بلو

1 بَلَاهُ, (T, S, Mgh, Msb,) aor. ـُ (T, Msb,) inf. n. بَلَآءٌ, (S,) or this is a simple subst., and the inf. n. is بَلْوٌ, (T, Msb,) He (God) tried, proved, or tested, him, (T, S, Msb,) بِخَيْرٍ [by, or with, good], or بِشَّرٍ [by, or with, evil]; (Msb;) for God tries his servant (يَبْلُوهُ) by, or with, a benefit, to test his thankfulness; and by, or with, a calamity, to test his patience; (T;) [wherefore it often means He afflicted him;] as also ↓ ابلاهُ, (T, S, Msb,) inf. n. إِبْلَآءٌ; (T, S; [in both restrieted to good; but in the Msb it seems to be common to good and evil;]) and ↓ ابتلاه: (T, S, M, Msb:) and بَلَوْتُهُ, inf. n. بَلْوٌ (S, M, K) and بَلَآءٌ, (M, K,) [but from what has been said above, it seems that the latter is used only when the agent is God, and that it is properly a simple subst.,] I tried, proved, or tested, him; (S, M, Mgh, * K;) as also ↓ اِبْتَلَيْتُهُ: (M, K:) each of these verbs implying two things; one of which is the learning the state, or condition, of the object, and becoming acquainted with what was unknown of the case thereof; and the other, the manifesting of the goodness or badness thereof; both of these things being sometimes meant, and sometimes only one of them, as when God is the agent, in which case only the latter is meant: (Er-Rághib, TA:) and ↓ التَّبَالِى, also, signifies the act of trying, proving, or testing. (S.) It is said in the Kur [xxi. 36], وَنَبْلُوكُمْ بِالشَّرِ وَالخَيْرِ فِتْنَةً [And we try you by, or with, evil and good, by way of probation]. (TA.) And in the same [ii. 118], ↓ وَإِذَ ابْتَلَى

إِبْرَاهِيمَ رَبُّهُ بِكَلَمَاتٍ [And when his Lord tried Abraham by certain words, meaning commands and prohibitions]. (TA.) And you say, ↓ لَا تُبْلِنَا

إِلَّا بِالَّتِى هِىَ أَحْسَنُ [Try Thou not us save by those things that are best]; (T;) from a trad. (TA.) [See also 4 and 8 below.] b2: [Hence,] بَلَوْتُهُ also signifies (tropical:) I smelt it. (T in art. بول, and A and TA.) b3: [And بَلَاهُ He knew it, or became acquainted with it. (See بَالٍ.)] b4: See also 4, in the latter half of the paragraph.

A2: بَلِى, aor. ـَ inf. n. بِلًا, or بِلًى, [in the CK, erroneously, بَلًى,] and بَلَآءٌ, [in the CK, erroneously, بِلاء,] (T, S, M, Msb, K,) the former with kesr and the latter with fet-h, (T, S, Msb,) said of a garment, (T, S, M, &c.,) It was, or became, old, and worn out: (Msb:) belonging to the present art. and to art. بلى. (M.) [The inf. n., used as a subst., signifies Wear; attrition; wear and tear: see an ex. in a hemistich cited near the end of the first paragraph of art. الا, where a dwelling is likened to a garment.] b2: Also said of a plant [as meaning It became old and withered, or wasted]. (K in art. عنث, &c.) b3: And of a corpse, meaning It became consumed by the earth. (Msb.) b4: and of a bone, meaning It became old, and decayed; syn. رَمَّ. (S and K &c. in art. رم.) b5: And of a man's reputation, meaning (assumed tropical:) It became worn out of regard or notice. (TA in art. دثر.) b6: and [hence,] بَلِيَتْ, (M,) or بُلِيَتْ, (K,) She (a camel, M, K, or a mare, or beast of the equine kind, M) was, or became, a بَلَيِّة; i. e., was tied at her dead master's grave (M, K) without food or water (M) until she died (M, K) and wasted away. (M in art. بلى.) 2 بَلَّوَ see 4, in six places, in the latter half of the paragraph.3 لَا أَبَالِيهِ is from البلآء, [inf. n. of بَلَاهُ,] so that it signifies [properly] I shall not, or I do not, care for him, mind him, heed him, or regard him, so as to share with him my trial and his trial: (Ham p. 94:) [and hence,] one says thus, (S, Mgh, Msb,) or مَا أَبَالِيهِ, (M, K,) and لَا أَبَالِىبِهِ, (Mgh, Msb,) or مَا أُبَالِى بِهِ, (MF, TA,) but the verb is more chastely made trans. without the preposition بِ, (A, TA,) inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ (M, Mgh, Msb, K) and بِلَآءٌ (M, K, TA [in the CK, erroneously, بَلاء]) and بَالَةٌ (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) said by some to be a quasi-inf. n. and by others to be an inf. n., (MF, TA,) [in the T it is said to be a subst., from المُبَالَاةُ,] originally بَالِيَةٌ, like عَافِيَةٌ from عَافَاهُ, (T, S, Mgh, Msb,) and بَالٌ, [which is more strange,] (M, K,) meaning [merely] I shall not, or I do not, care for, mind, heed, or regard, him, or it; (S, Mgh, Msb, K;) I shall not be, or I am not, disquieted by him, or it: (Mgh, Msb:) or, as some say, لَا أُبَالِيهِ is formed by transposition from لَا أُبَاوِلُهُ, from البَالُ, i. e. I will not, or I do not, cause him, or it, to move, or occur to, my mind; nor give, or pay, any attention to him, or it: (Z, TA: [and the like is said in the T:]) or the proper [or literal] meaning is, I will not, or I do not, contend with him for superiority in goodness, or excellence, by reason of my little care, or regard, for him: (Mgh:) or it was employed to denote the contending with another for superiority in glory, or excellence, as will be shown by the citation of a verse in the latter portion of this paragraph; and then, in consequence of frequency of usage, came to denote contempt, or mean estimation: (Ham p. 31:) or its original meaning is, I will not, or I do not, strive with him to be first; neglecting him, or leaving him to himself; from تَبَالَى القَوْمُ as explained below; see 6. (Msb.) It is said in a trad., لَا يُبَالِيهِمُ اللّٰهُ بَالَةً, or, accord. to one reading, لَا يُبَالِى بِهِمْ بَالَةً, meaning God will not hold them to be of any value or weight. (TA.) And in another, هٰؤُلآءِ فِى الجَنَّةِ وَلَا أُبَالِى وَهٰؤُلَآءِ فِى النَّارِ وَلَا أُبَالِى, said to mean [These will be in Paradise, and] I shall not disapprove; [and these will be in the fire of Hell,] and I shall not disapprove. (Az, TA.) And one says, لَا أُبَالِى مَا صَنَعْتَ [I shall not, or I do not, care for what thou didst, or hast done]. (IDrd, TA.) And مَا أُبَالِى أَقُمْتَ

أَمْ قَعَدْتَ [I care not whether thou stand or sit]: and مَا أُبَالِى بِقِيَامِكَ وَعَدَمِهِ [I care not for thy standing and thy not doing so]. (Mughnee in art. ا.) And مَا بَالَيْتُ بِهِ (Az, Msb, TA) I did not care for, mind, or regard, him, or it. (TA.) And بَالَى بِالشَّىْءِ [He cared for the thing; or] he was disquieted by the thing. (T.) The verb is sometimes thus used, in an affirmative manner; (Ham p. 94; [and the like is said in the TA;]) though some say that it is not; (Msb;) but it is not unless it occurs with a negative in the former part of the sentence or in the latter part thereof; as when one says, مَا بَالَى بِكَ صَدِيقُكَ وَلٰكِنْ بَالَى

عَبْدُكَ [Thy friend cared not for thee, but thy slave cared]; and as in the saying of Zuheyr, لَقَدْ بَالَيْتُ مَظْعَنَ أُمِّ أَوْفَى

وَلٰكِنْ أُمُّ أَوْفَى لَا تُبَالِى

[Verily I cared for the departure of Umm-Owfà, but Umm-Owfà cares not]. (Ham p. 94.) One says also, لَمْ أُبَالِ and لَمْ أُبَلْ [I did not care, &c.]: (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K: [but in the CK the latter of these is omitted:]) in the latter the ا [of prolongation] is suppressed for the purpose of alleviating the utterance, like as ى is suppressed in the inf. n. [or quasi-inf. n.] بَالَةٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb,) originally بَالِيَةٌ, (S, Msb,) and in لَا أَدْرِ: (S:) or the ا is suppressed in this case to avoid the concurrence of two quiescent letters; (Kh, Sb, M, IB;) not for the purpose of alleviating the utterance; (IB, TA;) for this is done because the ل is made quiescent. (Kh, Sb, M.) And, accord. to Kh, (Sb, M,) some of the Arabs say, لَمْ أُبَلِهِ [I did not care for him, or it], (Sb, M,) or لَمْ أُبَلِ, [in the CK, erroneously, لم اَبْلِ,] with kesr to the ل; (K, TA;) [for لم أُبَالِهِ, or لم أُبَالِ;] only suppressing the ا, as they do in عُلَبِطٌ [ for عُلَابِطٌ]. (Sb, S, M.) b2: IAar says that بَالَى, inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ, is like ↓ أَبْلَى meaning He exerted himself in a description of a war, or battle, or of generous conduct; as when one says, أَبْلَى ذٰلِكَ اليَوْمَ بَلَآءً حَسَنًا [He exerted himself well, that day, in a description of war, &c.]: and he cites the following verse [to which reference has been made above]: وَأَنْتَ قَدْمَتَّ مِنَ الهُزَالِ [What hath happened to me that I see thee standing exerting thyself in a description of generous qualities, when thou hast become like one dead by reason of leanness?]: he says that he [the poet] heard him [whom he thus addresses] saying, “We have eaten and we have drunk [with guests], and we have done [such and such things]; ” enumerating, or recounting, generous qualities or actions, and lying in doing so: (T, TA:) in another place he says that تُبَالِى means looking to see which of them [or of thee and others] is best in بال [i. e. state, or condition], while thou art dying: (TA:) he says, also, that بَالَاهُ, inf. n. مُبَالَاةٌ, signifies he contended with him for superiority in glory, or excellence; (T, TA; *) and [it is said that] تبالى in the verse here cited means thus contending; syn. تُفَاخِرُ: (Ham p. 31:) and accord. to IAar, بَالَاهُ also signifies he contended with him in contradiction. (T, TA.) 4 ابلاهُ, inf. n. إِبْلَآءٌ: see 1, in two places. b2: [Hence,] ابلاهُ اللّٰهُ إِبْلَآءً حَسَنًا, (T,) or بَلَآءَ حَسَنًا, (S,) God did to him a good deed. (T.) [and hence,] it is said in the Kur [viii. 17], وَلِيُبْلِىَ المُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْهُ بَلَآءً حَسَنُا (TA) And that He might confer upon the believers a great benefit, or favour, or blessing: (Bd:) or a good gift; meaning spoil. (Jel.) And أَبْلَيْتُهُ مَعْرُوفًا [I conferred upon him a favour, or benefit]. (S.) Zuheyr says, جَزَى اللّٰهُ بِا لإِحْسَانِ مَا فَعَلَا بِكُمْ وَأَبْلَاهُمَا خَيْرَ البَلَآءِ الَّذِى يَبْلُو (T, * S,) meaning, الذى يَبْلُو بِهِ عِبَادَهُ, (T,) or الذى يَخْتَبِرُ بِهِ عِبَادَ, (S,) i. e. [May God recompense with beneficence what they two have done to you,] and do to them two the best of the deeds wherewith He tries [the thankfulness of] his servants. (T.) b3: ابلاهُ also signifies He made him to swear; [as though he tried his veracity by so doing;] (M, K;) or so ابلاهُ يَمِينًا. (TA.) [See also 8.] b4: And He swore to him: (M, K:) or this, (TA,) or ابلاهُ يَمِينًا, [as above,] (T, S,) he swore [or swore an oath] to him, and thereby soothed, or placated, his mind. (T, S, * TA.) b5: And hence, (TA,) He informed him, acquainted him, or told him. (IAar, M, K, TA.) b6: [and hence, He manifested it; revealed it; made it manifest, apparent, evident, clear, or plain; whence a phrase in a verse cited voce مُضْمَرٌ; and the phrase] مَا لَمْ يُبْلِ العُذْرَ, i. e. As long as he does not manifest, show, or make apparent, the excuse: but the verb [in this sense] is originally doubly trans.: one says, أَبْلَيْتُ فُلَانًا عُذْرًا, meaning I manifested to such a one an excuse so that I was not to be blamed after it; properly signifying I made such a one to be acquainted with my excuse, and to know the manner thereof; (Mgh;) and thus it is explained in the A: (TA: [in like manner, also, it is explained in the T:]) [or]

ابلاهُ عُذْرًا signifies He gave him an excuse which he accepted: (M, K:) and in like manner, ابلاهُ جُهْدَهُ [He gave him his endeavour, or energy, in an acceptable manner]; and نَائِلَهُ [his gift]. (M.) Hence, ابلى عُذْرَهُ signifies also He strove, laboured, or exerted himself, [and thus manifested his excuse,] in work. (Mgh.) And hence, ابلى فِى الحَرْبِ He manifested, or showed, his might, valour, or prowess, in war, or fight, [and he strove, laboured, or exerted himself, therein, (عُذْرَهُ being understood,)] so that men proved him and knew him. (Mgh.) See also 3, where another explanation of ابلى is given, in the latter portion of the paragraph.

A2: ابلى الثَّوْبَ [He wore out the garment;] trans. of بَلِىَ; (T, S, M, K;) as also ↓ بَلَّاهُ; (M, K;) belonging to the present art. and to art. بلى. (M.) One says to the مُجِدّ [i. e. him who makes, or puts on, a new garment], أَبْلِ وَ يُخْلِفُ اللّٰهُ [Wear out thy garment, and God will replace it with another; or, may God replace &c.]. (S.) And أَبْلِ وَ أَجِدَّ وَاحْمِدَ الكَاسِى Wear out, and make new, [or put on new,] and praise the Clother [meaning God]. (S in art. جد.) b2: [Hence,] السَّفَرُ ↓ بَلَّاهُ [Journeying, or travel, wore him, or wasted him]; namely, a man; (M, K; but in the copies of the latter, ↓ بَلَاهُ [which I think an evident mistranscription];) as also عَلَيْهِ ↓ بلّى; and ابلاهُ: (M:) and so الهَمُّ [anxiety], (M, K,) and the like, (M,) and التَّجَارِبُ [tryings, or trying events]: (K:) and ابلاها السَّفَرُ (T, S) or ↓ بلّاها (thus in a copy of the S) [journeying, or travel, wore her, or wasted her]; namely, a she-camel. (T, S.) El-'Ajjáj says, وَالمَرْءُ يُبْلِيهِ بَلَآءَ السِّرْبَالْ كَرُّاللَّيالِى وَاخْتِلَافُ الأَحْوَالُ [And man, the returning of the nights time after time, and the alternation of states of being, wear him out as the wearing out of the shirt]: (S, M: *) he means, إِبْلَآءَ السِرْبَال, or فَبَلِىَ بَلَآءَ السِّرْبَال. (M.) And Ibn-Ahmar says, لَبِسْتُ أَبِى حَتَّى تَمَلَّيْتُ عُمْرَهُ وَبَلَّيْتُ أَعْمَامِى وَ بَلَّيْتُ خَالِيَا he means I lived the period that my father lived [so that I had long enjoyment of his life, and I outwore my paternal uncles, and I outwore my maternal uncle]: or, as some say, I lived with my father for the length of his life &c. (M, TA. * [In the latter, ↓ تَبَلَّيْتُ is put in the place of تَمَلَّيْتُ; and hence it is there said that تَبَلَّاهُ is like بَلَّاهُ: but I think that تبلّيت is a mistranscription.]) b3: أَبْلَيْتُ and ↓ بَلَّيْتُ also signify I bound the foreshank of a she-camel to her arm at the grave of her [dead] master, and left her without food or water until she died; or I dug for her a pit, and left her in it until she died. (S, TA. [See بَلِيَّةٌ, and مُبَلًّى.]) 5 تَبَلَّوَ see 4, near the end of the paragraph.6 التَّبَالِى [inf. n. of تَبَالَى]: see 1.

A2: تبالى القَوْمُ The people, or company of men, vied, or strove, one with another, in hastening to a little water, and drew from it. (Msb.) 8 ابتلاهُ: see 1, in three places. [Hence, اُبْتِلِىَ بِكَذَا (vulg. اِبْتَلَى) He was tried, proved, or tested, by, or with, such a thing; generally meaning he was afflicted thereby, or therewith; as, for instance, by, or with, a disease.] b2: Also He asked, or sought, or desired, of him information, or news, or tidings. (M, K.) And ابتلى signifies also He conjured, or adjured, and asked if any had knowledge; syn. اِسْتَحْلَفَ and اِسْتَعْرَفَ [explained by what here follows]. (M, K, TA. [In the CK, both the verb and the explanation are here wrong: the former is written اُبْلِىَ; and the latter, اسْتُحْلِفَ و اسْتُعْرِفَ.]) A poet says, تَبَغَّى أَبَاهَا فِى الرِّفَاقِ وَ تَبْتَلِى

وَ أَوْدَي بِهِ فِى لُجَّةِ البَحْرِ تَمْسَحُ [She seeks for her father among the travellingcompanions, and conjures, or adjures, and asks. if any have knowledge, when a crocodile has destroyed him in the depth of the great river: تَبَغَّى is for تَتَبَغَّى]: he means that she says to them, “I conjure you, or adjure you, by God, (نَاشَدْتُكُمْ اللّٰهَ,) [tell me,] do ye know any tidings of my father? ” (M, TA.) But Aboo-Sa'eed says that تتبلى here means tries, proves, or tests; and that الاِبْتِلَآءُ signifies the trying, proving, or testing, whether by an oath or otherwise. (TA.) b3: [Also He desired it; he sought it.] It is said in a trad., النَّذْرُ مَا ابْتُلِىَ بِهِ وَجْهُ اللّٰهُ, i. e. [The vow that a man makes to be binding, or obligatory, on himself is that whereby the recompense of God] is desired, or sought. (TA.) b4: And He chose him, made choice of him, or elected him. (Sh and T, from a trad.) 12 اِبْلَوْلَى It (herbage) became tall, so that the camels were able to avail themselves of it. (K.) بِلْوُ سَفَرٍ, (T, S, M, A,) with kesr to the ب, (S,) and بِلْىُ سَفَرٍ, (S, A,) Worn, or wasted, by journeying, or travel; applied to a she-camel, (T, S, M, A,) and in like manner to a man, and to a he-camel: (M:) and بِلْىُ أَسْفَارٍ (M, K) and بِلْوُ

أَسْفَارٍ, (K, TA,) with kesr to the ب in both, (TA, [in the CK written with fet-h,]) a man worn, or wasted, by journeyings, or travels, and anxiety, (M, K, *) and the like, (M,) and tryings, or trying events: (K:) pl. أَبْلَآءٌ. (S, M.) And بِلْوٌ شَرٍّ and بِلْىُ شَرٍّ [both written in the CK with fet-h to the ب] A man having strength, or power, to endure evil; tried, proved, or tested, thereby: (M, K:) and in like manner, بِلْوُ خَيْرٍ and بِلْىُ خَيْرٍ

[tried, &c., by good, or prosperity]. (TA.) and إِنَّهُ لِبَلْوٌ مِنْ أَبْلَآءِ المَالِ and بِلْىٌ [both written in the CK with fet-h to the ب as before] Verily he is one of those who manage, or tend, camels, or the like, well. (M, * K, * TA.) The ى in بِلْى, in all these instances, is originally و, changed into ى because of the kesreh, and the weakness of the intervening letter, ل; as is the case in عِلَْيَةٌ: so says IJ. (M.) بَلَى: see art. بلى.

بِلْوَةٌ: see what next follows.

بِلْيَةٌ: see what next follows.

بَلْوَي: see what next follows.

بَلَآءٌ (T, S, Msb) and ↓ بَلْوَى (T, S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ بَلِيَّةٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and ↓ بِلْوَةٌ, (S, M, K,) with kesr, (S, K,) and ↓ بِلْيَةٌ, (so in a copy of the S, beside the third,) thus in the handwriting of Aboo-Zekereeyà, in the place of the third, (TA,) substs. (T, M, Msb, K) from بَلَاهُ اللّٰهُ, (T, Msb,) or from اِبْتَلَاهُ اللّٰهُ, [which is the same in meaning,] (M,) or from بَلَوْتُهُ, (K,) are one [in their signification; which is A trial, as meaning a probation, or a test; and as meaning particularly a trouble or an affliction of any kind by which one's patience or any other grace or virtue is tried, proved, or tested]; (S;) and the pl. (S, TA) of ↓ بَلِيَّةٌ (TA) is بَلَايَا, of the measure فَعَائِلُ changed to فَعَالَى: (S, TA:) [or] بَلَآءٌ is [properly, or originally,] an inf. n., (S, M, K,) and signifies the act of trying, proving, or testing, by, or with, good, and by, or with, evil: (S, M:) it is evil and good: (T, M: *) a trial, or an affliction, (T, K,) which is its original meaning; (T;) and a [probationary] benefit, favour, or blessing, (T,) or a [probationary] gift; (K;) the former of these requiring patience, and the latter being the greater of the two [as being commonly the more dangerous to the soul]; (TA;) [but the latter meaning is generally indicated only by the addition of an epithet: thus] بَلَآءٌ حَسَنٌ means a great benefit, or favour, or blessing, of God; (Bd in viii. 17;) or a good gift of God: (Jel ibid.:) بَلَآءٌ also means grief; as though it tried the body: (Er-Rághib, K:) and the imposition of a difficult, or troublesome, thing; a requirement; an exaction; because it is difficult, or distressing, to the body; or because it is trying. (K.) بَلَآءِ (like قَطَامِ, S, K) is syn. with البَلَآءُ: (S, M, K:) occurring in the saying, نَزَلَتْ بَلَآءِ عَلَى الكُفَّارِ [Trial, or affliction, befell the unbelievers]: (S, M, * K: *) mentioned by El-Ahmar, as heard by him from the Arabs. (S.) بِلَآءٌ, like كِتَابٌ in form, [is an inf. n. of 3, q. v.: A2: and also signifies] Anxiety respecting which one talks to himself, or soliloquizes. (Msb. [Compare a meaning of بَلَآءٌ, above.]) بَلِىٌّ: see the paragraph next following; last sentence.

بَلِيَّةٌ: see بَلَآءٌ, in two places.

A2: Also A she-camel that has her fore shank bound to her arm at the grave of her master, and is left without food until she dies: (T:) or a she-camel, (M in arts. بلو and بلى, and K,) or a mare, or beast of the equine kind, (M in art. بلو,) that is bound at the grave of her master, (M, K,) he being dead, and is left without food or water (M) until she dies (M, K) and wastes away; for they used to say that her master would be raised from the dead upon her: (M:) or a she-camel which, in the Time of Ignorance, had her fore shank bound to her arm at the grave of her master, and was left without food or water until she died: or for which was dug a pit, wherein she was left until she died: for they used to assert that men would be raised from the dead riding upon the بَلَايَا, [pl. of بَلِيَّةٌ in the sense above explained, (T, TA,)] or walking if their beasts whereon they rode were not bound, with the head turned backwards, at their graves: (S:) or a cow, or she-camel, or sheep, or goat, which, in the Time of Ignorance, they used to hamstring, or slaughter, at the grave: so in a trad. (TA.) Suh says that this custom proves that, in the Time of Ignorance, they held the doctrine of the resurrection of the body: but they who held it were the fewer number. (TA.) It is said that بَلِيَّةٌ is originally ↓ مُبْلَاةٌ or ↓ مُبَلَّاةٌ. (TA.) Et-Tirimmáh says, مَنَازِلُ لَا تَرَى الأَنْصَابَ فِيهَا وَلَا حُفَرَ المُبَلَّى لِلْمَنُونِ [Places of abode in which thou wilt not see the stones, or other things, that have been set up to be worshipped, nor the pits of the beast left by the grave of the master to die]; meaning places of abode of the people of El-Islám, exclusively of the pagans. (S.) IAar says that ↓ بَلِىٌّ and بَلِيَّةٌ signify Such as is wearied, or jaded, and emaciated, and dying. (TA.) بَالٍ [act. part. n. of بَلَاهُ; Trying, proving, or testing. b2: And hence,] Knowing, or being acquainted [with a thing]; as in the phrase, جَعَلْتُهُ بَالِيًا بِعُذْرِى I made him to be acquainted with my excuse, and to know the manner thereof. (Mgh.) A2: Also Old, and wearing out [or worn out]; applied to a garment. (Msb.) b2: [Hence,] بَالِيَاتٌ is used as meaning The places of tents. (Ham p. 492.) مُبْلَاةٌ, fem. of مُبَلًى: see بَلِيَّةٌ.

مُبْلًّى, and its fem. مُبَلَّاةٌ: see بَلِيَّةٌ.

مُبَلِّيَاتُ Women that stand around a man's riding-camel [which they bind, or place in a pit, by his grave, to die of hunger and thirst,] when he has died or been slain, wailing for him. (T, S. *) You say, قَامَتْ مُبَلِّيَاتُ فُلَانٍ يَنُحْنَ عَلَيْهِ [The women that bound, or placed, the بَلِيَّة by the grave of such a one stood around it wailing for him]. (T, S.)

نقض: نقض: بدلا من نقض العهد يقال نقض وحدها أي نقضه أو نقض ب: (معجم البلاذري).
نقض الوضوء: (معجم التنبيه): بطلانه وزواله (بوشر)، (معجم التنبيه).
نقض: فند، دحض، رد. نقض كلامه فنده. وفي (النويري أسبانيا 467): نقض عليه: (وقال ابن الرقيق أنه أخ لعبد الله بن محمد وليس بصحيح وينقض ذلك عليه انه قال فيه ... الخ (المقدمة 1: 280).
نقض: استدرك القول، عدل. نقض قوله استدرك قوله (بوشر).
نقض: ثار (معجم البلاذري).
نقض: حجز المقاتلين عن بعضهم (الكالا): النقض حجر المقاتلين.
ناقض: حاجز المقاتلين بمنع بعضهم من بعض (الكالا).
نقض الجرح: فتح جرحا بمعناه المجازي وكذلك الحقيقي وبالتشديد وسواه (بوشر).
نقض: نقض عليه الحمى: عادت الحمى إليه (بوشر).
نقض: خرب، قوض (باين سميث 1615 - 6).
نقض: انظر شهب (في معجم المنصوري): النجوم الساقطة تدعى بنجوم الرجم المنقضة.
نقض الجرح: (انظر نقض).
ناقض: فند، دحض (بوشر).
ناقض: يبدو أن المرادف الذي أعطاه (فوك) في القسم الأول، أي corumpere كان خطأ.
أنقض: أذاب، حل، فك (عباد 1: 190، عدد 194) فتق (فوك).
أنقض الزرد: قطع، فك، فتق الزرد (الكالا).
أنقض: أحذف المعنى الأخير الذي ذكره (فريتاج)، لأن (رايسك) كان مخطئا، أنظر (فهرست المخطوطات الذي وضعته (ليدن 2: 36، عدد 1).
تناقضوا الكلام بينهم: تحادثوا بينهم: تحادثوا (ألف ليلة برسل 10: 222): وجلسوا يتحدثون ويتنادمون الكلام بينهم.
تناقضا البيع= نقضاه (محيط المحيط) انتقض: انفصل، انفك (الكالا).
انتقاض الرزرد: فتقة انفكاكة وقطعه (الكالا) وعنده انتقض وحدها تستعمل للتعبير عن انتقاض الزرد.
شيء ينتقض: شيء قابل للبسط (الكالا).
انتقض الأمر: في (محيط المحيط). (انتقض الجرح بعد برئه والأمر بعد التئامه، أي نكس وفسد)، -أن الذي لاحظته أن (م. المحيط) لم يشرح معنى انتقض الأمر، بل ذكر معنى انتقض البناء والحبل انتكث وانحل برمه والطهارة بطلت ويقال انتقض الجرح بعد برئه .. الخ، لذلك بات من الضروري العودة إلى معنى الجملة التي ذكرها (دوزي) المصنف (انتقض الأمر)، فقد ذكر أن معناها بالفرنسية s'est brouille, L'affaire، أي أن القضية قد تشوشت أو تلبكت: (المترجم).
انتقضت الطهارة: بطلت (محيط المحيط)، (معجم التنبيه).
انتقض المجلس: رفعت الجلسة (بوشر): الفاء من أخطاء الطباعة.
انتقض على: ثار على (معجم البلاذري، عبد الواحد 198: 12 و99: 15 و262: 6 عادات 6، حيان 37 و38 و69، ابن خلدون مخطوطة 4: 9).
انتقض: في (محيط المحيط): (انتقض الجرح بعد برئه، بعد التئامه، أي نكس وفسد) (معجم البلاذري، كليلة ودمنة 178: 2، البربرية 2: 242، قرطاس 67: 4، 198).
انتقض: ابتعد، ارتحل (هوجفلايت 90، العدد 151).
نقض: بسط ما كان مطويا (الكالا).
نقض: في (محيط المحيط): (ما انتقض من البنيان والجمع أنقاض ونقوض) (المقري 1: 471: 10 و16. قرطاس 33: 3، الفخري 185: 10، محمد بن الحارث 299): لست أبيع نقضها (كذا) بهذا الثمن فكيف الدار جميعا.
نقضة والجمع نقض: في (محيط المحيط): (النقضة المرة وعند النجارين الخشبة يسقف بها البيت والجمع نقض).
نقيضة: عكس (دي ساسي كرست 1: 37).
نقاض: هدام البناء (معجم البلاذري).
منقوص: مطروح أرضا (الكالا).
تناقض: في (محيط المحيط): (التناقض التخالف والتدافع ويقال في كلامه تناقض إذا كان بعضه يقتضي إبطال بعض) (سي ساسي كرست 1: 39).

نقض

1 نَقَضَهُ, (M, Mgh, Msb,) aor. ـُ (M, Msb, TA,) inf. n. نَقْضٌ, (S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K,) He undid it; took it; or pulled it, to pieces: untwisted it: unravelled it: unwove it: dissolved it: broke it: or rendered it uncompact, unsound, or unfirm,: after having made it compact, sound, or firm: (JK, M, A, Msb, K, TA:) namely a building, or structure: and a rope, or cord: (S, A, Mgh, Msb, K, TA:) and silk, or flax: (TA:) and cloth: (L:) and (tropical:) a compact, contract, or covenant; (S, A, Msb, K, TA;) and (assumed tropical:) a sale: (Mgh:) and (assumed tropical:) other things; (A, K, TA;) such as (assumed tropical:) an affair, or a case; and (assumed tropical:) the state of a place through which the invasion of an enemy is feared: (TA:) contr. of أَبْرَمَهُ, (M, A, K, TA,) as relating to a building or structure, and to a rope or cord, (A, K, TA,) and to a compact or contract or covenant, &c.: (K, TA:) or i. q. حَلَّ بَرْمَهُ, as relating to a rope or cord, and to a compact or contract or covenant: (Msb:) or i. q. هَدَمَهُ, as relating to a building or structure: (TA:) or the inf. n. signifies إِفْسَادُ مَا أَبْرَمْتَ, as relating to a building or structure. (JK, TA,) and to a rope or cord, (JK,) and to a compact or contract or covenant. (TA.) [It is said in the K, that النَّقْضُ is the contr. of الإِبْرَامُ, like الإِنْتقَاضُ and التَّنَاقُضُ: but this is a glaring mistake; and seems to be a corruption of the following passage in the M: النَّقْضُ ضِدُّ الإِبْرَامِ نَقَضَهُ يَنْقُضُهُ نَقْضًا وَانْتَقَضَ وَتَنَاقَضَ, which is meant indicate that انتقض and تناقض are quasi-passives of نَقَضَهُ: and in like manner, the passage in the A, النَّقْضُ فِى البِنَآءِ وَالحَبْلِ وَغَيْرِهِ ضِدُّ الإِبْرَامِ وَانْتَقَضَ وَنَتَقَّضَ, indicates that انتقض and تنقّض are quasi-passives of نَقَضَهُ. Further. it should be observed that نَقَضَهُ, as relating to a building, is not well explained by هَدَمَهُ; for you say, نَقَضَ البِنَآءَ مِنْ غَيْرِ هَدْمٍ, (mentioned in the S and A, &c., in art. قوض,) meaning He took to pieces the building without demolishing, or destroying.] b2: [Hence,] نَقَصَ فُلَانٌ وَتَرَهُ [lit. Such a one undid, or untwisted, his bow-string]; meaning (tropical:) such a one took, or had taken, his blood-revenge. (A, TA.) And الدَّهْرُ ذُو نَقْضٍ

وَإِمْرَارٍ [lit. Time, or fortune, has a property of untwisting and twisting tightly]; meaning (tropical:) that which time, or fortune, [as it were] twists tightly, [or makes firm.] it, at another time, [as it were] untwists, or undoes. (TA.) And نَقَضْتُ مَا أَبْرَمَهُ (tropical:) I annulled [what he confirmed, or made firm]. (Msb.) And يَنْقُضُ عَلَيْهِ (tropical:) [He undoes, or annuls, or contradicts, what he (another) has said]; said of a poet replying to another poet. (Lth, A, K.) b3: نقض السقف, [i. e., app., نَقْضُ السَّقْفِ,] also signifies تحريك خشبه [i. e. تَحْرِيكُ خَشَبِهِ, The moving, or shaking, of the pieces of wood, or rafters, of the roof]. (TA. [But perhaps the phrase to be explained is السَّقْفُ ↓ نَقَّضَ, and the explanation, correctly, تَحَرَّكَ خَشَبُهُ, i. e. The pieces of wood, or rafters, of the roof moved, or shook, (for this, I am informed, is agreeable with modern usage,) app. so as to produce a sound: see also 5.]) A2: See also 4.2 نَقَّضَ see 4, in two places: b2: and 5; and see 1, next before the last break.3 المُنَاقَضَةُ فِى القَوْلِ is (tropical:) The saying that which is contradictory in its meaning [or meanings; as though one of its meanings undid, or annulled, the other]: (S, * K, TA:) from نَقْضُ البِنَآءِ: and meaning (tropical:) the contending with another in words, [or in contradiction,] each rebutting what the other said. (TA.) You say, ناقضهُ فِى الشَّىْءِ, inf. n. مُنَاقَضَةٌ and نِقَاضٌ, (tropical:) He contradicted him in, or respecting, the thing. (M, TA. *) and قُلْتُ لَهُ نِقَاضًا (tropical:) I contradicted him with respect to his saying, and his satirizing of me. (M, TA.) And ناقض أَحَدُ الشَّاعِرَيْنِ الأَخَرَ (tropical:) [One of the two poets contradicted the other]. (A.) And ناقض قَوْلُهُ الثَّانِى الآوَّلَ (tropical:) [His second saying contradicted the first]. (A, TA.) And ناقض آخِرُ قَوْلِهِ الأَوَّلَ (tropical:) [The last part of his saying contradicted the first]. (Mgh.) [See also 6.]4 انقض الكَمْأَةَ, (M, K, TA.) and انقض عَنْهَا. (M, TA,) He removed the crust of earth from over the truffles: (M:) or he extracted, or took forth, the truffles from the earth. (K, TA.) A2: انقض الكَمْءُ The crusts of earth ??? up (تَقَلْفَعَتْ) from over the truffle; as also ↓ نَقَّضَ. (M, TA.) [See also 5.] b2: انقضت الأَرْضُ The earth showed [or put forth] its plants, or herbage. (M, TA.) A3: انقض also signifies It produced, made, gave, emitted, or uttered, a sound, noise, voice, or cry: (S, M, K, TA:) and [particularly] a slight sound like what is termed نَقْرٌ: (S, TA:) said of a joint of a man, (M, K,) and of the fingers [when their joints are made to crack], and of the ribs, (A,) [see also 5,] and of a camel's saddle, (A, TA.,) and of a cupping-instrument when the cupper sucks it, (TA,) [&c., (see نَقِيضٌ,)] and of an eagle, (S, M, K,) and of a hen (S, A) on the occasion of her laying eggs, (A,) and of a chicken, (M, A, K,) and of an ostrich, and of a quail, and of a hawk, and of a scorpion, and of a frog, and of the [kind of lizard called] وَزَغ, and of the وَبْر [or Syrian hyrax], (M, K,) and of a young camel, the sounds of which are denoted by إِنْقَاضٌ and كَتِيتٌ, as those of a camel advanced in age are by قَرْقَرَةٌ and هَدِيرٌ: (S:) or إِنْقَاضٌ relates to animate things; and ↓ نَقْضٌ, inf. n. of نَقضَ, aor. ـُ and نَقِضَ, to inanimate things. (M, K.) [Accord. to the A, whether said of animate things or of inanimate, it is proper, not tropical, but accord. to what is said in the TA voce نَقِيض, it is properly said of animate things, and tropically of inanimate; though, if any such distinction exist, the reverse seems to me to be more probable.] b2: You say also, انقض بِالدَّابَّةِ, (K,) or بِالْحِمَارِ. (Lth,) or, as As says, (M, TA,) بِالعَيْرِ, (M,) or بِالبَعِيرِ, (TA,) and بِالفَرَسِ, (M, TA,) He made a sound to the beast of carriage, (M, K,) or to the ass, (Lth, As, M,) or to the camel, (As, TA,) and to the horse, (As, M, TA,) at the two sides of his tongue, after making it cleave to the roof of his mouth, (Lth, M, K, TA,) without removing its extremity from its place, (Lth, TA,) in order to chide the beast: (L:) or انقض بِهِ signifies i. q. نَقَرَ بِهِ [q. v.]; (As, M, A, TA;) the object being a [camel such as is called] قَعُود; (A;) or whatever be the object. (As, M, TA.) And انقض بِالْمَعْزِ, (S, Sgh, K,) or بِالعَنْزِ, (M, A,) He called the goats, (S, Sgh, K,) or the she-goat; (M, A;) accord. to Az, (S, Sgh,) or Ks. (M, L.) and انقض بِهِ He made a sound to him like as when thou makest a smacking with the tongue to a sheep or goat, [in the TA, كما تنقر الشاة, for which I read كَمَا تَنْقُرُ بِالشَّاةِ,] deeming him ignorant. (TA.) And He made a clapping to him with one of his hands upon the other, so as to cause a [sound such as is termed] نَقِيض to be heard. (El-Khattábee.) A4: انقض أَصَابِعَهُ (M, A, K) He made a sound, or sounds, [app. a cracking of the joints,] with his fingers: (M:) [and so ↓ نَقَّضَهَا, inf. n. تَنْقِيضٌ: (see فَرْقَعَ:)] or he struck with his fingers in order that they might make a sound, or sounds: (K:) if it mean cracking of the joints (فَرْقَعَة), it is disapproved; but if clapping, it is not. (TA.) And انقض العِلْكَ He caused the [kind of gum called] علك to make a sound, or sounds; [i. e., in chewing it, as many women do;] the doing of which is disapproved. (S, L, K. [But in the S and L, it said that إِنْقَاضُ العِلْكَ signifies تَصْوِيتُهُ, which does not necessarily indicate that the former verb is transitive.]) b2: Hence, (S, M, TA,) انقض الحِمْلُ ظَهْرَهُ (S, M, A, Msb, K *) The load made his back to sound by reason of its weight: (M:) or pressed heavily upon him, (S, M, Msb, K,) so that his back was heard to make a sound such as is termed نَقِيض; (M, K; * i. e. the sound of the camel's saddle when it becomes infirm by reason of the weight of the load; (Bd, xciv. 3;) or a slight sound, as when a man makes a smacking with his tongue (يُنْقِضُ) to his ass, in driving him: (TA:) or oppressed his back by its weight: (Msb:) or rendered him lean, or emaciated; جَعَلَهُ نِقْضًا, i. e. مَهْزُولًا. (Ibn-'Arafeh, K.) Thus in the phrase الَّذِى أَنْقَضَ ظَهْرَكَ, (S, M, K,) in [xciv. 3, of] the Kur. (S, M.) 5 تنقّض: see 8. b2: الأَرْضُ عَنِ الكَمْأَةِ The earth clave, or cracked, or burst, from over the truffles; (S, A, * TA;) syn. تَفَطَّرَتْ. (S, TA.) In all the copies of the K, we find تنقّض الدَّمُ, explained by تَقَطَّرَ; [as though meaning The blood was made to drop, drip, or fall in drops;] but how likely is this to be a mistranscription. (TA.) [The right reading of the phrase is probably تنقّض الكَمْءُ; and of the explanation, تَفَطَّرَ; and if so, the phrase is like أَنْقَضَ الكَمْءُ, and نَقَّضَ, explained above: see 4, second sentence.] b3: تنقّض الَبْيتُ The house, or chamber, became cleft, or cracked, in several places, so as to cause a sound to be heard (K, TA.) And تنقّض is also said of a building, [app. in the same sense,] like ↓ نَقَّضَ. (TA.) [See نَقَّضَ السَّقْفُ, in 1, next before the last break.] You say also, تنقّضت عِظَامُهُ (tropical:) His bones made a sound [app. in being broken]. (IF, K, TA.) [See also 4.]6 تناقض: see 8. b2: تَنَاقُضٌ also signifies (tropical:) Mutual contradiction, or repugnancy; contr. of تَوَافُقٌ. (O, TA.) You say, فِى كَلَامِهِ تَنَاقُضٌ (A, Mgh, Msb, TA,) (tropical:) [In his speech is contradiction, or repugnancy, between different parts;] one part of his speech necessarily implies the annulment of another part; (Msb;) his second saying contradicted (نَاقَضَ) his first. (TA.) And تَنَاقَضَ القَوْلَانِ, (A, Mgh,) or الكَلَامَانِ, (Msb,) (tropical:) The two saying, or sentences, contradicted each other; or were mutually repugnant; as though each undid the other; (Msb;) [they annulled each other.] And تناقض الشَّاعِرَانِ (tropical:) [The two poets contradicted each other.] (A, TA.) And تناقض مَعْنَاهُ (tropical:) Its meaning was contradictory. (S, * K, TA.) A2: [It is also used transitively:] you say, تَنَاقَضَا البَيْعَ (assumed tropical:) They two mutually dissolved the sale: as though compared with the saying تَرَآءَوُا الهِلَالَ, meaning “ they [together] saw the new moon; ” and تَدَاعَوُا القَوْمَ, meaning “ they [together] called the people; ” and تَسَآءَلُوهُمْ, meaning “ they [together] asked them; ” notwithstanding that تناقض is [properly] intransitive. (Mgh.) And تَنَاقَضُوا عُهُودَهُمْ (assumed tropical:) [They mutually dissolved, or broke, their compacts, contracts, or covenants]. (T, voce تناكثوا.) 8 انتقض quasi-pass. of نَقَضَهُ [It became undone; taken, or pulled to pieces: untwisted: unravelled: unwoven: dissolved; broken: or rendered uncompact, unsound, or infirm, after it had been made compact, sound, or firm]: (M, A, Mgh, Msb, TA:) as also ↓ تنقّض, (A,) and ↓ تناقض: (M, TA:) [respecting the first and last, see a remark upon a mistake in the K, following the first sentence in 1: but انتقض afterwards occurs in the K used properly in the phrase مَا انْتَقَضَ مِنَ البُنْيَانِ:] i. q. اِنْتَكثَ: (S:) said of a building, or structure: and of a rope, or cord: (A, Mgh, Msb, TA:) [and of silk, or flax: and of cloth: (see 1:)] and (tropical:) of a compact, contract, or covenant: (TA:) [and of a sale: (see 1:)] and (tropical:) of other things. (A, TA.) b2: [Hence,] انتقضت القَرْحَةُ (tropical:) The wound, or ulcer, became recrudescent. (IF, * A.) And انتقض الجُرْحُ بَعْدَ بُرْئِهِ (assumed tropical:) The wound became in a bad, or corrupt, state, after its healing. (Msb.) and انتقض الأَمْرُ بَعْدَ الْتِئَامِهِ (A, * Msb, TA) (tropical:) The affair, or case, became in a bad, or unsound state, after it had been in a sound state. (Msb.) and انتقض أَمْرُ الثَّغْرِ بَعْدَ سَدِّهِ (assumed tropical:) [The state of the place through which the invasion of an enemy was feared became unfortified, after its being fortified, or closed]. (TA.) And انتقضت الطَّهَارَةُ (assumed tropical:) The state of purity became annulled. (Msb.) And انتقض عَلَيْهِ الشِّعْرُ (tropical:) [The poetry became undone, annulled, or contradicted, by a reply against him: see يَنْقُضُ عَلَيْهِ]. (A, TA.) 11 انقاضّ It (a wall) cracked, without falling down; like إِنْقَضَّ. (K in art. قض.) See also إِنْقَاضَ, in art. قيض.]

نُقْضٌ: see نِقْضٌ, in two places.

نِقْضٌ i. q. ↓ مَنْقُوضٌ [Undone; taken, or pulled, to pieces: untwisted: unravelled: unwoven: dissolved; broken: &c. (see 1:)] (S, Mgh, Msb, K:) like نِكْثٌ (S, TA) in the sense of مَنْكُوثٌ: (TA:) as also ↓ نُقْضٌ; (Mgh, Msb;) and ↓ نَقَضٌ: (Sgh:) but El-Ghooree allows only the first: (Mgh:) Az, however, mentions only the second; (Msb;) which signifies as above, applied to a building, or structure; (M, Mgh;) or what has become taken, or pulled, to pieces, (مَا انْتَقَضَ,) of a building, or structure; (K;) as also the first: (TA:) or نَقْضٌ signifies مَا نَقَضْتَ what thou hast undone; taken, or pulled, to pieces; untwisted; &c.]: (M:) and what is undone, of [the stuff of the tents called] أَخْبِيَة, and of [the garments called] أَكْسِيَة, and twisted a second time; (M, K;) as also ↓ نَقَضٌ; (K;) and ↓ نُقَاضَةٌ: (L:) or this last signifies what is undone of a hair-rope: (S, O, K:) the pl. of نِقْضٌ is أَنْقَاضٌ [a pl. of pauc.], (M,) and of the same, (Msb,) or of ↓ نُقْضٌ, (Mgh, Msb,) نُقُوضٌ. (Mgh, Msb.) b2: (tropical:) Emaciated, or rendered lean, (S, M, K,) by travel; (S, K;) upon which one has journeyed time after time: (O:) Seer says, as though travel had unknit its frame; (M, TA;) thus indicating it to be tropical: (TA:) applied to a male camel, (S, M, K,) and to a horse, (M.) and to a female camel, (S, K,) or the female is termed نِقْضَةٌ: (M, K:) pl. أَنْقَاضٌ, (Sb, S, K,) only, (Sb, M,) both of the masc. and fem.; in the latter, the ة being imagined to be elided; (M;) and نَقَائِضُ is [also said to be] a pl. of نِقْضٌ signifying jaded, applied to a she-camel. (So in a copy of the S in art. نفص.) b3: [See an ex. in a verse cited voce سَدٌّ.] b4: The place, (S,) or crust of earth, (M, K,) that becomes broken from over truffles; (S, M, K;) for when they are about to come forth, they break asunder the surface of the earth: (O:) pl. [of pauc.] أَنْقَاضٌ and [of mult.]

نُقُوضٌ. (M, K.) b5: Accord. to the K, i. q. نِفْضٌ; but the latter is a mistranscription; (TA;) Honey that has in it [worms of the kind called] سُوس; wherefore it is taken, (M, K in art. نفض,) and pounded, (K, ubi supra,) and the place of the bees is smeared (يُلَطَّخُ [in a copy of the M يُطْبَخُ, which is doubtless a mistranscription,]) therewith, together with myrtle (آس) and the bees then come to it, and deposit their honey in it; (M, K, ubi supra;) on the authority of El-Hejeree: (M:) or the dung of bees in the place where they deposit their honey: (IAar, AHn, K, ubi supra:) or the bees that have died therein. (Sgh, K, ubi supra.) A2: See also نَقِيضٌ.

نَقَضٌ: see نِقْضٌ, in two places.

نَقِيضٌ (tropical:) A contradictor: applied to a man: fem. with ة. (M, TA.) You say [also], ذَا نقيضُ ذَاكَ (tropical:) This is a contradictor [i. e. the contrary] of that: (A, TA:) [or this is inconsistent with that: for] النَّقِيضَانِ لَا يَجْتَمِعَانِ وَلَا يَرْتَفِعَانِ [what are termed نقيضان cannot be coëxistent in the same thing, nor simultaneously nonexistent in the same thing]; as existence itself and nonexistence, and motion and rest. (Kull, pp. 231, 232) You say also, هٰذِهِ قَصِيدَةٌ نَقِيضُ قَصِيدَةِ فُلَانٍ (tropical:) [This poem is a contradictor of the poem of such a one]. (A.) And النَّقِيضَةُ in poetry is (tropical:) That by which one undoes or annuls or contradicts [what another poet has said]: (S:) or نَقِيضَةُ الشِّعْرِ consists in a poet's putting forth poetry, and another poet's undoing or annulling or contradicting it, by putting forth what is different therefrom: (Lth, K, * TA:) the subst is نَقِيضٌ: [or rather this seems to be an epithet in which the quality of a subst. is predominant, and syn. with نَقِيضَةٌ:] and the act of the two is termed ↓ مُنَاقَضَةٌ: the pl. of نَقِيضَةٌ is نَقَائِضُ: (TA:) you speak of the نَقَائِض of Jereer and El-Farezdak. (A, TA.) A2: A sound, noise, voice, or cry; (Lth, S, M, O, K:) as also ↓ نِقْضٌ accord to the K; but this is an enormous error: (TA:) the former, of the joints (Lth, M, K) of a man, (M,) [a meaning also assigned to نِقْضٌ in the K,] and of the fingers, and of the ribs, (Lth, M, A,) and of camels' saddles, (S, K,) or of a camel's saddle, (M, O, K, [but in CK, for الرَّحْل, we find الرِّجْل, the foot,]) and of camels' litters, (S, K,) and of tanned skins, (K,) or of a tanned skin, (M,) and of a bow-string, (M, K,) and of نِسْع [q. v.] (O, K,) when new, (O,) and of the sucking of a cupping-instrument; (K;) [in all these senses said in the TA to be tropical; but see 4;] and also the former, (S, M, TA,) in the K, erroneously, the latter word, (TA,) of an eagle, (S, M, K,) and of chickens, and of an ostrich, and of a quail, and of a hawk, and of a scorpion, and of a frog, and of the [kind of lizard called] وَزَغ, and of the وَبْر [or Syrian hyrax; &c., see 4] (M,) نُقَاضَةٌ: see نِقْضٌ.

نَقِيضَةٌ: see نَقِيضٌ.

مَنْقُوضٌ: see نِقْضٌ.

مُنَاقَضَةٌ: see نَقِيَضٌ.

مُنْتقِضٌ i. q. مُترَيِّعٌ, [Refraining.] see art. ريع.

عس

1 عَسَّ, (S, A, O, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (S, A, O, Msb,) inf. n. عَسٌّ (S, O, Msb, K) and عَسَسٌ; (S, O, K;) and ↓ اعتسّ; (S, O, K;) He went roundabout, patrolled, or went the rounds, by night, (S, A, O, K,) to guard the people: (TA:) he made search by night after suspicious persons, or persons to be suspected, (S, A, O, Msb, K,) and investi-gated, or discovered, their opinions, or sentiments: (TA:) he went to and fro; syn. اِخْتَلَفَ. (Ham p. 320.) It is said in a prov., كَلْبٌ عَسَّ خَيْرٌ مِنْ كَلْبٍ رَبَضَ, (S, O,) or ↓ اعْتَسَّ; (O, K;) or, as some relate it, عَاسٌّ, and رَابِضٍ; (TA;) [A dog that has gone the rounds by night is better than a dog that has lain down; or a dog going the rounds &c.;] said for the purpose of urging to make gain: meaning that he who occupies himself in business is better than he who lacks power or ability: (TA:) or, as some relate it, كَلْبٌ عَسَّ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَسَدٍ

انْدَسَّ [a dog that has gone the rounds by night is better than a lion that has hidden himself]; alluding to the superiority of the weak who occupies himself in making gain over the strong who holds back. (O, TA.) You also say of a wolf, (S, O, K,) and of any beast of prey, (TA,) ↓ عَسْعَسَ, meaning, He went roundabout by night, (S, O, K, TA,) seeking for prey: (TA:) and ↓ تَعَسْعَسَ he (a wolf, TA) sought for prey (S, O, K, TA) by night: (S, TA:) and ↓ اعتسّ he [a man] sought, sought after, or sought to gain, sustenance: (S, O, K:) and ↓ تَعَسْعَسَ he (a wolf, AA, S) smelt [app. to find prey]. (AA, S, O, K. *) A2: عَسَّ خَبَرُهُ, (S, L, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. عَسٌّ, (L, TA,) His tidings were slow, or tardy. (S, L, K, TA. [In the O, خَيْرُهُ.]) b2: عَسَّتْ, aor. ـُ She (a camel) yielded little milk, though her milk had collected in her udder since the next previous milking. (TA.) b3: And عَسَّتْ, aor. ـُ inf. n. عِسَاسٌ, She (a camel) grumbled much on being milked. (TA.) Hence, دَرَّتْ عِسَاسًا She yielded her milk unwillingly. (IDrd, O, K, TA.) b4: And عَسَّتْ, (S, O, K,) aor. ـُ (S, O, TA,) inf. n. عَسٌّ, (TA,) She (a camel) pastured alone. (S, O, K.) b5: and عَسَّ عَلَىَّ بِخَيْرِهِ He was parsimonious to me with his wealth. (AA, TA.) A3: عَسَّهُ, (A,) aor. ـُ (S, A,) inf. n. عَسٌّ; (A;) and ↓ اعتسّهُ; (S, * K, * TA;) He sought, or sought for or after, him [or it]: (S, * A, K: *) or the latter, he sought, or sought for or after, it (a thing) by night. (TA.) You say, ذَهَبَ يَعُسُّ صَاحِبَهُ He went away seeking his companion. (A.) And الإِبِلَ ↓ اِعْتَسَسْنَا وَلَا قِسَاسًا ↓ فَمَا وَجَدْنَا عِسَاسًا We sought for the camels, or sought for them by night, and found not any trace. (TA.) And الآثَارَ ↓ فُلَانٌ يَعْتَسُّ Such a one traces footsteps. (A.) And ↓ يَعْتَسُّ الفُجُورَ He follows vice, immorality, or unrighteousness. (A.) A4: عَسَّ القَوْمَ, (O, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. عَسٌّ, (TA,) He fed the people, or party, with somewhat little in quantity. (O, K, TA.) 8 إِعْتَسَ3َ see عَسَّ, in three places: b2: and عَسَّهُ, in four places. b3: You say also, اعتسّ بَلَدَ كَذَا He trod such a country, and knew its tidings. (TA.) b4: And اعتسّ النَّاقَةَ He sought to obtain the she-camel's milk. (TA.) b5: And اعتسّ الإِبِلَ He entered into the midst of the camels, and stroked their udders in order that they might yield their milk. (O, K. *) R. Q. 1 عَسْعَسَ: see عَسَّ. b2: عَسْعَسَ اللَّيْلُ The night came on: (AO, IAar, Msb:) or came on with its darkness; (TA;) its darkness came on: (IDrd, S, O, K:) or departed: (IDrd, O, K:) or it has this last meaning also; (AO, IAar, Msb;) bearing two contr. significations: (Ktr, AHát, Msb:) or was dark; meaning, all the night: (IAar:) Fr says that, in the Kur [lxxxi. 17], وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا عَسْعَسَ, accord. to all the expositors, signifies and by the night when it departeth: but that some of his companions asserted the meaning to be when its commencement approacheth, and it becometh dark: like as you say عَسْعَسَ السَّحَابُ, (S, O,) which signifies the clouds approached the earth: (Fr, S, O, K:) or this is only said when it is in the night, with darkness and lightning. (Lth, O, TA.) R. Q. 2 تَعَسْعَسَ: see عَسَّ, in two places.

جئْ بِالمَالِ مِنْ عَسِّكَ وَبِسِّكَ (S, O, K) [Bring thou the property] from where it is and where it is not: (TA:) i. q. مِنْ حَسِّكَ وَبَسِّكَ: (S, O, K, TA:) which means thus: (TA in art. حس:) or whence thou wilt: (S, O, K, TA, ibid.:) or from any, or every, quarter. (TA ibid.) عُسٌّ A [drinking-cup or bowl, of the kind called] قَدَح: (TA:) or a large قَدَح, (S, A, Mgh, O, L, Msb, K,) from which two or three or more [men] may satisfy their thirst; (L, TA;) larger than the غُمَر; (L, voce رِفْدٌ:) though this is greater in height; (TA;) and larger than the قَعْب; (IAar, in TA, voce قَعْبٌ;) but not so large as the رِفْد: (S, O:) pl. عِسَاسٌ (S, A, Mgh, O, Msb, K) and عِسَسَةٌ (TA) and [pl. of pauc.]

أَعْسَاسٌ. (IAth, Msb.) b2: Hence, one says, هُوَ لَكَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ العُسِّ, meaning (assumed tropical:) It is apparent, manifest, or conspicuous, to thee. (O in art. ظهر.) A2: And The penis. (O, K.) عَسَسٌ: see عَاسٌّ.

عُسُسٌ Slowness, or tardiness. (TA.) A2: Also, [in the CK, erroneously, عُسْعُس,] Covetous merchants or traders: (IAar, O, K, * TA:) accord. to [some of] the copies of the K, it signifies تُجَّارٌ and حُرَصَآءُ; but the conjunction should be omitted. (TA.) A3: And Large vessels. (IAar, O, K.) عِسَاسٌ A trace, footstep, vestige, or the like: see 1, latter part. (TA.) عَسُوسٌ A seeker: (TA:) [see عَاسٌّ:] or a seeker, or pursuer, of prey, or game, (S, O, K, TA,) by night, or at any time; applied to a wolf, or to any beast of prey: (TA:) or a wolf, or, as some say, any beast of prey, that seeks much for prey by night; as also ↓ عَسَّاسٌ and ↓ عَسْعَسٌ and ↓ عَسْعَاسٌ: (TA:) and hence, (S,) ↓ each of the last three, (S, O, K,) as well as the first, (K,) a wolf: (S, O, K:) and the first (عسوس), a dog that pursues much, and will not eat. (TA.) A2: Also A she-camel that yields little milk: (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K:) or that will not yield her milk until she becomes remote from men: (O, K:) and one that, when she is roused to be milked, goes along awhile, then goes roundabout, and then yields her milk: (O, * K, * TA:) and one evil in disposition when milked, (O, K, TA,) that grumbles much, (O, TA,) and goes aside from the other camels: (TA:) and one that kicks the milker, and spills the milk: (TA:) and one whose udder is stroked to try if she have milk or not. (O, K.) Also A she-camel that pastures alone; (Az, S, O, K;) like قَسُوسٌ. (Az, S, O.) And A she-camel that seeks after bones, and eats the flesh upon them تَرْتَمّٰهَا [in the TK erroneously تريمها]). (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K.) b2: Also A woman who does not care for, or mind, her approaching men: (O, K:) or, accord. to Er-Rághib, who ventures upon that which occasions suspicion, or evil opinion. (TA.) b3: And A man in whom is little, or no, good or goodness; or who does little good. (O, K.) b4: And One who is slow, or tardy. (TA.) عَسِيسٌ: see عَاسٌّ.

عَسَّاسٌ: see عَسُوسٌ; each in two places.

عَسْعَسٌ: see عَسُوسٌ; each in two places.

عَسْعَاسٌ: see عَسُوسٌ, in two places.

A2: Also The سَرَاب [or mirage]. (O, K.) عَسَاعِسُ Hedge-hogs: because of their often going to and fro by night. (S, O, K.) عَاسٌّ One who patrols, or goes the rounds, by night, (S, A, O, Msb, K,) for the Sultán, (Msb,) to guard the people: (TA:) who makes search by night after suspicious persons, or persons to be suspected, (S, A, O, K,) and investigates, or discovers, their opinions, or sentiments: (TA:) and any seeker of a thing: (A:) used as a sing and pl.: or it is a quasi-pl. n. also: being, without idghám, [i. e., in its original form, عَاسِسٌ.] like بَاقِرٌ and جَامِلٌ: (TA:) or the pl. is ↓ عَسَسٌ, (S, * A; O, Msb, * K,) or this is a quasi-pl. n., (TA,) and ↓ عَسِيسٌ, like حَجِيجٌ, (O, K,) [or this is also a quasi-pl. n.,] and عُسَّاسٌ and عَسَسَةٌ. (TA.) [See طَائِفٌ.]

مَعَسٌّ A place where a thing is sought, or to be sought; syn. مَطْلَبٌ. (S, O, K.) ISd cites, as an ex., from El-Akhtal, مُعَفَّرَةٌ لَا يُكْنِهُ السَّيْفُ وَسْطَهَا

إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيهَا مَعَسٌّ وَطَالِبُ [Defiled with dust, the sword will not reach the middle of it if there be not in it a place where something is to be sought and a seeker]. (TA.) You say also, هُوَ قَرِيبُ المَعَسِّ [He, or it, is near as to the place where he, or it, is to be sought]. (TK.)

زين

1 زَانَهُ, (S, MA, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ (Msb,) inf. n. زَيْنٌ; (MA, Msb, KL, TA;) and ↓ زيّنهُ, (S, MA, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَزْيِينٌ; (Msb, KL, TA;) and ↓ أَزَانَهُ, (Msb, K,) and ↓ أَزْيَنَهُ, (K,) which is its original form, (TA,) inf. n. إِزَانَةٌ; (Msb;) signify the same; (S, MA, Msb, K;) He, or it, adorned, ornamented, decorated, decked, bedecked, garnished, embellished, beautified, or graced, him, or it. (MA, KL, PS: [and the like is indicated in the S and Msb and K.]) [زَانَهُ said of a quality, and of an action, and of a saying, is best rendered It adorned him, or graced him, or was an honour to him; contr. of شَانَهُ; as is indicated in the S and K: and sometimes means it was his pride: and ↓ زيّنهُ means as expl. above: and he embellished it, dressed it up, or trimmed it; said in this sense as relating to language: and he embellished it, or dressed it up, namely, an action &c. to another (لِغَيْرِهِ); often said in this sense of the Devil; (as in the Kur vi. 43, &c.;) i. e. he commended it to him:] زَانَهُ كَذَا and ↓ زيّنهُ [Such a thing adorned him, &c.,] are expl. as said when one's excellence [فَضْلُهُ, as I read for فعله, an evident mistranscription,] appears either by speech or by action: and اللّٰهِ لِلْأَشْيَآءِ ↓ تَزْيِينُ [God's adorning, &c., of things] is sometimes by means of his creating them مُزَيَّنَة [i. e. adorned, &c.]; and النَّاسِ ↓ تَزْيِينُ [The adorning, &c., of men], by their abundance of property, and by their speech, i. e. by their extolling Him. (Er-Rághib, TA.) One says, زَانَهُ الحُسْنُ [Beauty adorned, or graced, him, or it]. And Mejnoon says, فَيَا رَبِّ إِذْ صَيَّرْتَ لَيْلَى لِىَ الهَوَى

فَزِنِّى لِعَيْنَيْهَا كَمَا زِنْتَهَا لِيَا [And, O my Lord, since Thou hast made Leylà to be to me the object of love, then grace Thou me to her eyes like as Thou hast graced her to me]. (S, TA: but in the former, مِنَ الهَوى in the place of لِىَ الهَوَى. [The reading in the S means of the objects of love: for هَوًى, being originally an inf. n., may be used alike as sing. and pl.]) السِّلْعَةِ فِى البَيْعِ ↓ تَزْيِينُ [means The setting off, or commending, of a commodity in selling; and] is allowed, if without concealment of a fault, or defect, from the purchaser, and without lying in the attribution and description of the article. (TA.) 2 زَيَّنَ see above, in six places.4 أَزَانَهُ and أَزْيَنَهُ: see 1, first sentence.

A2: See also the paragraph here following.5 تزيّن and ↓ اِزْدَانَ, (S, K,) the latter of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ, [originally اِزْتَيَنَ, and then اِزْتَانَ,] (S,) quasi-pass. verbs, [the former of زَيَّنَهُ and the latter of زَانَهُ,] (K,) signify the same; (S;) [He, or it, was, or became, adorned, ornamented, decorated, decked, bedecked, garnished, embel-lished, beautified, or graced;] as also اِزَّيَّنَ, (S, * K,) [a variation of the first, being] originally تَزَيَّنَ, the ت being made quiescent, and incorporated into the ز, and the ا being prefixed in order that the inception may be perfect; (S, TA;) and ↓ ازيانّ; and ↓ ازينّ. (K.) One says, أَزْيَنَتِ ↓ الأَرْضُ بِعُشْبِهَا [perhaps a mistranscription for ↓ اِزْيَنَّتِ The earth, or land, became adorned, &c., with, or by, its herbage]; as also اِزَّيَّنَت, originally تَزَيَّنَت [as expl. above]; (S;) and some, in the Kur x. 25, read تَزَيَّنَت; and some, ↓ ازيانّت. (Bd.) And they said, إِذَا طَلَعَتِ الجَبْهَةُ تَزَيَّنَتِ النَّخْلَةُ [When الجبهة (the Tenth Mansion of the Moon) rises aurorally, the palm-tree becomes garnished with ripening dates: that Mansion thus rose in central Arabia, about the commencement of the era of the Flight, on the 12th of August, O. S; and in that region, at, or soon after, that period, the dates begin to ripen]. (TA.) [تزيّن is said of language, as meaning It was embellished, dressed up, or trimmed: and of an action &c., as meaning it was embellished, or dressed up, i. e. commended, to a person, by another man, and, more commonly, by the Devil.] b2: And تزيّن also signifies He adorned, ornamented, decorated, decked, &c., himself. (MA, KL.) [Hence,] تزيّن بِالبَاطِلِ [He invested himself with that which did not belong to him]. (S and TA in art. شبع.) 8 اِزْدَانَ, originally اِزْتَيَنَ: see the next preceding paragraph, first sentence.9 إِزْيَنَّ see 5, each in two places.11 إِزْيَاْنَّ see 5, each in two places.

زَانٌ: see art. زون.

زَيْنٌ [as an inf. n., and also as a simple subst.,] is the contr. of شَيْنٌ: (S, Msb, K:) [as a simple subst.,] i. q. زِينَةٌ, q. v.: (Har p. 139:) [and commonly signifying A grace; a beauty; a comely quality; a physical, and also an intel-lectual, adornment; an honour, or a credit; and anything that is the pride, or glory, of a person or thing: in these senses contr. of شَيْنٌ:] pl. أَزْيَانٌ. (K.) b2: Az says, I heard a boy of [the tribe called] Benoo- 'Okeyl say to another, وَجْهِى زَيْنٌ وَوَجْهُكَ شَيْنٌ, meaning My face is comely and thy face is ugly; for وَجْهِى ذُو زَيْنٍ وَوَجْهُكَ ذُو شَيْنٍ

[my face is possessed of comeliness and thy face is possessed of ugliness]; using the inf. ns. as epithets; like as one says رَجُلٌ صَوْمٌ and عَدْلٌ. (TA.) b3: Also The comb of the cock. (S.) زَانَةٌ [mentioned in this art. in the K]: see art. زون.

زِينَةٌ, the subst. from زَانَهُ, (Msb,) signifies مَا يُتَزَيَّنُ بِهِ [i. e. A thing with which, or by which, one is adorned, ornamented, decorated, decked, bedecked, garnished, embellished, beautified, or graced; or with which, or by which, one adorns, &c., himself]; (T, S, K;) any such thing; (T, TA;) [any ornament, ornature, decoration, garnish, embellishment, or grace;] and so ↓ زِيانٌ; (K;) and ↓ زَيْنٌ, also, [which see above,] signifies the same as زِينَةٌ: (Har p. 139:) accord. to El-Harállee, زِينَةٌ denotes the [means of] beautifying, or embellishing, a thing by another thing; consisting of apparel, or an ornament of gold or silver or of jewels or gems, or aspect: or, as some say, it is the beauty [seen] of the eye that does not reach to the interior of that which is adorned [thereby]: accord. to Er-Rághib, its proper mean-ing is a thing that does not disgrace, or render unseemly, a man, in any of his states or conditions, either in the present world or in that which is to come: but that which adorns him in one state or condition, exclusively of another, is in one point of view شَيْنٌ: summarily speaking, it is of three kinds; namely, mental, such as knowledge or science, and good tenets; and bodily, such as strength, and tallness of stature, and beauty of aspect; and extrinsic, such as wealth, and rank or station or dignity; and all these are mentioned in the Kur: (TA:) the pl. is زِيَنٌ. (Bd in x. 25.) زِينَةُ الحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا [or simply زِينَةُ الدُّنْيَا generally means The ornature, finery, show, pomp, or gaiety, of the present life or world; and] particularly includes wealth and children. (Kur xviii. 44.) زِينَةُ الأَرْضِ [The ornature of the earth] means the plants, or herbage, of the earth. (TA.) يَوْمُ الزِّينَةِ [The day of ornature] is the festival (العِيدُ); (S, K;) when men used [and still use] to adorn themselves with goodly articles of apparel. (TA.) And also The day of the breaking [of the dam a little within the entrance] of the canal of Misr [here meaning the present capital of Egypt, El-Káhireh, which we call “ Cairo ”], (K, TA,) i. e. the canal which runs through the midst of Misr, and [the dam of] which is broken when the Nile has attained the height of sixteen cubits or more: this day is said to be meant in the Kur xx. 61: it is one of the days observed in Egypt with the greatest gladness and rejoicing from ancient times; and its observance in the days of the Fátimees was such as is inconceivable, as it is described in the “ Khitat ” of El-Makreezee. (TA. [The modern observances of this day, and of other days in relation to the rise of the Nile, are described in my work on the Modern Egyptians.]) قَمَرٌ زَيَانٌ A beautiful moon. (K.) زِيَانٌ: see زِينَةٌ.

زِيَانَةٌ The art, or occupation, of the مُزَيِّن: so in the present day.]

زَائِنٌ: see the last paragraph in this art. مُزَيَّنٌ: see مُتَزَيِّنٌ. b2: [Also,] applied to a man, Having his hair trimmed, or clipped, [or shaven, by the مُزَيِّن.] (S, TA.) مُزَيِّنٌ i. q. حَجَّامٌ [i. e. A cupper; who is generally a barber; and to the latter this epithet (مُزَيِّنٌ) is now commonly applied; as it is also in the MA]. (S, TA.) A2: See also مُتَزَيِّنٌ.

مُزَيِّينٌ: see مُتَزَيِّنٌ.

مُزَّانٌ: see each in two places in what follows.

مُزْدَانٌ: see each in two places in what follows.

مُتَزَيِّنٌ and ↓ مُزْدَانٌ and ↓ مُزَّانٌ signify the same [i. e. Adorned, ornamented, decorated, decked, bedecked, garnished, embellished, or graced; as also ↓ مُزَيَّنٌ: and the first signifies also selfadorned &c.]: (TA:) the second and third are part. ns. of اِزْدَانَ; the third being formed from the second by incorporation [of the د into the ز]: and the dim. of مُزْدَانٌ is ↓ مُزَيِّنٌ, like مُخَيِّرٌ the dim. of مُخْتَارٌ; and if you substitute [for the د], ↓ مُزَيِّينٌ: and in like manner in forming the pl. you say مَزَايِنُ and مَزَايِينُ. (S.) You say, أَنَا بِإِعْلَامِكَ ↓ مُزَّانٌ and ↓ مُزْدَانٌ, meaning مُتَزَيِّنٌ بِإِعْلَامِ أَمْرِكَ [i. e. I am graced by the making known of thy command, or affair]. (TA.) and ↓ اِمْرَأَةٌ زَائِنٌ means مُتَزَيِّنَةٌ [i. e. A woman adorned, &c.; or self-adorned &c.]: (K, TA:) in [some of] the copies of the K, erroneously, مُتَزَيِّنٌ. (TA.)

الصِّينُ:
بالكسر، وآخره نون: بلاد في بحر المشرق مائلة إلى الجنوب وشماليها الترك، قال ابن الكلبي عن الشرقي: سميت الصين بصين، وصين وبغرابنا بغبر بن كماد بن يافث، ومنه المثل: ما يدري شغر من بغر، وهما بالمشرق وأهلهما بين الترك والهند، قال أبو القاسم الزّجاجي: سميت بذلك لأن صين بن بغبر بن كماد أوّل من حلّها وسكنها، وسنذكر خبرهم ههنا، والصين في الإقليم الأوّل، طولها من المغرب مائة وأربع وستون درجة وثلاثون دقيقة، قال الحازمي:
كان سعد الخير الأندلسي يكتب لنفسه الصيني لأنّه سافر إلى الصين، وقال العمراني: الصين موضع بالكوفة وموضع أيضا قريب من الإسكندرية، قال المفجّع في كتاب المنقذ، وهو كتاب وضعه على مثال الملاحن لابن دريد: الصين بالكسر موضعان الصين الأعلى والصين الأسفل، وتحت واسط بليدة مشهورة يقال لها الصينية ويقال لها أيضا صينية الحوانيت، ينسب إليها صينيّ، منها الحسن بن أحمد ابن ماهان أبو عليّ الصيني، حدث عن أحمد بن عبيد الواسطي، يروي عنه أبو بكر الخطيب وقال: كان قاضي بلدته وخطيبها، وأمّا إبراهيم بن إسحاق الصيني فهو كوفيّ كان يتّجر إلى الصين فنسب إليها، وقال أبو سعد: وممن نسب إلى الصين أبو الحسن سعد الخير ابن محمد بن سهل بن سعد الأنصاري الأندلسي، كان يكتب لنفسه الصيني لأنّه كان قد سافر من المغرب إلى الصين، وكان فقيها صالحا كثير المال، سمع الحديث من أبي الخطّاب بن بطر القاري وأبي عبد الله الحسين بن محمد بن طلحة النّعّال وغيرهما، وذكره أبو سعد في شيوخه، ومات سنة 541، ولهم صينيّ آخر لا يدرى إلى أيّ شيء هو منسوب، وهو حميد ابن محمد بن علي أبو عمرو الشيباني يعرف بحميد الصيني، سمع السريّ بن خزيمة وأقرانه، روى عنه أبو سعيد بن أبي بكر بن أبي عثمان وغيره، وهذا شيء من أخبار الصين الأقصى ذكرته كما وجدته لا أضمن صحته فإن كان صحيحا فقد ظفرت بالغرض وإن كان كذبا فتعرف ما تقوّله الناس، فإن هذه بلاد شاسعة ما رأينا من مضى إليها فأوغل فيها وإنما يقصد التجار أطرافها، وهي بلاد تعرف بالجاوة على سواحل البحر شبيهة ببلاد الهند يجلب منها العود والكافور والسنبل والقرنفل والبسباسة والعقاقير والغضائر الصينيّة، فأمّا بلاد الملك فلم نر أحدا رآها، وقرأت في كتاب عتيق ما صورته: كتب إلينا أبو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل في ذكر ما شاهده
ورآه في بلاد الترك والصين والهند قال: إنّي لما رأيتكما يا سيّديّ، أطال الله بقاءكما، لهجين بالتصنيف مولعين بالتأليف أحببت أن لا أخلي دستوركما وقانون حكمتكما من فائدة وقعت إليّ مشاهدتها وأعجوبة رمت بي الأيّام إليها ليروق معنى ما تتعلّمانه السمع ويصبو إلى استيفاء قراءته القلب، وبدأت بعد حمد الله والثناء على أنبيائه بذكر المسالك المشرقية واختلاف السياسة فيها وتباين ملكها وافتراق أحوالها وبيوت عبادتها وكبرياء ملوكها وحكوم قوّامها ومراتب أولي الأمر والنهي لديها لأن معرفة ذلك زيادة في البصيرة واجبة في السيرة قد حضّ الله تعالى عليها أولي التيقظ والاعتبار وكلّفه أهل العقول والأبصار فقال، جلّ اسمه: أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا في الْأَرْضِ 12: 109، فرأيت معاونتكما لما وشج بيننا من الإخاء وتوكّد من المودّة والصفاء، ولما نبا بي وطني ووصل بي السير إلى خراسان ضاربا في الأرض أبصرت ملكها والموسوم بإمارتها نصر بن أحمد الساماني، عظيم الشأن كبير السلطان يستصغر في جنبه أهل الطّول وتخفّ عنده موازين ذوي القدرة والحول، ووجدت عنده رسل قالين بن الشخير ملك الصين راغبين في مصاهرته طامعين في مخالطته يخطبون إليه ابنته فأبى ذلك واستنكره لحظر الشريعة له، فلمّا أبى ذلك راضوه على أن يزوّج بعض ولده ابنة ملك الصين فأجاب إلى ذلك فاغتنمت قصد الصين معهم فسلكنا بلد الأتراك فأوّل قبيلة وصلنا إليها بعد أن جاوزنا خراسان وما وراء النهر من مدن الإسلام قبيلة في بلد يعرف بالخركاه فقطعناها في شهر نتغذّى بالبرّ والشعير، ثمّ خرجنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بالطخطاخ تغذّينا فيها بالشعير والدخن وأصناف من اللحوم والبقول الصحراويّة فسبرنا فيها عشرين يوما في أمن ودعة يسمع أهلها لملك الصين ويطيعونه ويؤدّون الإتاوة إلى الخركاه لقربهم إلى الإسلام ودخولهم فيه وهم يتّفقون معهم في أكثر الأوقات على غزو من بعد عنهم من المشركين، ثمّ وصلنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بالبجا فتغذّينا فيهم بالدخن والحمص والعدس وسرنا بينهم شهرا في أمن ودعة، وهم مشركون ويؤدّون الإتاوة إلى الطخطاخ ويسجدون لملكهم ويعظمون البقر ولا تكون عندهم ولا يملكونها تعظيما لها، وهو بلد كثير التين والعنب والزعرور الأسود وفيه ضرب من الشجر لا تأكله النار، ولهم أصنام من ذلك الخشب، ثمّ خرجنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بالبجناك طوال اللحى أولو أسبلة همج يغير بعضهم على بعض ويفترش الواحد المرأة على ظهر الطريق، يأكلون الدخن فقط، فسرنا فيهم اثني عشر يوما وأخبرنا أن بلدهم عظيم مما يلي الشمال وبلد الصقالبة ولا يؤدّون الخراج إلى أحد، ثم سرنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بالجكل يأكلون الشعير والجلبان ولحوم الغنم فقط ولا يذبحون الإبل ولا يقتنون البقر ولا تكون في بلدهم، ولباسهم الصوف والفراء لا يلبسون غيرهما، وفيهم نصارى قليل، وهم صباح الوجوه يتزوّج الرجل منهم بابنته وأخته وسائر محارمه، وليسوا مجوسا ولكن هذا مذهبهم في النكاح، يعبدون سهيلا وزحل والجوزاء وبنات نعش والــجدي ويسمون الشعرى اليمانية ربّ الأرباب، وفيهم دعة ولا يرون الشّرّ، وجميع من حولهم من قبائل الترك يتخطفهم ويطمع فيهم، وعندهم نبات يعرف بالكلكان طيب الطعام يطبخ مع اللحم، وعندهم معادن البازهر وحياة الحبق، وهي بقر هناك، ويعملون من الدم والذاذي البرّي نبيذا يسكر سكرا شديدا، وبيوتهم من الخشب والعظام، ولا ملك لهم، فقطعنا بلدهم في أربعين يوما في أمن وخفض ودعة، ثم خرجنا إلى قبيلة
تعرف بالبغراج لهم أسبلة بغير لحى يعملون بالسلاح عملا حسنا فرسانا ورجّالة، ولهم ملك عظيم الشأن يذكر أنّه علويّ وأنّه من ولد يحيى بن زيد وعنده مصحف مذهّب على ظهره أبيات شعر رثي بها زيد، وهم يعبدون ذلك المصحف، وزيد عندهم ملك العرب وعلي بن أبي طالب، رضي الله عنه، عندهم إله العرب لا يملّكون عليهم أحدا إلّا من ولد ذلك العلوي، وإذا استقبلوا السماء فتحوا أفواههم وشخصوا أبصارهم إليها، يقولون: إن إله العرب ينزل منها ويصعد إليها، ومعجزة هؤلاء الذين يملّكونهم عليهم من ولد زيد أنّهم ذوو لحى وأنهم قيام الأنوف عيونهم واسعة وغذاؤهم الدخن ولحوم الذكران من الضأن، وليس في بلدهم بقر ولا معز، ولباسهم اللبود لا يلبسون غيرها، فسرنا بينهم شهرا على خوف ووجل، أدّينا إليهم العشر من كل شيء كان معنا، ثمّ سرنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بتبّت فسرنا فيهم أربعين يوما في أمن وسعة، يتغذّون بالبرّ والشعير والباقلّى وسائر اللحوم والسموك والبقول والأعناب والفواكه ويلبسون جميع اللباس، ولهم مدينة من القصب كبيرة فيها بيت عبادة من جلود البقر المدهونة، فيه أصنام من قرون غزلان المسك، وبها قوم من المسلمين واليهود والنصارى والمجوس والهند ويؤدون الإتاوة إلى العلوي البغراجي ولا يملكهم أحد إلّا بالقرعة، ولهم محبس جرائم وجنايات، وصلاتهم إلى قبلتنا، ثمّ سرنا إلى قبيلة تعرف بالكيماك، بيوتهم من جلود، يأكلون الحمص والباقلّى ولحوم ذكران الضأن والمعز ولا يرون ذبح الإناث منها، وعندهم عنب نصف الحبة أبيض ونصفها أسود، وعندهم حجارة هي مغناطيس المطر يستمطرون بها متى شاءوا، ولهم معادن ذهب في سهل من الأرض يجدونه قطعا، وعندهم ماس يكشف عنه السيل ونبات حلو الطعم ينوّم ويخدّر، ولهم قلم يكتبون به، وليس لهم ملك ولا بيت عبادة، ومن تجاوز منهم ثمانين سنة عبدوه إلّا أن يكون به عاهة أو عيب ظاهر، فكان مسيرنا فيهم خمسة وثلاثين يوما ثم انتهينا إلى قبيلة يقال لهم الغزّ، لهم مدينة من الحجارة والخشب والقصب ولهم بيت عبادة وليس فيه أصنام، ولهم ملك عظيم الشأن يستأدي منهم الخراج، ولهم تجارات إلى الهند وإلى الصين ويأكلون البرّ فقط وليس لهم بقول، ويأكلون لحوم الضأن والمعز الذكران والإناث ويلبسون الكتّان والفراء ولا يلبسون الصوف، وعندهم حجارة بيض تنفع من القولنج وحجارة خضر إذا مرّت على السيف لم يقطع شيئا، وكان مسيرنا بينهم شهرا في أمن وسلامة ودعة، ثمّ انتهينا إلى قبيلة يقال لهم التغزغز، يأكلون المذكّى وغير المذكّى ويلبسون القطن واللبود، وليس لهم بيت عبادة، وهم يعظمون الخيل ويحسنون القيام عليها، وعندهم حجارة تقطع الدم إذا علّقت على صاحب الرعاف أو النزف، ولهم عند ظهور قوس قزح عيد، وصلاتهم إلى مغرب الشمس، وأعلامهم سود، فسرنا فيهم عشرين يوما في خوف شديد ثمّ انتهينا إلى قبيلة يقال لهم الخرخيز، يأكلون الدخن والأرز ولحوم البقر والضأن والمعز وسائر اللحوم إلّا الجمال، ولهم بيت عبادة وقلم يكتبون به، ولهم رأي ونظر، ولا يطفئون سرجهم حتى تطفأ موادّها، ولهم كلام موزون يتكلمون به في أوقات صلاتهم، وعندهم مسك، ولهم أعياد في السنة، وأعلامهم خضر، يصلّون إلى الجنوب ويعظمون زحل والزهرة ويتطيرون من المريخ، والسباع في بلدهم كثيرة، ولهم حجارة تسرج بالليل يستغنون بها عن المصباح ولا تعمل في غير بلادهم، ولهم ملك مطاع
لا يجلس بين يديه أحد منهم الّا إذا جاوز أربعين سنة، فسرنا فيهم شهرا في أمن ودعة ثمّ انتهينا الى قبيلة يقال لها الخرلخ، يأكلون الحمص والعدس ويعملون الشراب من الدخن ولا يأكلون اللحم إلّا مغموسا بالملح، ويلبسون الصوف، ولهم بيت عبادة في حيطانه صورة متقدّمي ملوكهم، والبيت من خشب لا تأكله النار، وهذا الخشب كثير في بلادهم، والبغي والجور بينهم ظاهر ويغير بعضهم على بعض، والزنا بينهم كثير غير محظور، وهم أصحاب قمار، يقامر أحدهم غيره بزوجته وابنه وابنته وأمه فما دام في مجلس القمار فللمقمور أن يفادى ويفكّ فإذا انصرف القامر فقد حصل له ما قمر به يبيعه من التجار كما يريد، والجمال والفساد في نسائهم ظاهر، وهم قليلو الغيرة، فتجيء ابنة الرئيس فمن دونه أو امرأته أو أخته الى القوافل إذا وافت البلد فتعرض للوجوه فإن أعجبها إنسان أخذته إلى منزلها وأنزلته عندها وأحسنت إليه وتصرّف زوجها وأخاها وولدها في حوائجه ولم يقربها زوجها ما دام من تريده عندها إلا لحاجة يقضيها ثم تتصرّف هي ومن تختاره في أكل وشرب وغير ذلك بعين زوجها لا يغيره ولا ينكره، ولهم عيد يلبسون الديباج ومن لا يمكنه رقّع ثوبه برقعة منه، ولهم معدن فضّة تستخرج بالزيبق، وعندهم شجر يقوم مقام الإهليلج قائم الساق وإذا طلي عصارته على الأورام الحارّة أبرأها لوقتها، ولهم حجر عظيم يعظمونه ويحتكمون عنده ويذبحون له الذبائح، والحجر أخضر سلقيّ، فسرنا بينهم خمسة وعشرين يوما في أمن ودعة ثم انتهينا إلى قبيلة يقال لهم الخطلخ، فسرنا بين أهلها عشرة أيّام، وهم يأكلون البرّ وحده ويأكلون سائر اللحوم غير مذكاة، ولم أر في جميع قبائل الترك أشدّ شوكة منهم، يتخطّفون من حولهم ويتزوّجون الأخوات، ولا تتزوّج المرأة أكثر من زوج واحد، فإذا مات لم تتزوّج بعده، ولهم رأي وتدبير، ومن زنى في بلدهم أحرق هو والتي يزني بها، وليس لهم طلاق، والمهر جميع ما ملك الرجل، وخدمة الولي سنة، وللقتل بينهم قصاص وللجراح غرم، فإن تلف المجروح بعد أن يأخذ الغرم بطل دمه، وملكهم ينكر الشرّ ولا يتزوّج فإن تزوّج قتل، ثم انتهينا إلى قبيلة يقال لها الختيان، يأكلون الشعير والجلبان ولا يأكلون اللحم إلا مذكى، ويزوّجون تزويجا صحيحا وأحكامهم أحكام عقلية تقوم بها السياسة، وليس لهم ملك، وكلّ عشرة يرجعون إلى شيخ له عقل ورأي فيتحاكمون إليه، وليس لهم جور على من يجتاز بهم، ولا اغتيال، ولهم بيت عبادة يعتكفون فيه الشهر والأقلّ والأكثر، ولا يلبسون شيئا مصبوغا، وعندهم مسك جيّد ما دام في بلدهم فإذا حمل منه تغير واستحال، ولهم بقول كثيرة في أكثرها منافع، وعندهم حيّات تقتل من ينظر إليها إلّا أنّها في جبل لا تخرج عنه بوجه ولا سبب، ولهم حجارة تسكّن الحمّى ولا تعمل في غير بلدهم، وعندهم بازهر جيّد شمعيّ فيه عروق خضر، وكان مسيرنا فيهم عشرين يوما، ثمّ انتهينا إلى بلد بهيّ فيه نخل كثير وبقول كثيرة وأعناب ولهم مدينة وقرى وملك له سياسة يلقّب بهي، وفي مدينتهم قوم مسلمون ويهود ونصارى ومجوس وعبدة أصنام، ولهم أعياد، وعندهم حجارة خضر تنفع من الرمد وحجارة حمر تنفع من الطحال، وعندهم النيل الجيّد القانئ المرتفع الطافي الذي إذا طرح في الماء لم يرسب، فسرنا فيهم أربعين يوما في أمن وخوف ثمّ انتهينا إلى موضع يقال له القليب فيه بوادي عرب ممّن تخلف عن تبّع لما غزا بلاد الصين، لهم مصايف ومشات في مياه ورمال،
يتكلمون بالعربيّة القديمة لا يعرفون غيرها ويكتبون بالحميرية ولا يعرفون قلمنا، يعبدون الأصنام، وملكهم من أهل بيت منهم لا يخرجون الملك من أهل ذلك البيت، ولهم أحكام، وحظر الزنا والفسق، ولهم شراب جيّد من التمر، وملكهم يهادي ملك الصين، فسرنا فيهم شهرا في خوف وتغرير، ثم انتهينا إلى مقام الباب، وهو بلد في الرمل تكون فيه حجبة الملك، وهو ملك الصين، ومنه يستأذن لمن يريد دخول بلد الصين من قبائل الترك وغيرهم، فسرنا فيه ثلاثة أيام في ضيافة الملك يغيّر لنا عند رأس كل فرسخ مركوب، ثم انتهينا إلى وادي المقام فاستؤذن لنا منه وتقدّمنا الرّسل فأذن لنا بعد أن أقمنا بهذا الوادي، وهو أنزه بلاد الله وأحسنها، ثلاثة أيام في ضيافة الملك، ثمّ عبرنا الوادي وسرنا يوما تامّا فأشرفنا على مدينة سندابل، وهي قصبة الصين وبها دار المملكة، فبتنا على مرحلة منها، ثم سرنا من الغد طول نهارنا حتى وصلنا إليها عند المغرب، وهي مدينة عظيمة تكون مسيرة يوم ولها ستون شارعا ينفذ كل شارع منها إلى دار الملك، ثم سرنا إلى باب من أبوابها فوجدنا ارتفاع سورها تسعين ذراعا وعرضه تسعين ذراعا وعلى رأس السور نهر عظيم يتفرّق على ستّين جزءا كلّ جزء منها ينزل على باب من الأبواب تتلقاه رحى تصبّه إلى ما دونها ثم إلى غيرها حتى يصبّ في الأرض ثمّ يخرج نصفه تحت السور فيسقي البساتين ويرجع نصفه إلى المدينة فيسقي أهل ذلك الشارع إلى دار الملك ثمّ يخرج في الشارع الآخر إلى خارج البلد فكل شارع فيه نهران وكلّ خلاء فيه مجريان كل واحد يخالف صاحبه، فالداخل يسقيهم والخارج يخرج بفضلاتهم، ولهم بيت عبادة عظيم، ولهم سياسة عظيمة وأحكام متقنة، وبيت عبادتهم يقال إنّه أعظم من مسجد بيت المقدس وفيه تماثيل وتصاوير وأصنام وبدّ عظيم، وأهل البلد لا يذبحون ولا يأكلون اللحوم أصلا، ومن قتل منهم شيئا من الحيوان قتل، وهي دار مملكة الهند والترك معا، ودخلت على ملكهم فوجدته فائقا في فنه كاملا في رأيه فخاطبه الرسل بما جاءوا به من تزويجه ابنته من نوح بن نصر فأجابهم إلى ذلك وأحسن إليّ وإلى الرسل وأقمنا في ضيافته حتى نجزت أمور المرأة وتمّ ما جهّزها به ثمّ سلمها إلى مائتي خادم وثلاثمائة جارية من خواص خدمه وجواريه وحملت إلى خراسان إلى نوح بن نصر فتزوّج بها، قال: وبلغنا أن نصرا عمل قبره قبل وفاته بعشرين سنة، وذلك أنّه حدّ له في مولده مبلغ عمره ومدة انقضاء أجله وأن موته يكون بالسّلّ وعرّف اليوم الذي يموت فيه، فخرج يوم موته إلى خارج بخارى وقد أعلم الناس أنّه ميّت في يومه ذلك وأمرهم أن يتجهزوا له بجهاز التعزية والمصيبة ليتصوّرهم بعد موته بالحال التي يراهم بها، فسار بين يديه ألوف من الغلمان الأتراك المرد وقد ظاهروا اللباس بالسواد وشقوا عن صدورهم وجعلوا التراب على رؤوسهم ثمّ تبعهم نحو ألفي جارية من أصناف الرقيق مختلفي الأجناس واللغات على تلك الهيئة ثمّ جاء على آثارهم عامة الجيش والأولياء يجنبون دوابّهم ويقودون قودهم وقد خالفوا في نصب سروجها عليها وسوّدوا نواصيها وجباهها حاثين التراب على رؤوسهم واتصلت بهم الرعية والتجار في غمّ وحزن وبكاء شديد وضجيج يقدمهم أولادهم ونساؤهم ثم اتصلت بهم الشاكرية والمكارون والحمالون على فرق منهم قد غيّروا زيّهم، وشهر نفسه بضرب من اللباس، ثم جاء أولاده يمشون بين يديه حفاة حاسرين والتراب على رؤوسهم وبين أيديهم وجوه كتّابه وجلّة خدمه ورؤساؤه وقواده، ثمّ أقبل القضاة والمعدلون والعلماء
يسايرونه في غمّ وكآبة وحزن، وأحضر سجلّا كبيرا ملفوفا فأمر القضاة والفقهاء والكتّاب بختمه فأمر نوحا ابنه أن يعمل بما فيه واستدعى شيئا من حسا في زبدية من الصيني الأصفر فتناول منه شيئا يسيرا ثمّ تغرغرت عيناه بالدموع وحمد الله تعالى وتشهّد وقال:
هذا آخر زاد نصر من دنياكم، وسار إلى قبره ودخله وقرأ عشرا فيه واستقرّ به مجلسه ومات، رحمه الله، وتولى الأمر نوح ابنه، قلت: ونحن نشك في صحة هذا الخبر لأن محدثنا به ربما كان ذكر شيئا فسأل الله أن لا يؤاخذه بما قال، ونرجع إلى كلام رسول نصر، قال: وأقمت بسندابل مدينة الصين مدة ألقى ملكها في الأحايين فيفاوضني في أشياء ويسألني عن أمور من أمور بلاد الإسلام، ثم استأذنته في الانصراف فأذن لي بعد أن أحسن إليّ ولم يبق غاية في أمري، فخرجت إلى الساحل أريد كله، وهي أوّل الهند وآخر منتهى مسير المراكب لا يتهيأ لها أن تتجاوزها وإلّا غرقت، قال: فلمّا وصلت إلى كله رأيتها وهي عظيمة عالية السور كثيرة البساتين غزيرة الماء ووجدت بها معدنا للرصاص القلعي لا يكون إلّا في قلعتها في سائر الدنيا، وفي هذه القلعة تضرب السيوف القلعية وهي الهندية العتيقة، وأهل هذه القلعة يمتنعون على ملكهم إذا أرادوا ويطيعونه إن أحبوا، ورسمهم رسم الصين في ترك الذباحة، وليس في جميع الدنيا معدن للرصاص القلعي إلّا في هذه القلعة، وبينها وبين مدينة الصين ثلاثمائة فرسخ، وحولها مدن ورساتيق وقرى، ولهم أحكام حبوس جنايات، وأكلهم البرّ والتمور، وبقولهم كلّها تباع وزنا وأرغفة خبزهم تباع عددا، وليس عندهم حمامات بل عندهم عين جارية يغتسلون بها، ودرهمهم يزن ثلثي درهم ويعرف بالقاهري، ولهم فلوس يتعاملون بها، ويلبسون كأهل الصين الإفرند الصيني المثمن، وملكهم دون ملك الصين ويخطب لملك الصين، وقبلته إليه، وبيت عبادته له، وخرجت منها إلى بلد الفلفل فشاهدت نباته، وهو شجر عاديّ لا يزول الماء من تحته فإذا هبت الريح تساقط حمله فمن ذلك تشنجه وإنما يجتمع من فوق الماء، وعليه ضريبة للملك، وهو شجر حرّ لا مالك له وحمله أبدا فيه لا يزول شتاء ولا صيفا، وهو عناقيد فإذا حميت الشمس عليه انطبق على العنقود عدة من ورقه لئلّا يحترق بالشمس، فإذا زالت الشمس زالت تلك الأوراق، وانتهيت منه إلى لحف الكافور، وهو جبل عظيم فيه مدن تشرف على البحر منها قامرون التي ينسب إليها العود الرطب المعروف بالمندل القامروني، ومنها مدينة يقال لها قماريان، وإليها ينسب العود القماري، وفيه مدينة يقال لها الصنف، ينسب إليها العود الصنفي، وفي اللحف الآخر من ذلك الجبل مما يلي الشمال مدينة يقال لها الصّيمور، لأهلها حظّ من الجمال وذلك لأن أهلها متولدون من الترك والصين فجمالهم لذلك، وإليها تخرج تجارات الترك، وإليها ينسب العود الصيموري وليس هو منها إنّما هو يحمل إليها، ولهم بيت عبادة على رأس عقبة عظيمة وله سدنة وفيه أصنام من الفيروزج والبيجاذق، ولهم ملوك صغار، ولباسهم لباس أهل الصين، ولهم بيع وكنائس ومساجد وبيوت نار، لا يذبحون ولا يأكلون ما مات حتف أنفه، وخرجت إلى مدينة يقال لها جاجلّى على رأس جبل مشرف نصفها على البحر ونصفها على البرّ ولها ملك مثل ملك كله يأكلون البرّ والبيض ولا يأكلون السمك ولا يذبحون، ولهم بيت عبادة كبير معظّم، لم يمتنع على الإسكندر في بلدان الهند غيرها، وإليها يحمل الدارصيني ومنها يحمل إلى سائر الآفاق، وشجر
الدارصيني حرّ لا مالك له، ولباسهم لباس كله إلّا أنهم يتزيّنون في أعيادهم بالحبر اليمانية، ويعظمون من النجوم قلب الأسد، ولهم بيت رصد وحساب محكم ومعرفة بالنجوم كاملة، وتعمل الأوهام في طباعهم، ومنها خرجت إلى مدينة يقال لها قشمير وهي كبيرة عظيمة لها سور وخندق محكمان تكون مثل نصف سندابل مدينة الصين وملكها أكبر من ملك مدينة كله وأتم طاعة، ولهم أعياد في رؤوس الأهلّة وفي نزول النيرين شرفهما، ولهم رصد كبير في بيت معمول من الحديد الصيني لا يعمل فيه الزمان، ويعظمون الثّريّا، وأكلهم البرّ ويأكلون المليح من السمك ولا يأكلون البيض ولا يذبحون، وسرت منها إلى كابل فسرت شهرا حتى وصلت إلى قصبتها المعروفة بطابان، وهي مدينة في جوف جبل قد استدار عليها كالحلقة دوره ثلاثون فرسخا لا يقدر أحد على دخوله إلّا بجواز لأن له مضيقا قد غلّق عليه باب ووكل به قوم يحفظونه فما يدخله أحد إلّا بإذن، والإهليلج بها كثير جدّا، وجميع مياه الرساتيق والقرى التي داخل المدينة تخرج من المدينة، وهم يخالفون ملّة الصين في الذباحة ويأكلون السمك والبيض ويقتل بعضهم بعضا، ولهم بيت عبادة، وخرجت من كابل إلى سواحل البحر الهندي متياسرا فسرت إلى بلد يعرف بمندورقين منابت غياض القنا وشجر الصندل ومنه يحمل الطباشير، وذلك أن القنا إذا جفّ وهبّت عليه الريح احتك بعضه ببعض واشتدت فيه الحرارة للحركة فانقدحت منه نار فربما أحرقت منها مسافة خمسين فرسخا أو أكثر من ذلك فالطباشير الذي يحمل إلى سائر الدنيا من ذلك القنا، فأما الطباشير الجيد الذي يساوي مثقاله مائة مثقال أو أكثر فهو شيء يخرج من جوف القنا إذا هزّ، وهو عزيز جدّا، وما يفجر من منابت الطباشير حمل إلى سائر البلاد وبيع على أنّه توتيا الهند، وليس كذلك لان التوتيا الهندي هو دخان الرصاص القلعي، ومقدار ما يرتفع منه كلّ سنة ثلاثة أمنان أو أربعة أمنان ولا يتجاوز الخمسة، ويباع المنّ منه بخمسة آلاف درهم إلى ألف دينار، وخرجت منها إلى مدينة يقال لها كولم لأهلها بيت عبادة وليس فيه صنم وفيها منابت الساج والبقّم، وهو صنفان وهذا دون والآمرون هو الغاية، وشجر الساج مفرط العظم والطول ربّما جاوز مائة ذراع وأكثر، والخيزران والقنا بها كثير جدّا، وبها شيء من السّندروس قليل غير جيّد والجيّد منه ما بالصين، وهو من عرعر ينبت على باب مدينتها الشرقي، والسندروس شبه الكهربائيّة وأحلّها وفيها مغناطيس يجذب كل شيء إذا أحمي بالدّلك، وعندهم الحجارة التي تعرف بالسندانية يعمل بها السقوف، وأساطين بيوتهم من خرز أصلاب السمك الميت ولا يأكلونه، ولا يذبحون، وأكثرهم يأكل الميتة، وأهلها يختارون للصين ملكا إذا مات ملكهم، وليس في الهند طبّ إلّا في هذه المدينة، وبها تعمل غضائر تباع في بلداننا على أنّه صينيّ وليس هو صينيّ لأن طين الصين أصلب منه وأصبر على النار وطين هذه المدينة الذي يعمل منه الغضائر المشبه بالصيني يخمر ثلاثة أيام لا يحتمل أكثر منها وطين الصين يخمر عشرة أيام ويحتمل أكثر منها، وخزف غضائرها أدكن اللون وما كان من الصين أبيض وغيره من الألوان شفّافا وغير شفاف فهو معمول في بلاد فارس من الحصى والكلس القلعيّ والزجاج يعجن على البوائن وينفخ ويعمل بالماسك كما ينفخ الزجاج مثل الجامات وغيرها من الأواني، ومن هذه المدينة يركب إلى عمان، وبها راوند ضعيف العمل والصيني أجود منه، والراوند
قرع يكون هناك وورقه السادج الهندي، وإليها تنسب أصناف العود والكافور واللبان والقتار، وأصل العود نبت في جزائر وراء خطّ الاستواء، وما وصل إلى منابته أحد ولم يعلم أحد كيف نباته وكيف شجره ولا يصف إنسان شكل ورق العود وإنما يأتي به الماء إلى جانب الشمال، فما انقلع وجاء إلى الساحل فأخذ رطبا بكله وبقامرون أو في بلد الفلفل أو بالصنف أو بقماريان أو بغيرها من السواحل بقي إذا أصابته الريح الشمال رطبا أبدا لا يتحرّك عن رطبه، وهو المعروف بالقامروني المندلي، وما جف في البحر ورمي يابسا فهو الهندي المصمت الثقيل ومحنته أن ينال منه بالمبرد ويلقى على الماء فإن لم ترسب برادته فليس بمختار وإن رسبت فهو الخالص الذي ما بعده غاية، وما جفّ منه في مواضعه ونخر في البحر فهو القماري، وما نخر في مواضعه وحمله البحر نخرا فهو الصنفي، وملوك هذه المرافئ يأخذون ممن يجمع العود من السواحل ومن البحر العشر، وأمّا الكافور فهو في لحف جبل بين هذه المدينة وبين مندورقين مطلّ على البحر وهو لبّ شجر يشقّ فيوجد الكافور كامنا فيه فربما وجد مائعا وربما كان جامدا لأنّه صمغ يكون في لبّ هذا الشجر، وبها شيء من الإهليلج قليل والكابلي أجود منه لأن كابل بعيدة من البحر، وجميع أصناف الإهليلج بها وكل شجر مما نثرته الريح فجّا غير نضيج فهو الأصفر، وهو حامض بارد، وما بلغ وقطف في أوان إدراكه فهو الكابلي، وهو حلو حارّ، وما ترك في شجره في أيام الشتاء حتى يسود فهو الأسود مرّ حارّ، وبها معدن كبريت أصفر ومعدن نحاس يخرج من دخانه توتيا جيد، وجميع أصناف التوتيا كلها من دخان النحاس إلّا الهندي فإنّه كما ذكرنا يخرج من دخان الرصاص القلعي، وماء هذه المدينة وماء مندورقين من الصهاريج المختزن فيها من مياه الأمطار، ولا زرع فيها إلّا القرع الذي فيه الراوند فإنّه يزرع بين الشوك، وكذلك أيضا بطيخهم عزيز جدّا، وبها قنبيل يقع من السماء ويجمع بأخثاء البقر، والعربي أجود منه، وسرت من مدن السواحل إلى الملتان، وهي آخر مدن الهند ممّا يلي الصين وأوّلها ممّا يلينا وتلي أرض السند، وهي مدينة عظيمة جليلة القدر عند أهل الهند والصين لأنّها بيت حجهم ودار عبادتهم مثل مكّة عند المسلمين وبيت المقدس عند اليهود والنصارى، وبها القبة العظمى والبدّ الأكبر، وهذه القبة سمكها في السماء ثلاثمائة ذراع وطول الصنم في جوفها مائة ذراع، وبين رأسه وبين القبة مائة ذراع، وبين رجليه وبين الأرض مائة ذراع، وهو معلّق من جوفها لا بقائمة من أسفله يدعم عليها ولا بعلاقة من أعلاه تمسكه، قلت:
هذا هو الكذب الصراح لأن هذا الصنم ذكره المدائني في فتوح الهند والسند وذكر أن طوله عشرون ذراعا، قال أبو دلف: البلد في يد يحيى بن محمد الأموي هو صاحب المنصورة أيضا والسند كلّه في يده، والدولة بالملتان للمسلمين وملّاك عقرها ولد عمر بن علي بن أبي طالب، والمسجد الجامع مصاقب لهذه القبة، والإسلام بها ظاهر والأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر بها شامل، وخرجت منها إلى المنصورة، وهي قصبة السند، والخليفة الأموي مقيم بها يخطب لنفسه ويقيم الحدود ويملك السند كلّه بره وبحره، ومنها إلى البحر خمسون فرسخا، وبساحلها مدينة الدّيبل، وخرجت من المنصورة إلى بغانين، وهو بلد واسع يؤدي أهله الخراج إلى الأموي وإلى صاحب بيت الذهب، وهو بيت من ذهب في صحراء تكون أربعة فراسخ ولا يقع عليها الثلج ويثلج ما حولها،
وفي هذا البيت رصد الكواكب، وهو بيت تعظمه الهند والمجوس، وهذه الصحراء تعرف بصحراء زردشت صاحب المجوس، ويقول أهل هذه البلدان:
إن هذه الصحراء متى خرج منها إنسان يطلب دولة لم يغلب ولم يهزم له عسكر حيثما توجه، ومنها إلى شهر داور ومنها إلى بغنين ومنها إلى غزنين وبها تتفرّق الطرق فطريق يأخذ يمنة إلى باميان وختلان وخراسان، وطريق يأخذ تلقاء القبلة إلى بست ثمّ إلى سجستان، وكان صاحب سجستان في وقت موافاتي إياها أبا جعفر محمد بن أحمد بن الليث وأمه بانويه أخت يعقوب بن الليث، وهو رجل فيلسوف سمح كريم فاضل، له في بلده طراز تعمل فيه ثياب، ويخلع في كل يوم خلعة على واحد من زوّاره ويقوّم عليه من طرازها بخمسة آلاف درهم ومعها دابّة النوبة ووليّ الحمام والمسند والمطرح ومسورتان ومخدّتان، وبذلك يعمل ثبت ويسلّم إلى الزائر فيستوفيه من الخازن، هذا آخر الرسالة.

شكر

1 شَكَرَ لَهُ, and شَكَرَهُ, (S, Mgh, K,) but the former is the more chaste, (S,) and the latter is for شَكَرَ نِعْمَتَهُ, (A,) aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. شُكْرٌ and شُكْرَانٌ (S, A, * Msb, K) and شُكُورٌ, (S, K) which last, in the Kur lxxvi. 9, may be either an inf. n. or pl. of شُكْرٌ [used as a simple subst.], (S,) He thanked him; or praised, eulogized, or commended, him, for a benefit or benefits: (S:) he was grateful, or thankful, to him; or he acknowledged his beneficence, and spoke of it largely: (S, * K: [but in the S, the verb in the former sense has شُكْرٌ only for its inf. n., and it is implied that in the latter sense it has for its inf. n. only شُكْرَانٌ, as will be seen below:]) and شَكَرَ لِلّٰهِ, and شَكَرَ اللّٰهَ, (Lh, Msb, K,) which latter is less common than the former, and even disallowed by As in prose, though allowed by him in verse, (Msb,) and شَكَرَ بِاللّٰهِ and شَكَرَ نِعْمَةَ اللّٰهِ, and شَكَرَ بِنِعْمَةِ اللّٰهِ, (Lh, K,) and شَكَرَ لِلّٰهِ نِعْمَتَهُ, (A,) inf. n. شُكْرٌ and شُكْرَانٌ (Msb) [and شُكُورٌ], He thanked, or praised, God for his beneficence: (A:) he was grateful, or thankful, to God; or acknowledged his beneficence, and spoke of it largely: (K:) he acknowledge the beneficence of God, and acted in the manner incumbent on him in rendering Him obedience and abstaining from disobedience; so that شُكْر is in word and in deed: (Msb:) and لَهُ ↓ تَشَكَّرَ signifies the same as شَكَرَ لَهُ: (S, A, Msb, K:) you say, لَهُ مَا صَنَعَ ↓ تَشَكَّرْتُ [I thanked him, &c., for what he did]: (A:) and لَهُ بَلَآءَهُ ↓ تشكّر [He was grateful to Him, &c., i. e. to God, for his probation]: (K:) and أَشْكُرُ إِلَيْكَ نِعَمَ اللّٰهِ [I praise to thee, or mention to thee with thanks, the favours of God]: (L in art. حمد:) [but there are many explanations of شَكَرَ beside those given above: its meanings will be more fully shown by what here follows:] شُكْرٌ is the thanking a benefactor; or praising, eulogizing, or commending, him, (S, A,) for a benefits: (S:) or the being grateful, or thankful; or acknowledging beneficence; and speaking of it largely; and [in the copies of the K, “or,” but this is evidently a mistake,] it is only on account of favour received; (K;) and شُكْرَانٌ is [the same, being] contr. of كُفْرَانٌ: (S:) شُكْرٌ [sometimes] differs from حَمْدٌ; (Msb in art. حمد;) for شكر is only on account of favour received; whereas حمد is sometimes because of favour received, (Th, Az, TA in art. حمد, and Msb ubi suprà,) and sometimes form other causes; (Th ubi suprà;) [and thus] the latter is of more common application than the former; (S in art. حمد;) therefore you do not say شَكَرْتُهُ عَلَى

شَجَاعَتِهِ, but you say حَمِدْتُهُ على شجاعته: (Msb ubi suprà:) or شُكْرٌ is more common than حَمْدٌ with respect to its kinds and means, and more particular with respect to the objects to which it relates; and the latter is more common with respect to the objects to which it relates, and more particular with respect to the means; for the former is, with the heart, the being humble, or lowly, and submissive; and with the tongue, the act of praising, eulogizing, or commending; and acknowledging beneficence; and with the members, the act of obeying, and submitting one's self; and the object to which it relates is the benefactor, exclusively of his essential qualities; therefore one does not say شَكَرْنَا اللّٰهَ عَلَى حَيَاتِهِ [we thanked God for his existence, or praised Him, &c.]; but He is مَحْمُود on that account, like as He is for his beneficence; and شُكْرٌ is also for beneficence: thus حَمْدٌ relates to every object to which, as an object, شُكْرٌ relates; but the reverse is not the case: and everything whereby is حمد, thereby is شكر; but the reverse is not the case; for the latter is by means of the members, or limbs, and the former is by means of the tongue: شُكْرٌ is of three kinds; with the heart, or mind, which is the forming an [adequate] idea of the benefit; and with the tongue, which is the praising, eulogizing, or commending, the benefactor; and with the members, or limbs, which is the requiting the benefit according to its desert: it rests upon five foundations; humility of him who renders it towards him to whom it is rendered; his love of him; his acknowledgment of his benefit; the eulogizing him for it; and his not making use of the benefit in a manner which he [who has conferred it] dislikes: it is also explained as devotion of the heart to love of the benefactor, and of the members to obey him, and the employment of the tongue in mentioning him and eulogizing him: [and there are several other explanations of it which it is unnecessary to add:] some say that it is formed by transposition from كَشْرٌ, the “ act of uncovering, or exposing to view: ” others, that it is from عَيْنٌ شَكْرَى “ a full fountain, or eye; ” accord. to which etymology it would signify the being full of the praise of the benefactor. (B, TA.) b2: شُكْرٌ on the part of God signifies (tropical:) The requiting and commending [a person]: (K:) or (assumed tropical:) the forgiving a man: or (tropical:) the regarding him with content, satisfaction, good will, or favour: and hence, necessarily, (tropical:) the recompensing, or rewarding, him: the saying شَكَرَ اللّٰهُ سَعْيَهُ signifies (tropical:) May God recompense, or reward, his work, or labour. (TA.) A2: شَكِرَتْ, aor. ـَ (S, K,) inf. n. شَكَرٌ, (S,) (tropical:) Her (a camel's) udder became full (S, K, TA) of milk: (S, TA:) or she (a camel) obtained a good share of leguminous herbage, or [other] pasturage, and in consequence abounded with milk after having had little milk: (T, TA:) and she (a beast;) became fat, (K, TA,) and her udder became full of milk. (TA.) b2: And شَكِرَ (tropical:) He was, or became, liberal, or bountiful, (A, K,) after having been niggardly: (A:) or he gave largely after having been niggardly. (K.) A3: شَكِرَتْ said of a tree (شَجَرَةٌ), (Fr, S, A, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. شَكَرٌ, (S,) (assumed tropical:) It produced, or put forth, what are termed شَكِير, (Fr, S, K,) i. e. what grow around it, from its أَصْل [i. e. root, or base, or stem]; (S;) as also ↓ اشكرت, (Fr, TA,) and ↓ اشتكرت: (Sgh, TA:) or its شَكِير, i. e. sappy twigs or shoots, from its stem, or small leaves beneath the large, became abundant. (A.) b2: and شَكِرَ, aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. شَكَرٌ; (TA;) and شَكَرَ, aor. ـُ and ↓ اشكر; (K;) said of palm-trees (نَخْلٌ), (assumed tropical:) They had many شَكِير, i. e. offsets, or suckers. (AHn, K, * TA.) b3: And شَكَرَ and ↓ اشكر and ↓ اشتكر are all verbs from شكِيرٌ. (K.) [It is said in the K that these verbs are from شكير in all of certain significations there mentioned; app. meaning, all that are there mentioned after the next preceding verb: and hence they seem to have the significations here following: b4: said of palmtrees (نَخْل), (assumed tropical:) They put forth leaves around their branches:: b5: and, said of trees in general شَجَرَ, (assumed tropical:) They put forth branches: b6: and (assumed tropical:) They produced bark: b7: and, said of a grape-vine, (assumed tropical:) it grew from a shoot planted: b8: in the TA it seems to be implied that, said of a vine, they signify (assumed tropical:) It put forth long shoots, or upper shoots.]3 شَاكَرْتُهُ I showed him that I was thankful, or grateful, (A, O, K,) to him. (A.) A2: and شَاكَرْتُهُ الحَدِيثَ I commenced with him discourse. (O, K.) 4 اشكر القَوْمُ (assumed tropical:) The people's camels had their udders full of milk (شَكِرَتْ إِبِلُهُمْ): (K:) or the people's camels became fat: (TA:) or the people milked a camel or sheep or goat having her udder full of milk, i. e., such as is termed شَكِرَة: (S:) or the people milked camels or sheep or goats having their udders full of milk, one such after another: (O, TA: [but for اِحْتَلَبُوا شَكْرَةً شَكْرَةً in the O, and شُكْرَةً شُكْرَةً in the TA, I read احتلبوا شَكِرَةً شَكِرَةً, agreeably with what here next precedes:]) or the people, having alighted in a place where their camels found herbs, or leguminous plants, had abundance of milk from them. (T, TA.) b2: اشكر said of an udder: see 8. b3: اشكرت الأَرْضُ (assumed tropical:) The land produced fresh herbage after other herbage that had become dried up and dusty. (TA.) b4: See also 1, near the end of the paragraph, in three places.5 تشكّر: see 1, in three places. b2: Also [He affected, or made a show of, thankfulness, or gratitude: (see تَحَمَّدَ:) or] he seemed, or appeared, thankful, or grateful. (KL.) 8 اشتكر (tropical:) It (an udder) became full (S, K, TA) of milk; (S, TA;) as also ↓ اشكر. (K.) b2: اشتكرت السَّمَآءُ (assumed tropical:) The rain fell vehemently: (S:) or the sky rained much. (K.) b3: اشتكرت الرِيَاحُ (assumed tropical:) The winds brought rain: (K:) or blew violently: or, as is said on the authority of A'Obeyd, were contrary; but ISd says that this is a mistake. (TA.) b4: Also اشتكر (assumed tropical:) It (heat, and cold,) became intense. (K.) b5: (tropical:) He (a man) strove, exerted himself, or did his utmost, in his running. (K, TA.) A2: Also (assumed tropical:) It became what is termed شَكِير [q. v.]. (TA.) b2: See also 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places. b3: [Hence, app.,] (tropical:) It (a fœtus) put forth downy hair. (A.) شَكْرٌ The vulva, or pudendum, of a woman: (S, M, Msb, K:) or the flesh thereof: (M, K, * MF:) as also ↓ شِكْرٌ, in either of these senses: (K:) pl. شِكَارٌ: (Msb, TA:) لَحْمُهَا, in the K, as the second explanation, is a mistake for لَحْمُهُ. (MF.) It is said in a trad., نَهَى عَنْ شَكْرِ البَغِىِ, meaning He forbade the giving hire for prostitution; the word ثَمَنِ being understood as prefixed to شكر. (TA.) b2: Also i. q. نِكَاحٌ [i. e. The act of compressing, or of contracting marriage with, a woman]. (TS, K.) شُكْرٌ and inf. n. of شَكَرَ: (S, A, * Msb, K:) and it may [be used as a simple subst., and, as such,] have for its pl. شُكُورٌ. (S. [See 1.]) شِكْرٌ: see شَكْرٌ.

شُكْرَةٌ (assumed tropical:) [Fulness of the udder of a camel; and so ↓ شَكَرِيَّةٌ is expl. in the TK;] a subst. from أَشْكَرَ القَوْمُ [q. v.]. (K.) One says, هٰذَا زَمَنُ الشُّكْرَةِ, so in the L and other lexicons, (TA,) or ↓ الشَّكَرَةِ, (so in my copies of the S,) or ↓ الشَّكَرِيَّةِ, (so in the O and K,) (assumed tropical:) [This is the time of the fulness of the udder,] when the camels abound with milk, or have their udders full, (إِذَا حَفَلَتْ, q. v.,) from the [herbage called] رَبِيع. (S, O, L, K.) شَكَرَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

شَكِرَةٌ (tropical:) A she-camel, (As, S, A, K,) and ewe or she-goat, (A,) having her udder full (As, S, A, K) of milk, (S,) whatever be the fodder, or herbage, she has eaten; (A;) as also ↓ مِشْكَارٌ: (K:) or the former, that has obtained a good share of leguminous herbage, or of [other] pasture, and in consequence abounds with milk after having had little milk: (T, TA:) and ↓ the latter, that abounds with milk though having had but a small share of pasture: (TA:) or that abounds with milk in summer and ceases in winter: (IAar, TA:) pl. of the former شَكَارَى, (S, K,) applied to camels and to sheep or goats, (S,) and شَكْرَى (K) and شَكِرَاتٌ: (S, K:) and شَكَارَى is applied to camels, and sheep or goats, as meaning abounding with milk, or having their udders full, (إِذَا حَفَلَتْ,) from the [herbage called] رَبِيع. (S, TA.) [↓ شَكْرَى is also a sing. epithet, having a similar signification: as well as a pl.] One says ↓ ضَرَّةٌ شَكْرَى (tropical:) An udder abounding with milk: (A:) or having much milk. (S.) And ↓ عَيْنٌ شَكْرَى (assumed tropical:) A full source or eye. (B, TA.) And ↓ فِدْرَةٌ شَكْرَى (assumed tropical:) A fat piece of flesh-meat: (K:) or (tropical:) [a piece of flesh-meat] flowing with grease, or gravy: (A: [but in my copy, قِدْرَةٌ is erroneously put for فِدْرَةٌ:]) pl. شَكَارَى. (A.) شَكْرَى: see the next four preceding sentences.

شَكَرِيَّةٌ: see شُكْرَةٌ, in two places.

شَكُورٌ an intensive epithet, (TA,) signifying كَثِيرُ الشُّكْرِ [i. e. One who thanks much; or who is very thankful or grateful: see 1]: (K, TA:) and one who is earnest, or does his utmost, in thanking his Lord, or in being thankful or grateful to Him, by obedience to Him, performing his appointed religious services: (TA:) or one who does his utmost in showing his thankfulness, or gratitude, with his heart and his tongue and his members, or limbs, with firm belief, and with acknowledgment [of benefits received]: or who sees his inability to be [sufficiently] thankful or grateful: or who renders thanks, or is thankful or grateful, for probation: or, for what is denied him: (KT:) pl. شُكُرٌ. (TA.) b2: (tropical:) A beast that is sufficed by little fodder or herbage, (S, A,) and that fattens upon it: (A:) or that fattens upon little fodder or herbage: (K:) as though thankful for that small benefit. (TA.) b3: الشَّكُورُ, applied to God, (tropical:) [He who approves, or rewards, or forgives, much, or largely:] He who gives large reward for small, or few, works: He in whose estimation small, or few, works performed by his servants increase, and who multiplies his rewards to them. (TA.) شَكِيرٌ (tropical:) The shoots that grow around a tree, from its أَصْل [i. e. root, or base, or stem]: (S:) or sappy twigs or shoots, that grow from the stem of a tree: or small leaves beneath the large: (A:) or fresh and tender twigs or shoots, that grow among such as have become thick and tough: and what grow at, or upon, the أُصُول [i. e. roots, or bases, or stems,] of large trees: or small leaves that grow at, or upon, the root, or base, or stem, of a tree: (IAar, TA:) and offsets, or suckers, or sprouts, of palm-trees: (K:) and the leaves that are around the branches of the palm-tree: (Yaa-koob, K:) and plants, and hair, and feathers, and abundant ostrich-feathers (عِفَآء, K, TA, in the CK عَفاء), such as are small, growing among such as are large: or the first, of herbage, growing after other herbage that has become dried up and dusty: (K:) and downy hair, or down: and any soft, fine hair: (A:) or hair growing among the plaits: pl. شُكُرٌ: and weak hair: (TA:) and hair at the roots of a horse's mane, (K, TA,) like down, and in the forelock: (TA:) and the hair that is next to the face and the back of the neck: (A, K:) and branches: (AHn, K: [in the CK, والغُصُونِ is erroneously put for والغُصُونُ:]) and the bark (لِحَآء) of trees: pl. شُكُرٌ: (K:) and the pl. also signifies the long shoots of a grape-vine: or its higher, or highest, shoots: (AHn, TA:) and the sing., a grape-vine growing from a planted shoot. (AHn, K, TA.) b2: Also (tropical:) Young men: (A:) or young offspring. (TA, from a trad.) b3: And (tropical:) The young ones of camels: (K, TA:) as being likened to the شَكِير of palm-trees. (TA.) شَكَائِرُ (assumed tropical:) Forelocks: (K, TA:) as though pl. of شَكِيرَةٌ [which may be n. un. of شَكِيرٌ]. (TA.) شِكُورِيَةٌ a name applied in the present day to Cichorium, intybus and endivia; wild and garden-succory, and endive; as also هِنْدَبَى, correctly هِنْدَبًى.]

شَاكِرِىٌّ A hired man, or hireling; one taken as a servant: an arabicized word, from [the Pers\.] چَاكَرْ. (O, K.) شَوْكَرَانٌ: see the next paragraph.

شَيْكُرَانٌ (S, K) and شَيْكَرَانٌ, (K,) [in the CK, erroneously, شَكْرَان and with damm to the ك,] or the correct form is شَيْكُرَانٌ, with damm to the ك as Ibn-Hishám El-Lakhmee and El-Fárábee have expressly affirmed; (TA;) or it is correctly with س, (K,) unpointed, and so it is mentioned by AHn; (TA;) [but see سَيْكُرَانٌ;] or correctly ↓ شَوْكَرَانٌ, (K,) as Sgh holds to be the case, (TA,) [and thus it is written in several medical books, from the Pers\. شَوْكَرَانْ; accord. to Golius, Cicuta herba, and applied in the present day to conium, i. e. hemlock, or a species thereof; and this is probably what is meant by Golius, as the conium maculatum, or common hemlock, is called by some cicuta;] a certain plant, (S, K,) of the kind called حَمْض, (so in a marginal note in a copy of the S,) the stem of which is like that of the رَازِيَانَج [or fennel], and the leaves of which are like those of the [species of cucumber called.]

قِثَّآء, or, as some say, like those of the يَبْرُوح [q. v.], and smaller; having a white flower, and a slender stem, without any fruit; and its seed is like [that of] the نَانَخَوَاة [or ammi], or [of] the أَنِيسُون [or anise], without taste or odour, and mucilaginous. (TA.) أَشْكَرُ [More, and most, thankful, or grateful, &c.: see an ex. voce بَرْوَقٌ].

عُشْبٌ مَشْكَرَةٌ (O, K, TA, in the CK مُشْكِرَةٌ,) (assumed tropical:) Herbage that causes milk to be copious. (O, K, TA. [In the CK, مُغْزَرَةُ اللَّبَنِ is erroneously put for مَغْزَرَةٌ لِلَّبَنِ.]) مِشْكَارٌ: see شَكِرَةٌ, in two places.

رِيحٌ مُشْتَكِرَةٌ (assumed tropical:) A violent wind: (O, K:) or, as some say, a contrary wind; (O, TA;) but ISd, says that this is a mistake. (TA.)

قوض

1 قَوڤضَ see 2: and see also 1 in art. قيض.2 قوّضهُ, (S, A, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَقْوِيضٌ, (Msb, K,) He demolished it; destroyed it; threw it down; namely a building; as also ↓ قَاضَهُ, (K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. قَوْضٌ: (TA:) or he took it to pieces, without demolishing or destroying or throwing down; (S, A, Msb, K;) namely a building, (S, A, Msb,) and a tent. (A:) or he pulled up, or out, its poles, or pieces of wood, and its tentropes: (IDrd, K:) or he pulled it up, and removed it; namely a tent. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] قوّض الصُّفُوفَ, and المَجَالِسَ, (A, TA,) (tropical:) He separated, or dispersed, the ranks, and the assemblies. (TA.) b3: [Hence also,] بَنَى فُلَانٌ ثُمَّ قَوَّضَ [lit. Such a one built, then demolished, or took to pieces]; i. e. (tropical:) did well, then did ill. (A, TA.) 5 تقوّض It (a house, and a tent, TA) became demolished, destroyed, or thrown down; (S * in art. قيض; and K;) and in like manner تقوّز; (TA;) as also ↓ انقاض [which see also in art. قيض]: (K; and in a copy of the S in art. قيض:) or it was, or became, taken to pieces, without being demolished or destroyed or thrown down: (A, TA:) and ↓ انقاضت, said of a well (بئْر), it fell; fell in ruins, or to pieces; or collapsed. (Msb: see also art. قيض.) b2: [Hence,] تقوّض المَجْلِسُ, (A,) and تقوّضت الحِلَقُ, (S, TA,) and الصَّفُوفُ, (S, Msb, TA,) (tropical:) [The assembly, and] the rings of men, (S, TA,) and the ranks, became separated, or dispersed. (S, Msb, * TA.) b3: Also, (assumed tropical:) He (a man, K, and a bird, Az, TA) came and went, (Az, K, TA,) and would not be still, or remain at rest. (Az, TA.) 7 إِنْقَوَضَ see 5, in two places.

هٰذَا بِذَا قَوْضًا بِقَوْضٍ This is for that, as a substitute for a substitute. (K.) And هُمَا قَوْضَانِ [They two are substitutes, each for the other]: mentioned by Sgh: but Z says, هما قَيْضَانِ [q. v. in art. قيض]: (TA:) or both signify they are exchangers, each with the other. (JK.) مُقَوَّضٌ Anything demolished, destroyed, or thrown down: [&c.: see 2.] (TA.)