ المُتَعَرِّبَةُ is, by those who hold the extinct tribes above mentioned as the only genuine Arabs, applied to the unmixed descendants of Kahtán; and ↓ المُسْتَعْرِبَةُ, to those who are held to be the descendants of Ismá'eel: thus in the Mz, 1st نوع.

Also, it should be observed that the appellation of ↓ العَرَبُ العَارِبِةُ, in the conventional language of Arabic lexicology, is often applied to the Arabs of the classical ages, and the later Arabs of the desert who retained the pure language of their ancestors, indiscriminately: it is thus applied by writers quoted in the Mz (1st نوع) to all the descendants of Kahtán, and those of Ma'add the son of 'Adnán (through whom all the descendants of Ismá'eel trace their ancestry) who lived before the corruption, among them, of the Arabic language.] b3: ↓ الأَعْرَابُ is the appellation given to Those [Arabs] who dwell in the desert; (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) such as go about in search of herbage and water; and Az adds, whether of the Arabs or of their freedmen: he says that it is applied to those who alight and abide in the desert, and are neighbours of the dwellers in the desert, and journey, or migrate, with them, to seek after herbage and water: (Msb:) it is not a pl. of العَرَبُ, not being like الأَنْبَاطُ, which is pl. of النَّبَطُ; (S, O;) but is a [coll.] gen. n.: (S:) الأَعَارِيبُ occurs as its pl. (S, O, K) in chaste poetry: (S:) it has no sing. [properly so termed]: (K:) the rel. n. is ↓ أَعْرَابِىٌّ, (S, O,) which is applied to single person; (Msb;) as also بَدَوِىٌّ: (TA:) Az says, if one say to an أَعْرَابِىّ, يَا عَرَبِىُّ, he is pleased; and if one say to an عَرَبِىّ, يَا أَعْرَابِىُّ, he is angry. (TA.) b4: Authors differ as to the cause why the عَرَب were thus called: some say, because of the perspicuity of their speech, from إِعْرَابٌ: others, that they were so called from Yaarub the son of Kahtán, who is said to have been the first that spoke the Arabic language; his original language having been, as asserted by IDrd, [what the Arabs term] Syriac; though some say that Ismá'eel was the first that spoke the Arabic language; and some, that Yaarub was the first that spoke Arabic, and that Ismá'eel was the first that spoke the pure Arabic of El-Hijáz, in which the Kur-án was revealed: others say that the عَرَب were so called from العَرَبَةُ, the name of a tract near El-Medeeneh, or a name of Mekkeh and the adjacent region, where Ismá'eel settled, or the same as Tihámeh [as is said in the Mgh, in which this is pronounced to be the most correct derivation], or the general name of the peninsula of Arabia, which is also called العَرَبَاتُ [as is said in the Msb]: but some say that they were so called in like manner as were the فُرْس and the رُوم and the تُرْك and others, not after the name of a land or other than a land, but by the coining of the name, not a term expressive of a quality or a state or condition &c. (TA.) [If the country were called العَرَبَةُ, an inhabitant thereof might be called, agreeably with analogy, عَرَبِىٌّ; and then, the people collectively, العَرَبُ: but I think that the most probable derivation is from the old Hebrew word

עְרֶב, meaning “ a mixed people,”

which the Arabs assert themselves to have been, almost from the first; and in favour of this derivation it may be reasonably urged that the old Himyeritic language agrees more in its vocabulary with the Hebrew and Phœnician than it does with the classical and modern Arabic.]

A2: See also عَرَبَةٌ.

A3: And see عَرِبٌ.

A4: [It also app. signifies (assumed tropical:) Vagueness (considered as an unsoundness) in a word; from the same as inf. n. of عَرِبَ used in relation to the stomach &c.:] see 4, latter half.

عَرِبٌ [part. n. of عَرِبَ, q. v.: as such signifying] Having the stomach in a bad, or corrupt, state. (O, K.) And مَعِدَةٌ عَرِبَةٌ A stomach in a bad, or corrupt, state, (S, O, TA,) from being burdened. (TA.) b2: Also, and ↓ عَرَبٌ, (O, K,) the former of which is the more common, (TA,) and ↓ عُرْبُبٌ, (O, K,) Abundant water, (O, K,) such as is clear, or limpid. (K.) And نَهْرٌ عَرِبٌ (TA) and ↓ عَارِبٌ and ↓ عَارِبَةٌ (K) A river containing abundance of water. (K, TA.) And بِئْرٌ عَرِبَةٌ A well containing much water. (K.) b3: عَرِبَةٌ applied to a woman: see عَرُوبٌ, in four places. b4: العَرَبُ العَرِبَةُ and العَرِبَاتُ: see العَرَبُ, first quarter.

عَرْبَةٌ: see عِرَابَةٌ.

عَرَبَةٌ A river that flows with a vehement, or strong, current. (S, O, K.) A2: And i. q. نَفْسٌ [The soul, mind, or self]. (S, O, K.) [It is thought to occur in a pl. sense, without ة, as a coll. gen. n., in the following sense, quoted in the S immediately after the explanation above.] A poet says, (S,) namely, Ibn-Meiyádeh, (O,) لَمَّا أَتَيْتُكَ أَرْجُو فَضْلَ نَائِلِكُمْ

↓ نَفَحْتَنِى نَفَحَةً طَابَتْ لَهَا العَرَبُ [When I came to thee, hoping for the redundance of your bounty, thou gavest me a gift with which the souls were pleased]: (S, O:) thus related by some, and expl. as meaning طَابَتْ لَهَا النُّفُوسُ: but the [approved] relation is, طَارَتْ بِهَا العَرَبُ [(assumed tropical:) which the Arabs made to fly upon the wings of fame], i. e. حَدَّثَتِ العَرَبُ النَّاسَ بِهَا [meaning (assumed tropical:) of which the Arabs talked to the people]. (O.) A3: Also sing. of عَرَبَاتٌ (TA) which is the name of Certain stationary vessels that used to be in the Tigris. (K, TA.) b2: [As meaning A wheel-carriage of any kind (which is commonly called in Egypt عَرَبِيَّة) it is post-classical.]

العَرَبُ العَرْبَآءُ: see العَرَبُ, first quarter: and see عَرْبَانُ.

عُرْبُبٌ: see عَرِبٌ.

عَرَبِىٌّ; and العَرَبُ العَرَبِيَّةُ: see العَرَبُ, first quarter. b2: لَا تَنْقُشُوا فِى خَوَاتِيمِكُمْ عَرَبِيًّا, (Mgh, O, K, TA,) in a trad., or, as some relate it, ↓ العَرَبِيَّةَ, (TA,) means Engrave not on your signets مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللّٰهِ; (Mgh, O, K, TA;) because this was engraved on the Prophet's own signet: (O, TA:) as though he had said, نَبِيًّا عَرَبِيًّا [an Arabian prophet]; meaning himself. (O, K, TA.) Omar said, ↓ لَا تَنْقُشُوا فِى خَوَاتِيمِكُمُ العَرَبِيَّةَ [Engrave not on your signets Arabic]: and Ibn-'Omar disapproved of engraving on a signet words from the Kur-án. (Mgh, * O, TA.) [عَرَبِىُّ الوَجْهِ often occurs in post-classical works as meaning Having an Arab face; i. e. long-faced; opposed to تُرْكِىُّ الوَجْهِ.] b3: See also عِرَابٌ, in two places.

A2: Also A white barley, the ears of which are bifurcate [so I render, agreeably with the TK, سُنْبُلُهُ حَرْفَانِ]: (K, TA:) it is wide, and its grain is large, larger than the grain of the barley of El-'Irak, and it is the best of barley. (TA.) العَرَبِيَّةُ The Arabic language; (S, TA;) the language of the Kur-án. (Msb.) Katádeh says that the tribe of Kureysh used to cull, or select, what was most excellent in the dialects of the Arabs, [in the doing of which they were aided by the confluence of pilgrims from all parts of the country,] so that their dialect became the most excellent of all, and the Kur-án was therefore revealed in that dialect. (TA.) See also عَرَبِىٌّ, in two places. b2: And see عُرُوبَةٌ.

عَرْبَانُ [written in the TA without any syll. signs, but it is app. thus, fem. عَرْبَآءُ (like حَيْرَآءُ fem. of حَيْرَانُ), whence, probably, the appellation ↓ العَرَبُ العَرْبَآءُ,] A man chaste, uncorrupt, or free from barbarousness, in speech: so in the Towsheeh. (TA.) [See also عَرِيبٌ.]

عُرْبَانٌ and عُرُبَّانٌ: see what next follows.

عَرَبُونٌ and عُرْبُونٌ and ↓ عُرْبَانٌ (Mgh, * O, Msb, K) and ↓ عُرُبَّانٌ, mentioned on the authority of Ibn-Es-Seed, as of the dial. of El-Hijáz, and عَرْبُونٌ, mentioned by AHei, but this last is a vulgar word, and is disallowed by Lb; (TA;) as also أَرَبُونٌ and أُرْبُونٌ and أُرْبَانٌ; (Mgh, * Msb, K;) [An earnest, or earnest-money;] a portion of the price, whereby a bargain is ratified; (K, TA;) a thing that is paid by the purchaser of a commodity, (Mgh, O, Msb,) or by the hirer of a thing, (Msb,) on the condition that if the sale (Mgh, O, Msb) or hire (Msb) have effect, it shall be reckoned as part of the price, and otherwise shall not be reclaimed; (Mgh, O, Msb;) called by the vulgar رَبُون: (O:) it is forbidden in a trad., (Mgh, O, TA,) and by most of the lawyers, but allowed by some: (TA:) عربون is said by As to be a foreign word arabicized, (Msb,) and so say many authors; though it is said by some of the expositors of the Fs to be from التَّعْرِيبُ signifying “ the making clear, plain,” &c.; اربون being also derived from أُرْبَةٌ signifying “ a knot: ” (TA:) and [it is said that] the ن in عربون and عربان may be augmentative or radical, because one says أَعْرَبَ فِى كَذَا and عَرْبَنَ. (O.) b2: [Hence,] أَلْقَى عَرَبُونَهُ (assumed tropical:) He ejected his excrement, or ordure. (O, K, TA.) عِرْبِيَآءُ: see عَرُوبَآءُ.

عَرَابٌ The fruit of the species of tree called خَزَم [q. v.], of the bark of which [tree] ropes are made: (O, K, TA:) [beads which are used in prayer are made thereof, (Freytag, from the Deewán of the Hudhalees,) i. e., of the berries thus called, and] it [the fruit] is eaten by the apes, or monkeys, and sometimes, in a case of hunger, by men: n. un. with ة. (O, TA.) خَيْلٌ عِرَابٌ Horses of pure Arabian race; (Mgh, K;) opposed to بَرَاذِينُ; (S, O, Msb;) also termed ↓ أَعْرُبٌ and ↓ مُعْرِبَةٌ, (K,) which last [erroneously written in the CK مَعْرِبَةٌ] is fem. of مُعْرِبٌ, signifying a horse having no strain of admixture of other than Arabian blood: (Ks, S, O:) one of such horses is [also] termed ↓ عَرَبِىٌّ: (Mgh, Msb:) by the pl. عِرَابٌ, they distinguish beasts from human beings. (Mgh.) b2: And إِبِلٌ عِرَابٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and ↓ أَعْرُبٌ (TA) Camels of pure Arabian race: (K;) opposed to بَخَاتِىٌّ. (S, O, Msb.) b3: And بَقَرٌ عِرَابٌ A goodly sort of oxen, of generous race, with short and fine hair, smooth, or sleek, (Msb,) having even backs, and thick hoofs and hides: one of which is termed ↓ عَرَبِىٌّ. (TA voce دَرَبَانِيَّةٌ.) عَرُوبٌ A woman who manifests love to her husband; (IAar, S, O, K, TA;) and is obedient to him; (IAar, TA;) as also ↓ عَرُوبَةٌ: (TA:) and (so in the O and TA, but in the CK “ or ”) a woman disobedient to her husband; (IAar, O, K, TA;) unfaithful to him by unchastity; corrupt in her mind: (IAar, O, TA:) as though having two contr. meanings; [the latter meaning] from عَرْب [a mistranscription for عَرَب] signifying

“ corruptness ” of the stomach: (O:) or who loves him passionately, or excessively: or who manifests love to him, evincing passionate, or excessive, desire: [lit., evincing that; meaning what is expressed by the words immediately preceding it; for otherwise this last explanation would be the same as the first; and as I have rendered it, it is nearly the same as an explanation in the Expos. of the Jel (lvi. 36), manifesting love to her husband, by reason of passionate, or excessive, desire:] (K:) and (so in the TA, but in the CK “ or ”) a woman who is a great laugher: and ↓ عَرُوبَةٌ and ↓ عَرِبَةٌ signify the same: (K:) the pl. of the first is عُرُبٌ (S, O, K) and عُرْبٌ; (TA;) and the pl. of ↓ عَرِبَةٌ is عَرِبَاتٌ: (K:) IAth says that ↓ عَرِبَةٌ signifies a woman who is eager for play, or sport: and عُرُبٌ, he adds, is pl. of ↓ عَرِيبٌ, which signifies a woman of goodly person, who manifests love to her husband: and it is also said that عُرُبٌ signifies women who use amorous gesture or behaviour, and coquettish boldness, with feigned coyness or opposition: or who make a show of, or act with, lasciviousness: or passionately loving: and ↓ عَرِبَةٌ and عَرُوبٌ, accord. to Lh, signify a woman passionately loving, and lascivious. (TA.) عَرِيبٌ i. q. ↓ مُعْرِبٌ, which means, accord. to Az, A man chaste, uncorrupt, or free from barbarousness, in speech. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] مَا بِالدَّارِ عَرِيبٌ (S, O, K) and ↓ مُعْرِبٌ (K) (assumed tropical:) There is not in the house any one: (S, O, K:) used [in this sense] as applying to either sex, but only in a negative phrase. (TA.) b3: See also عَرُوبٌ, latter half.

العُرَيْبُ: see العَرَبُ (of which it is the dim.), second sentence.

عَرَابَةٌ: see عِرَابَةٌ. b2: Also Coïtus. (TA.) A2: And A bag with which the udder of a sheep, or goat, is covered: pl. عَرَابَاتٌ. (IAar, O, K.) عِرَابَةٌ (S, O, K) and ↓ عَرَابَةٌ (O, TA) and ↓ عَرْبَةٌ (O) or ↓ عَرْبٌ (TA) Foul, or obscene, speech or talk; (S, O, K, TA;) like إِعْرَابٌ and تَعْرِيبٌ. (K.) عَرُوبَةٌ: see عَرُوبٌ, in two places.

A2: عَرُوبَةُ (O, K) and العَرُوبَةُ (K) and (O) يَوْمُ العَرُوبَةِ (S, O) Friday; (S, O, K;) and ancient name of that day (S, O, TA) in the Time of Ignorance: (TA:) accord. to some, it is most chastely without the article; (TA;) thus it occurs in old poetry of the Time of Ignorance; (O;) and it is thought to be not Arabic; (TA;) and said to be arabicized from the Nabathæan أَرُبَا: (Har p. 340, q. v.:) accord. to others, the article is inseparable from it; and its meaning, accord. to Ibn-En-Nahhás is the manifest and magnified, from أَعْرَبَ “ he made clear, plain,” &c.; or accord. to an authority cited in the R, its meaning is mercy. (TA.) [See art. ابجد.]

عُرُوبَةٌ (S, K) and ↓ عُرُوبِيَّةٌ (K) The quality of being Arabian: (S, K, TA:) each [said to be] an inf. n. having no verb. (TA. [But see عَرُبَ at the commencement of this art. and under أَعْرَبَ.]) And ↓ عَرَبِيَّةٌ is used [in the same sense] as denoting the quality of a horse such as is termed عَرَبِىٌّ. (TA.) عَرُوبَآءُ a name of The seventh heaven: (IAth, K, TA:) or, accord. to Sub, it is ↓ عِرْبِيَآءُ, corresponding to جِرْبِيَآءُ, which is a name of “ the seventh earth; ” (TA in this art.;) or these two words are with the article ال. (TA in art. جرب.) عُرُوبِيَّةٌ: see عُرُوبَةٌ.

عَرَّابٌ One who makes عَرَابَات (pl. of عَرَابَةٌ) i. e. bags to cover the udders of sheep or goats. (IAar, O, K.) عَرَبْرَبٌ i. q. سُمَّاقٌ [i. e. Sumach]. (O, TA.) قِدْرٌ عَرَبْرَبِيَّةٌ i. q. سُمَّاقِيَّةٌ [app. meaning A cooking-pot in which food prepared with sumach is cooked]. (O.) عَارِبٌ and عَارِبَةٌ: see عَرِبٌ. b2: العَرَبُ العَارِبَةُ: see العَرَبُ, in two places.

أَعْرَبُ More, or most, distinct or plain [&c.]. (TA.) الأَعْرُبُ is a pl. of العَرَبُ [q. v.]. (Msb.) b2: See also عِرَابٌ, in two places.

الأَعْرَابُ: see العَرَبُ, latter half.

أَعْرَابِىٌّ: see العَرَبُ, latter half.

مُعْرِبٌ: see عَرِيبٌ, in two places: b2: and see عِرَابٌ. b3: Also One who has horses of pure Arabian race: (S, O:) one who has with him a horse of such race: and one who possesses, or acquires, or seeks to acquire, horses, or camels, of such race. (TA.) اسْمٌ مُعَرَّبٌ [An arabicized noun;] a noun received by the Arabs from foreigners, indeterminate, [i. e. significant of a meaning, (as is said in the Mz, 19th نوع,)], such as إِبْرِيسَم [meaning “ silk ”], and, if possible, accorded to some one of the forms of Arabic words; otherwise, spoken by them as they received it; and sometimes they derived from it: but if they received it as a proper name, it is not termed مُعَرَّبٌ, but أَعْجَمِىٌّ, like إِبْرَاهِيمُ and إِسْحَاقُ. (Msb.) [مُعَرَّبٌ alone is also used in this sense, as a subst: and as such its pl. is مُعَرَّبَاتٌ: thus in the Mz, ubi suprà; and often in lexicons &c.]

العَرَبُ المُتَعَرِّبَةُ and see العَرَبُ, each in three places.

العَرَبُ المُسْتَعْرِبَةُ: see العَرَبُ, each in three places.

علم التاريخ
التاريخ في اللغة: تعريف الوقت مطلقا يقال أرخت الكتاب تأريخا وورخته توريخا كما في: الصحاح قيل: وهو معرب من ماه وروز. وعرفاً: هو تعيين وقت لينسب إليه زمان يأتي عليه أو مطلقا: يعني سواء كان ماضيا أو مستقبلاً.
وقيل: تعريف الوقت بإسناده إلى أول حدوث أمر شائع من ظهور ملة أو دولة أو أمر هائل من الآثار العلوية والحوادث السفلية مما يندر وقوعه جعل ذلك مبدأ لمعرفة ما بينه وبين أوقات الحوادث والأمور التي يجب ضبط أوقاتها في مستأنف السنين.
وقيل: عدد الأيام والليالي بالنظر إلى ما مضى من السنة والشهر وإلى ما بقي وفيه كتاب: لقطة العجلان مما تمس إليه حاجة الإنسان للمؤلف عفا الله عنه.
وعلم التاريخ هو: معرفة أحوال الطوائف وبلدانهم ورسومهم وعاداتهم وصنائع أشخاصهم وأنسابهم ووفياتهم إلى غير ذلك.
وموضوعه: أحوال الأشخاص الماضية من الأنبياء والأولياء والعلماء والحكماء والملوك والشعراء وغيرهم.
والغرض منه: الوقوف على الأحوال الماضية وفائدته: العبرة بتلك الأحوال والتنصح بها وحصول ملكة التجارب بالوقوف على تقلبات الزمن ليحترز عن أمثال ما نقل من المضار ويستجلب نظائرها من المنافع كذا في مدينة العلوم.
وهذا العلم كما قيل: عمر آخر للناظرين والانتفاع في مصره بمنافع تحصل للمسافرين. كذا في: مفتاح السعادة وقد جعل صاحبه لهذا العلم فروعا: كعلوم الطبقات والوفيات لكن الموضوع مشتمل عليها فلا وجه للإفراد والتفصيل في مقدمة الفذلكة من مسودات جامع المجلة.
وأما الكتب المصنفة في التاريخ فقد استقصيناها إلى ألف وثلاثمائة. انتهى ما في: كشف الظنون.
ومن الكتب المصنفة فيه: تاريخ ابن كثير الحافظ عماد الدين وتاريخ أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري وتاريخه أصح التواريخ وأثبتها.
وتاريخ ابن أثير الــجزري سماه: الكامل ابتدأ فيه من أول الزمان إلى آخر سنة 832، وهو من خيار التواريخ.
وتاريخ ابن الجوزي المحدث وهو مجلدات سماه: المنتظم في تواريخ الأمم.
وتاريخ: مرآة الزمان لسبط ابن الجوزي قال ابن خلكان: رأيته بخطه في أربعين مجلداً.
وقال الأرنيقي: وأنا رأيته في ثمان مجلدات لكن في مجلدات ضخام بخط دقيق.
و: تاريخ ابن خلكان البرمكي الشافعي قال الأرنيقي: رأيته في خمس مجلدات بخطه قلت: قد طبع بمصر القاهرة في مجلدين ضخمين.
و: تاريخ الحافظ ابن حجر العسقلاني مجلدان.
وتاريخ آخر له المسمى ب أنباء الغمر وهو مجلدان.
وله أيضا: الدرر الكامنة في أعيان المائة الثامنة.
وتاريخ الخطيب البغدادي عشر مجلدات.
و: ذيل تاريخ بغداد للحافظ محب الدين بن النجار جاوز ثلاثين مجلداً. و: تاريخ أبي سعيد السمعاني نحو خمسة عشر مجلدا و: ذيل تاريخ السمعاني للدبيثي1 قرية من نواحي واسط في ثلاث مجلدات.
و: تاريخ الحافظ محمد بن أحمد الذهبي المحدث الإمام وصنف: التاريخ الكبير ثم الأوسط المسمى ب العبر والصغير المسمى: دول الإسلام.
وكتاب: البارع لهان روبن علي المنجم البغدادي.
و: تاريخ يتيمة الدهر للثعالبي و: دمية القصر للباخوزي و: زينة الدهر للخطري.
و: خريدة القصر تجريدة العصر للعماد الأصبهاني.
و: تاريخ بدر الدين العيني الحنفي.
و: تاريخ الحافظ ابن عساكر سبعة وخمسون مجلدا قال الأرنيقي: ومن أصح التواريخ وأحسنها وألطفها: لوروده بعبارات عذبة وأنفعها للناس: لاشتماله على المهمات
تاريخ اليافعي مجلدان كبيران وكتب التواريخ أكثر من أن تحصى لكن إن فزت بما ذكر فزت المرام وإن أردت التوغل فيه فعليك بكتاب: مروج الذهب للمسعودي و: أخبار الزمان له أيضا وبستان التواريخ و: معادن الذهب و: بوادر الأخبار و: عيون التواريخ. انتهى.
وعد كتبا من التواريخ لا نطول بذكرها الكتاب ثم قال:
وأما التواريخ: لسان الفرس فأكثر من أن تحصى تركنا ذكرها للاستغناء بما ذكرنا منها. انتهى.
قلت: وقد استوفى في: الكشف أسماء التواريخ مع أسماء مؤلفيها فإن شئت الاطلاع فارجع إليه.
ومن الكتب النفيسة المعتبرة في هذا العلم: تاريخ القاضي عبد الرحمن بن محمد الإشبيلي الحضرمي المالكي المتوفى سنة ثمان وثمانمائة وهو كبير عظم النفع والفائدة رتب على السنين وروي أنه كان في وقعة تيمور قاضيا بحلب فحصل في قبضته أسيرا سميرا فكان يصاحبه وسافر معه إلى سمرقند فقال له يوما: لي تاريخ كبير جمعت فيه الوقائع بأسرها فخلفته بمصر وسيظفر به المجنون يشير إلى برقوق فقال له: هل يمكن تلافي هذا الأمر واستخلاص الكتاب فاستأذنه في أن يعود إلى مصر ليجيء به فأذن له.
ولعل ذلك الكتاب هو كتاب: العبر وديوان المبتدأ والخبر في أيام العرب والعجم والبربر
وقد اشتهر نحو ثلاثة بالمقدمة ودون مفردا وهو كتاب مفيد جامع لمنافع لا توجد في غيره شرح الشيخ أحمد المغربي المتوفى سنة إحدى وأربعين وألف مؤرخ الأندلس مقدمته كذا أخبر به ابن البيلوني وترجم أوائل المقدمة شيخ الإسلام محمد صاحب المعروف ببيري زاده المتوفى سنة اثنتين وستين ومائة وألف. انتهى.

علم الإنشاء
أي إنشاء النثر وهو: علم يبحث فيه عن المنثور من حيث أنه بليغ وفصيح ومشتمل على الآداب المعتبرة عندهم في العبارات المستحسنة واللائقة بالمقام وموضوعه وغرضه وغايته: ظاهرة مما ذكر.
ومباديه: مأخوذة من تتبع الخطب والرسائل بل له استمداد من جميع العلوم سيما الحكمة العملية والعلوم الشرعية وسير الكمل وحكايات الأمم ووصايا الحكماء العقلاء وغير ذلك من الأمور الغير المتناهية هذا ما ذكره الأرنيقي وأبو الخير.
وأما ابن صدر الدين فإنه لم يذكر سوى معرفة المحاسن والمعائب ونبذة من آداب المنشئ وزبدة كلامه: أن للنثر من حيث أنه نثر محاسن ومعائب يجب على المنشئ أن يفرق بينهما فيتحرز عن المعائب ولا بد أن يكون أعلى كعبا في العربية محترزا عن استعمال الألفاظ الغريبة وما يخل بفهم المراد ويوجب صعوبته وأن يتحرز من التكرار وأن يجعل الألفاظ تابعة للمعاني دون العكس إذ المعاني إذا تركت في سجيتها طلب لأنفسها ألفاظا تليق فيها فيحسن اللفظ والمعنى جميعا.
وأما جعل الألفاظ متكلفة والمعاني تابعة لها فهو كلباس مليح على منظر قبيح.
فيجب أن يجتنب عما يفعله بعض من لهم شغف بإيراد شيء من المحسنات اللفظية فيصرفون العناية إلى المحسنات ويجعلون الكلام كأنه غير مسوق لإفادة المعنى فلا يبالون بخفاء الدلالات وركاكة المعنى.
ومن أعظم ما يليق لمن يتعاطى صناعة الإنشاء أن يكتب ما يراد لا ما يريد. كما قيل في الصاحب والصابي: إن الصابي يكتب ما يراد والصاحب يكتب ما يريد.
ولا بد أن يلاحظ في كتاب النثر حال المرسل والمرسل إليه ويعنون الكتاب بما يناسب المقام. انتهى.
والكتب المصنفة فيه كثيرة جدا منها: أبكار الأفكار للوطواط جمال الدين محمد بن إبراهيم بن يحيى الكتبي المتوفى سنة ثمان وعشرين وسبعمائة.
ومنها كتاب: المثل السائر في أدب الكاتب والشاعر لأبي الفتح ابن الأثير الــجزري وهو في مجلدين.
وكتاب: المعاني المخترعة في صناعة الإنشاء لموفق الدين وله كتاب: الوشي المرقوم في حل المنظوم و: ديوان الترسل في عدة مجلدات.
قال الأرنيقي: ومن العجب العجاب في علم الإنشاء: المقامات للحريري وقد عمل على أسلوبها كثير من الناس رأيت منها ثلاثة و: تواريخ العتبي وهذا يمكن عدهما من المحاضرات أيضا.
و: قهوة الإنشاء لأبي بكر بن حجة أيضا. والعتبي: هو ابن النصر محمد بن عبد الجبار ذكر فيه أحوال محمود بن سبكتكين وحروبه مع الأعداء وهذا الكتاب علم في الفصاحة والبلاغة واللطافة. انتهى.
قلت: ومن هذا الباب كتاب: عجائب المقدور في أحوال تيمور.
و: مقامات البديع الهمذاني
و: مقامات السيوطي.
و: ريحانة الألباء و: نفحة الريحانة وما يليها من كتب الأدب العربية فإنها في علم الإنشاء.
وقد طبع في هذا الزمن بمصر القاهرة كتب كثيرة لها تعلق بهذا الفن وبقي شيء كثير لم يطبع
وبالجملة فهذا العلم طويل الذيل عظيم السيل كثير النفع لكن قصرت عنه همم العلماء حتى اندرس وطمس - ولله الأمر من قبل ومن بعد - وعندنا ذخائر من صحف هذا الفن قد من الله - تعالى - لها علينا - ولله الحمد - وانتفعنا بها كثيرا.

علم البيان
هو: علم يعرف به إيراد المعنى الواحد بتراكيب مختلفة في وضوح الدلالة على المقصود بأن تكون دلالة بعضها أجلى من بعض.
وموضوعه: اللفظ العربي من حيث وضوح الدلالة على المعنى المراد.
وغرضه: تحصيل ملكة الإفادة بالدلالة العقلية وفهم مدلولاتها ليختار الأوضح منها مع فصاحة المفردات.
وغايته: الاحتراز من الخطأ في تعيين المعنى المراد بالدلالة الواضحة.
ومباديه: بعضها: عقلية كأقسام الدلالات والتشبيهات والعلاقات المجازية ومراتب الكنايات وبعضها: وجدانية ذوقية كوجوه التشبيهات وأقسام الاستعارات وكيفية حسنها ولطفها وإنما اختاروا في علم البيان وضوح الدلالة لأن بحثهم لما اقتصر على الدلالة العقلية - أعني التضمنية والالتزامية - وكانت تلك الدلالات خفية سيما إذا كان اللزوم بحسب العادات والطبائع وبحسب الألف فوجب التعبير عنهما بلفظ أوضح مثلا إذا كان المرئي دقيقا في الغاية تحتاج الحاسة في إبصارها إلى شعاع قوي بخلاف المرئي إذا كان جليا وكذا الحال في الروية العقلية أعني الفهم والإدراك.
والحاصل: أن المعتبر في علم البيان دقة المعاني المعتبرة فيها من الاستعارات والكنايات مع وضوح الألفاظ الدالة عليها.
قال في: كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون: علم البيان: علم يعرف به إيراد المعنى الواحد بطرق مختلفة في وضوح الدلالة عليه كذا ذكر الخطيب في: التلخيص وقد احترز به عن ملكة الاقتدار على إيراد المعنى العادي عن الترتيب الذي يصير به المعنى معنى الكلام المطابق لمقتضى الحال بالطرق المذكورة فإنها ليست من علم البيان وهذه الفائدة أقوى مما ذكره السيد السند من أن فيما ذكره القوم تنبيها على أن علم البيان ينبغي أن يتأخر عن علم المعاني في الاستعمال وذلك لأنه يعلم منه هذه الفائدة أيضا فإن رعاية مرابت الدلالة في الوضوح والخفاء على المعنى ينبغي أن يكون بعد رعاية مطابقته لمقتضى الحال فإن هذه كالأصل في المقصودية وتلك فرع وتتمة لها وموضعه: اللفظ البليغ من حيث أنه كيف يستفاد منه المعنى الزائد على أصل المعنى وإن شئت زيادة التوضيح فارجع إلى الأطول. انتهى.
قال ابن خلدون في: بيان علم البيان: هذا العلم حادث في الملة بعد علم العربية واللغة وهو من العلوم اللسانية لأنه متعلق بالألفاظ وما تفيده ويقصد بها الدلالة عليه من المعاني.
وذلك وأن الأمور التي يقصد المتكلم بها إفادة السامع من كلامه هي: إما تصور مفردات تسند ويسند إليها ويفضي بعضها إلى بعض والدالة على هذه هي المفردات من الأسماء والأفعال والحروف.
وأما تمييز المسندات من المسند إليها والأزمنة ويدل عليها بتغير الحركات وهو الإعراب وأبنية الكلمات وهذه كلها هي صناعة النحو يبقى من الأمور المكتنفة بالواقعات المحتاجة للدلالة أحوال المتخاطبين أو الفاعلين وما يقتضيه حال الفعل وهو محتاج إلى الدلالة عليه لأنه من تمام الإفادة وإذا حصلت للمتكلم فقد بلغ غاية الإفادة في كلامه وإذا لم يشتمل على شيء منها فليس من جنس كلام العرب فإن كلامهم واسع ولكل مقام عندهم مقال يختص به بعد كمال الإعراب والإبانة ألا ترى أن قولهم: زيد جاءني مغاير لقولهم: جاءني زيد من قبل أن المتقدم منهما هو الأهم عند المتكلم.
ومن قال: جاءني زيد أفاد أن اهتمامه بالمجيء قبل الشخص المسند إليه.
ومن قال زيد جاءني أفاد أن اهتمامه بالشخص قبل المجيء المسند.
وكذا التعبير عن أجزاء الجملة بما يناسب المقام من موصول أو مبهم أو معرفة وكذا تأكيد الإسناد على الجملة كقولهم زيد قائم وإن زيدا قائم وإن زيدا القائم متغايرة كلها في الدلالة وإن استوت من طريق الأعراف.
فإن الأول: العادي عن التأكيد إنما يفيد الخالي الذهن.
والثاني: المؤكد بأن يفيد المتردد.
والثالث: يفيد المنكر فهي مختلفة. وكذلك تقول جاءني الرجل ثم تقول مكانه بعينه جاءني رجل إذا قصدت بذلك التنكير تعظيمه وأنه رجل لا يعادله أحد من الرجال ثم الجملة الإسنادية تكون خبرية: وهي التي لها خارج تطابقه أولا وإنشائية: وهي التي لا خارج لها كالطلب وأنواعه ثم قد يتعين ترك العاطف بين الجملتين إذا كان للثانية محل من الإعراب فينزل بذلك منزلة التابع المفرد نعتا وتوكيدا وبدلا بلا عطف أو يتعين العطف إذا لم يكن للثانية محل من الإعراب ثم يقتضي المحل الإطناب والإيجاز فيورد الكلام عليهما ثم قد يدل باللفظ ولا يريد منطوقه ويريد لازمه إن كان مفردا كما تقول:
زيد أسد فلا تريد حقيقة الأسد المنطوقة وإنما تزيد شجاعته اللازمة وتسندها إلى زيد وتسمى هذه استعارة.
وقد تريد باللفظ المركب الدلالة على ملزومه كما تقول: زيد كثير الرماد وتريد به ما لزم ذلك عنه من الجود وقرى الضيف لأن كثرة الرماد ناشئة عنهما فهي دالة عليهما وهذه كلها دلالة زائدة على دلالة الألفاظ المفرد والمركب وإنما هي هيئات وأحوال لواقعات جعلت للدلالة عليها أحوال وهيئات في الألفاظ كل بحسب ما يقتضيه مقامه فاشتمل هذا العلم المسمى ب: البيان على البحث عن هذه الدلالات التي للهيئات والأحوال والمقامات وجعل على ثلاثة أصناف:
الصنف الأول: يبحث فيه عن هذه الهيئات والأحوال التي تطابق باللفظ جميع مقتضيات الحال ويسمى: علم البلاغة.
والصنف الثاني: يبحث فيه عن الدلالة على اللازم اللفظي وملزومه وهي الاستعارة والكناية كما قلناه ويسمى: علم البيان وألحقوا بهما صنفا آخر وهو النظر في تزيين الكلام وتحسينه بنوع من التنميق إما بسجع يفصله أو تجنيس يشابه بين ألفاظه وترصيع يقطع أوزانه أو تورية عن المعنى المقصود بإيهام معنى أخفى منه لاشتراك اللفظ بينهما وأمثال ذلك ويسمى عندهم: علم البديع.
وأطلق على الأصناف الثلاثة عند المحدثين اسم: البيان وهو: اسم الصنف الثاني لأن الأقدمين أول ما تكلموا فيه ثم تلاحقت مسائل الفن واحدة بعد أخرى.
وكتب فيها جعفر بن يحيى والجاحظ وقدامة وأمثالهم ملاءات غير وافية.
ثم لم تزل مسائل الفن تكمل شيئا فشيئا إلى أن محض السكاكي زبدته وهذب مسائله ورتب أبوابه على نحو ما ذكرناه آنفا من الترتيب وألف كتابه المسمى ب: المفتاح في النحو الصرف والبيان فجعل هذا الفن من بعض أجزائه وأخذه المتأخرون من كتابه ولخصوا منه أمهات هي المتداولة لهذا العهد كما فعله السكاكي في كتاب: التبيان وابن مالك في كتاب: المصباح وجلال الدين القزويني في كتاب: الإيضاح والتلخيص وهو أصغر حجما من الإيضاح.
والعناية به لهذا العهد عند أهل المشرق في الشرح والتعليم منه أكثر من غيره وبالجملة فالمشارقة على هذا الفن أقوم من المغاربة وسببه - والله أعلم -: أنه كمالي في العلوم اللسانية والصنائع الكمالية توجد في العمران والمشرق أوفر عمراناً من المغرب.
أو نقول: لعناية العجم وهو معظم أهل المشرق كتفسير الزمخشري وهو كل مبني على هذا الفن وهو أصله وإنما اختص بأهل المغرب من أصنافه: علم البديع خاصة وجعلوه من جملة علوم الأدب الشعرية وفرعوا له ألقابا وعددوا أبوابا ونوعوا وزعموا أنهم أحصوها من لسان العرب وإنما حملهم على ذلك: الولوع بتزيين الألفاظ.
وأن علم البديع سهل المأخذ وصعبت عليهم مآخذ البلاغة والبيان لدقة أنظارهما وغموض معانيهما فتجافوا عنهما.
ومن ألف في البديع من أهل إفريقية ابن رشيق وكتاب: العمدة له مشهور وجرى كثير من أهل إفريقية والأندلس على منحاه.
واعلم أن ثمرة هذا الفن إنما هي في فهم الإعجاز من القرآن لأن إعجازه في وفاء الدلالة منبه لجميع مقتضيات الأحوال منطوقة ومفهومة وهي أعلى مراتب الكلام مع الكمال فيما يختص بالألفاظ في انتقائها وجودة رصفها وتركيبها وهذا هو الإعجاز الذي تقصر الأفهام عن دركه وإنما يدرك بعض الشيء منه من كان له ذوق بمخالطة اللسان العربي وحصول ملكته فيدرك من إعجازه على قدر ذوقه فلهذا كانت مدارك العرب الذين سمعوه من مبلغه أعلى مقاما في ذلك لأنهم فرسان الكلام وجهابذته والذوق عندهم موجود بأوفر ما يكون وأصحه.
وأحوج ما يكون إلى هذا الفن المفسرون وأكثر تفاسير المتقدمين غفل عنه حتى ظهر جار الله الزمخشري ووضع كتابه في التفسير حيث جاء بأحكام هذا الفن بما يبدي البعض من إعجازه فانفرد بهذا الفضل على جميع التفاسير لولا أنه يؤيد عقائد أهل البدع عند اقتباسها من القرآن بوجوه البلاغة ولأجل هذا يتحاماه كثير من أهل السنة مع وفور بضاعته من البلاغة فمن أحكم عقائد أهل السنة وشارك في هذا الفن بعض المشاركة حتى يقتدر على الرد عليه من جنس كلامه أو يعلم أنه بدعة فيعرض عنها ولا تضر في معتقده فإنه يتعين عليه النظر في هذا الكتاب للظفر بشيء من الإعجاز مع السلامة من البدع - والأهواء والله الهادي من يشاء إلى سواء السبيل -. انتهى كلام ابن خلدون.
وأقول: إن تفسير أبي السعود قد وفى بحق المعاني والبيان والبديع التي في القرآن الكريم على نحو ما أشار إليه ابن خلدون بيد أنه رجل فقيه لا يفسر الكتاب على مناحي السلف ولا يعرف علم الحديث حق المعرفة فجاء الله - سبحانه - بقاضي القضاة محمد بن علي الشوكاني اليمني - رحمه الله - ووفقه لتفسير كتابه العزيز - على طريقة الصحابة والتابعين وحذا حذوهم وميز بين الأقوال الصحيحة والآراء السقيمة وفسر بالأخبار المرفوعة والآثار المأثورة وحل المعضلات وكشف القناع عن وجوه المشكلات إعرابا وقراءة فجزاه الله عنا خير الجزاء.
ثم وفق الله - سبحانه - هذا العبد بتحرير تفسير جامع لهذه كلها على أبلغ أسلوب وأمتن طريقة يغني عن تفاسير الدنيا بتمامها وهو في أربعة مجلدات وسماه: فتح البيان في مقاصد القرآن ولا أعلم تفسيرا على وجه البسيطة يساويه في اللطافة والتنقيح أو يوازيه في الرقة والتصحيح ومن يرتاب في دعواي هذه فعليه بتفاسير المحققين المعتمدين ينظر فيها أولا ثم يرنو في ذلك يتضح له الأمر كالنيرين ويسفر الصبح لذي عينين وبالله التوفيق. قال في: مدينة العلوم: ومن الكتب المفردة فيه: الجامع الكبير لابن أثير الــجزري و: نهاية الإعجاز للإمام فخر الدين الرازي - رحمه الله - تعالى -. انتهى.

ثعلب

Q. 1 ثَعْلَبَ He (a man) was cowardly, and eluded, or turned away, or went this way and that, or to the right and left, quickly, and deceitfully, or guilefully; as also ↓ تَثَعْلَبَ: his doing so being thus likened to the running of the ثَعْلَب. (TA.) And ثعلب مِنْهُ فَرَقًا [He was cowardly, and eluded him, or turned away from him, &c., through fear]; i. e., from another man. (TA.) Q. 2 تَثَعْلَبَ: see above.

ثَعْلَبٌ [The fox; canis vulpes of Linn.: but in the dial. of Egypt, the jackal; canis aureus of Linn.: the former animal being there called أَبُو الحُصَيْنِ, as it often is by the Arabs of other countries:] a certain beast of prey; (TA;) well known: (S, K:) applied to the male and the female; so that one says ثَعْلَبٌ ذَكَرٌ and ثَعْلَبٌ

أُنْثَى; but if one would designate the male by a single word applying to it only, he says ↓ ثُعْلُبَانٌ, with damm to the ث and ل: (IAmb, Msb:) or the former applies to the female: (K:) or the female is called ↓ ثَعْلَبَةٌ; (Ks, S, Msb, K;) and the male, ↓ ثُعْلُبَانٌ (Ks, S, K) and ثَعْلَبٌ, (K,) [accord. to some,] like as one says عَقْرَبَةٌ [and عُقْرُبَانٌ] and عَقْرَبٌ: (Msb:) or ثَعْلَبٌ is the male; and the female is called ↓ ثُعَالَةُ: (Az, TA: [but see this word is art. ثعل:]) the pl. of ثعلب is ثَعَالِبُ and ثَعَالٍ, (K,) accord. to Lh: but ISd disapproves of this [latter pl.]; and Sb does not allow it except in poetry. (TA.) F charges J with error in citing, as a proof that ↓ ثُعْلُبَانٌ signifies the male, the following verse: أَرَبٌّ يَبُولُ الثُّعْلُبَانُ بِرَأْسِهِ لَقَدْ ذَلَّ مَنْ بَالَتْ عَلَيْهِ الثَّعَالِبُ

[Is he a Lord, upon whose head the he-fox makes water? (the ب in برأسه being syn. with عَلَى: so in the Mughnee, in art. ب:) Vile indeed is he upon whom the foxes make water!] said by a man who was keeper of an idol, on seeing a he-fox make water upon it: but in this, F opposes also Ks and others; and it is asserted by several authorities that the correct reading of the word ثعلبان in a trad. whereby F attempts to establish his charge against J is not ثَعْلَبَانِ, dual. of ثَعْلَبٌ, as he pronounces it to be, but ثُعْلَبَانِ, which is said to be the masc. of ثَعْلَبٌ, like as أُفْعُوَانٌ and عُقْرُبَانٌ are mascs. of أَفْعًى and عَقْرَبٌ. (TA.) b2: دَآءُ الثَّعْلَبِ [for which Golius seems to have found in a copy of the K دَوَآءُ الثَّعْلَبِ] A well-known disease, [namely, alopecia,] (S, K,) in consequence of which the hair falls off. (S.) b3: عِنَبُ الثَّعْلَبِ [Fox-grape: rendered by Golius “ uvæ vulpinæ, i. e. solanum: ” but now applied by some to the gooseberry: and the solanum nigrum, or gardennightshade, is now commonly called عِنَبُ الذِّئْبِ:] a certain astringent, cooling plant: seven (or, as in one copy of the K, nine) حَبَّات [which here seems to mean berries] thereof, swallowed, are a cure for the jaundice (اليَرَقَان), and stop pregnancy, (K, TA,) like the berries of the خِرْوَع [or castor-oil-plant], for the year, or, as some say, absolutely. (TA.) A2: A hole, or aperture, (جُحْر,) whence rain-water flows. (TA.) [And particularly,] The outlet, hole, or aperture, (مَخْرَج, S and Msb, or جُحْر, K, or ثَقْب, TA,) whence the rain-water flows from the place where dates are dried. (S, Msb, K, TA.) And The place whence the water flows forth (L, K) from, (L, TA,) or to, (K, [probably a mistake,]) a watering-trough or tank. (L, K.) A3: The upper extremity of a spear-shaft that enters into the head thereof. (S, K.) b2: The lowest part of a palm-shoot when it is cut from [the root of] the mother-tree: or the lowest part of a [shoot such as is termed] راكُوب, on the trunk of a palm-tree. (AA, K.) ثَعْلَبَةٌ: see ثَعْلَبٌ.

A2: Also The os coccygis, or tail-bone; syn. عُصْعُصٌ. (K.) b2: And The podex, or the anus; syn. اِسْتٌ. (K.) ثُعْلُبَانٌ: see ثَعْلَبٌ, in three places.

ثَعْلَبِيَّةٌ A running of the horse like the running of the dog. (K.) ثْعَالَةُ: see ثَعْلَبٌ, and see art. ثعل.

أَرْضٌ مُثَعْلِبَةٌ A land having ثَعَالِب [or foxes]: (S:) or, having many thereof; as also أَرضٌ مَثْعَلَةٌ; (K;) which is from ثُعَالَةٌ; or it may be from ثَعْلَبٌ, like مَعْقَرَةٌ applied to “ a land having many عَقَارِب [or scorpions]. ” (S, L.)

سكب

1 سَكَبَ, (S, A, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (A, TA,) inf. n. سُكُوبٌ (S, A, Msb, K) and سَكْبٌ (Msb) and تَسْكَابٌ, (S, [this last assigned in the K to the trans. verb,]) said of water, (S, A, Msb, K,) and a flow of tears (دَمْع), (A, TA,) and the like, (TA,) It poured out or forth; or was, or became, poured out or forth; (S, A, Msb, K;) as also ↓ انسكب. (S, K.) A2: And سَكَبَهُ, (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. as above, (A, TA,) inf. n. سَكْبٌ (S, Mgh, K) and تَسْكَابٌ, (K, [the latter assigned in the S to the intrans. verb,]) He poured it out or forth; namely, water, (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) and a flow of tears, (A, TA,) and the like; (TA;) as also ↓ اسكبهُ. (A.) The people of El-Medeeneh say, اُسْكُبْ عَلَى

يَد َىَّ Pour thou out, or forth, upon my hands. (A.) And it is said in a trad., هَاهُنَا تُسْكَبُ العَبَرَاتُ [Here tears are to be poured forth], meaning this is the place in which one should weep, seeking forgiveness. (Mgh.) 4 أَسْكَبَ see the next preceding paragraph.7 إِنْسَكَبَ see the next preceding paragraph.

سَكْبٌ and ↓ سَاكِبٌ and ↓ سَكُوبٌ and ↓ سَيْكَبٌ (K) and ↓ سَكِيبٌ (CK [omitted in the TA and in my MS. copy of the K]) and ↓ أُسْكُوبٌ (K) Water poured out or forth, or being poured out or forth: or poured out or forth, (K, TA,) running upon the surface of the earth without any excavation: (TA:) or the first signifies water poured out or forth; and is an inf. n. used as an epithet, like صَبٌّ and غَوْرٌ applied as epithets to water: and ↓ سَكُوبٌ, water running upon the surface of the earth without any excavation: and ↓ أُسْكُوبٌ, water pouring out or forth, or being poured out or forth; (S;) or, as some say, pouring much: (Har pp. 469 et seq.:) and also this last, running water: (TA:) or this signifies دَائِمُ الهَطَلَانِ [i. e. continually pouring, or continually pouring dispersedly and in large drops; as also سَكْبٌ; for hence it appears evident that الهَطَلَانُ الدَّائِمُ as an explanation of السَّكْبُ and الأُسْكُوبُ in the K is a mistake for الدَّائِمُ الهَطَلَانِ]; and is applied as an epithet to water and to blood; (A;) and also [probably in this sense] to clouds (سَحَابٌ); and to a wound made with a spear or the like (طَعْنَةٌ): and ↓سَاكِبٌ is applied as an epithet to tears (دَمْعٌ). (TA.) b2: [Hence]

سَكْبٌ applied to a horse means (tropical:) Wide in step: (S, A, K:) or fleet, or swift, or excellent in running; (A, K;) that runs much: (Mgh, TA:) or light, or active: and ↓ أُسْكُوبٌ, so applied, has one or another of these meanings: (A:) or the former, thus applied, that runs vehemently; as also فَيْضٌ; likened to water pouring forth: (EthThaalebee, TA:) also, (K, TA,) applied to a horse and a man and a boy, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) light of spirit; and brisk, lively, or sprightly, (K, TA,) in work, or action. (TA.) السَّكْبُ was the name of the first horse possessed by the Prophet; (Mgh, * K;) as also ↓ السَّكَبُ: and the name of a horse of Shebeeb Ibn-Mo'áwiyeh. (K.) b3: [Hence also,] (assumed tropical:) A certain sort of clothes, or garments, (T, S, K,) thin so as to resemble dust, and as though resembling pouring water by reason of its thinness; and so, accord. to IAar, ↓سَكَبٌ. (T, TA.) b4: Applied to a man, (assumed tropical:) Tall; (K;) a dial. var. of سَقْبٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) b5: And (tropical:) A necessary thing or affair: (A, K, TA:) and (tropical:) a disgrace (سُبَّةٌ) that is necessary, or unavoidable. (A, TA.) Lakeet Ibn-Zurárah said to his brother Maabad, when he required him to ransom him with two hundred camels, he being a captive, نُمِيطُ عَنْكَ شَيْئًا يَكُونُ عَلَى أَهْلِ بَيْتِكَ سُبَّةً سَكْبًا, meaning (tropical:) [We will put away from thee a thing that would be to the people of thy house] a necessary, or an unavoidable, disgrace. (TA.) A2: Also Copper, or brass; syn. نُحَاسٌ: or lead: (IAar, K:) and so ↓ سَكَبٌ, (K,) in the latter sense, or in both senses, or in all the senses. (TA.) سَكَبٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, latter half, in three places.

A2: Also A certain kind of tree, (S, K,) of sweet odour, (S,) as though its odour were that of [the perfume called] خَلُوق [q. v.], growing apart from others, upon a single root, having a downy substance, and leaves like those of the صَعْتَر [a species of origanum, or marjoram], except in being more green: it grows in the plains and the valleys; and what has dried up thereof is of no use to any one: it has a fruit which is eaten, and the people of El-Hijáz make of it a [beverage such as is termed] نَبِيذ: its fruit does not grow forth in one year, but only in several years: AHn says that the سَكَب is a herb that rises to the height of a cubit, having dustcoloured leaves like those of the هِنْدَبَآء [or endive], and a blossom intensely white, of the form of that of the فِرْسِك [i. e. peach, or a species or variety thereof]: (TA:) n. un. with ة: (S, TA:) As mentions the سَكَب as one of the plants of the plain, or soft, tracts. (TA.) b2: It is also said to be The [plant called] ريح [app. رَيِّح or رِيح which seem to be coll. gen. ns. of each of which the n. un. is with ة (see رَيِّحَةٌ)], having a yellow blossom. (TA.) b3: And The anemone (شَقَائِقُ النُّعْمَانِ). (K.) b4: And One of the trees of the hot season. (TA.) سَكَابٌ and سَكَابِ, the latter [indecl., with kesr for its termination,] like قَطَامِ, and ↓ سَكَّابٌ, [all app. meaning The fleet, or swift, like السَّكْبُ and الأُسْكُوبُ,] are names of certain horses. (K: the second only mentioned in the S.) سَكُوبٌ: see سَكْبٌ, in two places.

سَكِيبٌ: see سَكْبٌ.

سَكَّابٌ: see سَكَابٌ.

سَاكِبٌ: see سَكْبٌ, in two places.

A2: [And act. part. n. of سَكَبَهُ. Hence,] سَاكِبُ المَآءِ (assumed tropical:) [The sign of Aquarius;] the eleventh of the signs of the Zodiac; also called الدَّلْوُ. (Kzw.) سَيْكَبٌ: see سَكْبٌ

أُسْكُبَّةٌ The أُسْكُفَّة [i. e. threshold] of a door. (K.) إِسْكَابٌ: see the next paragraph.

أُسْكُوبٌ: see سَكْبٌ, in three places. b2: Also Lightning extending towards the earth. (K.) So in the saying of Zuheyr El-Mázinee, بَرْقٌ يُضِىْءُ أَمَامَ البَيْتِ أُسْكُوبُ [Lightning shining, or shining brightly, before the tent, or house, extending towards the earth]; as though it were pouring forth rain. (TA.) b3: And A row of palm-trees; (IAar, K;) as also أُسْلُوبٌ: if of other than palm-trees, it is termed أُنْبُوبٌ, and مِدَادٌ. (IAar, TA.) A2: Also i. q. إِسْكَافٌ [A maker of shoes or boots, or a sewer of leather, &c.]; like ↓ إِسْكَابٌ: or a blacksmith. (K.) المِسْكَبَةُ [altered in a copy of the A from المَسْكَبَةُ, which may perhaps be the right word,] The higher, or highest, rivulet, or small channel for irrigation, from which the other rivulets, or small channels, are supplied with water. (A.) b2: [In a copy of the A (in art. سطب), المَسْطَبَة, which I believe to be in that instance a mistranscription for المسكبة, occurs expl. as meaning (assumed tropical:) The Milky Way.]

ورش

1 وَرَشَ, (S, A, K,) aor. ـِ inf. n. وُرُوشٌ (K) and وَرْشٌ, (TA,) He took, or reached, or took or reached with the hand, or with the extended hand, (S, A, K,) food, (A, K,) or somewhat thereof, (S,) or a little thereof. (Az.) b2: Also, (K,) inf. n. وَرْشٌ and وُرُوشٌ, (TA,) He ate vehemently and greedily: (Ibn-'Abbád, A, K:) but accord. to IAar, رَوْشٌ, with the rá first, signifies the “ eating much; ” and وَرْشٌ, with the wáw first, the eating little. (TA.) b3: Also, (K,) inf. n. وَرْشٌ, (TA,) He coveted; longed; yearned; eagerly desired; strove to acquire; obtain, or attain. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) You say, وَرَشَ إِليهِ He coveted it; &c. (TK.) b4: وَرَشَ عَلَيْهِمْ, (A, K,) inf. n. وَرْشٌ, (TA,) He came in to them uninvited when they were eating, (A, K, TA,) to get some of their food: and when one has gone in to others while they were drinking, you say, وَغَلَ عَليْهِمْ: but see وَارِشٌ. (TA.) A2: وَرَشَ فُلَانًا بِفُلاَنٍ He incited such a one against such a one: (Ibn-'Abbád, TA:) in the K, erroneously, وَرَشَ فُلَانٌ بِفُلَانٍ. (TA.) See also 2.2 وَرَّشَ بَيْنَ القَوْمِ, (S,) inf. n. تَوْريِشٌ, (S, K,) He excited discord, dissension, disorder, strife, quarrelling, or animosity, between, or among, the people; syn. حَرَّشَ; (S, K;) as also أَرَّشَ (S) [and هَرَّشَ]. See also 1, last signification.

وَرَشَانٌ A certain bird, (S, Mgh, K,) of the pigeon-kind, (AHát, Mgh, Msb,) or resembling the pigeon, (TA,) also called سَاقُ حُرٍّ, (S, Msb, K,) which is the male of the قَمَارِىّ [or kind of collared turtle-doves of which a single female is called قُمْرِيَّةٌ (see قُمْرِىٌّ)], (Msb,) of the birds of the desert, (TA,) the flesh of which is lighter than that of the [common] pigeon: (K:) fem. with ة: (K:) pl. وَرَاشِينُ (S, Mgh, Msb, K) and وِرْشَانٌ, (S, Msb, K,) like as كِرُوَانٌ is a pl. of كَرَوَانٌ, contr. to rule. (S.) It is said in a proverb, بِعِلَّةِ الوَرَشَانِ تَأْكُلُ رُطَبَ المُشَانِ [With the pretext of the warashán, thou eatest the fresh ripe dates of the excellent kind called مشان]: (S, A, K:) said to him who pretends one thing and means another: (A, K:) originating from the fact that some people employed a slave belonging to them to guard the fresh ripe dates of their palm-trees, and he used to eat them, and, when reproved for his evil conduct, laid the blame upon the warashán; wherefore this was said to him. (Sgh.) وَارِشٌ One who comes in to a people uninvited, when they are eating; like وَاغِلٌ in the case of beverage: (S:) and, accord. to some, i. q. وَاغِلٌ but others say, that وارش has the first signification only, relating to food: and that of a sponger desiring food. (TA.) See رَاشِنٌ and طُفَيْلِىٌّ.