برش

1 بَرِشَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. بَرَشٌ, i. q. بَرِصَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. بَرَصٌ: (Msb:) [or rather, used allusively for the latter verb: see أَبْرَشُ. See also بَرَشٌ, below.]9 ابرشّ, inf. n. إِبْرشَاشٌ, He (a horse) was, or became, marked with small specks, called بَرَش, differing from the rest of his colour. (S.) بَرَشٌ, in the hair of a horse, Small specks, differing from the rest of the colour; (S, K;) as also ↓ بُرْشَةٌ: (K:) or both signify a colour in which one speck is red and another black or dustcoloured or the like. (TA.) b2: And hence, (T-A,) the former, (A, TA,) or ↓ both (K,) A whiteness that appears upon the nails. (Ibráheem El-Harbee, A, K.) b3: And the former, White specks in the skin. (A.) b4: [See also 1.]

بُرْشَةٌ: see بَرَشٌ, in two places.

بَرِيشٌ: see أَبْرَشُ.

أَبْرَشُ, applied to a horse, (S, K,) or to one of the sort termed بِرْذَون, (Lh,) Marked with the small speaks termed بَرَش; (Lh, S, K;) as also ↓ بَرِيشٌ. (K.) Also, شَاةٌ بَرْشَآءُ A ewe, or she-goat, marked with specks of various colours. (TA.) And حَيَّةٌ بَرْشَآءُ A serpent black speckled with white, or white speckled with black. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] i. q. أَبْرَصُ: fem. بَرْشَآءُ: pl. بُرْشٌ: (Msb:) [or rather, used allusively for أَبْرَصُ; for] Jedheemeh (S, A, K) Ibn-Málik (S, TA) Ibn-Fahm, (TA,) the king [of El-Heereh], (K,) was surnamed الأَبْرَشُ in allusion to his being أَبْرَص; (S, A, K;) the Arabs fearing to apply to him this latter epithet: (K:) or he was thus called because he was marked with black or red specks caused by a burn. (Kh.) b3: مَكَانٌ أَبْرَشُ A place of various colours, abounding in plants or herbage: (K:) and أَرْضٌ بَرْشَآءٌ, and سَنَةٌ بَرْشَآءُ, land, and a year, in which is abundance of herbage (Ks, K) of various colours; (Ks;) as also رَبْشَآءُ and رَمْشَآءُ. (TA.)

سخر

1 سَخِرَ مِنْهُ, (Fr, Akh, S, A, Msb, K,) and بِهِ, (Az, Akh, S, Msb, K,) like as one says ضَحِكَ مِنْهُ and بِهِ, and هَزِئَ مِنْهُ and بِهِ, (Akh, S,) but the former is the more chaste, (En-Näwawee, TA,) and is that which occurs in the Kur ix. 80, and xi. 40, [&c.,] (TA,) and J says that the latter is the worse of the two, (S,) and Fr disallows it absolutely, (TA,) aor. ـَ (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. سَخَرٌ (S, Msb, K) and سَخْرٌ (K) and سُخْرٌ and سُخُرٌ (S, K) and سُخْرَةٌ (K) and مَسْخَرٌ, (S, K,) He mocked at, scoffed at, laughed at, derided, or ridiculed, him; (S, * A, Msb, K, &c.;) as also ↓ استسخر: (A, * K:) and ↓ يَسْتَسْخِرُونَ, in the Kur xxxvii. 14, signifies, accord. to Ibn-Er-Rummánee, they invite one another to mock, scoff, deride, or ridicule. (TA.) b2: It is said in a trad., أَتَسْخَرُ مِنِّى وَأَنَا المَلِكُ Dost thou mock at me, or deride me, when I am the king? or, as some say, it is tropical, and means, (tropical:) dost thou put me in a place which I do not regard as my right? so that it seems to denote a species of mockery. (TA.) b3: And in another trad. it is said, أَنَا أُقُولُ كَذَا وَلَا أَسْخَرُ (tropical:) [I say so, and I do not jest]; meaning I say not aught but the truth. (A, * TA.) b4: The words (of the Kur [xi. 40] TA) إِنْ تَسْخَرُوا مِنَّا فَإِنَّا نَسْخَرُ مِنْكُمْ كَمَا تَسْخَرُونَ are said to signify If ye deem us ignorant, we also deem you ignorant like as ye deem us ignorant. (K.) A2: سَخَرَهُ: see 2. b2: سَخَرَتِ السَّفِينَةُ, aor. ـَ (tropical:) The ship had a good wind and voyage; (K;) [as though it made the wind subservient, or submissive, to it; (see 2;)] it obeyed, and ran its course. (TA.) 2 سخّرهُ, inf. n. تَسْخِيرٌ, He constrained him, or compelled him, (JK, S, K,) namely, a servant, or a beast, to do what he [the latter] did not desire, (JK, TA,) or to work, without recompense, or hire, or wages, (S, K,) and without price; (TA;) as also ↓ تسخّرهُ: (S, Mgh, * K:) and [in like manner,] ↓ سَخَرَهُ, aor. ـَ inf. n. سِخْرِىٌّ and سُخْرِىٌّ, he constrained him to do what he did not desire; compelled him: (K:) or سخّرهُ, he made use of him without compensation, (A, Msb,) فِى العَمَلِ [in work]. (Msb.) You say, ↓ تَسَخَّرْتُ دَابَّةً لِفُلَانٍ I rode a beast belonging to such a one without recompense. (TA.) b2: He brought him under, or into subjection; rendered him subservient, submissive, tractable, or manageable. (S, K.) You say, سخّر اللّٰهُ الإِبِلَ God hath made the camels subservient, or submissive, and manageable. (Msb.) And in the Kur [xiv. 37], it is said, وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ (assumed tropical:) And He hath made subservient to you, or submissive for you, the sun and the moon [to run their appointed courses]. (TA.) سُخِّرَ لَهُ [as also له ↓ تُسُخِّرَ] signifies (assumed tropical:) It (anything) was rendered submissive or manageable or practicable, to him, or prepared or disposed for him agreeably with his desire. (TA.) You say also, سخّر اللّٰهُ السَّفِينَةَ, inf. n. تَسْخِيرٌ, (tropical:) God made the ship to obey and to run its course; to have a good wind and voyage. (TA.) سَخَّرَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ, in the Kur lxix. 7, means (assumed tropical:) He sent it upon them by force; namely, the wind: (Jel:) or made it to prevail against them by his power. (Bd.) 5 تَسَخَّرَ see 2, in three places.10 إِسْتَسْخَرَ see 1, in two places.

سُخْرَةٌ One who is mocked at, scoffed at, laughed at, derided, or ridiculed; a laughingstock; (S, A, K;) as also ↓ سِخْرِىٌّ and سُخْرِىٌّ; (Az, A;) which are used as sing., as in the phrase اِتَّخَذُوهُ سُِحْرِيًّا they made him a laughingstock; (A;) and as pl., as in هُمْ لَكَ سُِخْرِىٌّ, and also ↓ سُِخْرِيَّةٌ, the former being masc. and the latter fem., they are to thee laughingstocks; the former occurring in the Kur [see xxiii. 112, and xxxviii. 63, and xliii. 31,] with damm and with kesr accord. to different readings. (Az, TA.) b2: Also One who is constrained, or compelled, to do what he does not desire, or to work, without recompense, or hire, or wages; (JK, S, * Mgh, * Msb, * K, * TA;) applied to a servant, (JK, S, Msb,) and to a beast; (JK, Msb;) as also ↓ سُخْرِىٌّ (Msb, K) and سِخْرِىٌّ; (K) or the former of these, only, is used in this sense; and the latter, and sometimes the former also, in the sense immediately preceding: (TA:) and سُخْرَةٌ is also used as a pl., (JK, A,) as in the phrase هٰؤُلَآءِ سُخْرَةٌ لِلسُّلْطَانِ these are persons made use of without compensation for the Sultán: (JK, * A:) it also signifies one who employs any person, (K, TA,) or beast, (TA,) that he has subjected, or compelled to obey him, without recompense, or hire, or wages: (K, TA:) [or this is a mistake, and the correct signification is] one who is so employed by him who has subjected him. (L.) b3: It is also syn. with تَسْخِيرٌ [inf. n. of 2]. (TA in art. سمع.) سُخَرَةٌ One who mocks at, scoffs at, laughs at, derides, or ridicules, others, (S, K,) much. (S.) [See also مَسْخَرَةٌ.]

سُخْرِىٌّ and سِخْرِىٌّ (T, S, Msb, K) and سُِخْرِيَّةٌ (T, S, K) Mockery; scoff; derision; ridicule. (T, S, Msb, K.) b2: See also سُخْرَةٌ, in three places.

سُخَّرٌ A certain herb, or leguminous plant, (Sgh, K,) in Khurásán; (K;) accord. to AHn, i. q. سَيْكُرَانٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) سُفُنٌ سَوَاخِرُ [pl. of سَفِينَةٌ سَاخِرَةٌ] (tropical:) Ships obeying, and having a good wind. (S.) مَسْخَرَةٌ [An occasion, or a cause, of mockery, scoffing, derision, or ridicule]: pl. مَسَاخِرُ. (A.) You say رُبَّ مَسَاخِرَ يَعُدُّهَا النَّاسُ مَفَاخِرَ [Many occasions of mockery, &c., men reckon occasions of boasting, or glorying]. (A.) And هُوَ مَسْخَرَةٌ [He is a cause of mockery, &c.]. (A.) [See also مَخْسَرَةٌ.] b2: Also One who mocks at, scoffs at, laughs at, derides, or ridicules, others. (A.) [See also سُخَرَةٌ.]

مُسَخَّرٌ Any one that is constrained, or compelled, [brought into subjection, or made subservient or submissive,] and managed, unable to free himself from constraint. (TA.) b2: وَالنُّجُومُ مُسَخَّرَاتٌ بِأَمْرِهِ [in the Kur xvi. 12 means and the stars are made subservient, or submissive,] running their courses. (Az, TA.)

صير

1 صَارَ كَذَا, (T, S, Msb,) aor. ـِ (S,) inf. n. صَيْرُورَةٌ (S, Msb) and صَيْرٌ, (S,) He, or it, attained to the state, or condition, of such a thing; (T;) became such a thing; (T, Msb;) in which sense the verb is like كَانَ [in meaning, when the latter is non-attributive, and in having its subject in the nom. case and its predicate in the accus.]. (T.) You say, صَارَ زَيْدٌ رَجُلًا Zeyd became a man; or attained to the state, or condition, of a man. (TA.) And صَارَ زَيْدٌ غَنِيًّا Zeyd became rich, not having been so. (Msb.) And صَارَ العَصِيرُ خَمْرًا The expressed juice became wine. (Msb.) [and صَارَ لَا شَىْءَ عِنْدَهُ He became in a state, or condition, in which there was not anything in his possession. And صَارَ يَفْعَلُ كَذَا He became in the state, or condition, of doing such a thing; i. e. he became occupied, or engaged, in doing such a thing; or he set about, began, commenced, took to, or betook himself to, doing such a thing; like جَعَلَ. And صَارَ لَا يَفْعَلُ شَيْئًا He became in the state, or condition, of not doing anything; or he became unoccupied in doing anything. and صَارَ لَا يَتَكَلَّمُ He became in the state of not speaking; he became speechless. And صَارَ يَتَفَكَّرُ فِى كَذَا He became in a state of reflection upon such a thing; he began to reflect upon such a thing.] b2: One says also, صَارَ الأَمْرُ إِلَى كَذَا, (M, A, Msb, K,) aor. as above, (TA,) inf. n. مَصِيرٌ, (S, M, A, Msb, K,) which is anomalous, being regularly مَصَارٌ, like مَعَاشٌ, (S,) and صَيْرٌ and صَيْرُورَةٌ, (M, A, K,) i. e. رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ: (Msb:) [but this is a loose explanation; the meaning being, The thing, or affair, or case, came eventually (see صِيرٌ) to such a state, or condition:] the difference between مَصِيرٌ and مَرْجِعٌ is, that the former word necessarily implies a difference [of the latter state or condition] from the former state or condition; but the latter word does not. (Bd in iii. 156.) [In this case, the ulterior state or condition is likened to a place: for] b3: صَارَ also signifies He, or it, attained in respect of place: so in the saying, صَارَ زَيْدٌ إِلَى عَمْرٍو [Zeyd came, or went, or pursued a course that brought him, to 'Amr]. (TA.) صِرْتُ إِلَى فُلَانٍ [I came, &c., to such a one] is similar to the phrase in the Kur [iii. 27]

وَإِلَى اللّٰهِ الْمَصِيرُ [And to God, as the ultimate object, is the transition, or course, of every human being]. (S.) [Hence, أًلَا إِلَى اللّٰهِ تَصِيرُ الْأُمُورُ, in the Kur xlii. last verse, which Bd explains by adding the words بِارْتِفَاعِ الوَسَائِطِ وَالتَّعَلُّقَاتِ; the meaning being, Verily to God are things, or events, referrible, mediately and dependently: in the Expos. of the Jel expl. as meaning تَرْجِعُ.] b4: [And in like manner one says, صَارَ لَهُ كَذَا Such a thing came to, betided, or befell, him, or it: and hence, he, or it, came to have, or became possessed of, such a thing.] b5: And صَارَ فِى أَرْضِ فَلَاةٍ [He became, or came to be, meaning he found himself, in a desert, or waterless, land]; i. q. وَقَعَ فِيهَا. (Msb in art. وقع.) And صَارَ فِى الرَّبِيعِ [He entered, lit. became in, the season called ربيع]; i. q. أَرْبَعَ [which is expl. in the S as signifying دَخَلَ فِى الرَّبِيعِ]. (K in art. ربع.) A2: صَيْرٌ signifies also The returning of seekers after herbage to the watering-places. (O, K.) And one says, صَارَ الرَّجُلُ, aor. ـِ [inf. n. صَيْرٌ,] The man stayed, or abode, at the water. (TA.) and صَارَ النَّاسُ المَآءَ The people stayed, or abode, at the water. (M, K, TA.) A3: صَارَهُ, (S,) first Pers\. صِرْتُهُ, (M,) aor. as above, (S,) inf. n. صَيْرٌ, (K,) a dial. var. of صَارَهُ having for its aor. ـُ [q. v.,] (S,) He cut it; (S, M, K;) and clave it, or split it. (M.) b2: And in like manner, [i. e. as a dial. var. of صَارَهُ having for its aor. ـُ He made it to incline, or lean. (S.) You say, صَارَ وَجْهَهُ, aor. ـِ (M,) as also يَصُورُ, (M and K in art. صور,) He turned his face towards a person or thing. (M.) And صِرْتُ عُنُقَهُ I twisted his neck. (M.) [Respecting the phrase فَصِرْهُنَّ إِلَيْكَ in the Kur ii.

262, accord. to one reading, see 1 in art. صور.] b3: صَارَهُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. صَيْرٌ, signifies also حَبَسَهُ [He confined, restricted, &c., him, or it]. (Msb.) 2 صيّرهُ كَذَا He made him, or it, to be in such a state, or condition; or he made him, or it, to be such a thing; [as also ↓ أَصَارَهُ;] syn. جَعَلَهُ. (S.) You say, صَيَّرَنِى لَهُ عَبْدًا and ↓ أًصَارَنِى [He made me to be to him a slave]. (A.) b2: [And صَيَّرَهُ إِلَى

كَذَا and ↓ أَصَارَهُ He, or it, made, or caused, him, or it, to come, or to pursue a course that led, to such a state, or condition; brought, or reduced, him, or it, thereto.] 'Omeyleh El-Fezáree said to his paternal uncle Ibn-'Ankà, ↓ مَا الَّذِى أَصَارَكَ

إِلَى مَا أَرَى يَا عَمِّ [What hath made thee to come, or brought thee, or reduced thee, to the state, or condition, that I see, O my paternal uncle?]. (M.) [In this case, the ulterior state or condition is likened to a place: for] you say, صَيَّرَهُ إِلَيْهِ and ↓ أَصَارَهُ [meaning He, or it, made him to come, or brought him, to him, or it; i. e., to a person, or place, or to a state, or condition:] (M, K:) and صَيَّرَتْنِى إِلَيْهِ الحَاجَةُ and ↓ أَصَارَتْنِى [Want, or need, or necessity, made me to come, or brought me, to him, or it]. (A.) And [hence,] صَيَّرَ إِلَيْهِ الأَمْرَ He committed to him the thing, or affair; syn. فَوَّضَهُ اليه. (M in art. فوض.) [And صَيَّرَ لَهُ كَذَا He made such a thing to come to, betide, or befall, him, or it: and consequently, he made him, or it, to have, or become possessed of, such a thing.] b3: تَصْيِيرٌ is also by word, or covenant, as well as by deed. (Bd in ii. 20.) [You say, صَيَّرَهُ كَذَا meaning He asserted, or pronounced, him, or it, to be in such a state, or condition; or to be such a thing: in which case, also, it is syn. with جَعَلَهُ, whereby it is expl. in the S. And صَيَّرَ لَهُ كَذَا He asserted, or pronounced, such a thing to belong to him, or it; asserted, or pronounced, him, or it, to have such a thing; attributed to him, or it, such a thing: and appointed or assigned, to him, or it, such a thing.]4 أَصْيَرَ see 2, in six places.5 تصيّر أَبَاهُ He became like his father. (S, M, K.) صَيْرٌ: see what next follows.

صِيرٌ The ulterior or ultimate, latter or last, state, or condition; the end, conclusion, event, issue, or result; of a thing, an affair, or a case; (S, M, O, Msb, K;) as also ↓ صَيْرٌ (O, K) and ↓ مَصِيرٌ (S, O, Msb, TA) and ↓ مَصِيرَةٌ (TA) and ↓ صَيُّورٌ, (S, M, K,) of the measure فَيْعُولٌ, (S,) and ↓ صَيُّورَةٌ. (K.) b2: The verge, brink, or point, of an affair, or event. (M, K.) You say, أَنَا عَلَى

صِيرٍ مِنْ أَمْرِ كَذَا I am on the verge of such an affair, or event. (M.) And أَنَا عَلَى صِيرٍ مِنْ حَاجَتِى

I am at the point of [attaining] the object of my want. (M.) And أَنَا عَلَى صِيرٍ مِنْ قَضَآءِ حَاجَتِى

I am at the point of accomplishing my want. (A.) And فُلَانٌ عَلَى صِيرِ أَمْرٍ Such a one is at the point of accomplishing an affair. (S.) A2: A water at which people stay, or abide; (M, O, K;) as also ↓ صِيرَةٌ. (TA.) A3: A crevice of a door. (S, M, A, Msb, K.) It is said in a trad., مَنْ نَظَرَ فِى

صِيرِ بَابٍ فَفُقِئَتْ عَيْنُهُ فَهِىَ هَدَرٌ [Whosoever looks into the crevice of a door and has his eye put out, it is a thing for which no mulct is to be exacted]: (S, M:) A'Obeyd says that this is the only instance in which the word [in this sense] has been heard. (S.) A4: [The condiment, made of small fish, called] صِحْنَاة: (S, M, K:) or [a condiment, or the like,] resembling صحناة: (M, K:) or what is called in Pers\. مَاهِى آوَهْ [jelly of salted fish]; as also صِحْنَاةٌ: (Mgh voce صحناة:) and the small salted fish of which صحناة is made: (Kr, M, K:) or the young ones of fish: [a coll. gen. n.:] n. un. with ة: (Msb:) thought by IDrd to be Syriac; (TA;) by IAth, to be Pers\., as also صحناة. (TA in art. صحن.) A5: Also The أُسْفُفّ [properly bishop] of the Jews. (O, K.) A6: See also the next paragraph.

صِيرَةٌ, (S, M, Msb, K,) accord. to A'Obeyd صِيْرَةٌ, with fet-h, but Az says that this is a mistake, (TA,) An enclosure (حَظِيرَة) for sheep or goats (S, M, Msb, K) and for cows or bulls, (M, K,) constructed of wood and stones (M, TA) and of branches of trees; (TA;) as also ↓ صِيَارَةٌ, (M, K,) which latter is said by IDrd to be of the dial. of the people of Baghdád: (TA:) pl. of the former صِيَرٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and [coll. gen. n.] ↓ صِيرٌ. (M, K.) A2: See also صِيرٌ.

صِيَارٌ The صَنْج; (O and TA in this art., and TS and K and TA in art. صبر;) i. e. the stringed instrument thus called: (TS and TA in that art., and O and TA in the present art.:) [this is the right meaning, as is shown by the latter of the two verses cited voce صُبَارَةٌ: but,] accord. to AHeyth, (O,) the sound of the صَنْج. (O and K in the present art.) A2: See also art. صور.

صِيَارَةٌ: see صِيرَةٌ.

A2: Also i. q. صُبَارَةٌ [q. v., signifying Stones, &c.]. (M in art. صبر.) صَيِّرٌ A grave. (AA, O, K. [Perhaps so called as being the ulterior abode.]) One says, هٰذَا صَيِّرُ فُلَانٍ This is the grave of such a one. (O.) A2: And A company (جَمَاعَة). (O, K.) A3: See also art. صور.

صَيِّرَةٌ A thing, upon the head of a قَارَة [or small isolated mountain or the like], resembling the [heap of stones, piled up as a sign of the way, called] أَمَرَة, except that it is cased, and the امرة is taller than it, and larger; or [in my originals “ and ”] they are both cased, but the امرة is peaked and tall, and the صيّره is round and wide, and has angles [app. at the base]; and sometimes it is excavated, and gold and silver are found in it: it is of the work of 'Ád and Irem. (O, TA.) صَائِرٌ Staying, or abiding, at a water. (TA.) And ↓ صَائِرَةٌ A party, or people, staying, or abiding, at a water. (O, TA.) A2: Also A twister of men's necks. (TA.) A3: [And The pivot at the top, and that at the heel, of a door; the former of which turns in a socket in the lintel, and the latter in a socket in the threshold:] see سَاكِفٌ.

صَائِرَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

A2: Also Rain. (M, TA.) b2: And Herbage, or pasture. (M.) See the next paragraph. b3: Also The state of dryness to which herbage comes. (M.) صَيُّورٌ: see صِيرٌ. b2: Also Judgment, or opinion, (S,) and understanding, or intellect, or intelligence; (S, M, K;) as in the saying, مَا لَهُ صَيُّورٌ [He has not judgment nor understanding]: (S, M:) or a judgment, or an opinion, to which one eventually comes; as in the saying, مَا لَهُ بَدْءٌ وَلَا صَيُّورٌ [He has not a first, nor a final, idea, thought, judgment, or opinion]. (A.) A2: Also, (O, K;) as AHn says, on the authority of Aboo-Ziyád, (O;) and ↓ صَائِرَةٌ, (K,) Dry herbage or pasture, that is eaten long after its being green: (O, K:) and he adds that no herbs have صَيُّور except such as are of the kinds called الثَّغْر and الأَفَانِى. (O, TA.) A3: أُمُّ صَيُّورٍ signifies A confused and dubious affair, (M, K,) through which there is no way of passing; as in the phrase وَقَعَ فِى أُمِّ صَيُّورٍ, mentioned by Yaakoob [ISk] in the “ Alfádh ”

[accord. to some of the copies of that work]: originally meaning a [mountain, or hill, such as is termed] هَضْبَة without a pass: but it is more probably صَبُّور [q. v., in art. صبر]. (M.) صَيُّورَةٌ: see صِيرٌ, first sentence.

مَصِيرٌ an inf. n. of صَارَ [q. v.]. (S, M, &c.) A2: [Also A place, and hence a state or condition, to which a person, or thing, eventually comes: a place of destination.] See صِيرٌ. b2: A place where people alight and abide: a good place where people alight and abide. (TA.) b3: A place to which waters come, or take their course: (M, K:) [or a place of herbage, or pasture, and of water: pl. مَصَايِرُ: so in the saying,] خَرَجُوا إِلَى مَصَايِرِهِمْ They went forth to their places of herbage, or pasture, and of water. (A.) A3: See also art. مصر.

مَصِيرَةٌ: see صِيرٌ, first sentence.

تهافت الفلاسفة
للإمام، حجة الإسلام، أبي حامد: محمد بن محمد الغزالي، الطوسي.
المتوفى: سنة 505، خمس وخمسمائة.
مختصر.
أوله: (نسأل الله تعالى بجلاله، الموفى على كل نهاية 000 الخ).
قال: رأيت طائفة يعتقدون في أنفسهم التميز عن الأتراب والنظراء، بمزيد الفطنة والذكاء، قد رفضوا وظائف الإسلام من العبادات، واستحقروا شعائر الدين من وظائف الصلوات، والتوقي عن المحظورات، واستهانوا بتعبدات الشرع وحدوده، ولم يقفوا عند توفيقاته وقيوده، بل خلعوا بالكلية ربقة الدين، بفنون من الظنون.
يتبعون فيها رهطاً يصدون عن سبيل الله، ويبغونها عوجاً، وهم بالآخرة هم كافرون، ولا مستند لكفرهم غير تقليد سماعي، ألفي كتقليد اليهود والنصارى.
إذ جرى على غير دين الإسلام نشؤهم وأولادهم، وعليه درج آباؤهم وأجدادهم، لا عن بحث نظري، بل تقليد صادر عن التعثر بأذيال الشبه الصارفة عن صوب الصواب، والانخداع بالخيالات المزخرفة كلا مع السراب.
كما اتفق لطوائف من النظار في البحث عن العقائد والآراء من أهل البدع والأهواء، وإنما مصدر كفرهم سماعهم أسامي هائلة كسقراط وبقراط وأفلاطون وأرسطاطاليس وأمثالهم، وإطناب طوائف من متبعيهم وضلالهم في وصف عقولهم، وحسن أصولهم، ودقة علومهم الهندسية، والمنطقية، والطبيعية، والإلهية، واستبدادهم لفرط الذكاء والفطنة، باستخراج تلك الأمور الخفية.
وحكايتهم عنهم أنهم مع رزانة عقلهم، وغزارة فضلهم، منكرون للشرائع والنحل، وجاحدون لتفاصيل الأديان والملل، ومعتقدون أنها نواميس مؤلفة، وحيل مزخرفة.
فلما قرع ذلك سمعهم، ووافق ما حكى من عقائدهم طبعهم، تجملوا باعتقاد الكفر، تحيزاً إلى غمار الفضلاء بزعمهم، وانخراطاً في سلكهم، وترفعاً عن مساعدة الجماهير والدهماء، واستنكافاً من القناعة بأديان الآباء ظناً بأن إظهار التكايس في النزوع عن تقليد الحق بالشروع في تقليد الباطل جمال وغفلة منهم، عن أن الانتقال إلى تقليد عن تقليد خرف وخبال.
فأية رتبة في عالم الله سبحانه وتعالى أخس من رتبة من يتجمل بترك الحق، المعتقد تقليداً بالتسارع إلى قبول الباطل، تصديقاً دون أن يقبله خبراً وتحقيقاً.
فلما رأيت هذا العرق من الحماقة نابضاً على هؤلاء الأغبياء، ابتدأت لتحرير هذا الكتاب، رداً على الفلاسفة القدماء، مبيناً تهافت عقيدتهم، وتناقض كلمتهم، فيما يتعلق بالإلهيات، وكاشفاً عن غوائل مذهبهم، وعوراته التي هي على التحقيق مضاحك العقلاء، وعبرة عند الأذكياء.
أعني: ما اختصوا به عن الجماهير والدهماء، من فنون العقائد والآراء، هذا مع حكاية مذهبهم على وجهه.
ثم صدر الكتاب بمقدمات أربع:
ذكر في الأولى: أن الخوض في حكاية اختلاف الفلاسفة تطويل، فإن خبطهم طويل، ونزاعهم كثير، وأنه يقتصر على إظهار التناقض في الرأي.
مقدمهم الذي هو المعلم الأول، والفيلسوف المطلق، فإنه رتب علومهم وهذبها، وهو: أرسطاطاليس وقد رد على كل من قبله حتى على أستاذه أفلاطون فلا إيقان لمذهبهم، بل يحكمون بظن وتخمين، ويستدلون على صدق علومهم الإلهية، بظهور العلوم الحسابية، والمنطقية، متقنة البراهين، ويستدرجون ضعفاء العقول، ولو كانت علومهم الإلهية متقنة البراهين، لما اختلفوا فيها، كما لم يختلفوا في الحسابية.
ثم المترجمون لكلام أرسطو لم ينفك كلامهم عن تحريف وتبديل.
وأقومهم بالنقل من المتفلسفة الإسلامية:
أبو نصر الفارابي، وابن سينا.
وأنه يقتصر على إبطال ما اختاروه، ورأوه الصحيح من مذهب رؤسائهم.
وعلى رد مذاهبهم بحسب نقل هذين الرجلين كيلا ينتشر الكلام.
وذكر في الثانية:
أن الخلاف بينهم وبين غيرهم ثلاثة أقسام:
الأول: يرجع النزاع فيه إلى لفظ مجرد، كتسميتهم صانع العالم جوهراً مع تفسيرهم الجوهر: بأنه الموجود لا في موضوع، ولم يريدوا به الجوهر المتحيز.
قال: ولسنا نخوض في إبطال هذا، لأن معنى القيام بالنفس إذا صار متفقاً عليه، رجع الكلام في التعبير باسم الجوهر عن هذا المعنى إلى البحث عن اللغة.
وإن سوغ إطلاقه، رجع جواز إطلاقه في الشرع إلى المباحث الفقهية.
الثاني: ما لا يصدم مذهبهم فيه أصلاً من أصول الدين، وليس من ضرورة تصديق الأنبياء والرسل منازعتهم فيه، كقولهم: إن كسوف القمر، عبارة عن انمحاء ضوء القمر بتوسط الأرض بينه وبين الشمس، والأرض كرة والسماء محيطة بها من الجوانب، وإن كسوف الشمس، وقوف جرم القمر بين الناظر وبين الشمس عند اجتماعهما في العقيدتين على دقيقة واحدة.
قال: وهذا المعنى أيضاً لسنا نخوض في إبطاله إذ لا يتعلق به غرض ومن ظن أن المناظرة فيه من الدين فقد جنى على الدين، وضعف أمره، فإن هذه الأمور تقوم عليها براهين هندسية، لا تبقى معها ريبة، فمن يطلع عليها، ويتحقق أدلتها، حتى يخبر بسببها عن وقت الكسوفين، وقدرهما، ومدة بقائهما، إلى الانجلاء.
إذا قيل له: إن هذا على خلاف الشرع لم يسترب فيه، وإنما يستريب في الشرع، وضرر الشرع ممن ينصره لا بطريقه أكثر من ضرره ممن يطعن فيه بطريقة، وهو كما قيل: عدو عاقل، خير من صديق جاهل.
وليس في الشرع ما يناقض ما قالوه، ولو كان تأويله أهون من مكابرة أمور قطعية، فكم من ظواهر أولت بالأدلة القطعية التي لا تنتهي في الوضوح إلى هذا الحد، وأعظم ما يفرح به الملحدة، أن يصرح ناصر الشرع بأن هذا، وأمثاله على خلاف الشرع، فيسهل عليه طريق إبطال الشرع.
وهذا: لأن البحث في العالم عن كونه حادثاً أو قديماً، ثم إذا ثبت حدوثه فسواء كان كرة، أو بسيطاً، أو مثمناً، وسواء كانت السماوات، وما تحتها ثلاثة عشرة طبقة، كما قالوه، أو أقل، أو أكثر، فالمقصود: كونه من فعل الله سبحانه وتعالى فقط، كيف ما كان.
الثالث: ما يتعلق النزاع فيه بأصل من أصول الدين، كالقول في حدوث العالم، وصفات الصانع، وبيان حشر الأجساد، وقد أنكروا جميع ذلك فينبغي أن يظهر فساد مذهبهم.
وذكر في الثالثة: أن مقصوده تنبيه من حسن اعتقاده في الفلاسفة، وظن أن مسالكهم نقية عن التناقض ببيان وجوه تهافتهم.
فلذلك لا يدخل في الاعتراض عليهم إلا دخول مطالب منكر، لا دخول مدع مثبت.
فيكدر عليهم ما اعتقدوه مقطوعاً بإلزامات مختلفة، وربما ألزمهم بمذاهب الفرق.
وذكر في الرابعة: أن من عظم حيلهم في الاستدراج إذا أورد عليهم إشكال قولهم: أن العلوم الإلهية غامضة، خفية، لا يتوصل إلى معرفة الجواب عن هذه الإشكالات، إلا بتقديم الرياضيات، والمنطقيات.
فيمن يقلدهم إن خطر له إشكال، يحسن الظن بهم، ويقول: إنما يعسر على درك علومهم لأني لم أحصل الرياضيات ولم أحكم المنطقيات.
قال: أما الرياضيات، فلا تعلق للإلهيات بها.
وأما الهندسيات، فلا يحتاج إليها في الإلهيات، نعم قولهم: إن المنطقيات لا بد من إحكامها فهو صحيح، ولكن المنطق ليس مخصوماً بهم، وإنما هو الأصل الذي نسميه: كتاب الجدل، وقد نسميه: مدارك العقول.
فإذا سمع المتكايس اسم المنطق، ظن أنه فن غريب، لا يعرفه المتكلمون، ولا يطلع عليه الفلاسفة.
ثم ذكر بعد المقدمات، المسائل التي أظهر تناقض مذهبهم فيها، وهي عشرون مسألة:
الأولى: في أولية العالم.
الثانية: في أبدية العالم.
الثالثة: في بيان تلبسهم في قولهم: أن الله سبحانه وتعالى صانع العالم، وأن العالم صنعه.
الرابعة: في تعجيزهم عن إثبات الصانع.
الخامسة: في تعجيزهم عن إقامة الدليل على استحالة الهين.
السادسة: في نفي الصفات.
السابعة: في قولهم: إن ذات الأول لا ينقسم بالجنس والفصل.
الثامنة: في قولهم: إن الأول موجود بسيط بلا ماهية.
التاسعة: في تعجيزهم، عن بيان إثبات أن الأول ليس بجسم.
العاشرة: في تعجيزهم، عن إقامة الدليل على أن للعالم صانعاً، وعلة.
الحادية عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن القول: بأن الأول يعلم غيره.
الثانية عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن القول: بأن الأول يعلم ذاته.
الثالثة عشرة: في إبطال قولهم: أن الأول لا يعلم الجزئيات.
الرابعة عشرة: في إبطال قولهم: أن السماء حيوان متحرك بالإرادة.
الخامسة عشرة: فيما ذكروه من العرض المحرك للسماء.
السادسة عشرة: في قولهم: أن نفوس السماوات، تعلم جميع الجزئيات الحادثة في هذا العالم.
السابعة عشرة: في قولهم: باستحالة خرق العادات.
الثامنة عشرة: في تعجيزهم عن إقامة البرهان العقلي، على أن النفس الإنساني جوهر روحاني.
التاسعة عشرة: في قولهم: باستحالة الفناء على النفوس البشرية.
العشرون: في إبطال إنكارهم البعث، وحشر الأجساد، مع التلذذ والتألم بالجنة والنار، بالآلام واللذات الجسمانية.
هذا ما ذكره من المسائل، التي تناقض فيها كلامهم، من جملة علومهم، ففصلها، وأبطل مذاهبهم فيها إلى آخر الكتاب.
وهذا معنى التهافت، لخصتها من أول كتابه، لكونها مما يجب معرفته.
وقال في آخر خاتمته: فإن قال قائل: قد فصلتم مذاهب هؤلاء، أفتقطعون القول بكفرهم؟
قلنا: بكفرهم، لا بد منه، لا بد من كفرهم، في ثلاث مسائل:
الأولى: مسألة قدم العالم، وقولهم: إن الجواهر كلها قديمة.
الثانية: قولهم: إن الله سبحانه وتعالى لا يحيط علماً بالجزئيات الحادثة من الأشخاص.
الثالثة: إنكارهم بعث الأجسام، وحشرها.
فهذه لا تلائم الإسلام بوجه، فأما ما عدا هذه الثلاث من تصرفهم في الصفات، والتوحيد، فمذهبهم قريب من مذهب المعتزلة، فهم فيها... كأهل البدع. انتهى ملخصاً.
ثم إن القاضي، أبا الوليــد: محمد بن أحمد بن رشد المالكي.
المتوفى: سنة 595.
صنف تهافتا من طرف الحكماء، رداً على تهافت الغزالي، بقوله:
قال أبو حامد: (وأوله: بعد حمد الله الواجب 000 الخ).
ذكر فيه: أن ما ذكره بمعزل عن مرتبة اليقين والبرهان.
وقال في آخره: لا شك أن هذا الرجل أخطأ على الشريعة، كما أخطأ على الحكمة، ولولا ضرورة طلب الحق مع أهله، ما تكلمت في ذلك. انتهى.
ثم إن السلطان: محمد خان العثماني، الفاتح، أمر المولى مصطفى بن يوسف الشهير: بخواجه زاده البرسوي.
المتوفى: سنة 893، ثلاث وتسعين وثمانمائة.
والمولى: علاء الدين الطوسي.
المتوفى: سنة 887، سبع وثمانين وثمانمائة أن يصنفا كتاباً، للمحاكمة بين تهافت الإمام والحكماء.
فكتب المولى: خواجه زاده، في أربعة أشهر.
وكتب المولى الطوسي، في ستة أشهر.
ففضلوا كتاب المولى: خواجه زاده، على كتاب: الطوسي.
وأعطى السلطان: محمد خان لكل منهما عشرة آلاف ردهم.
وزاد لخواجه زاده بغلة نفيسة.
وكان ذلك هو السبب في ذهاب المولى: الطوسي إلى بلاد العجم.
وذكر: أن ابن المؤيد، لما وصل إلى خدمة العلامة الدواني، قال: بأي هدية جئت إلينا؟
قال: بكتاب (التهافت) لخواجه زاده، فطالعه مدة، وقال: - رضي الله تعالى - عن صاحبه، خلصني عن المشقة حيث صنفه، ولو صنفته لبلغ هذه الغاية فحسب وعنك أيضاً حيث أوصلته إلينا، ولو لم يصل إلينا لعزمت على الشروع.
وأول (تهافت) لخواجه زاده: (توجهنا إلى جنابك 000 الخ).
ذكر: أنهم أخطأوا في علومهم الطبيعية يسيراً، والإلهية كثيراً، فأراد أن يحكي ما أورد الإمام من قواعدهم الطبيعية، والإلهية مع بعض آخر، مما لم يورده، بأدلتها المعول عليها عندهم على وجهها، ثم أبطلها.
وهي مشتملة على اثنين وعشرين فصلاً، فزاد فصلين على مباحث الأصل.
وأول تهافت المولى الطوسي: (سبحانك اللهم يا منفرداً بالأزلية، والقدم 000 الخ).
وهو رتب على عشرين مبحثاً، مقتصراً على الأصل، وسماه الذخيرة، وعليه، وعلى تهافت الخواجه زاده، تعليقة للمولى شمس الدين: أحمد بن سليمان بن كمال باشا، المتوفى: سنة 94، أربعين وتسعمائة.

ظفر

1 ظَفَرَهُ: see 2.

A2: [See also ظَفَرٌ. b2: ] ظَفِرَتْ عَيْنُهُ, (T, S, O, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. ظَفَرٌ (S, O) and ظَفَارَةٌ; (O;) and, as some say, ظُفِرَت; (T;) His eye had what is termed a ظَفَرَة or ظُفْر. (T, S, O, K.) b3: And ظُفِرَ He (a man) had upon his eye what is termed a ظَفَرَة or ظُفْر. (T, O, K.) A3: ظَفِرَ, aor. ـَ (Msb,) inf. n. ظَفَرٌ, He attained, got, got possession of, or acquired, what he desired, or sough: (Lth, * S, * M, * A, * Msb, K: *) he succeeded, or was successful: (Msb:) he won, was victorious, or gained the victory: (Lth, T:) and ↓ اِظَّفَرَ [originally اِظْتَفَرَ] signifies the same as ظَفِرَ. (S.) You say, ظَفِرَ بِهِ and عَلَيْهِ, and ظَفِرَهُ, He attained it, got it, got possession of it, or acquired it; (M, K;) and in like manner ↓ اِظَّفَرَ, of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ. (K.) And ظَفِرْتُ بِالضَّالَّةِ I found the stray, or lost beast. (Msb.) and ظَفِرَ بِعَدُوِّهِ (S, A, Msb) and عَلَيْهِ, (Akh, S, A,) and ظَفِرَهُ, (S,) He gained the victory, or mastery, over his enemy; he overcame him. (S, * A, Msb. *) b2: [Hence,] ظَفِرَتِ النَّاقَةُ لَقَحًا (tropical:) The she-camel took, or received, impregnation. (A, TA.) And مَا ظَفِرَتْكَ عَيْنِى (Az, T, S, A, K) مُنْذُ حِينٍ (Az, T) or مُنْذُ زَمَانٍِ (S, A) (tropical:) My eye hath not seen thee [for some time]: (Az, T, S, A, K:) like مَا أَخَذَتْكَ. (Az, T.) A4: [ظَفَرَ in the dial. of Himyer is said by Freytag, on the authority of the Kitáb el-Addád, to signify He sat.]2 ظفّر فِيهِ, (A, K,) inf. n. تَظْفِيرٌ, (S,) He inserted his nail into it; (S, A, K;) namely, an apple, and the like, (S, K,) a cucumber, and a melon: (A:) and [in like manner] ↓ اِظَّفَرَ, of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ, he stuck, or fixed, his nail [into a thing]; (S, K, TA;) and so اِطَّفَرَ, with the unpointed ط. (TA.) You say, ظفّر فُلَانٌ فِى وَجْهِ فُلَانٍ Such a one stuck his nail into the flesh of the face of such a one, and wounded it. (TA.) and نَيَّبَ فِى لَحْمِهِ وَظَفَّرَ He stuck his dog-tooth and his nail into his flesh, and wounded it. (A.) and ظفّر فُلَانٌ فِى كَذَا وَنَيَّبَ (tropical:) Such a one clung to, caught to, or took fast hold upon, such a thing. (A in art. نيب.) Also ظفّرهُ; and ↓ ظَفَرَهُ, aor. ـِ (M, K;) and ↓ اِظَّفَرَهُ, in the K erroneously written أَظْفَرَهُ; (TA;) He stuck his nail into his face; (M, K;) and so اِطَّفَرَهُ, with ط. (TA.) And ظفّرهُ [He clawed it;] he stuck his nail into it, (namely, anything,) and broke it, or made a mark [or scratch] upon it. (M.) And ↓ اِظَّفَرَ الصَّقْرُ الطَّائِرَ The hawk seized the bird with his talons. (K.) b2: ظفّر said of بَقْل [or herbs, or leguminous plants,] (tropical:) They put forth what resembled the أَظْفَار [or talons] of the bird. (M, TA.) And said of the عَرْفَج, (K, TA,) and of the أَرْطَى, (TA,) (tropical:) It put forth what resembled أَظْفَار, (K, TA,) when it put forth its [leaves termed] خُوص. (TA.) And said of the نَصِىّ, and of the وَشِيج, and of the بَرْدِىّ, and of the ثُمَام, and of the صِلِّيَان, and of the غَرَز, and of هَدَب, (tropical:) It, or they, put forth yellow shoots, resembling the ظُفُر [or talon], which are the خُوص thereof, that come forth therefrom having a dustcoloured flower. (M, TA.) [Or,] said of a plant, (Ks, T, S,) inf. n. as above, (Ks, T,) (assumed tropical:) It came forth; (Ks, T;) from الأَظْفَار: (T:) or it came forth of the measure of the ظُفْر [or nail]. (S.) And ظفّرت الأَرْضُ (assumed tropical:) The land put forth plants, or herbage, that might be uprooted (يُمْكِنُ احْتِفَاؤُهُ, so in the M, in the K احْتِفَارُهُ,) with the nail, (M,) or with the fingers. (K.) b3: ظفّر ثَوْبَهُ, (M, and so in a copy of the K,) inf. n. as above, (K,) (assumed tropical:) He perfumed his garment (M, and thus in that copy of the K) with what is termed ظُفْر: (M:) or ظفّر ثَوْبَهُ بِالأَظْفَارِ he perfumed his garment with what are termed أَظْفَار. (So accord. to other copies of the K.) b4: And ظفّر الجِلْدَ, (K,) or ظَفَّرْتُ الجِلْدَ, (M,) (assumed tropical:) He, (K,) or I, (M,) rubbed the skin in order that its أَظْفَار (M, K) which means its creased parts (M) might become smooth. (M, K.) A2: ظفّرهُ also signifies, and so ↓ اظفرهُ, [He caused him to attain, get, get possession of, or acquire, what he desired, or sought: he caused him to succeed, or to be successful: and] He (God) caused him to be victorious, to gain the victory, or to overcome. (A.) You say, ظفّرهُ بِهِ (S, M) and عَلَيْهِ, (M, TA,) inf. n. as above; (S;) and به ↓ اظفرهُ (S, M, Msb) and عليه; (M, Msb;) He (God, S, M, or a man, Msb) caused him to gain the victory over him, or to overcome him, (M, Msb,) namely, his enemy. (S, Msb.) b2: And ظفّرهُ عَلَيْهِ He declared him to have overcome him: said of one who has been asked which of two persons had overcome. (T.) b3: And ظفّرهُ, (M, K,) inf. n. as above, (K,) He prayed for him that he might attain what he desired, or sought; or that he might be successful, or victorious. (M, K.) 4 أَظْفَرَ see the next preceding paragraph, latter part, in two places.6 تظافروا عَلَيْهِ and تضافروا and تظاهروا all signify the same; so says Ibn-Buzurj; (T, TA;) explaining the meaning to be, They leagued together, and aided one another, against him; i. e. عَلَى فُلَانٍ [against such a one]: (TA in art. ضفر:) the first of these has been said to be incorrect; but it is mentioned also by Sgh, as syn. with the third; and by Ibn-Málik, among words that are with ض and with ظ. (TA in the present art.) 8 إِظْتَفَرَ see 2, in three places: A2: and see also 1, in two places.

ظَفْرٌ: see the next paragraph.

ظُفْرٌ (T, S, M, A, Msb, K, &c.) and ↓ ظُفُرٌ, (Msb, K,) which latter is the most chaste form, and the form adopted by the seven readers in the Kur vi. 147, and the former is a contraction of this, [but is the most common form,] (Msb,) and ↓ ظِفْرٌ, which is extr., (M, Msb, K,) and disallowed by IDrd, (O,) and ↓ ظِفِرٌ, which is also extr., (Msb,) and ↓ أُظْفُورٌ, (T, M, A, Msb, K,) which is erroneously mentioned in the S as a pl. of ظُفْرٌ, (Sgh, Msb, K,) by an anticipation of the pen; (Msb;) or, accord. to MF, it si said in most of the copies of the S, (but this is not the case,) ظُفْرٌ has for its pl. أَظْفَارٌ; and أُظْفُورٌ [has for its pl.] أَظَافِيرُ; (TA;) [and this, being the reading in most of the copies of the S seen by MF, is probably what J wrote;] A certain wellknown thing; (M;) [i. e. a nail; and a talon, or claw;] pertaining to a human being, (M, Ibn-Es-Seed, Msb, K,) and to others; (M, K;) to the beasts and birds mentioned in the next following sentence, [as well as to man,] accord. to the authorities there cited; (TA;) and to every ruminant, as syn. with ظِلْفٌ [i. e. a cloven hoof]: (T and M in art. ظلف:) or to a beast, or bird, that does not prey; [as well as to man;] that of such as preys being termed مِخْلَبٌ: (M:) [and in the present day applied also to the spur of a cock:] it is of the masc. gender: (Lh, M, Msb:) the pl. (of ظُفْرٌ, S, M, Msb, &c.) is أَظْفَارٌ (S, M, Msb, K, &c.) and sometimes أَظْفُرٌ, (Msb,) [both of which are pls. of pauc., but the former is used as a pl. of mult. also,]. and (of أُظْفُورٌ, M, Msb, or of أَظْفَارٌ, and therefore a pl. pl., M) أَظَافِيرُ: (M, Msb, K:) that ↓ أُظْفُورٌ is a sing. [and not like أُبْقُورٌ which is a quasi-pl. n.] is shown by the saying of a poet, مَا بَيْنَ لُقْمَتِهَا الأُولَى إِذَا انْحَدَرَتْ وَبَيْنَ أُخْرَى تَلِيهَا قِيسُ أُظْفُورِ (K) or قِيدُ أُظْفُورِ (Msb) [i. e. What is between her first morsel, when it descends into her throat, and another that follows it, is the measure of a finger-nail]: or, as some relate it, إِذَا ازْدَرَدَتْ [when she swallows]; and it is thus cited [in the T and] in the “ Basáïr ” of the author of the K. (TA.) The phrase كُلَّ ذِى ظُفُرٍ in the Kur vi. 147 comprises camels and ostriches; (so in the T and TS and L; but in the K, الأَنْعَام is erroneously put for النَّعَام; TA;) because their مَنَاسِم are like أَظْفَار to them: (T, K, TA:) I'Ab says that it comprises camels; and also ostriches, because they have nails like camels: or any bird that has a مِخْلَب, and any beast that has a solid hoof: or, accord. to Mujáhid and Katádeh, every beast and bird that has not divided toes; as the camel and ostrich and goose and duck. (TA.) b2: [Hence,] الأَظْفَارُ is the name of (assumed tropical:) Certain small stars; (S;) certain stars before النَّسْر [meaning النَّسْر الوَاقِع i. e. the star a of Lyra: app. because regarded as the talons of the نسر]: (K:) or a certain dim star in الشَّلْيَاق [q. v., i. e. the constellation Lyra]. (Kzw.) b3: [Hence also,] إِنَّهُ لَكَلِيلُ الظُّفْرِ, (T,) or إِنَّهُ لَمَقْلُومُ الظُّفْرِ, (TA,) (tropical:) Verily he is one who does not slay or wound an enemy: (T, TA:) and إِنَّهُ مَقْلُومُ الظُّفْرِ عَنْ أَذَى

النَّاسِ (tropical:) Verily he is one who does little hurt to mankind. (T, A, TA.) And هُوَ كَلِيلُ الظُّفْرِ (tropical:) He is weak, or abject, or despicable; (T, S, K, TA;) said of a man; (K, TA;) or so مُقَلَّمُ الظُّفْرِ: (K: [in the TA, as from the K, مُقَلَّمُ الأَظْفَارِ:]) or (tropical:) he is sick, or diseased. (A.) And بِهِ ظُفْرٌ مِنْ مَرَضٍ (tropical:) [app. meaning In him is an evil result of a disease, that has clung to him]. (A, TA. [In the A, this immediately follows what here next precedes it; and is immediately followed by the words وَذُبَابٌ ظَفِرَ مِنْهُ, which seem to be added by way of explanation; thus in my copy; but I think that ظَفِرَ مِنْهُ here is a mistake for ظَفَّرَ فِيهِ, and have assumed this to be the case in rendering the phrase.]) b4: And قَرَّحْتُهُ مِنْ ظُفْرِهِ إِلَى شُفْرِهِ (tropical:) [lit. I wounded him much, from his nail to the edge of his eyelid; but mentioned as tropical; app. meaning from toe to head]; like as one says, مِنْ قَرْنِهِ. (A.) b5: And مَا بَالدَّارِ ظُفْرٌ, (K,) or ما بالدار ظُفْرٌ وَلَا شُفْرٌ, (A, O,) (tropical:) There is not in the house any one. (A, O, K.) And مَا تَرَكَتِ السَّنَةُ ظُفْرًا وَلَا شُفْرًا (tropical:) The year of drought left not anything: and sometimes they said شَفْرًا, with fet-h, and in this case they said ↓ ظَفْرًا, for assimilation. (A in art. شفر.) And رَأَيْتُهُ بِظُفْرِهِ (tropical:) I saw him himself. (O, K, TA.) b6: ظُفْرُ النَّسْرِ is the name of (assumed tropical:) A certain plant, (K, TA,) resembling what is [properly] thus termed [i. e. the talon of the vulture]. (TA.) And ظُفْرُ القِطِّ is the name of (assumed tropical:) Another plant. (K, TA.) b7: And الظُّفْرُ, (M,) or الأَظْفَارُ, (T, M, A, Mgh, O, K, &c.,) for this word in the sense here following has no sing. (T, M, O, K) accord. to the author of the 'Eyn, (M,) but sometimes one said وَاحِدَةٌ ↓ أَظْفَارَةٌ, which is not allowable by rule, and made the pl. of this to be أَظَافِيرُ, (T, O, K, * [mentioned in the M as a pl. of الظُّفْرُ,]) though, if they formed a sing. from it, it should be ظُفْرٌ, (T, O, K,) signifies (tropical:) A certain odoriferous substance, (T, Mgh, O, K,) or a sort thereof, (M,) [i. e. unguis odoratus, (called in the present day ظُفْرُ الطِّيبِ and ظُفْرُ العِفْرِيتِ,) or ungues odorati,] black, (T, M, O,) resembling a ظُفْر [or nail] (T, M, Mgh, O, K) of a man (M) pulled out (in the M and O and K مُقْتُلَف, and in the T مُقَلَّف,) from the root thereof, (T, M, O, K, [but in the M, the words which I have rendered “ pulled out ” &c. immediately follow the words ضَرْبٌ مِنَ العِطْرِ

أَسْوَدُ,]) or resembling the أَظْفَار [or finger-nails], (A,) and put into دُخْتَة [or incense]: (T, M, O:) and, accord. to the K, ↓ ظَفَارٌ, sometimes imperfectly decl., i. e. ↓ ظَفَارُ, signifies the same; but this is very strange, for [SM says] I have referred to the M and T and O and other lexicons without finding them to have mentioned in this sense any term but الأَظْفَارُ or الظُّفْرُ: accord. to the “ Minháj,” أَظْفَارُ الطِّيبِ are pieces of an odoriferous substance resembling the أَظْفَار [properly so called]; they are said by [the Arabic translator of] Dioscorides to be of the nature of the shards of shells, [so I render مِنْ جِنْسِ أَخْزَافِ الصَّدَفِ, supposing اخزاف to be here used tropically,] found in an island of the Sea of India where is the سُنْبُل [or spikenard], a sort whereof is [called] قُلْزُمِىّ [i. e. of El-Kulzum], and another which is [called]

بَابِلِىّ [i. e. of Bábil], black and small, and the best is that which inclines to whiteness, which drifts to El-Yemen and El-Bahreyn. (TA.) [Forskål, in his “ Descr. Animalium ” &c., mentions what here follows, among the animal substances of the materia medica of Cairo, in page 143: “ Unguis odoratus. (Opercula Cochl.) Dofr el afrît, ضفر العفريت i. e. unguis dæmonis. E Mochha per Sués. Arabes etiam afferunt. Nigritis fumigatorium est. ” (ضفر is here written, agreeably with the usual vulgar pronunciation, for ظُفْر.) See also قُسْطٌ,] b8: أَظْفَارٌ signifies also (assumed tropical:) Large قِرْدَان [or ticks]. (S, O, K.) b9: and (assumed tropical:) The creased parts of a skin. (M, TA.) b10: and the ظُفْر of a bow is (tropical:) The part in the curved end that is beyond the place where the string is tied, to the extremity: (As, T, S, M, * O, K: *) or the end of the bow: (K:) or each end of the bow, beyond the place where the string is tied: (A:) pl. ظِفَرَةٌ. (M, TA.) b11: See also ظَفَرَةٌ.

ظِفْرٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

ظَفَرٌ, in a man, The quality of having long nails. (ISk, S, O.) [App., in this sense, an inf. n. of which the verb is ظَفِرَ; as it is in other senses: see 1.]

A2: See also ظَفَرَةٌ.

A3: Also Low, or depressed, ground, (S, O, K,) that produces plants, or herbage. (S, O.) ظَفِرٌ Sharp in the nail [or having sharp nails]. (A.) b2: And A man having upon his eye what is termed a ظَفَرَة; (A;) and so ↓ مَظْفُورٌ. (T, A, Mgh, K.) b3: And عَيْنٌ ظَفِرَةٌ An eye having what is termed a ظَفَرَة; (T, M, A, K;) as also ↓ مَظْفُورَةٌ. (A.) A2: Also [Successful;] victorious; applied to a man; (S;) and so ↓ ظَافِرٌ: (Msb, TA:) or ظَفِرٌ (IDrd, M, A, K) and ↓ ظَفِيرٌ (IDrd, M, K) and ↓ ظِفِّيرٌ, (IDrd, Sgh, K) but this is said by IDrd to be not of established authority, (TA,) and ↓ مُظَفَّرٌ (IDrd, M, A, K) and ↓ مِظْفَارٌ, (IDrd, O, K,) all signify a man very, or often, successful or victorious: (IDrd, O, TA:) or (tropical:) one who does not endeavour after a thing without attaining it. (M, A, K.) ظُفُرٌ and ظِفِرٌ: see ظُفْرٌ.

ظُفْرَةٌ A certain plant, burning, or biting, to the tongue, (K, TA,) resembling the ظُفْر [or nail] in its coming forth, (TA,) that has a beneficial effect upon foul ulcers, and warts. (K, TA.) b2: And ظُفْرَةُ العَجُوزِ The rounded head of prickles of the [thistle called] حَسَك. (K, * TA.) b3: See also the next paragraph.

ظَفَرَةٌ A pellicle that comes over the eye, (T, S, Mgh, O, K,) growing from the side next the nose, (T, S, O,) upon the white of the eye, (S, Mgh, O,) extending to the black: (S, O:) sometimes it is cut off: if left, it covers the eye, and obscures the sight: (T:) or a certain disease in the eye, which causes a tegument like the nail to come over it: or a piece of flesh that grows at the inner angle of the eye, extending to the black, and sometimes encroaching upon the black: (M:) it is also called ↓ ظُفْرٌ (A 'Obeyd, T, S, M, Mgh, O, K) and ↓ ظُفْرَةٌ, (T, Mgh,) these two terms being applied to it by the physicians, (Mgh,) and ↓ ظَفَرٌ (TA) and ↓ ظِفَارَةٌ, (so in a copy of the T, as on the authority of Ibn-Buzurj,) or ↓ ظَفَارَةٌ. (So in the O.) ظَفَارٌ and ظَفَارُ: see ظُفْرٌ.

A2: [ظَفَارِ is well known as the name of a city in El-Yemen; or, accord. to the O, of two cities and two fortresses in El-Yemen. And accord. to the TA, it signifies Any land that is ذات مَعَزَّة: but the latter of these two words has been altered by an erasure over the second letter, and is perhaps incorrect: if not, it may mean, agreeably with the analogy of many words of the measure مَفْعَلَةٌ, as مَقْدَرَةٌ and مَفْلَحَةٌ and مَنْجَاةٌ &c., such as possesses means of overcoming, or withstanding, invaders: and it may be that hence ظَفَارِ is in two instances the name of a fortress.]

ظَفُورٌ [app. syn. with ظَفِرٌ and ظَفِيرٌ] is one of the appellations of the Prophet. (MF, TA.) ظَفِيرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

ظَفَارَةٌ or ظِفَارَةٌ: see ظَفَرَةٌ.

جَزْعٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ [onyx of Dhafári] is so called in relation to ظَفَارِ, a city of El-Yemen, (T, S, Mgh, O, K,) near صَنْعَآء, (K,) two days' journey from the latter. (O.) And in like manner, عُودٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ [Aloes-wood of Dhafári]: i. e. the عود with which one fumigates: (S:) or قُسْط, (O, K, TA,) which means the same, (TA, [but see this word,]) is called [قُسْطُ ظَفَارِ and قُسْطٌ ظَفَارِىٌّ] in relation to ظَفَارِ, another city of El-Yemen, near مِرْبَاط, (O, K, TA,) described by Yákoot as in the furthest part of El-Yemen, on the shore of the Sea of India, near الشَّحْر; (TA;) because it is brought thither from India. (O, K, TA.) ظِفِّيرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

ظَافِرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

أَظْفَرُ A man having long nails: (ISk, S, A:) or having long and broad nails: (M, K:) and in like manner applied to a مَنْسِم [or foot of a camel]: ظَفْرَآءُ [the reg. fem.] has not been heard. (M.) أُظْفُورٌ: see ظُفْرٌ, in two places. b2: Also (assumed tropical:) The slender thing [or tendril] that twines upon the branch of a grape-vine. (K.) أَظْفَارَةٌ: see ظُفْرٌ, latter half.

مُظَفَّرٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: قَوْسٌ مُظَفَّرَةٌ (assumed tropical:) A bow having somewhat cut off from each of its two ends [which are called its ظُفْرَانِ]. (O, K, TA. [In the CK, فَرَسٌ is erroneously put for قَوْسٌ.]) مِظْفَارٌ: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: Also The [instrument called]

مِنْقَاش [q. v.]. (Fr, O, K.) مَظْفُورٌ; and its fem.: see ظَفِرٌ.

A2: مَظْفُورٌ بِهِ Overcome, or conquered; [as also مَظْفُورٌ عَلَيْهِ, and مَظْفُورٌ alone; (see 1;)] applied to a man. (TA.)