ان

1 أَنَّ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَنِينٌ and أُنَانٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and تَأْنَانٌ (S, K) and أَنٌّ, (M, K,) He moaned; or uttered a moan, or moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or said, Ah! syn. تَأَوَّهَ; (M, K;) by reason of pain: (S, TA:) he complained by reason of disease or pain: (TA:) he uttered a cry or cries: (Msb:) said of a man. (S, Msb.) b2: أَنِّتِ القَوْسُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَنِينٌ, The bow made a gentle and prolonged sound. (AHn, M.) A2: لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمٌ means I will not do it as long as there is a star in the heaven: (S, M, K:) أَنَّ being here a dial. var. of عَنَّ. (S.) You say also, مَا أَنَّ فِي الفُرَاتِ قَطْرَةٌ As long as there is a drop in the Euphrates. (T, S.) And لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءٌ [ I will not do it as long as there is rain in the heaven]. (S.) [It is said in the M that Lh mentions the last two sayings; but it is there indicated that he read قَطْرَةً and سَمَآءً: and] ISk mentions the saying, لَا أَفْعَلُهُ مَا أَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمًا, (T, M,) and مَا عَنَّ فِى السَّمَآءِ نَجْمٌ; (T;) [in the former of which, أَنّ must be a particle (which see below); but it seems that it should rather be إِنَّ, in this case, as ISd thinks; for he says,] I know not for what reason انّ is here with fet-h, unless a verb be understood before it, as ثَبَتَ or وُجِدَ: [ and he adds,] Lh mentions مَا أَنَّ ذلِكَ الجَبَلَ مَكَانَهُ [as long as that mountain is in its place]: and مَا أَنَّ حِرَآءً مَكَانَهُ [as long as Mount Hirà is in its place]: but he does not explain these sayings. (M.) أَنٌ is a pronoun, denoting the speaker, [I, masc. and fem.,] in the language of some of the Arabs: they say, أَنْ فَعَلْتُ [I did], with the ن quiescent: but most of them pronounce it [↓ أَنَ] with fet-h when conjoined with a following word; (Mughnee, K;) saying, أَنَ فَعَلْتُ: (TA:) and [↓ أَنَا] with ا in a case of pause: (Mughnee, K:) and some pronounce it with ا also when it is conjoined with a following word; saying, أَنَا فَعَلْتُ; [ as we generally find it written in books;] but this is of a bad dialect: (TA:) [this last assertion, however, requires consideration; for the dial. here said to be bad is that of Temeem, accord. to what here follows:] the Basrees hold that the pronoun consists of the ء and the ن, and that the [final] ا is redundant, because it is suppressed in a case of conjunction with a following word; but the Koofees hold that the pronoun is composed of all the three letters, because the ا is preserved in a case of conjunction with a following word in the dial. of Temeem. (Marginal note in a copy of the Mughnee.) [Accord. to Az,] it is best to say ↓ أَنَا in a case of pause; and ↓ أَنَ in a case of conjunction with a following word, as in أَنَ فَعَلْتُ ذَاكَ [I did that]; but some of the Arabs say, فَعَلْتُ ذَاكَ ↓ أَنَا; and some make the ن quiescent in a case of this kind, though this is rare, saying, أَنْ قُلْتُ ذَاكَ [I said that]; and Kudá'ah prolong the former ا, saying, قُلْتُهُ ↓ آنَ. (T.) [Accord. to J,] ↓ أَنَا is a pronoun denoting the speaker alone, and is made to end invariably with fet-h to distinguish it from the particle أَنْ which renders the aor. mansoob; the final ا being for the purpose of showing what is the vowel in a case of pause; but when it occurs in the middle [or beginning] of a sentence, it is dropped, except in a bad dialect. (S.) [Accord. to ISd,] ↓ أَنَ is a noun denoting the speaker; and in a case of pause, you add ا at the end, [saying ↓ أَنَا,] to denote quiescence; (M;) [or] it is better to do this, though it is not always done: (TA:) but it is said, on the authority of Ktr, that there are five dial. vars. of this word; namely, فَعَلْتُ ↓ أَنَ, and ↓ أَنَا, and ↓ آنَ, and أَنٌ, and ↓ أَنَهٌ, all mentioned by IJ; but there is some weakness in this: IJ says that the ه in ↓ أَنَهٌ may be a substitute for the ا in أَنَا, because the latter is the more usual, and the former is rare; or it may be added to show what is the vowel, like the ه, and be like the ه in كِتَابِيَهْ and حِسَابِيَهٌ. (M.) For the dual, as well as the pl., only نَحْنُ is used. (Az, TA.) b2: It is also a pronoun denoting the person addressed, or spoken to, by assuming the form ↓ أَنْتَ [Thou, masc.]; ت being added to it as the sign of the person addressed, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) and أَنْ being the pronoun, (M, Mughnee, K,) accord. to the general opinion; (Mughnee, K;) the two becoming as one; not that one is prefixed to the other as governing it in the gen. case: (S:) and so ↓ أَنْتِ, (S, M, Mughnee, K,) addressed to the female: (S, M:) and ↓ أَنْتُمَا, (M, Mughnee, K,) addressed to two; not a regular dual, for were it so it would be أَنْتَان; but like كُمَا in ضَرَبْتُكُمَا: (M:) and ↓ أَنْتُمٌ and ↓ أَنْتُنَّ, (S, Mughnee, K,) which are [respectively] the masc. and fem. pls. (TA.) b3: To each of these the ك of comparison is sometimes prefixed; so that you say, ↓ أَنْتَ كَأَنَا [Thou art like me, or as I], and ↓ أَنَا كَأَنْتَ [or أَنَ كَأَنْتَ I am like thee, or as thou]; as is related on the authority of the Arabs; for though the ك of comparison is not prefixed to the [affixed] pronoun, and you say, أَنْتَ كَزَيْدٍ but not أَنْتَ كِي, yet the separate pronoun is regarded by them as being in the same predicament as the noun; and therefore the prefixing it to the latter kind of pronoun is approved. (S.) It is said in the Book of لَيْسَ, by IKh, that there is no such phrase, in the language of the Arabs, as أَنْتَ كِى, nor as أَنَا كَكَ, except in two forged verses; wherefore Sb says that the Arabs, by saying أَنْتَ مِثْلِى and أَنَا مثْلُكَ, have no need of saying أَنْتَ كِى and أَنَا كَكَ: and the two verses are these: وَلَوْلَا البَلَآءُ لَكَانُوا كَنَا فَلَوْلَا الحَيَآإُ لَكُنَّا كَهُمٌ [And but for the sense of shame, we had been like them, or as they: and but for trial, or affliction, they had been like us, or as we]: and إِنْ تَكُنْ كِى فِإِنَّنِي كَكَ فِيهَا

إِنَّنَا فِى المَلَامِ مُصْطَحِبَانِ [If thou art like me, or as I, verily I am like thee, or as thou, in respect of her, or it, or them: verily we, in respect of blame, are companions]. (TA.) Az mentions his having heard some of the Benoo-Suleym say, كَمَا أَنْتَنِي, [the latter word being a compound of the pronoun أَنْتَ, regularly written separately, and the affixed pronoun نِى,] meaning Wait thou for me in thy place. (TA.) A2: It is also a particle: and as such, it is—First, a particle of the kind called مَصْدَرِىٌّ, rendering the aor. mansoob: (Mughnee, K:) i. e., (TA,) it combines with a verb [in this case] in the future [or aor. ] tense, following it, to form an equivalent to an inf. n., and renders it mansoob: (S, TA:) you say, أُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقُومَ [I desire that thou stand, or that thou wouldst stand, or that thou mayest stand]; meaning أُرِيدُ قِيَامَكَ [I desire thy standing]. (S.) It occurs in two places: first, in that of the inchoative, or in the beginning of a phrase, so that it is in the place of a nom. case; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 180], وَأَنْ تَصُومُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ [And that ye fast is better for you]; (Mughnee, K;) i. e. صِيَامُكُمْ [your fasting]. (TA.) And, secondly, after a word denoting a meaning which is not that of certainty: and thus it is the place of a nom. case; as in the saying [in the Kur lvii. 15], أَلَمْ يَأَنِ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَنٌ تَخْشَعَ قُلُوبُهُمْ [Hath not the time that their hearts should become submissive, i. e. the time of their hearts' becoming submissive, yet come unto those who have believed?]: and in the place of an accus. case; as in the saying [in the Kur x. 38], وَمَا كَانَ هذَا القْرْآنُ أَنْ يُفْتَرَء [And this Kur-án is not such that it might be forged; i. e., افُتِرِآءٌ; so in Bd and Jel; and so in a marginal note to a copy of the Mughnee, where is added, meaning مُفْتَرًى

forged]: and in the place of a gen. case; as in the saying [in the Kur lxiii. 10], مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَأْتِىَ

أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ [Before that death come unto any one of you; i. e. before death's coming unto any one of you]. (Mughnee, K.) Sometimes it makes the aor. to be of the mejzoom form, (Mughnee, K,) as some of the Koofees and AO have mentioned, and as Lh has stated on the authority of certain of the Benoo-Sabbáh of Dabbeh; (Mughnee;) as in this verse: إِذَا مَا غَدَوْنَا قَالَ وِلْدَانُ أَهْلِنَا تَعَالوْغا إِلَى أَنْ يَأْتِنَا الصَّيْدُ نَحْطِبِ [When we went away in the morning, the youths of our family, or people, said, Come ye, until that the chase come to us, (i. e. until the coming of the chase to us,) let us collect firewood]. (Mughnee, K.) And sometimes it is followed by an aor. of the marfooa form; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 233], accord. to the reading of Ibn-Moheysin, لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُتِمُّ الرَّضَاعَةَ [For him who desireth that he may complete the time of sucking; i. e. the completing thereof]; (Mughnee, K;) but this is anomalous, (I 'Ak p. 101, and TA,) or أَنْ is here a contraction of أَنَّ [for أَنَّهُ]: (I 'Ak:) and in the saying of the poet, أَنْ تَقَرَآنِ عَلَي أَسْمَآءِ وَيْحَكُمَا مِنِّى السَّلَامَ وَأَنْ لَا تُخْبِرَا أَحَدَا [That ye two convey, or communicate, to Asmà, (mercy on you! or woe to you!) from me, salutation, and that ye inform not any one]; but the Koofees assert that أَنٌ is here [in the beginning of the verse] a contraction of أَنَّ, and anomalously conjoined with the verb; whereas the Basrees correctly say that it is أَنٌ which renders the aor. mansoob, but is deprived of government by its being made to accord with its co-ordinate مَا, termed مَصْدَرِيَّة; (Mughnee;) or, as IJ says, on the authority of Aboo-'Alee, أَنٌ is here used by poetic licence for أَنَّكُمَا; and the opinion of the Baghdádees [and Basrees], that it is likened to مَا, and therefore without government, is improbable, because أَنْ is not conjoined with a verb in the present tense, but only with the preterite and the future. (M.) When it is suppressed, the aor. may be either mansoob or marfooa; but the latter is the better; as in the saying in the Kur [xxxix. 64], أَفَغَيْرَ اللّٰهِ تَأْمُرُونِّى أَعْبُدُ [Other than God do ye bid me worship?]. (S.) If it occurs immediately before a preterite, it combines with it to form an equivalent to an inf. n. relating to past time; being in this case without government: you say, أَعْجَيَنِيأَنْ قُمْتَ [It pleased me that thou stoodest]; meaning thy standing that is past pleased me: (S:) and thus it is used in the saying [in the Kur xxviii. 82], لَوْلَا أَنٌ مَنَّ اللّٰهُ عَلَيْنَا [Were it not for that God conferred favour upon us; i. e., for God's having conferred favour upon us]. (Mughnee.) It is also conjoined with an imperative; as in the phrase mentioned by Sb, كَتَبْتُ إِلَيهِ بِأَنة قُمٌ [I wrote to him, Stand; i. e. I wrote to him the command to stand]; which shows that AHei is wrong in asserting that whenever it is conjoined with an imperative it is an explicative [in the sense of أَيٌ], and that in this particular instance the ب may be redundant, which it cannot here be, because, whether redundant or not, it is not put immediately before anything but a noun or what may be rendered by a noun. (Mughnee.) b2: Secondly, it is a con-traction of أَنَّ; (Mughnee, K;) and occurs after a verb denoting certainty, or one used in a manner similar to that of such a verb: (Mughnee:) so in the saying [in the Kur lxxiii. 20], عَلِمَ أَنٌ سَيَكُونُ مِنْكُمٌ مَرْضَي [He knoweth that (the case will be this:) there will be among you some diseased; the affixed pronoun هُ, meaning اشَّأْنَ, being understood after أَنْ, which therefore stands for أَنَّهُ, i. e. أَنَّ الشَّأْنَ]: (Mughnee, K: *) and in the phrase, بَلَغَنِى أَنْ قَدْ كَانَ كَذَا وكَذَا [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, or it came to my knowledge, &c., that (the case is this:) such and such things have been]; a phrase of this kind, in which أَنْ occurs with a verb, not being approved without قَدْ, unless you say, بَلَغَنِى أَنَّهُ كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا: (Lth, T:) [for] when the contracted أَنْ has for its predicate a verbal proposition, of which the verb is neither imperfectly inflected, like لَيْسَ and عَسَى, nor expressive of a prayer or an imprecation, it is separated from the verb, according to the more approved usage, by قَدْ, or the prefix سَ, or سَوْفَ, or a negative, as لَا &c., or لَوْ: (I 'Ak pp. 100 and 101:) but when its predicate is a nominal proposition, it requires not a separation; so that you say, CCC عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زِيْدٌ قَائِمٌ [I knew that (the case was this:) Zeyd was standing]; (I 'Ak p. 100;) and بَلَغَنِى أَنْ زَيدٌ خَارِجٌ [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, &c., that (the case is this:) Zeyd is going, or coming, out, or forth]; (TA;) except in the case of a negation, as in the saying in the Kur [xi. 17], وأَنْ لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ [And that (the case is this:) there is no deity but He]. (I 'Ak p. 100.) Thus used, it is originally triliteral, and is also what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة; [عَلِمَ أَنْ, in the first of the exs. above, for instance, meaning عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ, i. e. عَلِمَ أَنَّ الشَّأْنَ, which is equivalent to عَلِمَ كَوْنَ الشَّأْنِ;] and governs the subject in the accus. case, and the predicate in the nom. case: and its subject must be a pronoun, suppressed, [as in the exs. given above, where it means الشَّأْنِ, and in a verse cited before, commencing أَنْ تَقْرَآنِ, accord. to A'boo-'Alee,] or expressed; the latter, accord. to the more correct opinion, being allowable only by poetic license: and its predicate must be a proposition, unless the subject is expressed, in which case it may be either a single word or a proposition; both of which kinds occur in the following saying [of a poet]: بِأَنْكَ رَبِيعٌ وغَيْثٌ مَرِيعٌ وَأَنْكَ هُنَاكَ تَكُونَ الثِّمَالَا [he is speaking of persons coming as guests to him whom he addresses, when their provisions are exhausted, and the horizon is dust-coloured, and the north wind is blowing, (as is shown by the citation of the verse immediately preceding, in the T,) and he says, They know that thou art like rain that produces spring-herbage, and like plenteous rain, and that thou, there, art the aider and the manager of the affairs of people]. (Mughnee. [In the T, for رَبِيعٌ, I find الَّربِيعُ; and for وَأَنْكَ, I there find وَقِدْمًا: but the reading in the Mughnee is that which is the more known.]) [J says,] أَنْ is sometimes a contraction of أَنَّ and does not govern [anything]: you say, بَلَغَنِى

أَنٌ زَيْدٌ خَارِجٌ [explained above]; and it is said in the Kur [vii. 41], وَنُودُوا أَنْ تِلْكُمُ الجَنَّةُ [and it shall be proclaimed to them that (the case is this:) that is Paradise]: (S:) [here, however, أَنة is regarded by some as an explicative, as will be seen below:] but in saying this, J means that it does not govern as to the letter; for virtually it does govern; its subject being meant to be understood; the virtual meaning being أَنَّهُ تِلْكُمُ الجَنَّةُ. (IB.) [In another place, J says,] You may make the contracted أَنْ to govern or not, as you please. (S.) Aboo-Tálib the Grammarian mentions an assertion that the Arabs make it to govern; as in the saying [of a poet, describing a beautiful bosom], كَأَنْ ثَذْيَيْهِ حُقَّانِ [As though its two breasts were two small round boxes]: but [the reading commonly known is كَأَنْ ثَدْيَاهُ حُقَّانِ (this latter reading is given in De Sacy's Anthol. Gram. Ar. p. 104 of the Ar. text; and both are given in the S;) كَأَنْ here meaning كَأَنَّهُ; and] Fr says, We have not heard the Arabs use the contracted form and make it to govern except with a pronoun, in which case the desinential syntax is not apparent. (T.) The author of the K says in the B that you say, عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زيْدًا لَمُنْطَلِقٌ [I knew that Zeyd was indeed going away], with ل when it is made to govern; and عَلِمْتُ أَنْ زَيْدٌ مُنْطَلِقٌ [I knew that (the case was this:) Zeyd was going away], without ل when it is made to have no government. (TA. [But in the latter ex. it governs the subject, which is understood, as in other exs. before given.]) [See an ex. in a verse ending with the phrase وَكَأَنْ قَدِ cited voce قَد, where كَأَنْ is for كَأَنَّهُ, meaning كَأَنَّ الشّأنَ, and a verb is understood after قد. and see also أَنَّ, below.]b2: Thirdly, it is an explicative, (Mughnee, K,) meaning أَيْ (S, M, and so in some copies of the K,) or [rather] used in the manner of أَيْ; (Mughnee, and so in some copies of the K;) [meaning قَائِلًا, or قَائِلِينَ; or يَقُولُ, or يَقُولُونَ; or some other form of the verb قَالَ; i. e. Saying ; &c.;] as in the saying [in the Kur xxiii. 27], فَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْهِ أَنِ اصْنَعِ الْقُلْكَ [And we revealed, or spake by revelation, unto him, saying, Make thou the ark]; (Mughnee, K) and [in the Kur vii. 41,]وَنُودُوا أَنْ تِلْكُمُ الْجَنَّةُ [And it shall be proclaimed to them, being said, That is Paradise]; or in these two instances it may be regarded as what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, by supposing the preposition [بِ] understood before it, so that in the former instance it is the biliteral, because it is put before the imperative, and in the second it is the contraction of أَنَّ because it is put before a nominal proposition; (Mughnee;) and [in the Kur xxxviii. 5,] وَانْطَلَقَ الْمَلَأُ مِنْهُمْ أَنِ امْشُوا (S, M, Mughnee) i. e. [and the chief persons of them] broke forth, or launched forth, with their tongues, or in speech, [saying,] Go ye on, or continue ye, in your course of action &c. (Mughnee.) For this usage of أَنْ certain conditions are requisite : first, that it be preceded by a proposition : secondly, that it be followed by a proposition; so that you may not say, ذَكَرْتُ عَسْجَدًا أَنْ ذَهَبًا, but you must say أَىٌ in this case, or must omit the explicative : thirdly, that the preceding proposition convey the meaning of القَوْلُ, as in the exs. above; in the last of which, انطلق has the meaning assigned to it above; not that of walking or going away : fourthly, that there be not in the preceding proposition the letters of القَوْلُ; so that one may not say, قُلْتُ لَهُ أَنِ افْعَلْ; or, if there be in it those letters, that the word which they compose shall be interpreted by another word; as in the saying, in the Kur [v, 117], مَا قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا مَا أَمَرْتَنِى بِهِ أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللّٰهَ which may mean, as Z says, I have not commanded them [aught save that which Thou commandedst me, saying, Worship ye God]; (Mughnee;) in which instance Fr says that it is an explicative : (T :) fifthly, that there be not a preposition immediately before it; for if you say, كَتَبْتُ إِلَيْهِ بِأَنِ افْعَلْ كَذَا, it is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة [as we have before shown]. (Mughnee.) When it may be regarded as an explicative and is followed by an aor. with لا as in أَشَرْتُ إِلَيْهِ أَنْ لَا تَفْعَل كَذَا, it may be marfooa, [namely, the aor. ,] on the supposition that لا is a negative ; or mejzoom, on the supposition that it is a prohibitive; and in both cases ان is an explicative ; [so that the meaning is, I made a sign to him, as though saying, Thou wilt not do such a thing, in the former case ; or, in the latter, Do not thou such a thing ;] or mansoob, on the supposition that لا is a negative and that ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة: but if لا is wanting, it may not be mejzoom, but may be marfooa [if we use ان as an explicative] or mansoob [if ان be what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة]. (Mughnee.)b3: Fourthly, it is redundant, as a corroborative, (Mughnee, K,) like whatever else is redundant : and thus it is in four cases : one of these, which is the most common, being when it occurs after لَمَّا denoting time; [and this is mentioned in the M ; ] as in the saying [in the Kur xxix. 32], وَلمَّا أَنْ جَآءَ تْ رُسُلُنَا لُوطًا [And when our apostles came to Lot]: (Mughnee:) [or,] accord. to J, (TA,) it is sometimes a connective to لَمَّا; as in the saying in the Kur [xii. 96], فَلَمَّا أَنْ جَآءَ الْبَشِيرُ [And when that (like as we say, " now that,") the announcer of good tidings came] : and sometimes it is redundant ; as in the saying in the Kur [viii. 34], وَمَا لَهُمْ أَنْ لَا يُعَذِبَهُمُ اللّٰهُ [as though it might be rendered But what reason have they, God should not punish them?] : (S, TA:) but IB says that the connective is redundant ; and [that ان is not redundant in the latter instance, for] if it were redundant in this verse of the Kur it would not render the [aor.] verb mansoob. (TA. [The author of the Mughnee, like IB, disallows that ان is redundant in a case of this kind, which Kh asserts it to be ; and says that فِى is under-stood before it.]) The second case is when it occurs between لَوٌ and a verb signifying swearing, the latter being expressed; as in this verse: فَأُقْسِمُ أَنْ لَوِ الْتَقَيْنَا وَأَنْتُمُ لَكَانَ لَنَا يَوْمٌ مِنَ الشَّرِّ مُظْلِمُ

[And I swear, had we and you met, there had been to us a dark day of evil]: and when that verb is omitted; as in the following ex.: أَمَا وَاللّٰهِ أَنْ لَوْ كُنْتَ حُرِّا وَمَا بِالْحُِرِأَنْتَ وَلَا العَتِيقِ [Verily, or now surely, by God, if thou wert freeborn; but thou art not the freeborn nor the emancipated]: so say Sb and others: Ibn-'Os-foor holds it to be a particle employed to connect the complement of the oath with the oath; but this is rendered improbable by the fact that it is in most cases omitted, and such particles are not. (Mughnee.) The third case, which is extr., is when it occurs between the ك [of comparison] and the noun governed by it in the genitive case; as in the saying, وَيَوْمًا تُوَافِينَا بِوَجْهٍ مُقَسَّمٍ

كَأَنٌ ظَبْيَةٍ تَعْطُو إِلَى وَارِقِ السَّلَمْ [And on a day thou comest to us with a beautiful face, like a doe-gazelle raising her head towards the goodly green-leaved tree of the selem kind], accord. to the reading of him who makes طبيةْ to be governed in the genitive case [instead of the accus. or the nom.; for if we read it in the accus. or the nom., أَنْ is a contraction of أَنَّ; in the former case, ظبية being its subject, and its predicate being suppressed; and in the latter case, the meaning being كَأَنَّهَا ظَبْيَةٌ, so that the subject of ان is suppressed]. (Mughnee.) The fourth case is when it occurs after إِذَا; as in the following ex.: فَأُمْهلُهُ حَتَّى إذَا أَنْ كَأَنَّهُ مُعَاطِى يَدٍ فِي لُجَّةِ المَآءِ غَامِرُ [And I leave him alone until when he is as though he were a giver of a hand to be laid hold upon, in the fathomless deep of the water immerged]. (Mughnee.) b4: [Fifthly,] among other meanings which have been assigned to it, (Mughnee,) it has a conditional meaning, like إِنٌ: (Mughnee, K:) so the Koofees hold; and it seems to be most probably correct, for several reasons: first, because both these forms occur, accord. to different readings, in several instances, in one passage of the Kur; as in [ii. 282,] أَنْ تَضِلٌّ

إِحْدَاهُمَا [If one of them twain (namely, women,) err]; &c.: secondly, because [the prefix] فَ often occurs after it; as in a verse commencing with أَبَا خُرَاشَةَ [as cited voce أَمَّا, accord. to some who hold that أمَّا in that verse is a compound of the conditional أَنْ and the redundant مَا; and as in the Kur ii. 282, where the words quoted above are immediately followed by فَتُذَكِّرَ إِحْدَاهُمَا الْأُخْرَى]: thirdly, because it is conjoined with إِنٌ [which forms a part of the compound إِكَّا] in this ex.: إِمَّا أَقَمْتَ وَأَمَّا أَنْتَ مُرْتَحِلًا فَاللّٰهُ يَكْلَأُ مَا تَأْتِى وَمَا تَذَرُ [If thou remain, and if thou be going away (أَمَّا meaning أَنْ كُنْتَ, as syn. with إِنْ كُنْتَ), may God guard thee (يَكْلَأُ being marfooa because of the ف) as long as thou doest and as long as thou leavest undone]: thus related, with kesr to the former ان [in إِنَّا] and with fet-h to the latter [in أَمَّا]. (Mughnee.) b5: [Sixthly,] it is a negative, like إِنْ: (Mughnee, K:) so, as some say, in [the Kur iii. 66,] أَنع يُؤْتَى أَحَدٌ مِثْلَ مَا أُوتِيتُمْ [meaning accord. to them Not any one is given the like of that scripture which ye have been given]: but it is said [by others] that the meaning is, [taken with what precedes it,] And believe not ye that (بِأَنْ) any one is given the like of that scripture which ye have been given, except it be given to him who followeth your religion; and that the phrase “ say thou, Verily the direction is the direction of God,” is parenthetic. (Mughnee.) b6: [Seventhly,] it is syn. with إِذْ, (Az, T, Mughnee, K, [in Freytag's Lex., from the K, إِذْ قِيلَ, but قيل in the K relates to what there follows,]) as some say, in [the Kur l. 2,] بَلْ عَجِبُوا أَنٌ جَآءَهُمْ مُنْذِرٌمِنْهُمْ [Verily they wonder because a warner from among themselves hath come unto them]; (Mughnee, K;) and in other instances; but correctly, in all these instances, ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, and لِ denoting cause is understood before it. (Mughnee.) [See also أَمَّا and إِمَّا.] b7: [Eighthly,] it is syn. with لِئَلّا, accord. to some, in [the Kur iv. last verse,] يُبَيِّنُ اللّٰهُأَنْ تَضِلُّوا [God explaineth to you (the ordinances of your religion, Jel), lest ye should err, or in order that ye may not err]; (Mughnee, K;) and in the saying, نَزَلْتُمْ مَنْزِلَ الأَضْيَافِ مِنَّا فَعَجَّلْنَا القِرَى أَنْ تَشْتِمُونَا [Ye became, or have become, in the condition of our guests; so we hastened, or have hastened, the entertainment, lest ye should revile us, or in order that ye should not revile us]: (Mughnee:) but correctly, in such a case [likewise], ان is what is termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, and the original wording is كَرَاهَةَ أَنْ تَضِلُّوا [from a motive of dislike that ye should err], (Mughnee, K,) and مَخَافَةَ أَنْ تَشْتِمُونَا [from a motive of fear that ye should revile us]: so say the Basrees: some say, extravagantly, that ل is meant to be understood before it, and الَّذِى after it. (Mughnee.) b8: [Ninthly,] it occurs in the sense of الَّذِى; as in the saying, زَيْدٌ أَعْقَلُ مِنٌ أَنْ يَكْذِب [Zeyd is more reasonable than he who lies; which is equivalent to saying, Zeyd is too reasonable to lie: but respecting its usage in a phrase of this kind, and respecting the form of the aor. after it in such a case, see مِنْ]. (Kull p. 78.) b9: By a peculiarity of pronunciation termed عَنْعَتَةٌ, the tribe of Temeem say عَنْ instead of أَنٌ. (M.) إِنٌ is used in various ways: first, as a conditional particle, (S, M, Msb, Mughnee, K,) denoting the happening of the second of two events in consequence of the happening of the first, (S, Msb, *) whether the second be immediate or deferred, and whether the condition be affirmative or negative; (Msb;) [and as such it is followed by a mejzoom aor., or by a pret. having the signification of an aor. ;] as in the saying, [إِنْ تَفْعَلٌ أفْعَلٌ If thou do such a thing, I will do it; and] إِنْ تَأْتِنِى آتِكَ [If thou come to me, I will come to thee]; and إِنٌ جِئْتَنِى أَكْرَمْتُكَ [If thou come to me, I will treat thee with honour]; (S;) and إِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ [If thou do, I will do] for which the tribe of Teiyi say, as IJ relates on the authority of Ktr, هِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ; (M;) and إِنْ دَخَلْت الدَّارَ أَوٌ [If thou stand, I will stand]; and إِنْ دَخَلْتِ الدَّارَ أَوْ لَمْ تَدْخُلِى الدَّارض فَأَنْتِ طَالقٌ [If thou enter the house, or if thou enter not the house, thou shalt be divorced]; (Msb;) and [in the Kur viii. 39,] إِنْ يَنْتَهُوا يُغْفَرٌ لَهُمْ مَا قَد سَلَفَ [If they desist, what hath already past shall be forgiven them]; and [in verse 19 of the same ch.,] وَإِنْ تَعُودُوا نَعُدْ [But if ye return to attacking the Apostle, we will return to assisting him]. (Mughnee, K.) [On the difference between it and إِذا, see the latter.] When either it or إِذَا is immediately followed by a noun in the nom. case, the said noun is governed in that case by a verb necessarily suppressed, of which it is the agent; as in the saying, in the Kur [ix. 6], وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ استَجَارَكَ; the complete phrase being وَإِنِ اسْتَجَارَكَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ [And if any one of the believers in a plurality of gods demand protection of thee, (if) he demand protection of thee]: so accord. to the generality of the grammarians. (I 'Ak p. 123.) Sometimes it is conjoined with the negative لَا, and the ignorant may imagine it to be the exceptive إِلَّا; as in [the saying in the Kur ix. 40,] إِلَّا تَنْصُرُوهُ فَقَد نَصَرَهُ اللّٰهُ [If ye will not aid him, certainly God did aid him]; and [in the next preceding verse,] إِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ [If ye will not go forth to war, He will punish you]. (Mughnee, K. *) It is sometimes used to denote one's feigning himself ignorant; as when you say to one who asks, “Is thy child in the house? ” and thou hast knowledge thereof, إِنْ كَانَ فِى الدَّارِ أَعْلَمْتُكَ بِهِ [If he be in the house, I will inform thee thereof]. (Msb.) And to denote one's putting the knowing in the predicament of the ignorant, in order to incite to the doing or continuing an action; as when you say, إِنٌ كُنْتَ ابُنِى فَأَطِعْنِى [If thou be my son, obey me]; as though you said, “Thou knowest that thou art my son, and it is incumbent on the son to obey the father, and thou art not obedient; therefore do what thou art commanded to do. ” (Msb.) And sometimes it is divested of the conditional meaning, and becomes syn. with لَو; as in the saying, صَلِّ وَإِنٌ عَجَزْتَ عَنِ القِيَام [Pray thou though thou be unable to stand;] i. e. pray thou whether thou be able to stand or unable to do so; and in the saying, أَكْرِمٌ زِيْدًا وَإِنْ قَعَدَ i. e. [Treat thou Zeyd with honour] though he be sitting; or, whether he sit or not. (Msb.) [إِمَّا as a compound of the conditional إِنٌ and the redundant مَا, see in an art. of which اما is the heading.] b2: [Secondly,] it is a negative, (S, Mughnee, K,) syn. with مَا; (S;) and is put before a nominal proposition; (Mughnee, K;) as in the saying [in the Kur lxvii. 20], إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ

إِلَّا فِى غُرُورٍ [The unbelievers are not in aught save in a deception]; (S, Mughnee, K;) and before a verbal proposition; as in [the Kur ix. 108,] إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا الْحُسْنَى [We desired not, or meant not, aught save that which is best]. (Mughnee, K.) The assertion of some, that the negative إِنٌ does not occur except where it is followed by إِلَّا, as in the instances cited above, or by لَمَّا, with tesh-deed, which is syn. therewith, as, accord. to a reading of some of the Seven [Readers], in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvi. 4], إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ, i. e., مَا كُلُّ نَفْسٍ إِلَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [There is not any soul but over it is a guardian], is refuted by the sayings in the Kur [x. 69 and lxxii. 26], إِنْ عِندَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ بِهٰذَا [meaning, accord. to the Jel., Ye have no proof of this that ye say], and إِنْ أَدْرِيأَقَرِيبٌ مَا تُوعَدُونَ [I know not whether that with which ye are threatened be nigh]. (Mughnee, K. *) The conditional and the negative both occur in the saying in the Kur [xxxv. 39], وَلَئِنْ زَالَتَا إِنْ أَمْسَكَهُمَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ [And I swear that, if they should quit their place, not any one should withhold them after Him]: the former is conditional; and the latter is negative, and is [part of] the complement of the oath which is denoted by the ل prefixed to the former; the complement of the condition being necessarily suppressed. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a nominal proposition, it has no government, accord. to Sb and Fr; but Ks and Mbr allow its governing in the manner of لَيْسَ; and Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr reads, [in the Kur vii. 193,] إِنِ الَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللّٰهِ عِبَادًا أَمْثَالَكُمٌ [Those whom ye invoke beside God, or others than God, are not men like you]: also, the people of El-'Áliyeh have been heard to say, إِنٌ أَحَدٌ خَيْرًامِنْ أَحدٍ إِلَّا بِالعَافِيَةِ [Any one is not better than any other one, except by means of health, or soundness]; and إِنْ ذٰلِكَ نَافِعَكَ وَلَا ضَارَّكَ [That is not profitable to thee nor injurious to thee]: as an ex. of its occurrence without government, which is mostly the case, the saying of some, قَائمٌ ↓ إِنَّ may be explained as originally إِنٌ أَنَا قَائِمٌ [I am not standing]; the أ of أَنَا being elided for no reason in itself, and the ن of إِنٌ being incorporated into the ن of أَنَا, and the ا of this latter being elided in its conjunction with the following word; but إِنَّ قَائِمًا has also been heard. (Mughnee.) Sometimes it occurs [as a negative] in the complement of an oath: you say, وَاللّٰهِ إِنٌ فَعَلْتُ, meaning مَا فَعَلْتُ [By God, I did not]. (S.) b3: [Thirdly,] it is a contraction of إِنَّ, and is put before a nominal and before a verbal proposition. (Mughnee, K.) In the former case, it is made to govern and is made to have no government: (S, * K:) [i. e.] in this case, it is allowable to make it govern; contr. to the opinion of the Koofees: (Mughnee:) Lth says that he who uses the contracted form of إِنَّ uses the nom. case with it, except that some of the people of El-Hijáz use the accus. case with it: (T:) thus it is said, accord. to one reading, [in the Kur xi. 113,] إِنْ كُلَّا لَمَا لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمٌ رَبُّكَ أَعْمَالَهُمٌ [Verily all of them, thy Lord will indeed fully render them the recompense of their works]: (T, Mughnee:) Fr says, We have not heard the Arabs use the contracted form and make it to govern, unless with a pronoun, in which case the desinential syntax is not apparent; and he adds that in the instance cited above, they make كُلّا to be governed in the accus. case by ليوفّينّهم; as though the phrase were لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمْ كُلَّا; and that كُلُّ would be proper; for you say, إِنْ زَيْدٌ لَقَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]: (T:) the ex. given by Sb is, إِنْ عَمْرًا لَمُنطَلِقٌ [Verily 'Amr is going away]. (Mughnee.) But it is [most] frequently made to have no government; as in the saying [in the Kur xliii. 34 accord. to one reading], وَإِنْ كُلُّ ذٰلِكَ لَمَا مَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا [And verily all that is the furniture of the present life]; and, accord. to the reading of Hafs, [and of 'Ásim and Kh, in the Kur xx. 66, respecting which see إِنَّ,] إِنْ هٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ [Verily these two are enchanters]; &c. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a verbal proposition, it is necessarily made to have no government: (Mughnee, K:) and in most cases the verb is a preterite and of the kind called نَاسِخ [which effects a change of the grammatical form or of the meaning in a nominal proposition before which it is placed]; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 138], وَإِنْ كَانَتٌ لَكَبِيرَةً [And verily it was a great matter]; and [in the Kur xvii. 75,] وَإِنْ كَادُوا لَيَفْتِنُونَكَ [And verily they were near to seducing thee]; (Mughnee;) in which last ex. Az says, it means لَقَدْ, i. e. without doubt; and so in the same ch. vv. 78 and 108: (T:) less frequently it is an aor. of a verb of this kind; as in the saying [in the Kur xxvi. 186], وَإِنْ نَظُنُّكَ لَمِنَ الْكَاذِبينَ [And verily we think thee to be of the number of the liars]: and both these kinds of expression may be taken as exs. to be imitated: less frequently than this it is a preterite of a verb not of the kind termed نَسخ; as in the saying [of a poet], شَلَّتٌ يَمِينُكَ إِنٌ قَتَلْتَ لَمُسْلِمًا [May thy right arm, or hand, dry up, or become unsound! verily thou hast slain a Muslim]; but this may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated; contr. to the opinion of Akh; for he allows the phrase, إِنْ قِامَ لَأَنَا [Verily I stood], and إِنٌ قَعَدَ لأَنْتَ [Verily thou sattest]: and less frequently than this it is an aor. of a verb not of the kind termed ناسخ; as in the saying, إِنْ يَزِينُكَ لَنَفْسُكَ وَإِنٌ يَشِينُكَ لَهِيَهٌ [Verily thy soul is that which beautifies thee, and it is that which deforms thee]; and this, by common consent, may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated. (Mughnee.) Wherever you find إِنٌ with لَ after it, decide that it is originally إِنَّ; (Mughnee, K;) as in the exs. above: but respecting this ل there is a difference of opinion: see this letter. (Mughnee.) J says, (TA,) إِنٌ is sometimes a contraction of إِنَّ, and this must have ل put before its predicate, to compensate for what is elided, of the doubled letter; as in the saying in the Kur [lxxxvi. 4, accord. to him who reads لَمَا instead of لَمَّا], إِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [Verily every soul hath over it a guardian]; and in the saying, إِنٌ زَيدٌ لَأَخُوكَ [Verily Zeyd is thy brother]; in order that it may not be confounded with إِنٌ which is syn. with the negative مَا: (S, TA:) but IB says, ل is here introduced to distinguish between negation and affirmation, and this إِنْ has neither subject nor predicate; so J's saying that the ل is put before its predicate is without meaning: and this ل is sometimes introduced with the objective complement of a verb; as in إِنْ ضَرَبْتُ لَزَيْدًا [Verily I struck, or beat, Zeyd]; and with the agent; as in إِنْ قَامَ لَزَيْدٌ [Verily Zeyd stood]. (TA.) When the contracted إِنْ governs, this ل is not necessary; so you may say, إِنْ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]; because in this case it cannot be confounded with the negative; for the negative does not render the subject mansoob and the predicate marfooa: and when it does not govern, if the meaning is apparent, the ل is not needed; as in وَنَحْنُ أُبَاةُ الضَّيْمِ مِنْ آلِ مَالِكٍ

وَإِنْ مَالِكٌ كَانَتْ كِرَامَ المَعَادِنِ [And we are persons who refuse to submit to injury, of the family of Málik: and verily the family of Málik are generous in respect of their origins]; كَانَتْ being here for لَكَانَتٌ. (I 'Ak p. 99.) b4: [Fourthly,] it is redundant, (S, Mughnee, K,) occurring with مَا; as in the saying, مَا إِنْ يَقُومُ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd does not stand]; (S;) and in the saying [of a poet], كَا إِنْ أَتَيْتَ بِشْىءٍ أَنْتَ تَكْرَهُهُ [Thou didst not a thing which thou dislikest]. (Mughnee, K: in the CK اَتْتُ.) It is mostly thus used after the negative ما, when put before a verbal proposition; as above; or before a nominal proposition; as in the saying, مَنَايَانَا وَدَوْلَةُ آخَرِينَا وَمَا إِنْ طِبُّنَا جبُنٌ ولٰكِنٌ [And our habit is not cowardice; but our destinies and the good fortune of others caused our being defeated]: and in this case it prevents the government of ما, as in this verse: but in the saying, بَنِى غُدَانَةَ مَا إِنْ أَنْتُمُ ذَهَبًا وَلَا صَرِيفًا وَلٰكِنٌ أَنْتُمُ الخَزَفُ [Sons of Ghudáneh, ye are not indeed gold, nor silver, or pure silver, but ye are pottery], accord. to him who relates it thus, saying ذهبًا and صريفًا, in the accus. case, it is explained as a negative, corroborative of ما: (Mughnee:) and accord. to J, (TA,) the negatives مَا and إِنٌ are sometimes thus combined for corroboration; as in the saying of the rájiz, (El-Aghlab El-'Ijlee, TA,) أَكْثَرَ مِنْهُ قِرَةً وَقَارَا مَا إِنٌ رَأَيْنَا مَلِكَّا أَغَارَا [We have not indeed seen a king who has made a hostile incursion possessing more numerous sheep, or goats, and camels, than he]; (S, TA;) but IB says that ان is here redundant, not a negative. (TA.) Sometimes it is redundant after the conjunct noun مَا; as in the saying, يُرَجِىّ المَرْإُ مَا إِنٌ لَا يَرَاهُ وَتَعْرِضُ دُونَ أَدْنَاهُ الخُطُوبُ [Man hopes for that which he will not see; for calamities intervene as obstacles in the way to what is nearest thereof]. (Mughnee.) And after the مَا termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, (Mughnee,) [i. e.,] after the adverbial مَا [which is of the kind termed مصدريّة]; (TA;) as in the saying (of Maaloot El-Kurey'ee, cited by Sb, TA), وَرَجِّ الفَتَى لِلْخَيْرِ مَا إِنْ رَأَيْتَهُ عَلَي السِّنِّ خَيْرًا لَايَزَالُ يَزِيدُ [And hope thou that the youth is destined for good as long as thou hast seen him not ceasing to increase in good with age]. (Mughnee.) and after the inceptive أَلَا; as in the saying, أَلَا إِنْ سَرَى لَيْلِى فبِتُّ كَئِيبَا

أُحَاذِرُ أَنْ تَنْأَى النَّوَى بِغَضُوبَا [Now he journeyed on, or during, that my night, and I passed the night in an evil state, broken in spirit by grief, being fearful that the distance to which he was going with Ghadoob (a woman so named) would become far]. (Mughnee.) and before the meddeh denoting disapproval: [for] Sb heard a man, on its being said to him, “Wilt thou go forth if the desert become plentiful in herbage? ” reply, أَأَنَا إِنِيهٌ [What, I, indeed?] disapproving that he should think otherwise than that. (Mughnee. [See also art. انى.]) b5: [Fifthly,] it is syn. with قَدْ: so it is said to be in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvii. 9], إِنْ نَفَعَتِ الذِّكْرَى

[Admonition hath profited], (T, Mughnee, K,) by IAar (T) and by Ktr: (Mughnee:) and Abu-l-' Abbás relates that the Arabs say, إِنٌ نَفَعَتِ الذِّكْرَى

meaning قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd has stood]; and he adds, that Ks states his having heard them say so, and having thought that it expressed a condition, but that he asked them, and they answered that they meant قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ, and not مَا قَامَ زَيْدٌ. (T.) [So too, accord. to the K, in all the exs. cited in the next sentence as from the Mughnee; but this is evidently a mistake, occasioned by an accidental omission.] b6: [Sixthly,] it is asserted also by the Koofees, that it is syn. with إِذْ, in the following exs.: in the Kur [v. 62], وَاتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ إِنٌ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ [And fear ye God, because ye are believers: and so, accord. to Az, as is said in the T, in a similar instance in the Kur ii. 278: and in the same, iv. 62]: and [in the Kur xlviii. 27,] لَتَدْ خُلُنَّ المَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ إِنْ شَآءَ آمِنِينَ [Ye shall assuredly enter the sacred mosque, because God hath willed, in security]: and in like instances, when the verb therein expresses what is held sure to happen or to have happened: and in the saying, أَتَغْضَبُ إِنٌ أُدْنَا قُتَيْبَةَ حُزَّتَا جِهَارًا وَلَمْ تَغْضَبْ لِقَتْلِ ابْنِ حَازِمِ [Art thou angry because the ears of Kuteybeh have been cut, openly, or publicly, and wast not angry for the slaughter of Ibn-Házim?]: (Mughnee:) but in all these instances [it is sufficiently obvious that] ان may be otherwise explained. (Mughnee, K.) b7: [Seventhly,] it is sometimes syn. with إِذَا; as in the Kur [ix. 23], لَا تَتَّخِذُوا

آبَآءَكُمْ وَإِخْوَانَكُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ إِنِ اسْتَحَبُّوا الْكُفْرَعَلَى

الْإِيمَانِ [Take not ye your fathers and your brethren as friends when they love unbelief above belief]; and in the same [xxxiii. 49], وَامْرَأَةً مُؤْمِنَةً

إِنْ وَهَبَتْ نَفْسَهَا لِلنَّبِىّ [And a believing woman when she giveth herself to the Prophet]: so says Az. (T.) b8: [Eighthly,] it is used for إِمَّا, (Mughnee and K, voce إِمَّا,) distinct from إِمَّا which is a compound of the conditional إِنٌ and the redundant مَا. (Mughnee ibid.) [See an ex. in a verse cited voce إِمَّا in the present work, commencing with the words سَقَتْهُ الرَّوَاعِدُ.]

أَنَ: see أَنْ, in four places.

أَنَّ is one of the particles which annul the quality of the inchoative; and is originally إِنَّ; therefore Sb has not mentioned it among those particles [as distinct from إِنَّ, from which, however, it is distinguished in meaning]: (I 'Ak p. 90:) it is a corroborative particle; (I 'Ak, Mughnee;) a particle governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case, (S, I 'Ak, Mughnee, K,) combining with what follows it to form an equivalent to an inf. n., (S,) [for,] accord. to the most correct opinion, it is a conjunct particle, which, together with its two objects of government, is explained by means of an inf. n. (Mughnee.) If the predicate is derived, the inf. n. by means of which it is explained is of the same radical letters; so that the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِي أَنَّكَ تَنْطَلِقُ [It has come to my knowledge, or been related to me, or been told to me, or it came to my knowledge, &c., that thou goest away], or أَنَّكَ مُنْطَلِقٌ [that thou art going away], is بَلَغَنِي الاِنْطِلَاقُ [or rather انْطِلَاقُكَ thy going away has come to my knowledge, &c.]; and hence, the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِى أَنَّكَ فِي الدَّارِ [It has come to my knowledge, &c., that thou art in the house] is بَلَغَنِى اسْتِقْرَارُكَ فِي الدَّارِ [thy remaining in the house has come to my knowledge, &c.], because thea predicate is properly a word suppressed from اِستَقَرَّ or مُسْتَقِرٌّ: and if the predicate is underived, the implied meaning is explained by the word كَوْنِ; so that the implied meaning of بَلَغَنِى أَنَّ هٰذا زَيْدٌ [It has come to my knowledge, &c., that this is Zeyd] is بَلَغَنِى

كَوْنُهُ زَيْدًا [his being Zeyd has come to my knowledge, &c.]; for the relation of every predicate expressed by an underived word to its subject may be denoted by a word signifying “ being; ”

so that you say, هٰذَا زَيْدٌ and, if you will, هٰذَا كَائِنٌ زَيْدًا; both signifying the same. (Mughnee.) There are cases in which either أَنَّ or إِنَّ may be used: [see the latter, in twelve places:] other cases in which only the former may be used: and others in which only the latter. (I 'Ak p. 91.) The former only may be used when the implied meaning is to be explained by an inf. n. (I 'Ak, K.) Such is the case when it occurs in the place of a noun governed by a verb in the nom. case; as in يُعْجِبُنِى أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ [It pleases me that thou art standing], i. e. قِيَامُكَ [thy standing pleases me]: or in the place of a noun governed by a verb in the accus. case; as in عَرَفْتُ أَتَّكَ قَائِمٌ [I knew that thou wast standing], i. e. قِيَامَكَ [thy standing]: or in the place of a noun governed in the gen. case by a particle; as in عَجِبْتُ مِنْ أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ [I wondered that thou wast standing], i. e. مِنْ قِيَامكَ [at, or by reason of, thy standing]: (I 'Ak p. 91:) [and sometimes a preposition is understood; as in لَا شَكَّ أَنَّهُ كَذَا, for لَا شَكَّ فِى أَنَّهُ كَذَا There is no doubt that it is thus, i. e. لَا شّكَّ فِى كَوْنِهِ كَذَا There is no doubt of its being thus:] and أَنَّ must be used after لَوْ; as in لَوْ أَنَّكَ قَائِمٌ لَقُمْتُ [If that thou wert standing, I had stood, or would have stood, i. e. لَوْ ثَبَتَ قِيَامُكَ, or لَوْ قِيَامُكَ ثَابِتٌ, accord. to different opinions, both meaning if thy standing were a fact: see I 'Ak pp. 305 and 306]. (K.) Sometimes its أ is changed into ع; so that you say, عَلِمْتُ عَنَّكَ مُنْطَلِقٌ [meaning I knew that thou wast going away]. (M.) b2: With ك prefixed to it, it is a particle of comparison, (S, * M, TA,) [still] governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case: (TA:) you say, كَأَنَّ زَيْدًا عَمْرٌو [It is as though Zeyd were 'Amr], meaning that Zeyd is like 'Amr; as though you said, إِنَّ زَيْدًا كَائِنٌ كَعَمْرٍو [verily, Zeyd is like 'Amr]: [it is to be accounted for by an ellipsis: or] the ك is taken away from the middle of this proposition, and put at its commencement, and then the kesreh of إِنَّ necessarily becomes changed to a fet-hah, because إِنَّ cannot be preceded by a preposition, for it never occurs but at the commencement [of a proposition]. (IJ, M.) Sometimes, كَأَنَّ denotes denial; as in the saying, كَأَنَّكَ أَمِيرُنَا فَتَأْمُرَنَا [As though thou wert our commander so that thou shouldst command us], meaning thou art not our commander [that thou shouldst command us]. (TA.) It also denotes wishing; as in the saying, كَأْنَّكَ بِي قَدْ قُلْتُ الشِّعْرَ فَأُجِيدَهُ, meaning Would that I had poetized, or versified, so that I might do it well: (TA:) [an elliptical form of speech, of which the implied meaning seems to be, would that I were as though thou sawest me that I had poetized, &c.; or the like: for] you say [also], كَأَنِّى بِكَ meaning كَأَنِّى أَبْصُرُ بِكَ [It is as though I saw thee]; i. e. I know from what I witness of thy condition to-day how thy condition will be tomorrow; so that it is as though I saw thee in that condition: (Har p. 126: [see also بِ; near the end of the paragraph:]) [thus,] كَأَنَّ also denotes knowing; and also thinking; [the former as in the saying immediately preceding, and] as when you say, كَأَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَفْعَلُ مَا يَشَآءُ [I know, or rather it appears, as though seen, that God does what He wills]; and [the latter as when you say,] كَأَنَّكَ خَارِجٌ [I think, or rather it seems, that Thou art going forth]. (TA.) b3: [When it has The affixed pronoun of the first person, sing. Or Pl., you say, أَنِّى and أَنَّنِى, and أَنَّا and أَنَّنَا: and When it has also the ك of comparison prefixed to It,] you say, كَأَنِّى and كَأَنَّنِى, [and كَأَنَّا and كَأَنَّنَا,] like as you say, لٰكِنِّى and لٰكِنَّنِى [&c.]. (S.) b4: As أَنَّ is a derivative from إِنَّ, it is correctly asserted by Z that أَنَّمَا imports restriction, like ↓ إِنَّمَا; both of which occur in the saying in the Kur [xxi. 108], يُوحَى إِلَىَّ أَنَّمَا ↓ قُلْ إِنَّمَا

إِلٰهُكُمْ إِلٰهً وَاحِدٌ [Say thou, It is only revealed to me that your God is only one God]: the former is for the restricting of the quality to the qualified; and the latter, for the reverse: (Mughnee, K:) i. e. the former is for the restricting of the revelation to the declaration of the unity; and the latter, for the restricting of “ your God ” to unity: (Marginal note in a copy of the Mughnee:) but these words of the Kur do not imply that nothing save the unity was revealed to the Prophet; for the restriction is limited to the case of the discourse with the believers in a plurality of gods; so that the meaning is, there has not been revealed to me [aught], respecting the godhead, except the unity; not the attribution of any associate to God. (Mughnee.) [أَنَّمَا, however, does not always import restriction; nor does always even ↓ إِنَّمَا: in each of these, ما is what is termed كَافَّةٌ; i. e., it restricts the particle to which it is affixed from exercising any government; and sometimes has no effect upon the signification of that particle: (see art. مَا; and see إِنَّمَا, below, voce إِنَّ:) thus, for instance, in the Kur viii. 28, وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا

أَمْوَالُكُمْ فِتْنَةً means And know ye that your possessions and your children are a trial; not that they are only a trial. When it has the ك of comparison prefixed to it, it is sometimes contracted; as in the following ex.:] a poet says, كَأَمَّا يَخْتَطِينَ عَشلَى قَتَادٍ

وَيَسْتَضْحِكْنَ عَنْ حَبِّ الغَمَامِ [As though, by reason of their mincing gait, they were walking upon tragacanthas; and they were laughing so as to discover teeth like hailstones: كَأَمَّا being for كَأَنَّمَا. (IAar.) b5: أَنَّ is someTimes contracted into أَنْ; (S, Mughnee;) and in This case, it governs in the manner already exPlained, voce أَنْ. (Mughnee.) b6: It is also syn. with لَعَلَّ; (Sb, S, M, Mughnee, K;) as in the saying, اِيتِ السُّوقَ أَنَّكَ تَشْتَرِى لَنَا شَيْئًا [Come thou to the market; may-be thou wilt buy for us something; اِيتِ being originally اِئْتِ]; i. e. لَعَلَّكَ: (Sb, M, Mughnee, K: *) and, accord. to some, (M, Mughnee, K,) so in the Kur [vi. 109], where it is said, وَمَا يُشْعِرُكُمْ أَنَّهَا إِذَا جَآءَتْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ [And what maketh you to know? (meaning, maketh you to know that they will believe when it cometh? i. e. ye do not know that: Jel:) Maybe, when it cometh, they will not believe]: (S, M, Mughnee, K:) thus accord. to this reading: (Mughnee, K:) and Ubeí here reads لَعَلَّهَا. (S.) أَنَّ and لَأَنَّ and لَوْ أَنَّ are all syn. with عَلَّ and لَعَلَّ; and أَنِّى and أَنَّنِى, and لَأَنِّى and لأَنَّنِى, and لُوْ أَنِّى and لَوْ أَنِّنِى, with عَلِّى and لَعَلِّى. (K voce لَعَلَّ.) b7: It is also syn. with أَجَلْ [Yes, or yea; or it is as thou sayest]. (M, TA.) [See also إِنَّ as exemplified by a verse commencing with وَيَقُلْنَ and by a saying of Ibn-Ez-Zubeyr.]

إِنَّ is one of the particles which annul the quality of the inchoative, like أَنَّ, of which it is the original: (I 'Ak p. 90:) it is a corroborative particle, (I 'Ak, Mughnee,) corroborating the predicate; (S, K;) governing the subject in the accus. case and the predicate in the nom. case; (S, I 'Ak, Mughnee, K;) [and may generally be rendered by Verily, or certainly, or the like; exactly agreeing with the Greek ὃτι, as used in Luke vii. 16 and in many other passages in the New Testament; though it often seems to be nothing more than a sign of inception, which can hardly be rendered at all in English; unless in pronunciation, by laying a stress upon the predicate, or upon the copula;] as in the saying, إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily, or certainly, Zeyd is standing; or simply, Zeyd is standing, if we lay a stress upon standing, or upon is]. (I 'Ak p. 90.) But sometimes it governs both the subject and the predicate in the accus. case; as in the saying, إِذَا اشْتَدَّ جُنْحُ اللَّيْلِ فَلْتَأْتِ وَلْتَكُنٌ خُطَاكَ خِفَافًا إِنَّ حُرَّاسَنَا أُسْدَا [When the darkness of night becomes, or shall become, intense, then do thou come, and let thy steps be light: verily our guardians are lions]; (Mughnee, K; [but in the latter, for اشْتَدَّ, we find اسْوَدَّ, so that the meaning is, when the first portion of the night becomes, or shall become, black, &c.;]) and as in a trad. in which it is said, انَّ قَعْرَ جَهَنَّمَ سَبْعِينَ خَرِيفًا [Verily the bottom of Hell is a distance of seventy years of journeying]: (Mughnee, K:) the verse, however, is explained by the supposition that it presents a denotative of state [in the last word, which is equivalent to شِجْعَانًا or the like], and that the predicate is suppressed, the meaning being, تَلْقَاهُمْ أُسْدًا [thou wilt find them lions]; and the trad. by the supposition that قَعْرَ is an inf. n., and سَبْعِينَ is an adverbial noun, so that the meaning is, the reaching the bottom of hell is [to be accomplished in no less time than] in seventy years. (Mughnee.) And sometimes the inchoative [of a proposition] after it is in the nom. case, and its subject is what is termed ضَمِيرُ شَأْنٍ, suppressed; as in the saying of Mohammad, إِنَّ مِنْ أَشَدِّ النَّاسِ عَذَابًا يَوْمَ القِيٰمَةِ المُصَوِّرُونَ [Verily, (the case is this:) of the men most severely to be punished, on the day of resurrection, are the makers of images], originally إِنَّهُ, i. e. إِنَّ الشَّأْنَ; (Mughnee, K; *) and as in the saying in the Kur [xx. 66], إِنَّ هٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ, [accord. to some,] as will be seen in what follows. (TA.) b2: Of the two particles إِنَّ and ↓ أَنَّ, in certain cases only the former may be used; and in certain other cases either of them may be used. (I' Ak p. 91.) The former must be used when it occurs inceptively, (Kh, T, I' Ak p. 92, Mughnee, K,) having nothing before it upon which it is syntactically dependent, (Kh, T,) with respect to the wording or the meaning; (K;) as in إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]. (I' Ak, K.) It is used after أَلَا, (I' Ak, K,) the inceptive particle, (I' Ak,) or the particle which is employed to give notice [of something about to be said]; (K;) as in أَلَا إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Now surely Zeyd is standing]. (I' Ak K.) And when it occurs at the commencement of the complement of a conjunct noun; (I' Ak, K; *) as in جَآءَ الَّذِى إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ [He who is standing came]; (I' Ak;) and in the Kur [xxviii. 76], وَآتَيْنَاهُ مِنَ الْكُنُورِ مَا إِنَّ مَفَاتِحَهُ لَتَنُوْءُ بِالْعُصْبَةِ أُولِى

القُوَّةِ [And we gave him, of treasures, that whereof the keys would weigh down the company of men possessed of strength]. (I' Ak, * K, * TA.) And in the complement of an oath, (I' Ak, K,) when its predicate has لَ, (I' Ak,) or whether its subject or its predicate has لَ or has it not; (K;) as in وَاللّٰهِ إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [By Allah, verily Zeyd is standing], (I' Ak,) and إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ: or, as some say, when you do not employ the ل, the particle is with fet-h; as in قَائِمٌ ↓ وَاللّٰهِ أَنَّكَ [I swear by Allah that thou art standing]; mentioned by Ks as thus heard by him from the Arabs: (TA:) but respecting this case we shall have to speak hereafter. (I' Ak.) And when it occurs after the word قَوْلٌ or a derivative thereof, in repeating the saying to which that word relates; (Fr, T, I' Ak, * K; *) as in the saying [in the Kur iv. 156], وَقَوْلِهِمْ إِنَّا قَتَلْنَا الْمَسِيحَ [And their saying, Verily we have slain the Messiah]; (Fr, T;) and قُلْتُ

إِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [I said, Verily Zeyd is standing]; (I' Ak;) and [in the Kur v. 115,] قَالَ اللّٰهُ إِنّى

مُنّزِّلُهَا عَلَيْكُمْ [God said, Verily I will cause it to descend unto you]; accord. to the dial. of him who does not pronounce it with fet-h: (K:) but when it occurs in explaining what is said, you use ↓ أَنَّ; as in the saying, قَدْ قُلْتُ لَكَ كَلَامًا حَسَنًا

أَنَّ أَبَاكَ شَرِيفٌ وَأَنَّكَ عَاقِلٌ [I have said to thee a good saying; that thy father is noble and that thou art intelligent]; (Fr, T;) or when the word signifying “ saying ” is used as meaning “ thinking; ” as in أَتَقُولُ أَنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Dost thou say that Zeyd is standing?], meaning أَتَظُنُّ [Dost thou think?]. (I' Ak.) Also, when it occurs in a phrase denotative of state; (I' Ak;) [i. e.,] after the و denotative of state; (K;) as in زُرْتُهُ وَإِنِّى

ذُوأَمَلٍ [I visited him, I verily having hope, or expectation]; (I' Ak;) and in جَآءَ زِيْدٌ وَ إِنَّ يَدَهُ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ [Zeyd came, he verily having his hand upon his head]. (K.) And when it occurs in a phrase which is the predicate of a proper (as opposed to an ideal) substantive; (I' Ak, K; *) as in زَيْدٌ إِنَّهُ قَائِمٌ [Zeyd, verily he is standing], (I' Ak,) or ذَاهِبٌ [going away]; contr. to the assertion of Fr. (K.) And when it occurs before the ل which suspends the grammatical government of a verb of the mind, preceding it, with respect to its objective complements; (I' Ak, K; *) as in عَلِمْتُ إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [I knew Zeyd verily was standing]; (I' Ak;) and in [the Kur lxiii. 1,] وَاللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُ [And God knoweth thou verily art his apostle]: (K:) but if the ل is not in its predicate, you say, ↓ أَنَّ; as in عَلِمْتُ أَنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [I knew that Zeyd was standing]. (I' Ak.) And in the like of the saying in the Kur [ii. 171], وَإِنَّ الَّذِينَ اخْتَلَفُوا فِى الْكِتَابِ لَفِى شَقَاقٍ

بَعِيدٍ [And verily they who differ among themselves respecting the book are in an opposition remote from the truth]; because of the ل [of inception] which occurs after it, in لَفِى: (Ks, A 'Obeyd:) the ل of inception which occurs before the predicate of إِنَّ should properly commence the sentence; so that إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing] should properly be لَإِنَّ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ; but as the ل is a corroborative and إِنَّ is a corroborative, they dislike putting two particles of the same meaning together, and therefore they put the ل later, transferring it to the predicate: Mbr allows its being put before the predicate of ↓ أَنَّ; and thus it occurs in an unusual reading of the saying [in the Kur xxv. 22], إِلَّا أَنَّهُمْ لَيَأْكُلُونَ الطَّعَامَ [But they ate food]; but this is explained by the supposition that the ل is here redundant: (I' Ak p. 95:) this is the reading of Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr: others read, إِلَّا إِنَّهُمْ لَيَأْكُلُنَ الطَّعَامَ [but verily they ate food]: and إِنَّ [as well as ↓ أَنَّ] is used after the exceptive إِلَّا when it is not followed by the ل [of inception]. (TA.) Also, When it occurs after حَيْثُ; as in اِجْلِسْ حَيْثُ إِنَّ زَيْدًا جَالِسٌ [Sit thou where Zeyd is sitting]. (I' Ak p. 92, and k) And after حَتَّى; as in مَرِضَ زَيْدٌ حَتَّى إِنَّهُمْ لَا يَرْجُونَهُ [Zeyd has fallen sick, so that verily they have no hope for him: whereas after a particle governing the gen. case, [i. e. a preposition,] you say, ↓ أَنَّ. (IHsh in De Sacy's Anthol. Gr. Ar. P. 76.) b3: Either of these two forms may be used after إِذَا denoting a thing's happening suddenly, or unexpectedly; as in خَرَجْتُ فَإِذَا إِنَّ زَيْدًاقَائِمٌ [I went forth, and lo, verily Zeyd was standing], and زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ ↓ فَإِذَا أَنَّ [and lo, or at that present time, Zeyd's standing]; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is [properly] an inchoative, and its enunciative is إِذَا; the implied meaning being, and at that present time was the standing of Zeyd: or it may be that the enunciative is suppressed, and that the implied meaning is, [and lo, or at that present time,] the standing of Zeyd was an event come to pass. (I' Ak p. 93.) Also, when occurring in the complement of an oath, if its enunciative is without ل: (I' Ak:) [see exs. given above:] or, as some say, only ↓ أَنَّ is used in this case. (TA.) Also, when occurring after فَ denoting the complement of a condition; as in مَنْ يَأْتِنِى فَإِنَّهُ مُكْرَمٌ [He who cometh to me, verily he shall be treated with honour], and مُكْرَمٌ ↓ أَنَّهُ; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is an inchoative, and the enunciative is suppressed; the implied meaning being, honourable treatment of him shall be an event come to pass: or it may be an enunciative to an inchoative suppressed; the implied meaning being, his recompense shall be honourable treatment. (I' Ak p. 94.) Also, when occurring after an inchoative having the meaning of a saying, its enunciative being a saying, and the sayer being one; as in خَيْرُ القَوْلِ إِنّى أَحْمَدُ [The best saying is, Verily I praise God], and أَحْمَدُ ↓ أَنِّى; in which latter case, أَنَّ with its complement is an enunciative of خَيْرُ; the implied meaning being, the best saying is the praising of God [or my praising of God]. (I' Ak ubi suprà.) You also say, لَبَّيْكَ إِنَّ الحَمْدَلَكَ [At thy service !

Verily praise belongeth to Thee! O God]; commencing [with إِنَّ] a new proposition: and sometimes one says, ↓ أَنَّ; meaning بِأَنَّ الحَمْدَ لَكَ [because praise belongeth to Thee]. (Msb.) b4: The cases in which إِن may not be used in the place of أَنَّ have been mentioned above, voce أَنَّ. b5: [When it has the affixed pronoun of the first person, sing. or pl.,] you say, إِنِّى and إِنَّنِى, (S,) and إِنَّا and إِنَّنَا, (TA,) like as you say لٰكِنِّى and لٰكِنِّنِى [&c.]. (S.) إِنَّ as a contraction of إِنَّ أَنَا has been mentioned above, as occurring in the phrase إِنَّ قَائِمٌ, voce إِنْ, q. v. b6: Accord. to the grammarians, (T,) إِنَّمَا is a compound of إِنَّ and مَا, (T, S,) which latter prevents the former's having any government: (T:) it imports restriction; like أَنَّمَا, which see above, voce أَنَّ, in three places: (Mughnee, K:) [i. e.] it imports the restriction of that which it precedes to that which follows it; as in إِنَّمَا زَيْدٌ مُنْطَلِقٌ [Zeyd is only going away], and إِنَّمَا يَنْطَلِقُ زَيْدٌ [Only Zeyd goes away]: (Bd in ii. 10:) [in other words,] it is used to particularize, or specify, or distinguish a thing from other things: (S:) it affirms a thing in relation to that which is mentioned after it, and denies it in relation to other things; (T, S;) as in the saying in the Kur [ix. 60], إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَآءِ [The contributions levied for pious uses are only, or but, for the poor]: (S:) but El-Ámidee and AHei say that it does not import restriction, but only corroboration of an affirmation, because it is a compound of the corroborative إِنَّ and the redundant مَا which restrains the former from exercising government, and that it has no application to denote negation implied in restriction, as is shown by the trad., إِنَّمَا الِّرِبَا فِى

النَّسِيْئَةِ [which must mean, Verily usury is in the delay of payment], for usury is in other things beside that here mentioned, as رِبَا الفضْلِ [or profit obtained by the superior value of a thing received over that of a thing given], by common consent: (Kull p. 76:) some say that it necessarily imports restriction: J says what has been cited above from the S: some say that it has an overt signification in denoting restriction, and is susceptible of the meaning of corroboration: some say the reverse of this: El-Ámidee says that if it were [properly] restrictive, its occurrence in another sense would be at variance with the original import; but to this it may be replied, that if it were [properly] corroborative, its occurrence in another sense would be at variance with the original import: it [therefore] seems that it is susceptible of both these meanings, bearing one or the other according as this or that suits the place. (Msb.) إِنَّمَا is to be distinguished from إِنَّ with the conjunct [noun] مَا, which does not restrain it from governing [though its government with this is not apparent, and which is written separately]; as in إِنَّ مَا عِنْكَ حَسَنٌ meaning Verily what is with thee is good, and in إِنَّ مَا فَعَلْتَ حَسَنٌ meaning Verily thy deed is good. (I' Ak pp. 97 and 98.) b7: إِنَّ is sometimes contracted into إِنٌ; (S, Mughnee, K;) and in this case, it is made to govern and is made to have no government: (S:) it is seldom made to govern in this case; often made to have no government: the Koofees say that it is not contracted; (Mughnee, K;) and that when one says, إِنْ زَيْدٌ لَمُنْطَلِقٌ [the meaning is virtually Verily Zeyd is going away, but] إِنٌ is a negative and the ل is syn. with إِلّا; but this assertion is refuted by the fact that some make it to govern when contracted, as in exs. cited above, voce إِنْ, q. v. (Mughnee.) b8: It is also syn. with نَعَمٌ [Even so; yes; yea]; (Mughnee, K;) contr. to the opinion of AO. (Mughnee.) [See also أَنَّ, last sentence.] Those who affirm it to have this meaning cite as an ex. the following verse (Mughnee, K *) of 'Obeyd-Allah Ibn-Keys-er-Rukeiyát: (S, * TA:) كَ وَقَدْ كَبِرْتَ فَقُلْتُ إِنَّهْ وَيَقُلْنَ شَيْبٌ قَدْ عَلَا [And they say, (namely, the women,) Hoariness hath come upon thee, and thou hast become old: and I say, Even so, or yes, or yea]: (Mughnee, K:) but this has been rebutted by the saying, We do not concede that the ه is here added to denote the pause, but assert that it is a pronoun, governed by إِنَّ in the accus. case, and the predicate is suppressed; the meaning being, إِنَّهُ كَذٰلِكَ [Verily it, i. e. the case, is thus]. (Mughnee.) [J says,] The meaning is, إنَّهُ قَدْ كَانَ كَمَا تَقُلْنَ [Verily it, i. e. the case, hath been as ye say]: A 'Obeyd says, This is a curtailment of the speech of the Arabs; the pronoun being deemed sufficient because the meaning is known: and as to the saying of Akh, that it signifies نَعَمْ, he only means thereby that it may be so rendered, not that it is originally applied to that signification: he says that the ه is here added to denote the pause. (S.) There is, however, a good ex. of إِنَّ in the sense of نَعَمْ in the saying of Ibn-Ez-Zubeyr, to him who said to him, “May God curse a she camel which carried me to thee,”

إِنَّ وَرَاكِبَهَا, i. e. Even so, or yes, or yea; and may God curse her rider: for the suppression of both the subject and the predicate is not allowable. (Mughnee.) And hence, accord. to Mbr, the saying in the Kur [xx. 66], as thus read, إِنَّ هٰذانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ [meaning, if so, Yes, these two are enchanters]. (Mughnee.) [But this phrase has given rise to much discussion, related in the Mughnee and other works. The following is a brief abstract of what has been said respecting it by several of the leading authorities.] A booIs-hák says that the people of El-Medeeneh and El-Koofeh read as above, except 'Ásim, who is reported to have read, إِنٌ هٰذَانِ, without tesh-deed, and so is Kh; [so too is Hafs, as is said above, voce إِنْ;] and that AA read إِنَّ هٰذيْنِ, the former word with teshdeed, and the latter in the accus. case: that the argument for إِنَّ هٰذَانِ, with teshdeed and the nom. case, [or rather what is identical in form with the nom. case,] is, that it is of the dial. of Kináneh, in which the dual is formed by the termination ان in the nom. and accus. and gen. cases alike, as also in the dial. of Benu-l-Hárith Ibn-Kaab: but that the old grammarians say that ه is here suppressed; the meaning being, إِنَّهُ هٰذَانِ: (T:) this last assertion, however, is weak; for what is applied to the purpose of corroboration should not be suppressed, and the instances of its suppression which have been heard are deviations from general usage, except in the case of أَنَّ, with fet-h, contracted into أَنْ: (Mughnee:) Aboo-Is-hák then adds, that some say, إِنَّ is here syn. with نَعَمْ: this last opinion he holds to be the best; the meaning being, نَعَمْ هٰذَانِ لَهُمَا سَاحِرَانِ [Yes, these two, verily they are two enchanters: for this is not a case in which the ل (which is the ل of inception) can be regarded as transferred from its proper place, at the commencement of the sentence or proposition, as it is in some instances mentioned in the former half of this paragraph: but it is said in the Mughnee that this explanation is invalidated by the fact that the combining of the corroborative ل and the suppression of the inchoative is like the combining of two things inconsistent, or incompatible; as is also the opinion that the ل is redundant, because the redundant ل prefixed to the enunciative is peculiar to poetry]: next in point of goodness, in the opinion of A booIs-hák, is, that it is of the dial. of Kináneh and Benu-l-Hárith Ibn-Kaab: the reading of AA he does not allow, because it is at variance with the written text: but he approves the reading of 'Ásim and Kh. (T.) A2: إِنَّ also occurs as a verb: it is the third person pl. fem. of the pret. from الأَيْنُ, syn. with التَّعَبُ; or from آنَ syn. with قَرُبَ: or the third person sing. masc. of the pret. passive from الأَنيِنُ, in the dial. of those who, for رُدَّ and حُبَّ, say رِدَّ and حِبَّ, likening these verbs to قِيلَ and بِيعَ: or the sing. masc. of the imperative from the same: or the pl. fem. of the imperative from الأَيْنُ; or from آنَ syn. with قَرُبَ: or the sing. fem. of the corroborated form of the imperative from وَأَى, syn. with وَعَدَ. (Mughnee.) أَنَا, signifying I: see أَنْ, in seven places.

أَنَهٌ, signifying I: see أَنْ, in two places.

أَنَّةٌ i. q. أَنِينٌ [inf. n. of أَنَّ, but app. a simple subst., signifying A moan, moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or a saying Ah: or a complaint: or a cry]. (TA.) أَنْتَ, signifying Thou: fem. أَنْتِ; dual أَنْتُمَا; pl. masc. أَنْتُمْ, and pl. fem. أَنْتُنَّ: see أَنْ, in six places.

أُنَنَةٌ see أَنَّانٌ

أُنَانٌ see أَنَّانٌ

أَنَّانٌ One who moans; who utters a moaning, or prolonged voice of complaint; or who says Ah; much, or frequently; as also ↓ أُنَانٌ and ↓ أُنَنَةٌ: (M, K:) or this last signifies one who publishes complaint, or makes it public, much, or frequently: (M:) or one who talks and grieves and complains much, or frequently; and it has no verb derived from it: (T:) and you say, رَجُلٌ أُنَنَةٌ قُنَنَةٌ, [in which the latter epithet is app. an imitative sequent to the former,] meaning an eloquent man. (TA.) The fem. of أَنَّانٌ is with ة: (M, K:) and is said to be applied to a woman who moans, or says Ah, and is affected with compassion, for a dead husband, on seeing another whom she has married after the former. (MF.) [See also حَنَّانَةٌ, voce حَنَّانٌ.]

آنَ, signifying I: see أَنْ, in two places.

آنٌّ part. n. of أَنَّ, [Moaning; or uttering a moan or moaning or a prolonged voice of complaint; or saying Ah; by reason of pain: complaining by reason of disease or pain: or] uttering a cry or cries: fem. with ة. (Msb.) [Hence,] you say, مَا لَهُ حَانَّةٌ وَلَا آنَّةٌ He has not a she camel nor a sheep, or goat: (S, M, A, K:) or he has not a she camel nor a female slave (M, K) that moans by reason of fatigue. (M.) مَئِنَّةٌ, occurring in a trad., (S, Mgh, K, &c., in the first and last in art. مأن, and in the second in the present art.,) where it is said, إِنَّ طُولَ الصَّلَاةِ وَقِصَرَ الخُطْبَةِ مَئِنَّةٌ مِنْ فِقْهِ الرَّجُلِ, (S, Mgh, TA, &c.,) is of the measure مَفعِلَةٌ وَقِصَرَ الخُطْبَةِ مَئِنَّةٌ مِنْ فِقْهِ الرَّجُلِ, [originally مَأْنِنَةٌ,] from إِنَّ, (S, Z in the Fáïk, IAth, Mgh, K,) the corroborative particle; (Z, IAth, Mgh;) like مَعْسَاةٌ from عَسَى; (S, K;) but not regularly derived from إِنَّ, because a word may not be so derived from a particle; or it may be said that this is so derived after the particle has been made a noun; (Z, IAth;) or neither of these modes of derivation is regular: (MF:) the meaning is, [Verily the longness of the prayer and the shortness of the oration from the pulpit are (together)] a proper ground for one's saying, Verily the man is a person of knowledge or intelligence: (Z, * Mgh, K in art. مأن:) this is the proper signification: accord. to AO, the meaning is, a thing whereby one learns the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man: (Mgh:) or it means a thing suitable to, (S, Mgh,) and whereby one knows, (S,) the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man: (S, Mgh:) or a sign (As, S, K) of the knowledge, or intelligence, of the man; and suitable thereto: (As, S:) or an evidence thereof: (M:) or an indication, or a symptom, thereof; everything that indicates a thing being said to be مَئِنَّةٌ لَهُ: [so that مَئِنَّةٌ لِكَذَا may be well rendered a thing that occasions one's knowing, or inferring, or suspecting, such a thing; and in like manner, a person that occasions one's doing so: or, more properly, a thing, &c., in which such a thing is usually known to take place, or have place, or be, or exist, like مَظِنَّةٌ:] one of the strangest of the things said of it is, that the ء is a substitute for the ظ of مَظِنَّةٌ: (IAth:) this seems to have been the opinion of Lh: (Az, L:) accord. to AA, it is syn. with آيَةٌ [a sign, &c.]. (TA.) As says (S, * K, TA, all in art. مأن) that the word is thus, with teshdeed to the ن, in the trad. and in a verse of poetry, as these are related; (S, TA;) but correctly, in his opinion, it should be مَئِينَةٌ of the measure فَعِيلَةٌ, (S, K, * TA,) unless it be from إِنَّ, as first stated above: (S, TA:) Az used to say that it is مَئِتَّةٌ, with ت, (S, K, * TA,) meaning a thing (lit. a place) meet, fit, or proper, or worthy or deserving, and the like; of the measure مَفْعِلَةٌ, [originally مَأْتِتَةٌ,] from أَتَّهُ meaning “he overcame him with an argument or the like:” (S, K, TA:) but some say that it is of the measure فَعِلَّةٌ, from مَأَنَ meaning اِحْتَمَلَ: see art. مأن. (K in that art.) You say also, هُوَ مَئِنَّةٌ لِلْخَيْرِ, from إِنَّ, He is a person fit, or proper, for one's saying of him, Verily he is good; and in like manner, مَعْسَاةٌ, from عَسَى, as meaning “a person fit, or proper, for one's saying of him, May-be he will do good.” (A, TA.) And إِنَّهُ لَمَئِنَّةٌ أَنْ يَكُونَ كَذَا Verily it is meet, fit, or proper, for one's saying of it, Verily it is thus; or is worthy, or deserving, of one's saying &c.: or verily it is a thing meet, fit, or proper, for one's saying &c.; or is a thing worthy, or deserving, of one's saying &c.: of the measure مَفْعِلَةٌ, from إِنَّ. (K in the present art.) and إِنَّهُ لَمَئِنَّةٌ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ ذَاكَ Verily he is meet, fit, or proper, for doing that; or is worthy, or deserving, of doing that: or verily he is a person meet, fit, or proper, for doing that; or is a person worthy, or deserving, of doing that: and in like manner you say of two, and of more, and of a female: but مَئِنَّةٌ may be of the measure فَعِلَّةٌ [from مأن], i. e. a triliteral-radical word. (M.) b2: You also say, أَتَاهُ عَلَي مَئنَّة ذَاكَ, meaning He came to him at the time, or season, [or fit or proper time,] of that; and at the first thereof. (M.)

علم الهيئة
ذكره في كشف الظنون ولم يزد على ذلك. وقال في مدينة العلوم: هو علم يعرف منه أحوال الأجرام البسيطة العلوية والسفلية وأشكالها وأوضاعها ومقاديرها وأبعادها.
وموضوعه الأجرام المذكورة من الحيثية المذكورة وقد يذكر هذا العلم تارة مع براهينها الهندسية كما هو الأصل وهذا هو المذكور في المجسطي لبطليموس ولخصه الأبهري وعربه.
ومن الكتب المختصرة: فيه هيئة ابن أفلح.
ومن المبسوطة: القانون المسعودي لأبي ريحان البيروتي وشرح المجسطي للنيروزي وقد تجرد عن البراهين ويقتصر على التصور والتخيل دون اليقين ويسمى هيئة بسيطة.
ومن المختصر فيه: التذكرة لنصير الدين الطوسي.
ومن المتوسط: هيئة العرضي ومن المبسوطة: أيضا التحفة ونهاية الإدراك كلاهما للعلامة قطب الدين الشيرازي.
ومن المختصرة: الملخص المشهور لمحمود الجغميني وعليه شروح منها: شرح لفضل الله العبيدي وكمال الدين الزاكاني والشريف الجرجاني.
وأحسن الشروح شرح الفاضل قاضي زادة الرومي.
ومن المختصرة النافعة فيه: غاية النفع كتاب النخبة لعلي بن محمد القوشجي وعليه شرح لمولانا سنان الدين وشرحه أستاذي محمود بن محمد بن قاضي زاده الرومي وهو ابن بنت المصنف علي بن محمد القوشجي كتبه عند قراءتي عليه الكتاب المذكور وهذا الشرح من أحسن المؤلفات في هذا الفن وكانت القدماء قد اقتصروا في هيئة الأفلاك على الدوائر المجردة وتسمى: هيئة مسطحة وفيه كتاب لأبي علي بن الهيثم انتهى كلامه.
قال في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون: علم الهيئة: هو من أصول الرياضي وهو علم يبحث فيه عن أحوال الأجرام البسيطة العلوية والسفلية من حيث الكمية والكيفية والوضع والحركة اللازمة لها وما يلزم منها.
فالكمية إما منفصلة: كأعداد الأفلاك وبعض الكواكب دون أعداد العناصر فإنها مأخوذة من الطبعيات وأما متصلة: كمقادير الأجرام والأبعاد واليوم وأجزاءه وما يتركب منها.
وأما الكيفية: فكالشكل إذ تتبين فيه استدارة هذه الأجسام وكلون الكواكب وضوئها.
وأما الوضع: فكقرب الكواكب وبعدها عن دائرة معينة وانتصاب دائرة وميلانها بالنسبة إلى سمت رؤوس سكان الأقاليم وحيلولة الأرض بين النيرين والقمر بين الشمس والأبصار ونحو ذلك.
وأما الحركة فالمبحوث عنه في هذا الفن منها هو قدرها وجهتها.
وأما البحث عن أصل الحركة وإثباتها للأفلاك فمن الطبعيات والمراد باللازمة الدائمة على زعمهم وهي حركات الأفلاك والكواكب واحترز بها عن حركات العناصر كالرياح والأمواج والزلازل فإن البحث عنها من الطبعيات.
وأما حركة الأرض من المغرب إلى المشرق وحركة الهواء بمشايعتها وحركة النار بمشايعة الفلك فمما لم يثبت ولو ثبت فلا يبعد أن يجعل البحث عنها من حيث القدر والجهة من مسائل الهيئة والمراد بما يلزم من الحركة الرجوع والاستقامة التذكرة هذا القيد - أعني قيد ما يلزم منها - والظاهر أنه لا حاجة إليه.
والغرض من قيد الحيثية: الاحتراز عن علم السماء والعالم فإن موضوعه البسائط المذكورة أيضا لكن يبحث فيه عنها لا عن الحيثية المذكورة بل من حيث طبائعها ومواضعها والحكمة في ترتيبها ونضدها وحركاتها إلا باعتبار القدر والجهة.
وبالجملة فموضوع الهيئة الجسم البسيط من حيث إمكان عروض الأشكال والحركات المخصوصة ونحوها وموضوع علم السماء والعالم الذي هو من أقسام الطبعي الجسم البسيط أيضا لكن من حيث إمكان عروض التغير والثبات وإنما زيد لفظ الإمكان إشارة إلى أن ما هو من جزء الموضوع ينبغي أن يكون مسلم الثبوت وهو إمكان العروض لا العروض بالفعل.
وقيل: موضوع كل من العلمين الجسم البسيط من حيث إمكان عروض الأشكال والحركات والتمايز بينهما إنما هو بالبرهان فإن أثبت المطلوب بالبرهان الآني يكون من الهيئة وإن أثبت بالبرهان اللمي يكون من علم السماء والعالم فإن تمايز العلوم كما يكون بتمايز الموضوعات كذلك قد يقع بالمحمولات والقول بأن التمايز في العلوم إنما هو بالموضوع فأمر لم يثبت بالدليل بل هو مجرد رعاية مناسبة.
واعلم أن الناظر في حركات الكواكب وضبطها وإقامة البراهين على أحوالها يكفيه الاقتصار على اعتبار الدوائر ويسمى ذلك هيئة غير مجسمة ومن أراد تصور مبادئ تلك الحركات على الوجه المطابق لقاعد الحكمة فعليه تصور الكرات على وجه تظهر حركات مراكز الكواكب وما يجري مجراها في مناطقها ويسمى ذلك هيئة مجسمة وإطلاق العام على المجسمة مجاز ولهذا قال صاحب التذكرة:
إنها ليست بعلم تام لأن العلوم هو التصديق بالمسائل على وجه البرهان فإذا لم يورد بالبرهان يكون حكاية للمسائل المثبتة بالبرهان في موضع آخر هذا كله خلاصة ما ذكره عبد العلي البرجندي في حواشي شرح الملخص.
والمذكور في علم الهيئة ليس مبينا على المقدمات الطبعية والإلهية وما جرت به العادة من تصدير المصنفين كتبهم بها إنما هو بطريق المتابعة للفلاسفة وليس ذلك أمرا واجبا بل يمكن إثباته من غير ملاحظة الابتناء عليها فإن المذكور فيه بعضه مقدمات هندسية لا يتطرق إليها شبهة مثلا: مشاهدة التشكلات البدرية والهلالية على الوجه المرصود توجب اليقين بان نور القمر مستفاد من نور الشمس وبعضه مقدمات يحكم بها العقل بحسب الأخذ لما هو الأليق والأحرى كما يقولون: إن محدب الحامل يماس محدب الممثل على نقطة مشتركة وكذا مقعره بمقعره ولا مستند لهم غير أن الأولى أن لا يكون في الفلكيات فضل لا يحتاج إليه وكذا الحال في أعداد الأفلاك من أنها تسعة وبعضه مقدمات يذكرونها على سبيل التردد دن الجزم كما يقولون أن اختلاف حركة الشمس بالسرعة والبطء إما بناء على أصل الخارج أو على أصل التدوير من غير جزم بأحدهما فظهر أن ما قيل: من أن إثبات مسائل هذا الفن مبني على أصول فاسدة مأخوذة من الفلاسفة من نفي القادر المختار وعدم تجويز الخرق والالتئام على الأفلاك وغير ذلك ليس بشيء ومنشأه عدم الاطلاع على مسائل هذا الفن ودلائله. وذلك لأن مشاهدة التشكلات البدرية والهلالية على الوجه المرصود توجب اليقين بأن نور القمر حاصل من نور الشمس وإن الخسوف إنما هو بسبب حيلولة الأرض بين النيرين والكسوف إنما هو بسبب حيلولة القمر بين الشمس والبصر مع القول بثبوت القادر المختار ونفي تلك الأصول المذكور فإن ثبوت القادر المختار وانتفاء تلك الأصول لا ينفيان أن يكون الحال ما ذكر غاية الأمر أنهما يجوزان الاحتمالات الآخر مثلا: على تقدير ثبوت القادر المختار يجوز أن يسود القادر بحسب أرادته وينور وجه القمر على ما يشاهد من التشكلات البدرية والهلالية وأيضا يجوز على تقدير الاختلاف في حركات الفلكيات وسائر أحوالها أن يكون أحد نصفي كل من النيرين مضيئا والآخر مظلما ويتحرك النيران على مركزيهما بحيث يصير وجهاهما المظلمان مواجهين لنا في حالتي الخسوف والكسوف إما بالتمام إذا كانا تامين أو بالبعض إن كانا ناقصين وعلى هذا القياس حال التشكلات البدرية والهلالية لكنا نجزم مع قيام الاحتمالات المذكور أن الحال على ما ذكر من استفادة القمر النور من الشمس وأن الخسوف والكسوف بسبب الحيلولة ومثل هذا الاحتمال قائم في العلوم العادية والتجريبية أيضا بل في جميع الضروريات مع أن القادر المختار يجوز أن يجعلها كذلك بحسب إرادته بل على تقدير أن يكون المبدأ موجبا يجوز أن يتحقق وضع غريب من الأوضاع الفلكية فيقتضي ظهور ذلك الأمر الغريب على مذهب القائلين بالإيجاب من استناد الحوادث إلى الأوضاع الفلكية وغير ذلك مما هو مذكور في شبه القادحين في الضروريات.
ولو سلم أن إثبات مسائل هذا الفن يتوقف على تلك الأصول الفاسدة فلا شك أنه إنما يكون ذلك إذا ادعى أصحاب هذا الفن أنه لا يمكن إلا على الوجه الذي ذكرنا.
أما إذا كان دعواهم أنه يمكن أن يكون على ذلك الوجه ويمكن أن يكون على الوجوه الآخر فلا يتصور التوقف حينئذ وكفى بهم فضلا أنهم تخيلوا من الوجوه الممكنة ما تنضبط به أحوال تلك الكواكب مع كثرة اختلافاتها على وجه تيسر لهم أن يعينوا مواضع تلك الكواكب واتصالات بعضها ببعض في كل وقت وأرادوا بحيث يطابق الحس والعيان مطابقة تتحير فيها العقول والأذهان كذا في شرح التجريد وهكذا يستفاد من شرح المواقف في موقف الجواهر في آخر بيان محدد الجهات.
وفي إرشاد القاصد الهيئة: وهو علم تعرف به أحوال الأجرام البسيطة العلوية والسفلية وأشكالها وأوضاعها وأبعاد ما بينها وحركات الأفلاك والكواكب ومقاديرها.
وموضوعه: الأجسام المذكورة من حيث كميتها وأوضاعها وحركاتها اللازمة لها.
وأما العلوم المتفرعة عليه فهي خمسة وذلك لأنه إما أن يبحث عن إيجاد ما تبرهن بالفعل أولا.
الثاني: كيفية.
الأرصاد والأول: إما حساب الأعمال أو التوصل إلى معرفتها بالآلات.
فالأول منهما: إن اختص بالكواكب المجردة فهو علم الزيجات والتقاويم وإلا فهو علم المواقيت.
والآلات: إما شعاعية أو ظلية فإن كانت شعاعية فهو علم تسطيح الكرة وإن كانت ظلية فعلم الآلات الظلية وقد ذكرنا هذه العلوم في هذا الكتاب على نهج الترتيب المختار فيه.
وقال ابن خلدون: هو علم ينظر في حركات الكواكب الثابتة والمتحركة والمتحيرة ويتسدل بكيفيات تلك الحركات على أشكال وأوضاع للأفلاك لزمت عنها هذه الحركات المحسوسة بطرق هندسة كما يبرهن على أن مركز الأرض مبائن لمركز فلك الشمس بوجود حركة الإقبال والأدبار وكما يستدل بالرجوع والاستقامة للكواكب على وجود أفلاك صغيرة حاملة لها متحركة داخل فلكها الأعظم وكما يبرهن على وجود الفلك الثامن بحركة الكواكب الثابتة وكما يبرهن على تعدد الأفلاك للكوكب الواحد بتعدد الميلول له وأمثال ذلك وإدراك الموجود من الحركات وكيفياتها وأجناسها إنما هو بالرصد فإنا إنما علمنا حركة الإقبال والأدبار به وكذا ترتيب الأفلاك في طبقاتها وكذا الرجوع والاستقامة وأمثال ذلك.
وكان اليونانيون يعتنون بالرصد كثيرا ويتخذون له الآلات التي توضع ليرصد بها حركة الكوكب المعين وكانت تسمى عندهم: ذات الحلق وصناعة عملها والبراهين عليه في مطابقة حركتها بحركة الفلك منقول بأيدي الناس.
وأما في الإسلام: فلم تقع به عناية إلا في القليل وكان في أيام المأمون شيء منه وصنع الآلة المعروفة للرصد المسماة: ذات الحلق وشرع في ذلك فلم يتم ولما مات ذهب رسمه وأغفل واعتمد من بعده على الأرصاد القديمة وليست بمغنية لاختلاف الحركات باتصال الأحقاب.
وإن مطابقة حركة الآلة في الرصد بحركة الأفلاك والكواكب إنما هو بالتقريب ولا يعطى التحقيق فإذا طال الزمان ظهر تفاوت ذلك بالتقريب.
وهذه الهيئة صناعة شريفة وليست على ما يفهم في المشهور إنها تعطي صورة السموات وترتيب الأفلاك والكواكب بالحقيقة بل إنما تعطي أن هذه الصور والهيئات للأفلاك لزمت عن هذه الحركات وأنت تعلم أنه لا يبعد أن يكون الشيء الواحد لازما لمختلفين وإن قلنا:
إن الحركات لازمة فهو استدلال باللازم على وجود الملزوم ولا يعطي الحقيقة بوجه على أنه علم جليل وهو أحد أركان التعاليم.
ومن أحسن التآليف فيه: كتاب المجسطي منسوب لبطليموس وليس من ملوك اليونان الذين أسماهم بطليموس على ما حققه شراح الكتاب وقد اختصره الأئمة من حكماء الإسلام كما فعله ابن سينا وأدرجه في تعاليم الشفاء ولخصه ابن رشد أيضا من حكماء الأندلس وابن السمح وابن الصلت في كتاب الاقتصار ولابن الفرغاني هيئة ملخصة قربها وحذف براهينها الهندسية والله علم الإنسان ما لم يعلم سبحانه لا إله إلا هو رب العلمين انتهى كلام ابن خلدون. وقد بسطنا القول في الهيئة في كتابنا لقطة العجلان فمن شاء أن يطلع عليه فعليه به والله الموفق. 

ذرع

1 ذَرْعٌ, [inf. n. of ذَرَعَ,] in its primary acceptation, signifies The stretching forth, or extending, the arm, or fore leg: (S, TA:) [or rather, when said of a man, the fore arm; and of a beast, the arm; though the whole arm of a man is generally stretched forth with his fore arm, and the whole fore leg of a beast with his arm: and ↓ تَذْرِيعٌ and ↓ إِذْرَاعٌ and ↓ تَذَرُّعٌ signify the same, as will be shown by explanations of their verbs.] Yousay, ذَرَعَ البَعِيرُ يَدَهُ The camel stretched forth, or extended, his fore leg in going: and البَعِيرُ ↓ تذرّع The camel stretched forth, or extended, his arm (ذِرَاعَهُ) in his going. (TA.) b2: ذَرَعَهُ, (S, Msb, K,) aor. ـَ (Msb, K,) inf. n. ذَرْعٌ, (S, Msb,) He measured it with the ذِرَاعٌ [or cubit]; (Msb, K;) namely, a garment, or piece of cloth, (S, Msb, K,) &c.: (S:) and ذَرَعَهُ بِذِرَاعِهِ he measured it with his ذراع. (TA.) [See also 5.] b3: You say of a she-camel, تَذْرَعُ الفَلَاةَ (assumed tropical:) She goes quickly, or swiftly, over the desert, as though measuring it; as also ↓ تُذَارِعُهَا: and بُعْدَالطَّرِيقِ ↓ تُذَارِعُ (tropical:) She stretches forth her fore legs and so traverses the distance of the way. (TA.) b4: ذَرَعَ فُلَانًا He strangled, or throttled, such a one from behind him with the fore arm; (Ibn-'Abbád, K;) as also ↓ ذرّعهُ: (K:) or the latter, inf. n. تَذْرِيعٌ, signifies, simply, he strangled, or throttled, him; (S, L;) but more properly, he put his neck between his fore arm and neck and upper arm, and so strangled, or throttled, him; and لَهُ ↓ ذرّع, also, has both of these significations. (L.) b5: ذَرَعَ البَعِيرَ, (K,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (TA,) He trod upon the arm (ذراع) of the camel, [while the latter was lying with his breast upon the ground and his fore legs folded,] in order that a person might mount him. (K.) A2: ذَرَعَهُ القَىْءُ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. as above, (Mgh,) and so the inf. n., (Msb,) Vomit overcame him, and came forth to his mouth before he was aware, (S, * Mgh, Msb, * K, * TA,) and issued from him: (Mgh:) or vomiting came upon him without his intending it. (Mgh.) A3: ذَرَعَ عِنْدَهُ, (Ibn-'Abbád, K,) inf. n. as above, (Ibn-'Abbád,) (tropical:) He made intercession with him. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) [Said in the TA to be tropical; I suppose because the stretching forth the arm is a common action of a person interceding.] You say, ذَرَعْتُ لِفُلَانٍ عِنْدَ الأَمِيرِ (tropical:) I made intercession for such a one with the prince. (Z, TA.) And ذَرِعَ إِلَيْهِ, like فَرِحَ, (Ibn-'Abbád, K,) inf. n. ذَرَعٌ, (TK,) (assumed tropical:) He made intercession to him. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) In the O, ذَرِعَ بِهِ (assumed tropical:) He made intercession [by him]. (TA.) A4: ذَرِعَ, aor. ـَ He drank from a skin (زِقّ) such as is called ذَارِعٌ. (K.) A5: ذَرِعَتْ رِجْلَاهُ His legs became tired, or fatigued. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) A6: ذَرَاعَةٌ [app. an inf. n., of which the verb is ذَرُعَ,] The being wide in step, (S, TA,) and light, or active, in pace, or going. (TA.) 2 ذرّع, (S, K, &c.,) inf. n. تَذْرِيعٌ: (S:) see 1, first sentence. b2: Also He spread himself out widely, (El-Moheet, L, K,) and stretched forth his fore arms, (El-Moheet, L,) in swimming: (El-Moheet, L, K:) said of a man. (El-Moheet, L.) b3: He (a man) raised his fore arms; and particularly, in announcing good tidings or in warning: (TA:) or he (an announcer of good tidings) made a sign with his arm, or hand. (S, K.) b4: ذرّع فِى المَشْىِ He moved about his fore arms in walking, or going along. (S, K.) And ذرّع فى السَّعْىِ, (L, TA,) in the O and Moheet and K, erroneously, فىالسَّقْىِ, (TA,) He helped himself with his arms, and moved them about, (O, El-Moheet, L, K,) in walking, or walking quickly, or running. (L.) b5: ذرّع لِى

شَيْئًا مِنْ خَبَرِهِ (tropical:) He acquainted me with somewhat of his tidings, or case; (K, TA;) [as though he stretched forth his arm with his information;] said by one who has asked another respecting his case. (TA.) b6: [And hence, app.,] ذرّع بِكَذَا (assumed tropical:) He acknowledged, or confessed, such a thing. (K, TA.) b7: ذرّع فُلَانًا and ذرّع لَهُ: see 1. b8: [Hence, perhaps,] ذرّعهُ, inf. n. as above. (assumed tropical:) He killed him; or slew him. (TA.) b9: ذرّع البَعِيرَ, and ذرّع لَهُ, He bound both of the arms of the camel [to the shanks]: (K:) and the latter, he bound the camel with the redundant part of his nose-rein upon his [the camel's] arm. (K, TA.) [See also تَذْرِيعٌ below.] b10: تَذْرِيعٌ also signifies The tinging a captive's fore arm with crocus, or with خَلُوق, as a sign of slaughter; which was done in the time before Mohammad. (Meyd, cited by Freytag.) b11: [See also the act. and pass. part. n.., below.]3 مُذَارَعَةٌ signifies The selling by measure with the cubit; not by number, and without knowing the measure. (K.) [In the CK, والجُزافُ is put by mistake for والجُزافِ.] You say, بِعْتُهُ الثَّوْبَ مُذَارَعَةٌ I sold to him the garment, or piece of cloth, by measure with the cubit. (TA.) b2: See also 1, in two places. b3: ذَرَاعْتُهُ, (TA,) inf. n. مُذَارَعَةٌ, (K, TA,) (assumed tropical:) I mixed with him in familiar, or social, intercourse; or became intimate with him: or I became copartner with him; or shared with him: syn. خَالَطْتُهُ. (K * TA.) 4 اذرع, (K,) inf. n. إِذْرَاعٌ: (S:) see 1, first sentence. b2: (tropical:) He exceeded the due bounds, or just limits, in speech, or talk; (S, K, TA;) he talked much; (S, TA;) as also ↓ تذرّع: (S, Msb, * K, TA:) J says, [in the S,] I am of opinion that it has originated from the stretching forth of the fore arm; for he who talks much sometimes does that; and ISd says the like. (TA.) b3: أَذْرَعَ ذِرَاعَيْهِ مِنْ تَحْتِ الجُبَّةِ and ↓ اِذَّرَعَهُمَا, He put forth, (K, TA,) and extended, (TA,) his fore arms from beneath the jubbeh: (K, TA:) or أَذْرَعَ ذِرَاعَيْهِ, and ↓ اِدَّرَعَهُمَا, [the latter with the د unpointed,] he drew forth his fore arms from the sleeves of a narrow-sleeved jubbeh: (Mgh:) the latter verb being of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ; (Mgh, K;) like اِذَّكَرَ, (TA,) or اِدَّكَرَ, (Mgh,) from الذِّكْرُ: (Mgh, TA:) the former accord. to one relation, the latter accord. to another, occurring in a trad. (Mgh, TA.) b4: اذرع also signifies He seized with the fore arm. (K.) b5: مَا أَذْرَعَهَا [How long, or large, is she in the fore arm!] is [from الذِّرَاعُ, being] of the same [anomalous] class as أَحْنَكُ الشَّاتَيْنِ [from الحَنَكُ]. (TA.) A2: اذرع قَيْئَهُ He (a man) emitted, or ejected, his vomit. (TA.) 5 تَذَرَّعَ see 1; first and second sentences: b2: and see also 4. b3: تَذَرُّعٌ also signifies The measuring a thing with the fore arm. (S, K.) [See also 1.] A poet says, (S,) namely Keys Ibn-El-Khateem El-Ansáree, (TA,) تَرَى قِصَدَ المُرَّانِ تُلْقَى كَأَنَّهَا تَذَرُّعُ خِرْصَانٍ بِأَيْدِىالشَّوَاطِبِ [Thou seest the fragments of the hard and pliant spears thrown as though they were what is seen in the measuring, with the fore arm, of rods of palm-sticks in the hands of the females who pare them]: (S, TA:) or, accord. to As, تَذَرَّعَ فُلَانٌ الجَرِيدَ signifies Such a one put the palm-sticks upon his fore arm, and pared them: and خِرْصَانٌ means, originally, rods of palm-sticks: and شَوَاطِبُ is pl. of شَاطِبَةٌ; meaning a woman who peels the عَسِيب, and then throws it to the مُنَقِّيَة, who removes all that is upon it with her knife until she has left it slender, when she throws it back to the شاطبة. (TA.) b4: Also, The splitting (تَشَقُّق [which is intrans., but I think it is a mistake for تَشْقِيق, which is trans.,]) of a thing into several oblong pieces of the measure of the cubit in length. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) b5: تَذَرَّعَتِ المَرْأَةُ The woman split palm-leaves to make of them a mat. (IDrd, K.) Thus some explain the saying of Ibn-El-Khateem, quoted above. (TA.) b6: تَذَرَّعَتِ الإِبِلُ الكَرَعَ The camels came to drink of the rain-water and waded in it with their arms. (K.) A2: تذرّع بِذَرِيعَةٍ (tropical:) He obtained, or sought to obtain, access, or intimacy; or he ingratiated himself, or sought to ingratiate himself; by a means of doing so. (S, K, TA.) You say, also, تذرّع إِلَيْهِ (tropical:) He obtained, or sought to obtain, access to him; &c. (TA.) 8 اِذَّرَعَ or إِدَّرَعَ: see 4.10 استذرع بِهِ He concealed, or protected, himself by it, (namely a thing, TA,) and made it a ذَرِيعَة [q. v.] for him. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) ذَرْعٌ, in its primary acceptation, has the signification explained in the first sentence of this article. (S, TA.) b2: [Hence, it is used in the sense of] (tropical:) Power, or ability; as also ↓ ذِرَاعٌ; (TA;) or a man's reach, or extent of power or ability. (Msb.) And hence the phrases, ضَاقَ بِالأَمْرِ ذَرْعُهُ, and ↓ ذِرَاعُهُ, (K,) and ضَاقَ بِالأَمْرِ ذَرْعًا, (S, Msb, K,) in which the last word is in the accus. case as an explicative, for the original form of the phrase is that first mentioned, (TA,) and sometimes they said ↓ ذِرَاعًا, (S, TA,) (tropical:) He was unable to do, or accomplish, the thing, or affair; as though meaning, he stretched forth his arm to it and it did not reach it; (S, TA; *) or these phrases are thus used because he who is short in the fore arm will not reach that which he who is long therein reaches, nor will the power of the former equal that of the latter; therefore they are proverbially applied to him whose power falls short of the attainment, or accomplishment, of an affair: (TA:) or he lacked strength, or power, or ability, to do, or accomplish, the thing, or affair, and found not any way of escape from what was disagreeable therein: (K:) or he was unable to bear, or endure, or undertake, the thing, or affair. (Msb.) You say also, مَا لِى بِهِ ذَرْعٌ, and ↓ ذِرَاعٌ, (tropical:) I have not power, or ability, to do it. (TA.) And كَسَرَ ذٰلِكَ مِنْ ذَرْعِى (tropical:) That disabled, hindered, prevented, or withheld, me from doing that which I desired. (TA.) And اِقْصِدْ بِذَرْعِكَ (tropical:) Deal thou gently with thyself; moderate thyself restrain thyself; i. q. اِرْبَعْ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ; (S, TA;) and let not thy soul, or mind, carry thee beyond thy measure or extent [of power or ability]. (TA.) And أَبْطَرْتُ فُلَانًا ذَرْعهُ (tropical:) I imposed upon such a one more than he was able to do: (S, TA:) but ذَرْعٌ also signifies (assumed tropical:) the body: and [accord. to IAar] أَبَطَرَنِى ذَرْعِى means (tropical:) He wasted my body, and cut off my means of subsistence. (TA.) [See also art. بطر.] You likewise say, رَجُلٌ

↓ رَحْبُ الذِّرَاعِ [and الذَّرْعِ] (tropical:) A man having ample strength, and power, and might in war or fight, courage, valour, or prowess. (TA. [See also رَحْبٌ.]) And ضَعِيفُ الذَّرْعِ (tropical:) Impotent. (KL.) b3: And hence, فُلَانٌ خَالِى الذَّرْعِ (tropical:) Such a one has his heart devoid of anxieties, or solicitudes, and griefs; because the heart is sometimes one of the seats of power: or it may mean, agreeably with the original signification of ذَرْعٌ, such a one is free from the causes of occupation which require the stretching forth of the fore arm and extending of the hand. (Har p. 131.) and رَجُلٌ وَاسِعٌ الذَّرْعِ, and ↓ الذِّرَاعِ, (tropical:) A man large, or liberal, in disposition. (K.) And كَبُرَ فِى ذَرْعِى (assumed tropical:) Its occurrence, or befalling, was of great moment, momentous, grievous, or distressing, to me. (TA.) b4: ذَرْعٌ also signifies The measure of anything: and نَخْلَةٌ ذَرْعُ رَجَلٍ, A palm-tree of the measure of the stature of a man. (TA.) ذَرَعٌ A coveting; desiring eagerly; or lusting. (S, K.) [Perhaps an inf. n. of which the verb is ذَرِعَ.]

A2: See also ذَرِيعَةٌ.

ذَرِعٌ: see ذَرِيعٌ, in two places. b2: (assumed tropical:) That journeys by night and by day. (K.) b3: (assumed tropical:) Longtongued with evil speech. (K.) A2: (assumed tropical:) Good in social, or familiar, intercourse. (K, TA.) ذُرْعَةٌ: see ذَرِيعَةٌ.

ذَرَاعٌ (S, K) and ↓ ذِرَاعٌ (ISd, K) (assumed tropical:) A woman (S) light, or active, with the hands in spinning: (S, K:) or one who spins much; who has ability to do so. (TA.) ذِرَاعٌ, of a man, (Msb,) [The part] from the elbow to the extremities of the fingers; (Mgh, Msb;) the fore arm; syn. سَاعِدٌ [q. v.; thus corresponding to the سَاق of the leg]: (Lth, K:) and (tropical:) [the space] from the extremity of the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger: (M, Mgh, * K: [in the last of which, the space is plainly shown to be meant, like as the part is shown in the Msb to be meant in the explanation cited above from that work and the Mgh: see also جَرِيبٌ:]) in both these senses, sometimes masc., (K,) accord. to Kh: (TA:) J says, (TA,) as relating to the arm, it is masc. and fem.; but Sb says that it is fem.: (S, TA:) [Mtr says,] it is fem.: (Mgh:) [Fei says,] the measure so called is in most instances fem.: accord. to ISk, it is fem.; but some of the Arabs make it masc.: Fr says that it is fem.; but that some of [the tribe named] 'Okl make it masc.: As did not know an instance of its being masc.: and Zj says that such an instance is extr.; not choice: (Msb:) the measure thus called, [i. e. the cubit,] (Msb,) the ذِرَاعٌ مُكَسَّرَة [or cubit which is divided into fractions], (Mgh,) is six قَبَضَات [or fists] (Mgh, Msb) of middling measure; (Msb;) and this is called ذِرَاعُ العَمَامَّةِ [the cubit of the common people, or the common cubit], because it wants one قَبْضَة [or fist] of what is called ذِرَاعُ المَلِكِ [the cubit of the king], namely one of the Kisràs, (Mgh, Msb,) not the last of them, whose ذراع was seven قَبَضَات: (Mgh:) [see also مِيلٌ: it is also an astronomical measure; and as such, it seems, from several instances in which it is mentioned by Kzw and other writers, to be, probably, by rule, two degrees; nearly the half, or quarter, of the length assigned in different instances to the measure termed رُمْحٌ; but, like the latter, not precise nor uniform in every instance:] the dim. is ↓ ذُرِيَّعَةٌ, with ة because it is fem.; (TA;) or ↓ ذُرَيْعٌ [or ↓ ذُرَيِّعٌ, without ة, accord. to those who make it masc.]: (L voce حَرْبٌ:) the pl. is أَذْرُعٌ and ذُرْعَانٌ; (O, Msb, K;) or, accord. to Sb, the former only; (S, Msb;) and Sb adds, they have given it this form of pl. because it is fem.; meaning, that فِعَالٌ and فُعَالٌ and فَعِيلٌ, when fem., have the pl. of the measure أَفْعُلٌ. (TA.) In the phrase الثَّوْبُ سَبْعٌ فِى ثَمَانِيَةٍ [The garment, or piece of cloth, is seven cubits by eight spans], they say سبع because أَذْرُع is fem., and ثمانية because أَشْبَار is masc.; (S; [and the like is said in the Mgh;]) and because the length is measured by the ذراع, and the breadth by the شِبْر. (S in art. ثمن.) ذِرَاعٌ is also used as an epithet, applied to a masc. n.: thus they say, هٰذَا ثَوْبٌ ذِرَاعٌ [This is a garment, or piece of cloth, a cubit in length]. (Kh.) You say also, هُوَ مِنِّى عَلَى حَبْلِ الذِّرَاعِ It is prepared, or made ready, on my part: (S:) and هُوَ لَكَ عَلَى حَبْلِ الذِّرَاعِ I will pay it to thee in ready money: or it is prepared, or made ready, for thee: the حبل being a certain vein in the ذراع. (TA.) b2: [Hence several tropical significations:] see ذَرْعٌ, in six places: and see also ذَرَاعٌ. b3: Hence also, (Z, TA,) (tropical:) The instrument with which one measures the length of the ذراع [or cubit], (S, Z, O, Mgh, K,) made of a piece of wood, (Mgh,) or whether it be iron or a rod of wood. (O, K.) b4: [Hence also,] (assumed tropical:) A sleeve: as in the phrase ثَوْبٌ مُوَشَّى الذِّرَاعِ (assumed tropical:) [a garment, or piece of cloth, variegated, or figured, in the sleeve]: pl. ↓ مَذَارِعُ, a pl. not agreeing with its sing., like مَلَامِحُ and مَحَاسِنُ. (TA.) b5: Of the fore legs of bulls or cows, and of sheep or goats, [The arm; i. e.] the part above the كُرَاع: and of the fore legs of camels and horses and mules and asses, [likewise the arm; i. e.] the part above the وَظِيف: (K:) [also the arm-bone of any of the animals here mentioned:] accord. to Lth, (TA,) of any animal, [but this is by synecdoche, (assumed tropical:) the fore leg;] i. q. يَدٌ; (Msb, TA;) applying to the whole of whatever is called thus: (TA:) [thus, again, corresponding to سَاقٌ; this latter term, in like manner, having a proper and a synecdochical acceptation. Hence the prov.] لَا تُطْعِمِ العَبْدَ الكُرَاعَ فَيَطْمَعَ فِى الذِّرَاعِ [Feed not thou the slave with the shank, lest he covet the arm]. (K.) b6: [Hence,] الذِّرَاعُ, also called ذِرَاعُ الأَسَد (assumed tropical:) Two bright stars, which are one of the Mansions of the Moon: (S:) [there are two asterisms thus called; together, الذِّرَعَانِ: one of them is] الذِّرَاعُ المَبْسُوطَةُ, [also called ذِرَاعُ الأَسَدِ المَبْسُوطَةُ,] the two bright stars α and β] in the heads of Gemini: (Kzw in his description of Gemini:) [the other is called الذِّرَاعُ المَقْبُوضَةُ, and] ذِرَاعُ الأَسَدِ المَقْبُوضَةُ, the two bright stars α and β] of Canis Minor: (Kzw in his description of Canis Minor:) [hence it appears that the ancient Arabs, or many of them, extended the figure of Leo (as they did also that of Scorpio) far beyond the limits which we assign to it: the former ذراع accord. to those who make النَّوْءُ to signify “ the auroral rising,”

but the latter accord. to those who make it to signify “ the auroral setting,” is the Seventh Mansion of the Moon: the following descriptions in Kzw's account of the Mansions of the Moon, and in the O and K and TA, are obscure and inaccurate:] الذِّرَاعُ is one of the Mansions of the Moon, (O, Kzw, K,) and is called ذراع الاسد المقبوضة, (O, Kzw,) or ذراع الاسد المبسوطة: (K:) the lion has a ذراع which is مبسوطة and a ذراع which is مقبوضة, (O, Kzw, K,) and this is the one next to Syria, (O, K,) or on the left, (Kzw,) and in it the moon has a mansion; the مبسوطة being next to El-Yemen, (O, K,) or on the right; (Kzw;) [but this description of their relative positions should be reversed, as is shown by what precedes and by what follows;] each being two stars, between which is the measure of a سَوْط [or whip]; (O;) and the latter is higher in the sky, and more extended, than the other, (O, K,) wherefore it is called مبسوطة; (O;) and sometimes the moon deviates, and so has a mansion in it: (O, K:) [it is said in the TA that الذراع is also a name of one of the asterisms (نُجُوم) of الجَوْزَآء; but this is the same that is called the مبسوطة:] it rises [at dawn] on the fourth of تَمُّوز [or July O. S.], and sets [at dawn] on the fourth of كَانُون الآخِر [or January, O. S.]: (O, Kzw: [and so in the K, except that in this last, it is erroneously said to set in كَانُون الأَوَّل:]) so says IKt: but Ibráheem El-Harbee says that it rises on the seventh of تمّوز, and sets on the sixth of كانون الآخر. (O, TA.) [See مَنَازِلُ القَمَرِ, in art. نزل; and see also نَوْءٌ, and نَكْبَآءُ.] The rhyming prosaist of the Arabs says, إِذَا طَلَعَتِ الذِّرَاعْ حَسَرَتِ الشَّمْسُ القِنَاعْ وَاسْتَعْلَتْ فِى الأُفُقِ الشُّعَاعْ وَ تَرَقْرَقَ السَّرَابُ فِى

كُلِّ قَاعْ [When the Dhiráa rises at dawn, the sun puts off the veil, and the rays ascend in the horizon, and the mirage flickers, or glistens, in every plain]. (TA.) And the Arabs assert that when there is no rain [at any other season] in the year, the ذراع does not break its promise, though it be but a بَغْشَة [or weak shower of rain]: (Kzw, TA:) [or] its نَوْء is approved, and seldom does it break its promise. (Kzw.) b7: ذِرَاعٌ also signifies (assumed tropical:) A certain mark made with a hot iron upon the arm (ذراع) of a camel: (S, K:) and is a mark of the Benoo-Thaalebeh in El-Yemen, and of some persons of the Benoo-Málik-Ibn-Saad. (K.) b8: Also (tropical:) The fore part of a spear or spear-shaft: (K, TA:) this is called (S, TA) also (TA) ذِرَاعُ الَعَامِلِ. (S, TA.) ذَرُوعٌ: see what next follows.

ذَرِيعٌ Wide in step, (S, K,) and light, or active, in pace, or going; (K;) applied to a horse, (S, K,) and to a camel; as also ↓ ذَرُوعٌ: (K:) and quick: (S, Msb, K:) [and so ↓ ذَرِعٌ; for] ↓ ذَرِعَاتٌ, (S, O, K,) applied to the legs of a quadruped (قَوَائِمٌ), (S, TA,) signifies quick, (S, K,) wide in step, taking much of the ground: (O, K:) or, as some say, this last word signifies the legs of a beast, (TA,) like ↓ مَذَارِعُ, (S, K,) pl. of مِذْرَاعٌ. (K.) It is said of Mohammad, in a trad., كَانَ ذَرِيعَ المَشْىِ (assumed tropical:) He was quick, and wide of step, in walking. (TA.) And you say, رَجُلٌ ذَرِيعٌ بِالِكِتَابَةِ (assumed tropical:) A man quick in writing. (TA.) And أَكَلَ

أَكْلًا ذَرِيعًا (assumed tropical:) He ate quickly and much. (TA.) And قَتْلٌ ذَرِيعٌ (assumed tropical:) Quick slaughter. (S.) and مَوْتٌ ذَرِيعٌ (tropical:) Spreading death: (K:) or quick, spreading death, such that the people can hardly, or can in no wise, bury one another. (TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) An ample thing, affair, or state. (K.) A2: (assumed tropical:) An intercessor. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) ذُرَيْعٌ a dim. of ذِرَاعٌ, q. v.

ذَرِيعَةٌ A she-camel by which the archer, or the like, conceals himself from the game, (S, K, TA,) walking by her side, and shooting, or casting, when the object puts itself in his power, having first left the she-camel to roam at pleasure with the wild animals in order that they may become familiar with her; (TA;) like دَرِيْئَةٌ; (S;) as also ↓ ذَرَعٌ: (K:) pl. ذُرُعٌ. (IAar.) b2: Hence, (tropical:) Anything that brings one near to a thing; (IAar;) a means of access, nearness, intimacy, ingratiation, attachment, or connexion; syn. وَسِيلَةٌ; (S, Msb, K, TA;) and سَبَبٌ; and وُصْلَةٌ; (TA;) as also ↓ ذُرْعَةٌ: (Ibn-'Abbád, K:) pl. ذَرَائِعُ. (S, Msb.) You say, فُلَانٌ ذَرِيعَتِى إِلَيْكَ (tropical:) Such a one is my means of access to thee, and of attachment to thee, or connexion with thee. (TA.) b3: Also, [like دَرِيْئَةٌ,] A ring by aiming at which one learns the art of shooting, or casting [the lance &c.]. (TA.) ذُرَيِّعٌ: dims. of ذِرَاعٌ, q. v.

ذُرَيِّعَةٌ: dims. of ذِرَاعٌ, q. v.

ذَرَّاعٌ A measurer with the ذِرَاع [or cubit]. (T in art. أبر.) b2: A he-camel that drives the she-camel with his arm and so makes her lie down that he may cover her. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) ذَارِعٌ [so in a copy of the S and of the K and in the TA: in one copy of S and in one of the K, ذِرَاع: in the CK, ذَرّاع: but the right reading is ذَارِعٌ, as is shown by verses in which it occurs, cited in the TA, and by its pl.,] A small [skin of the kind called] زِقّ, which is stripped off from the part next to the ذِرَاع [or arm], (S, K,) and which is for شَرَاب [or wine]; (S;) and ↓ مِذْرَعٌ signifies [the same; or simply] a small زِقّ: (TA:) or, as some say, زِقٌّ ذَارِعٌ signifies a زقّ that takes much water: (TA:) the pl. is ذَوَارِعُ. (S, TA.) A2: نَاقَةٌ ذَارَعَةٌ An excellent she-camel. (TA.) أَذْرَعُ [More, and most, light, or active, and quick, with the arms, or hands, or (assumed tropical:) otherwise]. It is said in a trad., خَيْرُ كُنَّ أَذْرَعُكُنَّ لِلْغَزْلِ The best of you females is the most light, or active, of hand, of you, in spinning: or, the most able of you to spin. (TA.) And قَتَلُوهُمْ أَذْرَعَ قَتْلٍ (assumed tropical:) They slew them with the quickest slaughter. (S.) b2: (assumed tropical:) More, and most, chaste in speech. (K.) Yousay, هُوَ أَذْرَعُ مِنْهُ (assumed tropical:) He is more chaste of speech than he. (TA.) A2: (assumed tropical:) One whose mother is Arabian but not his father; syn. مُقْرِفٌ: or the son of an Arabian man by an emancipated slavewoman: (K:) the former is the more correct. (TA.) [See also مُذَرَّعٌ.]

تَذْرِيعٌ The redundant part of the cord with which the arm [of a camel] is bound: [see 2, latter part:] a subst. like [تَصْدِيرٌ and] تَنْبِيتٌ; not an inf. n. (TA.) مِذْرَعٌ: see ذَارِعٌ.

مُذَرَّعٌ, an epithet applied to an ass, and to a mule, meaning Having what are termed رَقْمَتَانِ [q. v.] upon his arms. (L.) b2: Hence, (L,) (tropical:) A man (TA) whose mother is more noble than his father: (S, L, K:) as though, (K,) or said to be, (S,) so called because of the رَقْمَتَانِ upon the arm [or arms] of the mule, for they come to him from the side of the ass; (S, K;) or so called as being likened to the mule, because he has upon his arms رقمتان like those of the arm of the ass, thereby resembling the ass; and the mother of the mule is more noble than his father. (L.) [See also أَذْرَعُ.] b3: A lion having upon his arms the blood of his prey. (IAar.) b4: [A beast] struck in the uppermost part of his breast so that the blood has flowed upon his arms. (K.) b5: A horse that outstrips: or (originally, TA) that overtakes the wild animal and has his arms smeared by his rider's piercing the latter so as to make the blood flow forth; (K, TA;) this blood upon his arms being the sign of his having outstripped. (TA,) b6: A bull having black spots, or black places, upon his shanks. (S, K.) b7: مُذَرَّعَةٌ A hyena having stripes upon its arms: (K:) an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates: or applied to the hyena because of blackness on its arms. (TA.) مُذَرِّعٌ Rain that sinks into the earth to the depth of a cubit. (S, K.) مِذْرَاعٌ sing. of مَذَارِعٌ, [which is contr. to rule,] (S, K,) in a sense pointed out below, (S,) or in all the senses explained below, and of مَذَارِيعٌ, (K,) which is agreeable to rule. (TA.) b2: مَذَارِعُ signifies The legs of a beast; (S, K;) as also مَذَارِيعُ, and ذَرِعَاتٌ; see ذَرِيعٌ; because the beast measures with them the ground: or, as some say, [like the pl. of ذِرَاعٌ,] the parts of a beast between the knee and the arm-pit. (TA.) A2: مَذَارِعُ also signifies The towns (قُرَى, S, or بِلَاد, K) that are between the cultivated land and the desert; (S, K;) such as El-Kádiseeyeh and El-Ambár; (TA;) in this sense, (S,) as in others, (K,) pl. of مِذْرَاعٌ; (S, K;) as also مَذَارِيعُ; (K;) syn. with مَزَالِفُ; (S;) and بَرَاغِيلُ: (TA:) El-Hasan El-Basree speaks of the مَذَارِعُ of El-Yemen. (TA.) [Freytag says, without mentioning his authority, that مَذَارِعُ has the same signification with the inhabitants of Nejd as مَخَالِيفُ with the inhabitants of El-Yemen and مَزَالِفُ in the region of El-Hijáz: but this is at variance with all that I have found, in respect of the term مخاليف.] b2: Also Parts, regions, quarters, or tracts, syn. نَوَاحٍ, (Ibn-'Abbád, K,) of a land. (Ibn-'Abbád.) b3: And The places of bending of a valley. (Kh.) b4: And Palm-trees that are near to houses or tents. (S, K.) مَذَارِعُ a pl. [contr. to rule] of مِذْرَاعٌ, q. v.: (S, K:) and of ذِرَاعٌ as signifying (assumed tropical:) A sleeve. (TA.) See the last of these words, near the middle of the paragraph.

علم الكيمياء
هو علم يعرف به طرق سلب الخواص من الجواهر المعدنية وجلب خاصية جديدة إليها وإفادتها خواصا لم تكن لها والاعتماد فيه عن أن الفلزات كلها مشتركة في النوعية والاختلاف الظاهر بينها إنما هو باعتبار أمور عرضية يجوز انتقالها.
قال الصفدي في شرح لامية العجم: وهذه اللفظة معربة من اللفظ العبراني وأصله كيم يه معناه أنه من الله وذكر الاختلاف في شأنه بامتناعه عنهم.
وحاصل ما ذكره أن الناس فيه على طريقتين:
فقال: كثير ببطلانه منهم الشيخ الرئيس ابن سينا أبطله بمقدمات من كتاب الشفاء والشيخ تقي الدين أحمد بن تيمية رحمه الله صنف رسالة في إنكاره وصنف يعقوب الكندي أيضا رسالة في إبطاله جعلها مقالتين وكذلك غيرهم لكنهم لم يوردوا شيئا يفيد الظن لامتناعه فضلا عن اليقين بل لم يأتوا إلا بما يفيد الاستبعاد.
وذهب آخرون إلى إمكانه منهم الإمام فخر الدين الرازي فإنه في المباحث المشرقية عقد فصلا في بيان إمكانه.
والشيخ نجم الدين بن أبي الدر البغدادي رد على الشيخ ابن تيمية وزيف ما قاله في رسالته.
ورد أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا الرازي على يعقوب الكندي ردا غير طائل ومؤيد الدين أبو إسماعيل الحسين بن علي المعروف بالطغرائي صنف فيه كتبا منها حقائق الإشهادات وبين إثباته ورد على ابن سينا.
ثم ذكر الصفدي نبذة من أقوال المثبتين والمنكرين.
وقال الشيخ الرئيس: نسلم إمكان صبغ النحاس بصبغ الفضة والفضة بصبغ الذهب وأن يزال عن الرصاص أكثر ما فيه من النقص فأما أن يكون المصبوغ يسلب أو يكسى أما الأول فحال وأما الثاني فلم يظهر إلى إمكانه بعد إذ هذه الأمور المحسوسة يشبه أن لا تكون هي الفصول التي تصير بها هذه الأجساد أنواعا بل هي أعراض ولوازم وفصولها مجهولة وإذا كان الشيء مجهولا كيف يمكن أن يقصد قصد إيجاد أو إفناء؟
وذكر الإمام حججا أخرى للفلاسفة على امتناعه وأبطل بعد ذلك ما قرره الشيخ وغيره وقرر إمكانه واستدل في الملخص أيضا على إمكانه فقال: الإمكان العقلي ثابت لأن الأجسام مشتركة الجسمية فوجب أن يصح على كل واحد منها ما يصح على الكل على ما ثبت.
وأما الوقوع فلأن انفصال الذهب عن غيره باللون والرزانة وكل واحد منهما يمكن اكتسابه ولا منافاة بينهما نعم الطريق إليه عسير. وحكى أبو بكر بن الصائغ المعروف بابن ماجة الأندلسي في بعض تآليفه عن الشيخ أبي نصر الفارابي أنه قال: قد بين أرسطو في كتابه من المعادن أن صناعة الكيمياء داخلة تحت الإمكان إلا أنها من الممكن الذي يعسر وجوده بالفعل اللهم إلا أن تتفق قرائن يسهل بها الوجود وذلك أنه فحص عنها أولا على طريق الجدل فأثبتها بقياس وأبطلها بقياس على عادته فيما يكثر عناده من الأوضاع ثم أثبتها أخيرا بقياس ألفه من مقدمتين بينهما في أول الكتاب.
وهما أن الفلزات واحدة بالنوع والاختلاف الذي بينها ليس في ماهياتها وإنما هو في أعراضها فبعضه في أعراضها الذاتية وبعضه في أعراضها العرضية.
والثانية: أن كل شيئين تحت نوع واحد اختلفا بعرض فإنه يمكن انتقال كل واحد منهما إلى الآخر فإن كان العرض ذاتيا عسر الانتقال وإن كان مفارقا سهل الانتقال والعسير في هذه الصناعة إنما هو لاختلاف أكثر هذه الجواهر في أعراضها الذاتية ويشبه أن يكون الاختلاف الذي بين الذهب والفضة يسير جدا انتهى كلامه.
وقال الإمام شمس الدين محمد بن إبراهيم بن ساعد الأنصاري: إذا أراد المدبر أن يصنع ذهبا نظير ما صنعته الطبيعة من الزيبق والكبريت الظاهرين فيحتاج إلى أربعة أشياء.
كمية كل واحد من ذنيك الجزئين.
وكيفيته.
ومقدار الحرارة الفاعلة للطبخ.
وزمانه وكل واحد منها عسر التحصيل.
وأما إن أراد ذلك بأن يدبر دواء وهو المعبر عنه بالإكسير مثلا ويلقيه على الفضة ليمتزج بها ويستقر خالدا حال جميع المعدنيات وخواصها وإن استخرجه بالقياس فمقدماته مجهولة ولا خفاء في عسر ذلك ومشقته انتهى وقال الصفدي: زعم الطبيعون في علة كون الذهب في المعدن إن الزيبق لما كمل طبخه جذبه إليه كبريت المعدن فاجنه في جوفه لئلا يسيل سيلان الرطوبات فلما اختلطا واتحدا وزالت الحرارة الفاعلة للطبخ وزمان تكون الذهب وكل منهما عسر التحصيل.
وأما إن أراد ذلك بأن يدبر دواء وهو المعبر عنه بالإكسير مثلا ويلقيه على الفضة في طبخها ونضجها انعقد من ذلك ضروب المعادن فإن كان الزئبق صافيا والكبريت نقيا واختلطت أجزاؤهما على النسبة وكانت حرارة المعدن معتدلة لم يعرض لها عارض من البرد واليبس ولا من الملوحات والمرارت والحموضات انعقد من ذلك على طول الزمان الذهب الإبريز
وهذا المعدن لا يتكون إلا في البراري الرملة والأحجار الرخوة ومراعاة الإنسان النار في عمل الذهب بيده على مثل هذا النظام مما تشق معرفة الطريق إليه والوصول إلى غايته:
فيا دارها بالخيف إن مزراها ... قريب ولكن دون ذلك أهوال
وذكر يعقوب الكندي في رسالته: تعذر فعلل الناس لما انفردت الطبيعة بفعله وخداع أهل هذه الصناعة وجهلهم وبطل دعوى الذين يدعون صنعة الذهب والفضة.
قال المنكرون: لو كان الذهب الصباغي مثلا للذهب الطبيعي لكان ما بالصناعة مثلا لما بالطبيعة ولو جاز ذلك لجاز أن يكون ما بالطبيعة مثلا لما بالصناعة فكنا نجد سيفا أو سريرا أو خاتما بالطبيعة وذلك باطل.
وقالوا أيضا: الجواهر الصابغة إما أن تكون أصبر على النار من المصبوغ أو يكون المصبوغ أصبر أو تكونا متساويين.
فإن كان الصابغ أصبر وجب1 أن يكون المصبوغ أصبر ووجب أن يفنى الصابغ ويبقى المصبوغ على حاله الأول عريا من الصبغ.
وإن تساويا في الصبر على النار فهما من جنس واحد لاستوائهما في المصابرة عليها فلا يكون أحدهما صابغا ولا مصبوغا وهذه الحجة الثانية من أقوى حجج المنكرين.
والجواب من المثبتين عن الأولى: إنا نجد النار تحصل بالقدح واصطكاك الأجرام والريح تحصل بالمراوح وأكواز الفقاع والنوشادر قد تتخذ من الشعر وكذلك كثير من الزاجات ثم بتقدير أن لا يوجد بالطبيعة ما لا يوجد بالصناعة لا يلزمنا الجزم بنفي ذلك ولا يلزمنا من إمكان حصول الأمر الطبعي بالصناعة إمكان العكس بل الأمر موقوف على الدليل.
وعن الثانية: أنه لا يلزم من استواء الصابغ. والمصبوغ على النار استواؤهما في الماهية لما عرفت أن المختلفين يشتركان في بعض الصفات وفي هذا الجواب نظر.
وحكى بعض من أنفق عمره في الطلب أن الطغرائي ألقى المثقال من الإكسير أولا على ستين ألف مثقال من معدن آخر فصار ذهبا ثم أنه ألقى آخر المثقال على ثلاثمائة ألف وأن مر يانس الراهب معلم خالد بن يزيد ألقى المثقال على ألف ألف ومائتي ألف مثقال وقالت مارية القبطية: والله لولا الله لقلت أن المثقال بملأ ما بين الخافقين. والجواب الفصل ما قاله الغزي:
كجوهر الكيمياء ليس ترى ... من ناله والأنام في طلبه
وصاحب الشذور من جملة أئمة هذا الفن صرح بأن نهاية الصبغ إلقاء الواحد على الألف في قوله:
فعاد بلطف الحل والعقد جوهرا ... يطاع في النيران واحده الألفا
وزعم بعضهم أن المقامات للحريري وكليلة ودمنة رموز في الكيمياء ويزعمون أن الصناعة مرموزة في صورة البراري وقد كتب بعض من جرب وتعب وأقلقه الجد وظن أن جدها لعب على مصنفات جابر تلميذ إمام جعفر الصادق:
هذا الذي مقاله ... غر الأوائل والأواخر
ما أنت إلا كاسر ... كذب الذي سماك جابر
وكان قد شغل نفسه بطلب الكيمياء فأفنى بذلك عمره.
وذكر الصفدي أن الشيخ تقي الدين بن دقيق العيد وإمام الحرمين كان كل منهما مغرى به. واعلم أن المعتنين به بعضهم يدبر مجموع الكبريت والزيبق في حر النار لتحصل امتزاجات كثيرة في مدة يسيرة لا يحصل في المعدن إلا في زمان طويل وهذا أصعب الطرق لأنه يحتاج إلى عمل شاق وبعضهم يؤلف المعادن على نسبة أوزان الفلزات وحجمها.
وبعضهم يجهل القياس فيحصل لهم الاشتباه والالتباس فيستمدون بالنباتات والجمادات والحيوانات كالشعر والبيض والمرارة وهم لا يهتدون إلى النتيجة.
ثم إن الحكماء أشاروا إلى طريقة صنعة الإكسير على طريق الأحاجي والألغاز والتعمية لأن في كتمه مصلحة عامة فلا سبيل إلى الاهتداء بكتبهم والله يهدي من يشاء قال أبو الأصبع عبد العزيز بن تمام العراقي يشير إلى مكانة الواصل لهذه الحكمة:
فقد ظفرت بما لم يؤته ملك ... لا المنذران ولا كسرى بن ساسان
ولا ابن هند ولا النعمان صاحبه ... ولا ابن ذي يزن في رأس غمدان
قال الجلدكي في شرح المكتسب بعد أن بين انتسابه إلى الشيخ جابر وتحصيله في خدمته: وبالله تعالى أقسم أنه أراد بعد ذلك أن ينقلني عن هذا العلم مرارا عديدة ويورد علي الشكوك يريد لي بذلك الإضلال بعد الهداية ويأبى الله إلا ما أراد فلما فهمت مراده وعلمت أن الحسد قد داخله مني حصرته في ميدان البحث ومددت إليه سنان اللسان وعجز عن القيام بسيف الدليل ونادى عليه برهان الحق بالإفحام فجنح للسلم وقام واعتنقني وقال: إنما أردت أن اختبرك وأعلم حقيقة مكان الإدراك منك ولتكن من أهل هذا العلم على حذر ممن يأخذه عنك.
واعلم أن من لا مفترض علينا كتمان هذا العلم وتحريم إذاعته لغير المستحق من بني نوعنا وأن لا نكتمه عن أهله لأن وضع الأشياء في محالها من الأمور الواجبة ولأن في إذاعته خراب العالم وفي كتمانه عن أهله تضييع لهم.
وقد رأينا أن الحكمة صارت في زماننا مهدمة البنيان لا سيما وطلبة هذا الزمان من أجهل الحيوان قد اجتمعوا على المحال فإنهم ما بين سوقة وباعة وأصحاب دهاء وشعبذة لا يدرون ما يقولون فأخذوا يتذاكرون الفقر ويذكرون أن الكيمياء غناء الدهر ويأتون على ذلك بزخارف الحكايات ومع ذلك لا يجتمع أحد منهم مع الآخر على رأي واحد ولا يدرون كيف الطلب مع أن حجر القوم لا يعد. وهذه المولدات الثلاث لكن جهالاتهم أوقعتهم في الضلال البعيد ورأينا أنه وجب علينا النصيحة على من طلب الحكمة الإلهية وهذه الصناعة الشريفة الفلسفية فوضعنا لهم كتابنا الموسوم ببغية الخبير في قانون طلب الإكسير ثم وضعنا الشمس المنير في تحقيق الإكسير.
وفي هذا الفن رسالة للبخاري ذكر فيها حملة دلائل نقلية وعقلية تبلغ ستة وثلاثين.
وفيه أيضا: رسالة ابن سينا المسماة بمرآة العجائب وأول من تكلم في علم الكيمياء ووضع فيها الكتب وبين صنعة الإكسير والميزان ونظر في كتب الفلاسفة من أهل الإسلام خالد بن يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان.
وأول من اشتهر هذا العلم عنه جابر بن حيان الصوفي من تلامذة خالد كما قيل: حكمة أورثناها جابر ... عن إمام صادق القول وفي
لوصي طاب في تربته ... فهو مسك في تراب النجف
وذلك لأنه وفي لعلي واعترف له بالخلافة وترك الإمارة.
واعلم أنه فرقها في كتب كثيرة لكنه أوصل الحق إلى أهله ووضع كل شيء في محله وأوصل من جعله الله سبحانه وتعالى سببا له في الإيصال ولكن اشغلهم بأنواع التدهيش والمحال لحكمة ارتضاها عقله ورأيه بحسب الزمان ومع ذلك فلا يخلو كتاب من كتبه عن فوائد عديدة.
وأما من جاء بعد جابر من حكماء الإسلام مثل مسلمة بن أحمد المجريطي وأبي بكر الرازي وأبي الأصبع بن تمام العراقي والطغرائي والصادق محمد بن أميل التميمي والإمام أبي الحسن علي صاحب الشذور فكل منهم قد اجتهد غاية الاجتهاد في التعلم والجلدكي متأخر عنهم.
ثم اعلم أن جماعة من الفلاسفة كالحكيم هرمس وأرسطاطاليس وفيثاغورس لما أرادوا استخراج هذه الصناعة الإلهية جعلوا أنفسهم في مقام الطبيعة فعرفوا بالقوة المنطقية والعلوم التجاربية ما دخل على كل جسم من هذه الأجسام من الحر والبرد واليبوسة وما خالطه أيضا من الأجسام الأخر. فعملوا الحيلة في تنقيص الزائد وتزييد الناقص من الكيفيات الفاعلة والمفعولة والمنفعلة لعلة تلك الأجسام على ما يراد منها بالأكاسير الترابية والحيوانية والنباتية المختلفة في الزمان والمكان وأقاموا التكليس مقام حرق المعادن والتهابها والتسقية مقام التبريد والتجميد والتساوي مقام التجفيف والتشميع مقام الترطيب والتليين والتقطير مقام التجوهر والتفصيل مقام التصفية والتخليص والسحق والتحليل مقام الالتيام والتمزيج والعقد مقام الاتحاد والتمكين واتخذوا جواهر الأصول شيئا واحدا فاعلا فعلا غير منفعل محتويا على تأثيرات مختلفة شديدة القوة نافذة الفعل والتأثير فيما يلاقي من الأجسام بحصول معرفة ذلك بالإلهامات السماوية والقياسات العقلية والحسية وكذلك فعل أيضا أسقليقندر يونس وأبدروماخس وغيرهم في تراكيب الترياق المعاجين والحبوب والأكحال والمراهم فإنهم قاسوا قوى الأدوية بالنسبة إلى مزاج أبدان البشر والأمراض الغامضة فيها وركبوا من الحار والبارد والرطب واليابس دواء واحدا ينتفع به في المداواة بعد مراعاة الأسباب كما فعل ذي مقراط أيضا في استخراج صنعة إكسير الخمر فإنه نظر أولا في أن الماء لا يقارب الخمر في شيء من القوام والاعتدال لأنه ماء العنب ووجد من خواص الخمر خمسا: والطعم والرائحة والتفريح والإسكار فأخذ إذ شرع من أول تركيبه للأدوية العقاقير الصابغة للماء بلون الخمر ثم المشاكلة في الطعم ثم المعطرة للرائحة ثم المفرحة ثم المسكرة فسحق منها اليابسات وسقاها بالمائعات حتى اتحدت فصارت دواء واحدا يابسا أضيف منه القليل إلى الكثير صبغه انتهى من رسالة أرسطو.
قال الجلدكي في نهاية الطب: إن من عادة كل حكيم أن يفرق العلم كله في كتبه كلها ويجعل له من بعض كتبه خواص يشير إليها بالتقدمة على بقية الكتب لما اختصوا به من زيادة العلم.
كما خص جابر من جميع كتبه كتابه المسمى ب الخمسمائة.
وكما خص مؤيد الدين من كتبه كتابه المسمى ب المصابيح والمفاتيح. وكما خص المجريطي كتابه الرتبة.
وكما خص ابن أميل كتابه المصباح.
ثم قال الجلدكي: ومن شروط العالم أن لا يكتم ما علمه الله تعالى من المصالح التي يعود نفعها على الخاص والعام إلا هذه الموهبة فإن الشرط فيها أن لا يظهرها بصريح اللفظ أبدا ولا يعلم بها الملوك لا سيما الذين لا يفهمون.
ومن العجب أن المظهر لهذه الموهبة مرصد لحلول البلاء به من عدة وجوه:
أحدها: أنه إن أظهرها لم ينم عليه فقد حل به البلاء لأن ما عنده مطلوب الناس جميعا فهو مرصد لحلول البلاء لأنهم يرون انتزاع مطلوبهم من عنده وربما حملهم الحسد على إتلافه إن أظهره للملك يخاف عليه منه فإن الملوك أحوج الناس إلى المال لأن به قوام دولتهم فربما يخيل منه أنه يخرج عنه دولته بقدرته على المال لا سيما ومال الدنيا كله حقير عند الواصل لهذه الموهبة.
قال صاحب كنز الحكمة: فأما الواصل إلى حقيقته فلا ينبغي له أن يعترف به لأنه يضره وليس له منفعة البتة في إظهاره وإنما يصل إليه كل عالم بطريق يستخرجها لنفسه إما قريبة وإما بعيدة والإرشاد إنما يكون نحو الطريق العام وأما الطريق الخاص فلا يجوز أن يجتمع عليه اثنان اللهم إلا أن يوفق إنسان بسعادة عظيمة وعناية إلهية لأستاذ يلقنه إياها تلقينا وهيهات من ذلك إلا من جهة واحدة لا غير وهو أن يجتمع فيلسوفان أحدهما واصل والآخر طالب ولا يسعه أن يكتمه إياه وهذا أعز من الكبريت الأحمر1 وطلب الأبلق العقوق. انتهى.
ونحن اقتفينا أثر الحكماء في كل ما وضعناه من كتبنا.
قال في شرح المكتسب إلا أن كتابنا هذا امتن من كل كتبنا ما خلا الشمس المنير وغاية السرور فإن لكل واحد منهم مزية في العلم والعمل فمن ظفر بهذه الكتب الثلاثة فقط من كتبنا فلعله لا يفوته شيء من تحقيق هذا العلم.
والكتب المؤلفة في هذا العلم كثيرة منها حقائق الاستشهادات وشرح المكتسب وبغية الخبير والشمس المنير في تحقيق الإكسير ورسالة للبخاري ومرآة العجائب لابن سينا والتقريب في أسرار التركيب وغاية السرور شرح الشذور والبرهان وكنز الاختصاص والمصباح في علم المفتاح ونهاية الطلب في شرح المكتسب ونتائج الفكرة ومفاتيح الحكمة ومصابيح الرحمة وفردوس الحكمة وكنز الحكمة انتهى. ما في كشف الظنون.
وقد أطال ابن خلدون في بيان علم الكيمياء ثم عقد فصلا في إنكار ثمرتها واستحالة وجودها وما ينشأ من المفاسد عن انتحالها.
ثم قال وتحقيق الأمر في ذلك أن الكيمياء إن صح وجودها كما تزعم الحكماء المتكلمون فيها مثل جابر بن حيان ومسلمة بن أحمد المجريطي وأمثالهما فليست من باب الصنائع الطبيعية ولا تتم بأمر صناعي وليس كلامهم فيها من منحى الطبيعيات إنما هو من منحى كلامهم في الأمور السحرية وسائر الخوارق وما كان من ذلك للحلاج وغيره وقد ذكر مسلمة في كتاب الغاية ما يشبه ذلك وكلامه فيها في كتاب رتبة الحكيم من هذا المنحى وهذا كلام جابر في رسائله ونحو كلامهم فيه معروف ولا حاجة بنا إلى شرحه.
وبالجملة فأمرها عندهم من كليات المواد الخارجة عن حكم الصنائع فكما لا يتدبر ما منه الخشب والحيوان في يوم أو شهر خشبا أو حيوانا فيما عدا مجرى تخليقه كذلك لا يتدبر ذهب من مادة الذهب في يوم ولا شهر ولا يتغير طريق عادته إلا بإرفاد مما وراء عالم الطبائع وعمل الصنائع. فكذلك من طلب الكيمياء طلبا صناعيا ضيع ماله وعمله ويقال لهذا التدبير الصناعي: التدبير العقيم لأن نيلها إن كان صحيحا فهو واقع مما وراء الطبائع والصنائع فهو كالمشي على الماء وامتطاء الهواء والنفوذ في كثائف الأجساد ونحو ذلك من كرامات الأولياء الخارقة للعادة أو مثل تخليق الطير ونحوها من معجزات الأنبياء قال تعالى: {وَإِذْ تَخْلُقُ مِنَ الطِّينِ كَهَيْئَةِ الطَّيْرِ بِإِذْنِي فَتَنْفُخُ فِيهَا فَتَكُونُ طَيْراً بِإِذْنِي} وعلى ذلك فسبيل تيسيرها مختلف بحسب حال من يؤتاها فربما أوتيها الصالح ويؤتيها غيره فتكون عنده معارة.
وربما أوتيها الصالح ولا يملك إيتاءها فلا تتم في يد غيره ومن هذا الباب يكون عملها سحريا فقد تبين أنها إنما تقع بتأثيرات النفوس وخوارق العادة إما معجزة أو كرامة أو سحرا ولهذا كان كلام الحكماء كلهم فيها ألغاز لا يظفر بحقيقته إلا من خاض لجة من علم السحر واطلع على تصرفات النفس في عالم الطبيعة وأمور خرق العادة غير منحصرة ولا يقصد أحد إلى تحصيلها والله بما يعملون محيط.
وأكثر ما يحمل على التماس هذه الصناعة وانتحالها العجز عن الطرق الطبيعية للمعاش وابتغاؤه من غير وجوهه الطبيعية كالفلاحة والنجارة والصناعة فيستصعب العاجز ابتغاؤه من هذه ويروم الحصول على الكثير من المال دفعة بوجوه غير طبيعية من الكيمياء وغيرها وأكثر من يعني بذلك الفقراء من أهل العمران حتى في الحكماء المتكلمين في إنكارها واستحالتها.
فإن ابن سينا القائل باستحالتها كان عليه الوزراء فكان من أهل الغنى والثروة.
والفارابي القائل بإمكانها كان من أهل الفقر الذين يعوزهم أدنى بلغة من المعاش وأسبابه وهذه تهمة ظاهرة في أنظار النفوس المولعة بطرقها وانتحالها والله الرزاق ذو القوة المتين لا رب سواه.
قال في مدينة العلوم: إ ن علم الكيمياء كان معجزة لموسى عليه السلام علمه القارون فوقع منه ما وقع ثم ظهر في جبابرة قوم هود وتعاطوا ذلك وبنوا مدينة من ذهب وفضة لم يخلق مثلها في البلاد.
وممن اشتهر بالوصول إليه مؤيد الدين الطغرائي يقال: أنه وصل إلى الإكسير وهو الدواء الذي يدبره الحكماء ويلقونه على الجسد حال انفعاله بالذوبان فيحيله كإحالة السم الجسد الوارد عليه لكن إلى الصلاح دون الفساد ويعبرون عن مادة هذا الدواء بالحجر المكرم وربما يقولون حجر موسى لأنه الذي علمه موسى عليه السلام لقارون ويختلف حال هذا الدواء بقدر قوة التدبير وضعفه.
يحكى أن واحدا سأل من مشائخ هذا الصنعة أن يعلمه هذا العلم وخدمه على ذلك سنين فقال: إن من شرط هذه الصنعة تعليمها لأفقر من في البلد فاطلب رجلا لا يكون أفقر منه في البلد حتى نعلمه وأنت تبصرها فطلب مدة مثل ما يقول الأستاذ فوجد رجلاً يغسل قميصا له في غاية الرداءة والدرن وهو يغسله بالرمل ولم يقدر على قطعة صابون فقال في نفسه: لم أر أفقر منه فأخبر الأستاذ فقال: وجدت رجلا حاله وصفته كيت وكيت فقال الأستاذ: والله إن الذي وصفته هو شيخنا جابر بن حيان الذي تعلمت منه هذه الصنعة وبكى.
قال إن من خاصية هذه الصنعة إن الواصلين إليها يكونون في غاية الإفلاس كما نقل عن الإمام الشافعي من طلب المال بالكيمياء أو الإكسير فقد أفلس إلا أنهم يقولون: إن حب الدنانير تفع عن قلب من عرفها ولا يؤثر التعب في تحصيلها على الراحة في تركها حتى قالوا: إن معرفة هذه الصنعة نصف السلوك لأن نصف السلوك رفع محبة الدنيا عن القلب وذلك يحصل بمعرفتها أي: حصول ومن قصد الوصول إلى ذلك بكتبهم وبتعبيراتهم وإشاراتهم فقد صار منخرطا في الأخسرين أعمالا الذي ضل سعيهم في الحيوة الدنيا وهم يسحبون أنهم يحسنون صنعا بل الوقوف على ذلك إن كان فبموهبة عظيمة من الملك المنان أو بواسطة الكشف والإلهام من الله ذي الجلال الإكرام أو بإنعام من الواصلين إلى هذا الأمر المكتوم إشفاقا وإحسانا ولا تتمن الوصول إلى ذلك بالجد والاهتمام وإنما نذكر بعضا من كتبه إكمالا للمرام لا إطماعا في الوصول إلى ذلك السول:
منها: كتاب جابر بن حيان وتذكرة لابن كمونة.
وكتاب الحكيم المجريطي.
وشرح الفصول لعيون بن المنذر وتصانيف الطغرائي كثيرة في هذا الفن ومعتبرة عند أربابها والكتب والرسائل في هذا الباب كثيرة لكن لا خير في الاستقصاء فيها وإنما التعرض لهذا القدر لئلا يخلو الكتاب عنها بالمرة نسأل الله تعالى خيري الدنيا والآخرة انتهى حاصله. والله أعلم بالصواب. 

مَكَّةُ:
بيت الله الحرام، قال بطليموس: طولها من جهة المغرب ثمان وسبعون درجة، وعرضها ثلاث وعشرون درجة، وقيل إحدى وعشرون، تحت نقطة السرطان، طالعها الثريّا، بيت حياتها الثور، وهي في الإقليم الثاني، أما اشتقاقها ففيه أقوال، قال أبو بكر بن الأنباري: سميت مكة لأنها تمكّ الجبّارين أي تذهب نخوتهم، ويقال إنما سميت مكة لازدحام الناس بها من قولهم: قد امتكّ الفصيل ضرع أمّه إذا مصه مصّا شديدا، وسميت بكة لازدحام الناس بها، قاله أبو عبيدة وأنشد:
إذا الشريب أخذته أكّه ... فخلّه حتى يبكّ بكّه
ويقال: مكة اسم المدينة وبكة اسم البيت، وقال آخرون: مكة هي بكة والميم بدل من الباء كما قالوا:
ما هذا بضربة لازب ولازم، وقال أبو القاسم: هذا الذي ذكره أبو بكر في مكة وفيها أقوال أخر نذكرها لك، قال الشرقيّ بن القطاميّ: إنما سميت مكة لأن العرب في الجاهلية كانت تقول لا يتم حجّنا حتى نأتي مكان الكعبة فنمكّ فيه أي نصفر صفير المكّاء حول الكعبة، وكانوا يصفرون ويصفقون بأيديهم إذا طافوا بها، والمكّاء، بتشديد الكاف: طائر يأوي الرياض، قال أعرابيّ ورد الحضر فرأى مكّاء يصيح فحنّ إلى بلاده فقال:
ألا أيّها المكّاء ما لك ههنا ... ألاء ولا شيح فأين تبيض
فاصعد إلى أرض المكاكي واجتنب ... قرى الشام لا تصبح وأنت مريض
والمكاء، بتخفيف الكاف والمد: الصفير، فكأنهم كانوا يحكون صوت المكّاء، ولو كان الصفير هو الغرض لم يكن مخفّفا، وقال قوم: سميت مكة لأنها بين جبلين مرتفعين عليها وهي في هبطة بمنزلة المكّوك، والمكوك عربيّ أو معرب قد تكلمت به العرب وجاء في أشعار الفصحاء، قال الأعشى:
والمكاكيّ والصّحاف من الف ... ضّة والضامرات تحت الرحال
قال وأما قولهم: إنما سميت مكة لازدحام الناس فيها من قولهم: قد امتكّ الفصيل ما في ضرع أمه إذا مصّه مصّا شديدا فغلط في التأويل لا يشبّه مص الفصيل الناقة بازدحام الناس وإنما هما قولان: يقال سميت مكة لازدحام الناس فيها، ويقال أيضا: سميت مكة لأنها عبّدت الناس فيها فيأتونها من جميع الأطراف من قولهم: امتكّ الفصيل أخلاف الناقة إذا جذب جميع ما فيها جذبا شديدا فلم يبق فيها شيئا، وهذا قول أهل اللغة، وقال آخرون: سميت مكة لأنها لا يفجر بها أحد إلا بكّت عنقه فكان يصبح وقد التوت عنقه، وقال الشرقيّ: روي أن بكة اسم القرية ومكة مغزى بذي طوى لا يراه أحد ممن مرّ من أهل الشام والعراق واليمن والبصرة وإنما هي أبيات في أسفل ثنية ذي طوى، وقال آخرون: بكة موضع البيت وما حول البيت مكة، قال: وهذه خمسة أقوال في مكة غير ما ذكره ابن الأنباري، وقال عبيد الله الفقير إليه: ووجدت أنا أنها سمّيت مكة من مك الثدي أي مصه لقلة مائها لأنهم كانوا يمتكون الماء أي يستخرجونه، وقيل: إنها تمك الذنوب أي تذهب بها كما يمك الفصيل ضرع أمه فلا يبقي فيه شيئا، وقيل: سميت مكة لأنها تمك من ظلم أي تنقصه، وينشد قول بعضهم:
يا مكة الفاجر مكي مكّا، ... ولا تمكّي مذحجا وعكّا
وروي عن مغيرة بن إبراهيم قال: بكة موضع البيت وموضع القرية مكة، وقيل: إنما سميت بكة لأن الأقدام تبك بعضها بعضا، وعن يحيى بن أبي أنيسة قال: بكة موضع البيت ومكة هو الحرم كله، وقال زيد بن أسلم: بكة الكعبة والمسجد ومكة ذو طوى وهو بطن الوادي الذي ذكره الله تعالى في سورة الفتح، ولها أسماء غير ذلك، وهي: مكة وبكة والنسّاسة وأم رحم وأم القرى ومعاد والحاطمة لأنها تحطم من استخفّ بها، وسمّي البيت العتيق لأنه عتق من الجبابرة، والرأس لأنها مثل رأس الإنسان، والحرم وصلاح والبلد الأمين والعرش والقادس لأنها تقدس من الذنوب أي تطهر، والمقدسة والناسّة والباسّة، بالباء الموحدة، لأنها تبسّ أي تحطم الملحدين وقيل تخرجهم، وكوثى باسم بقعة كانت منزل بني عبد الدار، والمذهب في قول بشر بن أبي خازم:
وما ضمّ جياد المصلّى ومذهب
وسماها الله تعالى أم القرى فقال: لتنذر أم القرى ومن حولها، وسماها الله تعالى البلد الأمين في قوله تعالى: والتين والزيتون وطور سينين وهذا البلد الأمين، وقال تعالى: لا أقسم بهذا البلد وأنت حلّ بهذا البلد، وقال تعالى: وليطّوّفوا بالبيت العتيق، وقال تعالى: جَعَلَ الله الْكَعْبَةَ الْبَيْتَ الْحَرامَ قِياماً لِلنَّاسِ، 5: 97 وقال تعالى على لسان إبراهيم، عليه السّلام:
رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا الْبَلَدَ آمِناً وَاجْنُبْنِي وَبَنِيَّ أَنْ نَعْبُدَ الْأَصْنامَ، 14: 35 وقال تعالى أيضا على لسان إبراهيم، عليه السلام: رَبَّنا إِنِّي أَسْكَنْتُ من ذُرِّيَّتِي بِوادٍ غَيْرِ ذِي
زَرْعٍ عِنْدَ بَيْتِكَ الْمُحَرَّمِ 14: 37 (الآية) ، ولما خرج رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، من مكة وقف على الحزورة قال: إني لأعلم أنك أحبّ البلاد إليّ وأنك أحب أرض الله إلى الله ولولا أن المشركين أخرجوني منك ما خرجت، وقالت عائشة، رضي الله عنها: لولا الهجرة لسكنت مكة فإني لم أر السماء بمكان أقرب إلى الأرض منها بمكة ولم يطمئن قلبي ببلد قط ما اطمأن بمكة ولم أر القمر بمكان أحسن منه بمكة، وقال ابن أم مكتوم وهو آخذ بزمام ناقة رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، وهو يطوف:
يا حبّذا مكة من وادي، ... أرض بها أهلي وعوّادي
أرض بها ترسخ أوتادي، ... أرض بها أمشي بلا هادي
ولما قدم رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، المدينة هو وأبو بكر وبلال فكان أبو بكر إذا أخذته الحمّى يقول:
كلّ امرئ مصبّح في أهله، ... والموت أدنى من شراك نعله
وكان بلال إذا انقشعت عنه رفع عقيرته وقال:
ألا ليت شعري هل أبيتنّ ليلة ... بفخّ وعندي إذخر وجليل؟
وهل أردن يوما مياه مجنّة، ... وهل يبدون لي شامة وطفيل؟
اللهم العن شيبة بن ربيعة وعتبة بن ربيعة وأمية بن خلف كما أخرجونا من مكة! ووقف رسول الله، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، عام الفتح على جمرة العقبة وقال:
والله إنك لخير أرض الله وإنك لأحب أرض الله إليّ ولو لم أخرج ما خرجت، إنها لم تحلّ لأحد كان قبلي ولا تحلّ لأحد كان بعدي وما أحلّت لي إلا ساعة من نهار ثم هي حرام لا يعضد شجرها ولا يحتش خلالها ولا تلتقط ضالتها إلا لمنشد، فقال رجل:
يا رسول الله إلا الإذخر فإنه لبيوتنا وقبورنا، فقال، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم: إلا الإذخر، وقال، صلى الله عليه وسلم: من صبر على حرّ مكة ساعة تباعدت عنه جهنم مسيرة مائة عام وتقربت منه الجنة مائتي عام، ووجد على حجر فيها كتاب فيه: أنا الله رب بكة الحرام وضعتها يوم وضعت الشمس والقمر وحففتها بسبعة أملاك حنفاء لا تزال أخشابها مبارك لأهلها في الحمإ والماء، ومن فضائله أنه من دخله كان آمنا ومن أحدث في غيره من البلدان حدثا ثم لجأ إليه فهو آمن إذا دخله فإذا خرج منه أقيمت عليه الحدود، ومن أحدث فيه حدثا أخذ بحدثه، وقوله تعالى: وما كان ربك مهلك القرى حتى يبعث في أمها رسولا، وقوله: لتنذر أم القرى ومن حولها، دليل على فضلها على سائر البلاد، ومن شرفها أنها كانت لقاحا لا تدين لدين الملوك ولم يؤدّ أهلها إتاوة ولا ملكها ملك قط من سائر البلدان، تحج إليها ملوك حمير وكندة وغسان ولخم فيدينون للحمس من قريش ويرون تعظيمهم والاقتداء بآثارهم مفروضا وشرفا عندهم عظيما، وكان أهله آمنين يغزون الناس ولا يغزون ويسبون ولا يسبون ولم تسب قرشيّة قط فتوطأ قهرا ولا يجال عليها السّهام، وقد ذكر عزهم وفضلهم الشعراء فقال بعضهم:
أبوا دين الملوك فهم لقاح ... إذا هيجوا إلى حرب أجابوا
وقال الزّبر قان بن بدر لرجل من بني عوف كان قد هجا أبا جهل وتناول قريشا:
أتدري من هجوت أبا حبيب ... سليل خضارم سكنوا البطاحا
أزاد الركب تذكر أم هشاما ... وبيت الله والبلد اللّقاحا؟
وقال حرب بن أميّة ودعا الحضرميّ إلى نزول مكة وكان الحضرمي قد حالف بني نفاثة وهم حلفاء حرب ابن أميّة وأراد الحضرمي أن ينزل خارجا من الحرم وكان يكنّى أبا مطر فقال حرب:
أبا مطر هلمّ إلى الصلاح ... فيكفيك الندامى من قريش
وتنزل بلدة عزّت قديما، ... وتأمن أن يزورك ربّ جيش
فتأمن وسطهم وتعيش فيهم، ... أبا مطر هديت، بخير عيش
ألا ترى كيف يؤمّنه إذا كان بمكة؟ ومما زاد في فضلها وفضل أهلها ومباينتهم العرب أنهم كانوا حلفاء متألفين ومتمسكين بكثير من شريعة إبراهيم، عليه السلام، ولم يكونوا كالأعراب الأجلاف ولا كمن لا يوقره دين ولا يزينه أدب، وكانوا يختنون أولادهم ويحجون البيت ويقيمون المناسك ويكفنون موتاهم ويغتسلون من الجنابة، وتبرأوا من الهربذة وتباعدوا في المناكح من البنت وبنت البنت والأخت وبنت الأخت غيرة وبعدا من المجوسية، ونزل القرآن بتوكيد صنيعهم وحسن اختيارهم، وكانوا يتزوجون بالصداق والشهود ويطلّقون ثلاثا ولذلك قال عبد الله بن عباس وقد سأله رجل عن طلاق العرب فقال: كان الرجل يطلق امرأته تطليقة ثم هو أحق بها فإن طلّقها ثنتين فهو أحق بها أيضا فإن طلقها ثلاثا فلا سبيل له إليها، ولذلك قال الأعشى:
أيا جارتي بيني فإنك طالقه، ... كذاك أمور الناس غاد وطارقه
وبيني فقد فارقت غير ذميمة، ... وموموقة منّا كما أنت وامقه
وبيني فإنّ البين خير من العصا ... وأن لا تري لي فوق رأسك بارقه
ومما زاد في شرفهم أنهم كانوا يتزوجون في أي القبائل شاءوا ولا شرط عليهم في ذلك ولا يزوجون أحدا حتى يشرطوا عليه بأن يكون متحمسا على دينهم يرون أن ذلك لا يحلّ لهم ولا يجوز لشرفهم حتى يدين لهم وينتقل إليهم، والتّحمّس: التشدّد في الدين، ورجل أحمس أي شجاع، فحمّسوا خزاعة ودانت لهم إذ كانت في الحرم وحمّسوا كنانة وجديلة قيس وهم فهم وعدوان ابنا عمرو بن قيس بن عيلان وثقيفا لأنهم سكنوا الحرم وعامر بن صعصعة وإن لم يكونوا من ساكني الحرم فإن أمّهم قرشية وهي مجد بنت تيم بن مرّة، وكان من سنّة الحمس أن لا يخرجوا أيام الموسم إلى عرفات إنما يقفون بالمزدلفة، وكانوا لا يسلأون ولا يأقطون ولا يرتبطون عنزا ولا بقرة ولا يغزلون صوفا ولا وبرا ولا يدخلون بيتا من الشّعر والمدر وإنما يكتنّون بالقباب الحمر في الأشهر الحرم ثم فرضوا على العرب قاطبة أن يطرحوا أزواد الحلّ إذا دخلوا الحرم وأن يخلّوا ثياب الحل ويستبدلوها بثياب الحرم إما شرى وإما عارية وإما هبة فإن وجدوا ذلك وإلا طافوا بالبيت عرايا وفرضوا على نساء العرب مثل ذلك إلا أن المرأة كانت تطوف في درع مفرّج المقاديم والمآخير، قالت امرأة وهي تطوف بالبيت:
اليوم يبدو بعضه أو كلّه، ... وما بدا منه فلا أحلّه
أخثم مثل القعب باد ظلّه ... كأنّ حمّى خيبر تملّه
وكلفوا العرب أن تفيض من مزدلفة وقد كانت تفيض من عرفة أيام كان الملك في جرهم وخزاعة وصدرا من أيام قريش، فلولا أنهم أمنع حيّ من العرب لما أقرّتهم العرب على هذا العزّ والإمارة مع نخوة العرب في إبائها كما أجلى قصيّ خزاعة وخزاعة جرهما، فلم تكن عيشتهم عيشة العرب، يهتبدون الهبيد ويأكلون الحشرات وهم الذين هشموا الثريد حتى قال فيهم الشاعر:
عمرو العلى هشم الثريد لقومه، ... ورجال مكة مسنتون عجاف
حتى سمي هاشما، وهذا عبد الله بن جدعان التيمي يطعم الرّغو والعسل والسمن ولبّ البرّ حتى قال فيه أمية بن أبي الصّلت:
له داع بمكة مشمعلّ، ... وآخر فوق دارته ينادي
إلى ردح من الشّيزى ملاء ... لباب البرّ يلبك بالشّهاد
وأول من عمل الحريرة سويد بن هرميّ، ولذلك قال الشاعر لبني مخزوم:
وعلمتم أكل الحرير وأنتم ... أعلى عداة الدهر جدّ صلاب
والحريرة: أن تنصب القدر بلحم يقطّع صغارا على ماء كثير فإذا نضج ذرّ عليه الدقيق فإن لم يكن لحم فهو عصيدة وقيل غير ذلك، وفضائل قريش كثيرة وليس كتابي بصددها، ولقد بلغ من تعظيم العرب لمكة أنهم كانوا يحجّون البيت ويعتمرون ويطوفون فإذا أرادوا الانصراف أخذ الرجل منهم حجرا من حجارة الحرم فنحته على صورة أصنام البيت فيحفى به في طريقه ويجعله قبلة ويطوفون حوله ويتمسحون به ويصلّون له تشبيها له بأصنام البيت، وأفضى بهم الأمر بعد طول المدة أنهم كانوا يأخذون الحجر من الحرم فيعبدونه فذلك كان أصل عبادة العرب للحجارة في منازلهم شغفا منهم بأصنام الحرم، وقد ذكرت كثيرا من فضائلها في ترجمة الحرم والكعبة فأغنى عن الإعادة، وأما رؤساء مكة فقد ذكرناهم في كتابنا المبدإ والمآل وأعيد ذكرهم ههنا لأن هذا الموضع مفتقر إلى ذلك، قال أهل الإتقان من أهل السير: إن إبراهيم الخليل لما حمل ابنه إسماعيل، عليهما السلام، إلى مكة، كما ذكرنا في باب الكعبة من هذا الكتاب، جاءت جرهم وقطوراء وهما قبيلتان من اليمن وهما ابنا عمّ وهما جرهم بن عامر بن سبإ بن يقطن بن عامر بن شالخ بن أرفخشد بن سام بن نوح، عليه السّلام، وقطوراء، فرأيا بلدا ذا ماء وشجر فنزلا ونكح إسماعيل في جرهم، فلما توفي ولي البيت بعده نابت بن إسماعيل وهو أكبر ولده ثم ولي بعده مضاض بن عمرو الجرهمي خال ولد إسماعيل ما شاء الله أن يليه ثم تنافست جرهم وقطوراء في الملك وتداعوا للحرب فخرجت جرهم من قعيقعان وهي أعلى مكة وعليهم مضاض ابن عمرو، وخرجت قطوراء من أجياد وهي أسفل مكة وعليهم السّميدع، فالتقوا بفاضح واقتتلوا قتالا شديدا فقتل السميدع وانهزمت قطوراء فسمي الموضع فاضحا لأن قطوراء افتضحت فيه، وسميت أجياد أجيادا لما كان معهم من جياد الخيل، وسميت فعيقعان لقعقعة السلاح، ثم تداعوا إلى الصلح واجتمعوا في الشعب وطبخوا القدور فسمي المطابخ، قالوا: ونشر الله ولد إسماعيل فكثروا وربلوا ثم انتشروا في البلاد لا يناوئون قوما إلا ظهروا عليهم بدينهم، ثم إن جرهما
بغوا بمكة فاستحلّوا حراما من الحرمة فظلموا من دخلها وأكلوا مال الكعبة وكانت مكة تسمى النّسّاسة لا تقرّ ظلما ولا بغيا ولا يبغي فيها أحد على أحد إلا أخرجته فكان بنو بكر بن عبد مناة بن كنانة بن غسان وخزاعة حلولا حول مكة فآذنوهم بالقتال فاقتتلوا فجعل الحارث بن عمرو بن مضاض الأصغر يقول:
لا همّ إنّ جرهما عبادك، ... الناس طرف وهم تلادك
فغلبتهم خزاعة على مكة ونفتهم عنها، ففي ذلك يقول عمرو بن الحارث بن عمرو بن مضاض الأصغر:
كأن لم يكن بين الحجون إلى الصفا ... أنيس ولم يسمر بمكة سامر
ولم يتربّع واسطا فجنوبه ... إلى السرّ من وادي الأراكة حاضر
بلى، نحن كنّا أهلها فأبادنا ... صروف الليالي والجدود العواثر
وأبدلنا ربي بها دار غربة ... بها الجوع باد والعدوّ المحاصر
وكنّا ولاة البيت من بعد نابت ... نطوف بباب البيت والخير ظاهر
فأخرجنا منها المليك بقدرة، ... كذلك ما بالناس تجري المقادر
فصرنا أحاديثا وكنا بغبطة، ... كذلك عضّتنا السنون الغوابر
وبدّلنا كعب بها دار غربة ... بها الذئب يعوي والعدوّ المكاثر
فسحّت دموع العين تجري لبلدة ... بها حرم أمن وفيها المشاعر
ثم وليت خزاعة البيت ثلاثمائة سنة يتوارثون ذلك كابرا عن كابر حتى كان آخرهم حليل بن حبشيّة بن سلول بن كعب بن عمرو بن ربيعة وهو خزاعة بن حارثة بن عمرو مزيقياء الخزاعي وقريش إذ ذاك هم صريح ولد إسماعيل حلول وصرم وبيوتات متفرقة حوالي الحرم إلى أن أدرك قصيّ بن كلاب بن مرّة وتزوّج حبّى بنت حليل بن حبشية وولدت بنيه الأربعة وكثر ولده وعظم شرفه ثم هلك حليل بن حبشيّة وأوصى إلى ابنه المحترش أن يكون خازنا للبيت وأشرك معه غبشان الملكاني وكان إذا غاب أحجب هذا حتى هلك الملكاني، فيقال إن قصيّا سقى المحترش الخمر وخدعه حتى اشترى البيت منه بدنّ خمر وأشهد عليه وأخرجه من البيت وتملّك حجابته وصار ربّ الحكم فيه، فقصيّ أول من أصاب الملك من قريش بعد ولد إسماعيل وذلك في أيام المنذر ابن النعمان على الحيرة والملك لبهرام جور في الفرس، فجعل قصي مكة أرباعا وبنى بها دار النّدوة فلا تزوّج امرأة إلا في دار الندوة ولا يعقد لواء ولا يعذر غلام ولا تدرّع جارية إلا فيها، وسميت الندوة لأنهم كانوا ينتدون فيها للخير والشر فكانت قريش تؤدّي الرفادة إلى قصي وهو خرج يخرجونه من أموالهم يترافدون فيه فيصنع طعاما وشرابا للحاج أيام الموسم، وكانت قبيلة من جرهم اسمها صوفة بقيت بمكة تلي الإجازة بالناس من عرفة مدة، وفيهم يقول الشاعر:
ولا يريمون في التعريف موقعهم ... حتى يقال أجيزوا آل صوفانا
ثم أخذتها منهم خزاعة وأجازوا مدة ثم غلبهم عليها بنو عدوان بن عمرو بن قيس بن عيلان وصارت إلى رجل منهم يقال له أبو سيّارة أحد بني سعد بن وابش ابن زيد بن عدوان، وله يقول الراجز:
خلّوا السبيل عن أبي سيّاره ... وعن مواليه بني فزاره
حتى يجيز سالما حماره ... مستقبل الكعبة يدعو جاره
وكانت صورة الإجازة أن يتقدمّهم أبو سيّارة على حماره ثم يخطبهم فيقول: اللهمّ أصلح بين نسائنا وعاد بين رعائنا واجعل المال في سمحائنا، وأوفوا بعهدكم وأكرموا جاركم واقروا ضيفكم، ثم يقول: أشرق ثبير كيما نغير، ثم ينفذ ويتبعه الناس، فلما قوي أمر قصيّ أتى أبا سيّارة وقومه فمنعه من الإجازة وقاتلهم عليها فهزمهم فصار إلى قصيّ البيت والرفادة والسقاية والندوة واللواء، فلما كبر قصيّ ورقّ عظمه جعل الأمر في ذلك كله إلى ابنه عبد الدار لأنه أكبر ولده وهلك قصيّ وبقيت قريش على ذلك زمانا، ثم إن عبد مناف رأى في نفسه وولده من النباهة والفضل ما دلّهم على أنهم أحق من عبد الدار بالأمر، فأجمعوا على أخذ ما بأيديهم وهمّوا بالقتال فمشى الأكابر بينهم وتداعوا إلى الصلح على أن يكون لعبد مناف السقاية والرفادة وأن تكون الحجابة واللواء والندوة لبني عبد الدار، وتعاقدوا على ذلك حلفا مؤكّدا لا ينقضونه ما بلّ بحر صوفة، فأخرجت بنو عبد مناف ومن تابعهم من قريش وهم بنو الحارث بن فهر وأسد بن عبد العزّى وزهرة بن كلاب وتيم بن مرّة جفنة مملوءة طيبا وغمسوا فيها أيديهم ومسحوا بها الكعبة توكيدا على أنفسهم فسمّوا المطيبين، وأخرجت بنو عبد الدار ومن تابعهم وهم مخزوم بن يقظة وجمح وسهم وعدي بن كعب جفنة مملوءة دما وغمسوا فيها أيديهم ومسحوا بها الكعبة فسمّوا الأحلاف ولعقة الدم ولم يل الخلافة منهم غير عمر بن الخطاب، رضي الله عنه، والباقون من المطيّبين فلم يزالوا على ذلك حتى جاء الإسلام وقريش على ذلك حتى فتح النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، مكة في سنة ثمان للهجرة فأقرّ المفتاح في يد عثمان بن طلحة بن أبي طلحة بن عبد العزى ابن عثمان بن عبد الدار وكان النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، أخذ المفاتيح منه عام الفتح فأنزلت: إن الله يأمركم أن تؤدوا الأمانات إلى أهلها، فاستدعاه ورد المفاتيح إليه وأقر السقاية في يد العباس فهي في أيديهم إلى الآن، وهذا هو كاف من هذا البحث، وأما صفتها، يعني مكة، فهي مدينة في واد والجبال مشرفة عليها من جميع النواحي محيطة حول الكعبة، وبناؤها من حجارة سود وبيض ملس وعلوها آجرّ كثيرة الأجنحة من خشب الساج وهي طبقات لطيفة مبيّضة، حارّة في الصيف إلا أن ليلها طيّب وقد رفع الله عن أهلها مؤونة الاستدفاء وأراحهم من كلف الاصطلاء، وكل ما نزل عن المسجد الحرام يسمونه المسفلة وما ارتفع عنه يسمونه المعلاة، وعرضها سعة الوادي، والمسجد في ثلثي البلد إلى المسفلة والكعبة في وسط المسجد، وليس بمكة ماء جار ومياهها من السماء، وليست لهم آبار يشربون منها وأطيبها بئر زمزم ولا يمكن الإدمان على شربها، وليس بجميع مكة شجر مثمر إلا شجر البادية فإذا جزت الحرم فهناك عيون وآبار وحوائط كثيرة وأودية ذات خضر ومزارع ونخيل وأما الحرم فليس به شجر مثمر إلا نخيل يسيرة متفرقة، وأما المسافات فمن الكوفة إلى مكة سبع وعشرون مرحلة وكذلك من البصرة إليها ونقصان يومين، ومن دمشق إلى مكة شهر، ومن عدن إلى مكة شهر، وله طريقان أحدهما على ساحل البحر وهو أبعد والآخر يأخذ على طريق صنعاء وصعدة ونجران والطائف حتى ينتهي إلى مكة، ولها طريق آخر على البوادي وتهامة وهو أقرب من الطريقين المذكورين أولا على أنها على أحياء العرب في بواديها ومخالفها لا يسلكها إلا الخواصّ منهم، وأما أهل حضرموت ومهرة فإنهم يقطعون عرض بلادهم حتى يتصلوا بالجادّة التي بين عدن ومكة، والمسافة بينهم إلى الأمصار بهذه الجادة من نحو الشهر إلى الخمسين يوما، وأما طريق عمان إلى مكة فهو مثل طريق دمشق صعب السلوك من البوادي والبراري القفر القليلة السكان وإنما طريقهم في البحر إلى جدّة فإن سلكوا على السواحل من مهرة وحضرموت إلى عدن بعد عليهم وقلّ ما يسلكونه، وكذلك ما بين عمان والبحرين فطريق شاقّ يصعب سلوكه لتمانع العرب فيما بينهم فيه.

بن

ى1 بَنَاهُ, (T, S, M, &c.,) aor. ـِ (M, Msb,) and بَنُىَ, but the former is the more common, (M,) [or rather the only form commonly known,] inf. n. بِنَآءٌ (T, S, M, Mgh, K) and بِنًا (T, and TA as from the M [but it is not in the transcript of the M in the TT]) and بَنْىٌ and بُنْيَانٌ and بِنْيَةٌ and بنَايَةٌ, (M, K,) He built it; framed it; constructed it; contr. of هَدَمَهُ; (M, K;) namely, a house, (S, Mgh, Msb,) or tent, (S, * Msb,) &c.; (Msb;) as also ↓ ابتناه, (S, M, Msb, K,) and ↓ بنّاهُ; (M, K;) or the last has teshdeed given to it to denote muchness, or frequency, or repetition, of the action, or its application to many objects; and hence you say, بنّى قُصُورًا [He built palaces, or pavilions: or he raised them high: see the pass. part. n. below]. (S, TA.) AHn speaks of a kind of plank as being used فِى بِنَآءِ السُّفُنِ [in the construction of ships]: but بِنَآءٌ is originally used only in relation to that which does not grow; as stone, and clay, and the like. (M.) You say also, بَنَى أَرْضًا, for بَنَى فِى أَرْضٍ [He built in, or upon, land]. (Mgh.) b2: [Hence,] بَنَى عَلَى أَهْلِهِ, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) or عَلَى امْرَأَتِهِ, (Mgh,) and بَنَى بِهَا also, (M, Mgh, Msb, K,) accord. to IDrd (Mgh, Msb) and IJ, (M,) and occurring in traditions and elsewhere, though said in the S to be vulgar, (IAth, MF,) and said to be so by ISk, (T, Msb,) and by some said to be not allowable, (M,) but the former is the more chaste, (Msb,) inf. n. بِنَآءٌ; (S, TA;) as also ↓ ابتنى, (K,) i. e. ابتنى عليها, (ISk, Msb,) or ابتنى بِهَا, (IJ, M,) He had his wife conducted to him on the occasion of the marriage: (ISk, T, S, Msb, K:) or he went in to his wife [for the first time]: (Mgh, Msb:) originating from the fact that the bridegroom used, on that occasion, to pitch a tent for her, (ISk, T, S, Mgh, Msb,) a new tent, (Mgh, Msb,) and furnish it with what was requisite, (Msb,) or a new tent was set up for him, (Mgh, Msb,) in honour of him. (Msb.) [See also بَيْتٌ.] b3: بِنَايَةٌ is sometimes used in relation to nobility: (M, K:) and the verb thus used is بَنَى, as above, (T, M,) having [also] بِنًى for its inf. n., (IAar, T,) and بِنَآءٌ; held by many to be tropical, but by some to be proper. (MF.) Lebeed says, فَسَمَا إِلَيْهِ كَهْلُهَا وَ غُلَامُهَا فَبَنَى لَنَا رَفِيعًا سَمْكُهُ (M) And He (namely, God,) hath built for us a house of nobility of lofty pitch, and its (the tribe's) middle-aged and its youth have risen to it: i. e., all of them have attained to high degrees. (EM, p. 180.) b4: بَنَى بَدَنَهُ It (food) fattened his body, (K,) and made it large: (TA:) and بَنَى لَحْمَهُ, (T, M, K,) aor. ـِ (TA,) inf. n. بِنَآءٌ, (M,) or بَنْىٌ, (TA,) It (food) made his flesh to grow, (T, M, K,) and to become large. (T, TA.) b5: بَنَى الرَّجُلَ He reared, brought up, or educated, the man; (M, K;) as also ↓ ابتناهُ. (M.) b6: [بَنَى كَلِمَةً, inf. n. بِنَآءٌ, He formed a word. b7: and He made a word indeclinable, so as to end invariably with a quiescent letter or with a particular vowel.] بِنَآءُ كَلِمَةٍ [when the former word is considered as the inf. n. of the pass. form بُنِىَ, generally] signifies A word's keeping always the same mode of termination, ending with a quiescent letter or with a particular vowel, not by reason of any governing word: (M, K:) as though the word resembled a fixed, immoveable building. (M.) [You say, بُنِيَتْ عَلَى السُّكُونِ It was made indeclinable, with a quiescent letter for its termination; and عَلَى الفَتْحِ with fet-h for its termination; &c. b8: And in like manner you say, بَنَى القَصِيدَةَ عَلَى البَآءِ, &c., He made the قصيدة to have ب, &c., for its rhyme-letter, or its chief rhyme-letter.]

A2: بَنَتِ القَوْسُ عَلَى وَتَرِهَا The bow clave to its string (T, S, K) so that it (the latter) almost broke. (T, S.) [See the part. n. below.]2 بَنَّىَ see 1, first sentence.4 ابناهُ He made him to build, frame, or construct, a house, or tent: (S:) or he gave him a building: or he gave him that wherewith to build a house: (M, K:) and ابناهُ بَيْتًا he gave him a house, or tent, to build or frame or construct. (T.) It is said in a prov., المِعْزَي تُبْهِى وَلَا تُبْنِى

[Goats rend, or make holes, and render vacant, and do not afford materials for fabricating tents]; i. e., they do not yield hair of which a tent is fabricated; (T, S; *) for the tents of the Arabs [of the desert] are of the kind called طِرَاف, made of skin, and أَخْبِيَة, made of wool or of camels' fur, and not of شَعَر [by which is especially meant goats' hair], (S,) or, as is found in the handwriting of Aboo-Sahl, of wool or of skin: (TA:) or the meaning is, goats rend tents, or pierce them with holes, by their leaping upon them, (T and S in art. بهو,) so that they cannot be inhabited, (S in that art.,) and do not aid in the fabrication of tents; for the goats of the Arabs of the desert have short hair, not long enough to be spun; whereas the goats of the cold countries, and of the people of the fertile regions, have abundant hair, and of this the Akrád [or Kurdees] fabricate their tents. (T.) b2: [Hence,] He introduced him to his wife [on the occasion of his marriage]: whence the saying of 'Alee, مَتَى تُبْنيِنِى, accord. to IAth properly meaning مَتَى تَجْعَلُنِى أَبْنِى بِزَوْجَتِى

[When wilt thou make me to have my wife conducted to me? or, to go in to my wife?]. (TA.) 5 تَبَنَّتْ, said of a woman sitting, (T, TA,) She became like a tent (T, IAth, K, * TA) of the kind called مِبْنَاةٌ, (T, TA,) i. e., a قُبَّة of skin; by reason of her fatness, (T, IAth, TA,) and largeness, (T, TA,) or fleshiness: (IAth, TA:) or she parted her legs; as though from مِبْنَاة, i. e. a قُبَّة of skin, which, when pitched, is spread out by the ropes: so this woman, sitting cross-legged, spread apart her legs. (T, TA.) And تبنّى, said of a camel's hump, It became fat. (M.) A2: تبنّاهُ He adopted him as a son: (S, K:) or he asserted him to be, or claimed him as, a son: (M:) and تبنّى بِهِ signifies the same. (Zj, TA.) 8 ابتنى: see 1, in three places.

A2: Also It became built, framed, or constructed. (Msb.) بِنْتٌ; pl. بَنَاتٌ: fem. of اِبْنٌ, which see, in three places.

بُنًى: see بِنَآءٌ.

بِنًى: see بِنَآءٌ.

بَنَاةُ اللَّحْمِ, (IB, TA,) the former of which words is incorrectly written in the K بنات, (TA,) A girl whose flesh has been made to grow and become large: (IB, K, TA: [in the CK, مَبْنِيَّةٌ is erroneously put for مَبْنِيَّتُهُ:]) or, accord. to a learned scholiast, this is a mistake of IB, and the meaning is sweet in odour; i. e. sweet in the odour of the flesh. (TA.) بَنَاتٌ: pl. of بِنْتٌ; and sometimes of اِبْنٌ: see اِبْنٌ.

بَنُونَ: pl. of اِبْنٌ, which see below.

بُنْيَةٌ: see بِنَآءٌ.

بِنْيَةٌ A form, mode, or manner, of building or framing or construction; a word like مِشْيَةٌ and رِكْبَةٌ. (T, TA.) [The form, or mode of formation, of a word.] Natural constitution: as in the phrase, فُلَانٌ صَحِيحُ البِنْيَةِ [Such a one is sound in natural constitution]. (S.) b2: See also بِنَآءٌ.

بِنْتِىٌّ: see what next follows.

بَنَوِىٌّ Of, or relating to, a son; rel. n. of اِبْنٌ; as also ↓ اِبْنِىٌّ [with ا when connected with a preceding word]: (S, Msb:) the latter is allowable, (Msb,) and used by some. (S.) And Of, or relating to, a daughter; rel. n. of بِنْتٌ; as also ↓ بِنْتِىٌّ: (S, M, Msb, K:) the latter accord. to Yoo; (S, M;) but rejected by Sb. (TA.) b2: Also Of, or relating to, what are termed بُنَيَّاتُ الطَّرِيقِ, i. e., the small roads that branch off from the main road. (S.) بُنْيَانٌ and بُنْيَانَةٌ: see what next follows.

بِنَآءٌ [originally an inf. n.: (see 1, first sentence:) then applied to A building; a structure; an edifice;] a thing that is built, or constructed; pl. أَبْنِيَةٌ, and pl. pl. أَبْنِيَاتٌ: (M, K:) and ↓ بُنْيَانٌ [also] has this meaning; (Msb;) [and is likewise originally an inf. n.;] or this signifies a wall; syn. حَائِطٌ; (S;) or it may be a pl., [or rather a coll. gen. n., meaning buildings, structures, edifices, or walls,] of which the sing. [or n. un.] is ↓ بُنْيَانَةٌ, and as such may be masc. and fem: (Er-Rághib, TA:) ↓ بِنْيَةٌ and ↓ بُنْيَةٌ also signify [the same as بِنَآءٌ as explained above; or] a thing that one has built, framed, or constructed; (M, K;) or, accord. to some, the former of these two relates to objects of the senses, and the latter to objects of the mind, to glory or honour or the like; (MF, TA;) and their pls. are ↓ بِنًى and ↓ بُنًى; (K;) or, accord. to the S and M, these two appear to be sings.; (TA;) [or they may be pls. or sings.; for J says that] البُنَى is like البِنَى; one says, بُنْيَةٌ and بُنًى, and بِنْيَةٌ and بِنًى; (S;) [and ISd says that] بِنْيَةٌ and بُنْيَةٌ signify as above, and so بِنًى and بُنًى; or, accord. to Aboo-Is-hák, بِنًى is pl. of بِنْيَةٌ; or it may be used by poetic licence for بِنَآءٌ: (M:) accord. to IAar, بِنًى signifies buildings, or structures, of clay: and also [tents] of wool; (T;) and بِنَآءٌ likewise signifies a tent (M, TA) in which the Arabs of the desert dwell, in the desert, (TA,) such as is called خِبَآء; (M, TA; *) and طِرَافٌ and قُبَّةٌ and مِضْرَبٌ are names applied to dwellings of the same kind; (TA;) pl. أَبْنِيَةٌ: (M:) the moveable dwelling, such as the خَيْمَة and مِظَلَّة and فُسْطَاط and سُرَادِق and the like, is called بِنَآءٌ as being likened to the building of burnt bricks and of clay and of gypsum. (M.) [See also بَنِيَّةٌ.]

b2: Also The roof, or ceiling, of a house or chamber or the like; as in the Kur [ii. 20], الَّذِى جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الأَرْضَ فِراشًا وَ السَّمَآءَ بِنَآءً [Who hath made for you the earth as a bed, and the heaven as a roof, or ceiling]: (S, [but wanting in some copies,] and Jel:) so says Az: (S:) or the meaning here is, as a tent (قُبَّة) pitched over you. (Bd.) b3: And The body, with the limbs or members. (TA.) b4: And i. q. نِطْعٌ [A thing that is spread on the ground to serve as a table for food &c., made of leather; like مِبْنَاةٌ]: occurring in a trad., where it is mentioned as spread on the ground, on a day of rain, for Mohammad to pray upon: so says Sh. (T.) بُنَىٌّ, [said to be] originally بُنَيْوٌ, A little son; [used as a term of endearment;] (Msb;) dim. of اِبْنٌ. (S, Mgh, Msb.) You say, يَا بُنَىِّ and يَا بُنَىَّ [O my little son, or O my child], with kesr to the ى and with fet-h also; like as you say, يَا أَبَتِ and يَا أَبَتَ [which see in art. ابو, voce أَبٌ]. (Fr, S, K.) [The fem. is بُنَيَّةٌ A little daughter; dim. of بِنْتٌ. And hence,] b2: بُنَيَّاتُ الطَّرِيقَ The small roads that branch off from the main road; (S;) what are termed التُّرَّهَاتُ. (S, K.) b3: The Arabs say, الرِّفْقُ بُنَىُّ الحِلْمِ, meaning الرفق is like الحلم. (IAar, ISd.) بُنُوَّةٌ Sonship: (Lth, Zj, S, M, Msb, K:) [it may be originally بُنُويَةٌ, for Az says, app. on the authority of Zj,] it is not a decisive proof that the last radical is و, since they say فُتُوَّةٌ, though the dual [of the word from which this is derived] is فَتَيَانِ; (T;) [and ISd says that] بُنُوَّةٌ is thus because of the dammeh. (M.) البَنِيَّةُ [properly The building, like البِنَآءُ &c.: but particularly applied to] the Kaabeh; (S, M, K;) because of its nobleness. (M, K.) One says, لَا وَرَبِّ هٰذِهِ البَنِيَّةِ مَا كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا [No, by the Lord of this building (the Kaabeh), such and such thing were not]: (S, TA:) and this was a common form of oath. (TA.) The Kaabeh is also called بَنِيَّةُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ [The building of Abraham]; because he built it. (TA.) بَنَّآءٌ A builder; [meaning one whose business is that of building;] an architect. (M.) [See also what next follows.]

بَانٍ [Building, framing, or constructing]: accord. to A'Obeyd, its pl. is أَبْنَآءٌ; and in like manner, أَجْنَآءٌ is pl. of جَانٍ: and hence the prov., أَبْنَاؤُهَا أَجْنَاؤُهَا, (M,) or أَجْنَاؤُهَا أَبْنَاؤُهَا, i. e. The injurers thereof, meaning this house (هٰذِهِ الدَّار), by demolishing it, are the builders thereof. (S in art. جنى.) ISd says, I am of opinion that these two pls. are not used except in this prov.: and J says, in art. جنى, I think that the prov. is originally جُنَاتُهَا بُنَاتُهَا; but IB affirms that it is not so: and he says that the prov. is applied to him who does, or makes, a thing without consideration, and commits a fault therein, which he repairs by undoing what he has done or made: it originated from the fact that the daughter of a certain king of El-Yemen, during his absence on a military expedition, built, by the advice of others, a house, which he, disliking it, commanded them to demolish. (TA in art. جنى. [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. i. 294.]) b2: A bridegroom: from بَنَى عَلَى

أَهْلِهِ [q. v.]. (TA.) And hence, Any one going in to his wife. (S, TA.) b3: قَوْسٌ بَانِيةٌ A bow cleaving to its string (T, S, M, K) so that it (the latter) almost breaks; (T, S, M;) the doing of which is a fault; (M;) contr. of بَائِنَةٌ [q. v.]: (S and M in art. بين:) and so ↓ بَانَاةٌ (T, M, K) in the dial. of Teiyi: (T, M:) or the latter signifies widely separate from its string [like بَائِنَةٌ]. (TA.) بَانَاةٌ: see بَانٍ. b2: Also, (in [some of] the copies of the K erroneously written بانات, TA,) A man bending himself over his bow-string when shooting. (M, K.) b3: And Small نَبْل [or arrows]. (M and TA in art. بين.) بَانِيَةٌ fem. of بَانٍ [q. v.]. b2: Also sing. of بَوَانٍ, (TA,) which signifies The ribs of [the breast, or of the part thereof called] the زَوْر: (M, K:) or the bones of the breast: or the shoulder-blades and the four legs: (TA:) and the legs of a she-camel. (M, K.) One says, [likening a man to a camel lying down,] أَلْقَى بَوَانِيهُ, meaning He took up his abode, and settled, (T, M, K,) in a place; like أَلْقَى عَصَاهُ. (T, M.) أَلْقَى الشَّأْمُ بَوَانِيَهُ [meaning Syria became in a settled state] occurs in a trad. as related by A'Obeyd: and if he said بَوَائِنَهُ, it would be allowable; بَوَائِنُ being pl. of بوان, [i. e. بُوَانٌ or بِوَانٌ,] which is a name for any tent-pole except in the middle of the بَيْت, which has three poles. (T.) And it is said in another trad., أَلْقَتِ السَّمَآءُ بِرَكَ بَوَانِيهَا, meaning The sky cast down the rain that it contained. (TA.) اِبْنٌ, meaning A son; (M, Mgh, K;) because he is the father's building, made to be so by God; (Er-Rághib, TA;) and (tropical:) a son's son; and (tropical:) a descendant more remote; (Msb;) is with a conjunctive ا [when not immediately preceded by a quiescence, written ابْنٌ]; (Zj, T, M;) [and when immediately preceded by the proper name of a man and immediately followed by the proper name of his parent, written without the ا, as in زَيْدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو Zeyd the son of 'Amr (in which case it should also be observed that the former proper name is without tenween); unless the words compose a proposition, as in زَيْدٌ ابْنُ عَمْرٍو Zeyd is the son of 'Amr; or in the case of an interrogation, as in هَلْ زَيْدٌ ابْنُ عَمْرٍو Is Zeyd the son of 'Amr?]: the pl. is ↓ بَنُونَ (T, S, Mgh, Msb) in the nom. case, and بَنِينَ in the accus. and gen.; (Mgh;) and أَبْنَآءٌ, (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) which is a pl. of pauc.: (Msb:) [and hence it is argued that] the sing. is of the measure فَعَلٌ with the final radical letter elided and the conjunctive ا prefixed; (M;) originally بَنَىٌ, (M, K,) with ى, as we judge, because [the aor. ـَ is more common than يَبْنُو: (M:) or originally بَنَوٌ, (S, Msb, K,) with two fet-hahs, because it has بَنُونَ for a pl., and the perfect pl. does not admit of change [in its vowels beyond that which is here made in بَنُونَ for بَنَوُونَ]; (Msb;) and because it has for a pl. أَبْنَآءٌ, like as جَمَلٌ has أَجْمَالٌ; (S;) and the elided letter is و, (Akh, T, S,) as in أَبٌ and أَخٌ, (S,) because و is more commonly elided than ى; (Akh, T;) or because the fem. is بِنْتٌ and [that of أَخٌ is] أُخْتٌ; for we do not see this ه [or ت] affixed in the fem. except when و is elided in the masc., as is shown by أَخَوَاتٌ and هَنَوَاتٌ; (S;) though بُنُوَّةٌ is not a decisive proof that the last radical is و, for a reason stated above in the explanation of it: (T:) or, as some say, it is originally بِنْوٌ, with kesr to the. ب, like حِمْلٌ, because they say بِنْتٌ, and a change [of a vowel] in a case of this kind is rare: (Msb:) [but J says,] it may not be of the measure فِعْلٌ nor فُعْلٌ, because it has بَنُونَ with fet-h to the ب, for a pl.; nor of the measure فَعْلٌ, because this has [generally] for its [broken] pl. أَفْعُلٌ or فُعُولٌ: (S:) Zj says that it is originally بِنْىٌ or بِنْوٌ, or it may be originally بَنًا; that it is app. the last accord. to those who say بَنُون; and that أَبْنَآءٌ may be pl. of the measure فَعَلٌ and of فِعْلٌ; that بِنْتٌ favours its being of the latter; but that it may be of the measure فَعَلٌ changed to فِعْلٌ, as فَعَلٌ is changed to فُعْلٌ in the case of أُخْتٌ. (T.) Beside the pls. mentioned above, اِبْنٌ has a quasi-pl. n., namely ↓ أَبْنَى, of the same measure as أَعْمَى; (Mgh, TA; *) a sing. denoting the pl.: or, as some say, اِبْنٌ has for pls. أَبْنَآءٌ and أَبْنَى. (TA.) Lh mentions the phrase, هٰؤُلَآءِ أَبْنَا أَبْنَائِهِمْ [or أَبْنَى ابنائهم These are the sons of their sons.]. (M.) Sometimes م is affixed to اِبْنٌ [so that it becomes ↓ اِبْنُمٌ or اِبْنَمٌ at the beginning of a sentence, and ↓ ابْنُمٌ or ابُنَمٌ in other cases]: the word is then doubly declinable [like اِمْرُؤٌ or امْرُأٌ]: you say, هٰذَا ابْنُمٌ [This is a son], and رَأَيْتُ ابْنَمًا [I saw a son], and مَرَرْتُ بِابْنِمٍ

[I passed by a son]; making the ن similarly declinable to the م; and the ا is with kesr in every case [when the word commences a sentence, whether you make the word doubly declinable or not]: (AHeyth, * S:) [for] some make it singly declinable, leaving the ن with fet-h in every case [as the ر in اِمْرَأٌ or امْرَأٌ]; saying, هٰذَا ابْنَمُكَ [This is thy son], and رَأَيْتُ ابْنَمَكَ [I saw thy son], and مَرَرْتُ بِابْنَمِكَ [I passed by thy son]. (AHeyth, TA.) Hassán says, وَلَدْنَا بَنِى العَنْقَآءِ وَابْنَىْ مُحَرِّقٍ

↓ فَأَكْرِمْ بِنَا خَالًا وَأَكْرِمْ بِنَا ابْنَمَا [We begot the sons of El-'Ankà, and the two sons of Moharrik; and how generous are we as a maternal uncle! and how generous are we as a son!], (S, K, *) i. e., ابْنَا: the م is augmentative, and the hemzeh [or rather ا] is that of conjunction. (K.) And Ru-beh says, ↓ فَهْىَ تُنَادِى بِأَبِى وَابْنِيمَا بُكَآءَ شَكْلَى فَقَدَتْ حَمِيمَا [As the weeping of a bereft woman, who has lost a relation, therefore she calls out, With my father would I ransom thee, and a son]; meaning ابْنِمَا. (TA.) The fem. of اِبْنٌ is ↓ اِبْنَةٌ or ابْنَةٌ [with the conjunctive ا when not commencing a sentence] and ↓ بِنْتٌ [meaning A daughter; and (assumed tropical:) any female descendant]: (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K:) accord. to Sb, (M,) اِبْنَةٌ is formed from اِبْنٌ by affixing ه [or ة]; but not so بِنْتٌ; for this is formed by affixing ى as a letter of quasi-coordination, and then substituting for it ت: (M, K:) [but if the ت be substituted for ى, it seems more probable that the ى is the final radical:] or, as some say, the ت is substituted for و: (M:) [Mtr says,] the ت is substituted for the final radical: (Mgh:) accord. to Ks, it is originally with ه [or ة], because it has a fem. meaning: (IAar, Msb:) [my own opinion is most agreeable with this of Ks; and with that of Zj, which will be mentioned below; or, perhaps, is identical with that of Zj: I think it most probable that, as اِبْنٌ is generally held to be originally بَنَىٌ or بَنَوٌ, so اِبْنَةٌ and بِنْتٌ are both originally بَنَيَةٌ or بَنَوَةٌ, and that بِنْتٌ is formed from اِبْنَةٌ by suppressing the alif, transferring its kesreh to the ب, making the ن quiescent, and changing the ة into ت, which is therefore said to be not the sign of the fem. gender, either because it is not ة, but is a substitute for ة, or because it is preceded by a quiescent letter:] AHn says that the ت is substituted for the final radical letter, which is و; and that it is not the sign of the fem. gender, because the letter [next] before it is quiescent: this [he says] is the opinion of Sb, and is the right opinion; for he says that if you were to use it as the proper name of a man, you would make it perfectly decl.; and if the ت were to denote the fem. gender, the name would not be perfectly decl.: (TA:) and the same is said respecting the ت in أُخْتٌ: (TA in art. اخو:) this ت remains in a case of pause (Ks, IAar, S, Msb) as in the case of the connexion of the word with a word following: (S:) but one should not say اِبِنْتٌ, (Th, T, S.) because the ا is required only on account of the quiescence of the ب, and is therefore dropped when this is made movent: (S:) Zj says that, in forming the pl. of بِنْتٌ [and of اِبْنَةٌ], the sing. is reduced to its original form, which is فَعْلَةٌ [as I find it written in the transcript from the T in the TT, but it may be a mistake for فَعَلَپٌ,] with the last radical letter suppressed: (T in TT:) the pl. is بَنَاتٌ (T, S, Msb) alone: (S:) [and this is generally treated as a fem. pl. of the perfect, or sound, kind, although the ت in بِنْتٌ is said to be not a sign of the fem. gender; so that you say, رَأَيْتُ بَنَاتِكَ I saw thy daughters; but sometimes] one says, رَأَيْتُ بَنَاتَكَ, with fet-h [as the case-ending], treating the ت as a radical letter. (S.) It is said in the Bári' that when men and women are mixed together, the masc. pl. is made predominant; so that one says, بَنُو فُلَانٍ [meaning The sons and daughters, or the children, of such a one]; and even, اِمْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَنى

تَمِيمٍ [A woman of the children of Temeem]; and accordingly, if بَنُو فُلَانٍ is applied to denote the persons to whom a legacy is left, the males and the females are included therein. (Msb.) b2: When اِبْن is applied to that which is not a human being, (IAmb, Msb,) to an irrational being, (Msb,) it has for its pl. بَنَات: (IAmb, Msb:) thus the pl. of اِبْنُ مَخَاضٍ [A young male camel in his second year] is بَنَاتُ مَخَاضٍ: (Mgh, Msb:) that of اِبْنُ لَبُونٍ [A male camel that has entered upon his third year] is بَنَاتُ لَبُونٍ: (Msb:) and that of اِبْنُ نَعْشٍ [Any one of the stars of the tail of Ursa Major or of that of Ursa Minor] is بَنَاتُ نَعْشٍ; but sometimes, by poetic licence, بَنُو نَعْشٍ: and hence, or to make a distinction between the males and the females, the lawyers say, بَنُو اللَّبُونِ. (IAmb, Msb.) b3: ↓ بَنَاتٌ also signifies (tropical:) Dolls with which young girls play: (S, Mgh, K:) sing. بِنْتٌ. (Mgh.) It occurs in this sense in a trad., in which 'Áïsheh speaks of her playing therewith (S, Mgh) when, being nine years of age, she was conducted as a bride to Mohammad. (Mgh.) b4: اِبْن is often prefixed to some other noun (T, M, Msb) that particularizes its signification, because of a close connexion between the two meanings: (Msb:) and so is ↓ بِنْت. (T, M.) [Most of the compounds thus formed will be found explained in the arts. to which belong the nouns that occupy the second place. The following are among the more common, and are therefore here mentioned, as exs. of different kinds.] b5: اِبْنُ الطِّينِ [The son of earth, or clay, meaning] Adam. (T.) اِبْنُ اللَّيْلِ and اِبْنُ الطَّرِيقِ The thief, or robber. (T.) Also the former, The wayfarer, or traveller; (Er-Rághib, TA;) and so اِبْنُ السَّبِيلِ. (Msb, Er-Rághib.) اِبْنُ حَرْبٍ A warrior: (Er-Rághib, TA:) and اِبْنُ الحَرْبِ [the warrior; or] he who suffices for war, and who defends. (Msb.) اِبْنُ الدُّنْيَا The rich man. (Msb.) b2: اِبْنُ آوَى [The jackal;] a certain beast of prey. (TA.) اِبْنُ عِرْسٍ

The سُرْعُوب [or weasel]. (TA.) b3: اِبْنُ أَدِيمٍ A skin for water or milk made of one hide; and اِبْنُ أَدِيمَيْنِ one made of two hides; and اِبْنُ ثَلَاثَهِ

آدِمَةٍ one made of three hides. (T.) b4: اِبْنَةُ الجَبَلِ The echo. (T.) b5: بَنَاتُ بِئْسٍ and بَنَاتُ طَبَقٍ and بَنَاتُ بَرْحٍ and بَنَاتُ أَوْدَكَ Calamities, or misfortunes. (T.) b6: Ru-beh said of a man who was mentioned to him, كَانَ إِحْدَى بَنَاتِ مَسَاجِدِ اللّٰهِ; as though he asserted that He was one of the pebbles of the mosque [or rather of the mosques of God]. (S.) اِبْنَةٌ or ابْنَةٌ: fem. of اِبْنٌ, which see.

اِبْنُمٌ and اِبْنَمٌ, or ابْنُمٌ and ابْنَمٌ: see اِبْنٌ, in three places.

أَبْنَى: quasi-pl. n. of اِبْنٌ which see.

اِبْنَىٌّ: see بَنَوِىٌّ.

ابْنِيمَا, for ابْنِمَا: see a verse cited voce اِبْنٌ.

أُبَيْنٌ [an unused, or unusual, dim. of اِبْنٌ]: see what next follows.

أُبَيْنٍ, of the same measure as أُعَيْمٍ, is the dim. of أَبْنَى, which is like أَعْمَى, (Sb, IB, Mgh,) and is quasi-pl. of اِبْنٌ. (Mgh.) Mohammad is related, in a trad., to have said, أُبَيْنِى لَا تَرْمُوا جَمْرَةَ العَبَقَبِةِ حَتَّى تَطْلُعَ الشَّمْسُ [O little (meaning dear) sons, cast not ye the pebble of the 'Akabeh (see جَمْرَةٌ) until the sun rise], (TA,) or أُبَيْنِىَّ الخ [O my little sons &c.]: (Mgh, TA:) IAth says that the hemzeh is augmentative; and that there are differences of opinion respecting the form of the word and its meaning: some say that it is the dim. of أَبْنَى, like أَعْمَى, a sing. word denoting a pl. meaning, or, accord. to some, a pl. of اِبْنٌ, as well as أَبْنَآءٌ: some say that it is the dim. of اِبْنٌ; [and if so, we must read أُبَيْنِى my little son;] but this requires consideration [more especially as it is followed by a pl. verb]: AO says that it is the dim. of بَنِىَّ, pl. of اِبْنٌ with the affixed pronoun of the first Pers\. [sing.]; and this requires us to read أُبَيْنِىَّ. (TA.) J says, in the S, that the dim. of أَبْنَآءٌ [pl. of اِبْنٌ] is ↓ أُبَيْنَآءٌ, and, if you will, ↓ أُبَيْنُونَ; and he cites a verse in which occurs the expression أُبَيْنِيكَ, [in the gen. case, meaning thy little sons,] and adds, it is as though its sing. were إِبْنٌ, with the disjunctive ا, whence the dim. ↓ أُبَيْنٌ, in the pl. أُبَيْنُونَ: but he should have said, as though its sing. were أَبْنَى, like أَعْمَى, originally أَبْنَوُ. (IB, TA.) أُبَيْنَآء: see what next precedes.

أُبَيْنُونَ: see what next precedes.

مِبْنَاةٌ (T, S, M, K) and مَبْنَاةٌ (M, K) A نِطْع [like بِنَآءٌ, which see for an explanation]: (S, M, K:) and a سِتْر [i. e. curtain or the like]: (K:) or a thing in the form of a سِتْر: (M:) or a [tent of the kind called] قُبَّة, made of skins, or hides: (IAar, T:) or a thing of skins, or hides, of like form to the قُبَّة, which a woman places in, or at, the side of her tent (فِى كِسْرِ بَيْتِهَا), and in which she dwells; and may-be she has sheep, or goats, and is content with the possession of these, exclusively of the other sheep, or goats, for herself and her garments [and app. for making of their skins her مبناه]; and she has a covering (إِزَار) [extended] in the middle of the بَيْت [or tent], within, to protect her from the heat, and from the violent rain, so that she and her clothes are not wetted: (Aboo-'Adnán, T:) or, accord. to As, a mat (حَصِيرٌ), or a نِطْع, which the trafficker spreads upon the things that he sells: and they used to put the mats (الحُصُر) upon the أَنْطَاع [pl. of نِطْع], and go round about with them [in the market]: the مبناة is thus called because it is made of skins joined together: (T:) also a receptacle of the kind called عَيْبَة: (M, K:) such is said to be its meaning: (S:) pl. مَبَانٍ. (T.) مَبْنِىٌّ [Built, &c.: see 1]. أَرْضٌ مَبْنِيَّةٌ meansأَرْضٌ مَبْنِىٌّ فِيهَا [Land built in or upon]; and is deemed a chaste phrase. (Mgh.) مُبَنًّى Raised high; applied to a palace, or pavilion. (M, TA.) مُبْتَنًى [pass. part. n. of اِبْتَنَاهُ] is used in the place of the inf. n. [of that verb, agreeably with many other instances, or accord. to a common licence], meaning The act of building, framing, or constructing. (TA.)