غرض

1 غَرِضَ, aor. ـَ (S, K,) inf. n. غَرَضٌ, (S, A, K,) He was vexed, or disquieted by grief, and by distress of mind; he was grieved, and distressed in mind: he was disgusted; he turned away with disgust. (S, A, K.) You say, غَرِضَ مِنْهُ He was vexed by, or at, him, or it, and disquieted by grief, and by distress of mind; he was grieved, and distressed in mind, by him, or it: (Mgh in art. غرض, and TA:) he was disgusted with it, or at it; he turned away from it with disgust: (Mgh:) and he feared him, or it. (Ibn-'Abbád, K, TK: but the first and second mention only the inf. n. of the verb in this last sense.) And غَرِضَ بِالمُقَامِ, aor. and inf. n. as above, [He was vexed, &c., by continuance, stay, residence, or abode, in a place: he was disgusted with it, or at it.] (S.) And إِذَا فَاتَهُ الغَرَضُ فَتَّهُ الغَرَضُ i. e. الضَّجَرُ [When the object of aim, or endeavour, escapes him, so that he cannot attain it, vexation, or disquietude by grief, and by distress of mind, or disgust, crushes him]. (A, TA.) b2: And hence, (A,) aor. as above, (K,) and so the inf. n., (A, TA,) He yearned, or longed: (S, A, K:) or he yearned, or longed, vehemently, or intensely: (TA:) إِلَيْهِ for him, or it: (S:) or إِلَى لِقَائِهِ for meeting with him: the verb in this sense being made trans. by means of الى because it imports the meaning of اِشْتَاقَ and حَنَّ [which are made trans. by the same means]: (A, TA:) [for] accord. to Akh, غَرِضْتُ إِلَيْهِ signifies غَرِضْتُ مِنْ هٰؤُلآءِ إِلَيْهِ [I turned with vexation, or disgust, from these, to him, or it]; because the Arabs connect the verb [with its objective complement] by means of all these particles [mentioned above; namely, ب and من and الى]. (S.) Mbr reckons غَرَضٌ, as meaning both “ being disgusted ” and “ yearning ” or “ longing,” among words having contrary significations; and so does Ibn-Es-Seed; (MF;) and in like manner, IKtt. (TA.) [Perhaps these derive the latter meaning from غَرَضٌ signifying “ a butt,” or “ an object of aim,” &c.]

A2: غَرَضَ عَنْهُ, (TA,) [in the TK غَرَضَهُ,] inf. n. غَرْضٌ, (Ibn-'Abbád, K,) He (a man, TA) refrained, forbore, abstained, or desisted, from him, or it; left, relinquished, or forsook, him, or it. (Ibn-'Abbád, * K, * TA.) A3: غَرُضَ, aor. ـُ inf. n. غِرَضٌ, It (a thing) was fresh, juicy, moist, not flaccid. (S, K.) A4: غَرَضَ الشَّىْءَ, aor. ـِ (K,) inf. n. غَرْضٌ; (TA;) and ↓ غرّضهُ, (K,) inf. n. تَغْرِيضٌ; (TA;) He plucked the thing while it was fresh, juicy, moist, or not flaccid: or he took it (أَخَذَهُ, in some copies of the K جَذَّهُ, which is a mistake, TA) while it was so. (K.) b2: (assumed tropical:) He did the thing hastily, or hurriedly, before its time; syn. أَعْجَلَهُ عَنْ وَقْتِهِ. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, TS, K. *) b3: غَرَضَ السَّخْلَ, (S, K,) aor. and inf. n. as above; (TA;) and ↓ غرّضها; (K;) (assumed tropical:) He weaned the lambs, or kids, before their time. (ISk, S, K.) b4: غَرَضَتْ سِقَآءَهَا, (S, K,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (S,) (assumed tropical:) She (a woman, S) churned, or agitated, the contents of her milk-skin, and when its butter had formed in little clots but had not collected together, she poured out the milk, and gave it to people to drink. (ISk, S, K. *) b5: غَرَضْتُ لَهُ غَرِيضًا (tropical:) I gave him to drink fresh milk. (TA.) b6: غَرَضْتُ لِلضَّيْفِ غَرِيضًا (tropical:) I fed the guests with food that had not been kept through the night: so in the A: but in the K, لَهُمْ ↓ أَغْرَضَ غَرِيضًا (tropical:) he kneaded for them fresh dough, and did not feed them with food that had been kept through the night. (TA.) A5: غَرَضَهُ, aor. ـِ [inf. n. غَرْضٌ,] also signifies He filled it, namely, a vessel, (S, K,) and a skin, and a wateringtrough; (TA;) and so ↓ اغرضهُ. (K.) b2: and He stopped short of filling it completely. (S, K. [See also 2.]) Thus it has two contr. significations. (S, K.) A rájiz says, لَقَدْ فَدَى أَعْنَاقَهُنَّ المَحْضُ وَالدَّأْظُ حَتَّى مَا لَهُنَّ غَرْضُ (S, TA,) i. e. Verily the محض and the دأظ [the pure milk and the fatness and fulness so that there is no deficiency in their skins] have ransomed them from being slaughtered and sold. (TA.) [But see غَرْضٌ below.] b3: Also, aor. ـِ inf. n. غَرْضٌ, He broke it (i. e. a thing) without separating it. (TA.) A6: غَرَضَ البَعِيرَ, (S,) or النَّاقَةَ, (K,) [aor. ـِ as appears from the word مَغْرِضٌ, for otherwise, by rule, it would be مَغْرَضٌ,] inf. n. غَرْضٌ, (K,) He bound the غَرْض upon the camel; (S;) as also ↓ اغْتِرضهُ; (TA;) or he bound the she-camel with the غُرْضَة, (K,) or غَرْض; (TA;) as also ↓ أَغْرَضَهَا; (K;) and in like manner, غَرَضَ البَغِيرَ بِالغَرْضِ. (TA.) 2 غرّض, inf. n. تَغْرِيضٌ, He ate fresh flesh-meat. (K.) b2: See also غَرَضَ, in two places.

A2: One says also, غَرِّضْ فِى سِقَائَكَ Fill not thy skin [completely; leave a portion unfilled in thy skin]. (S.) b2: And فُلَانٌ بَحْرٌ لَا يُغَرَّضُ i. e. [Such a one is a sea] that will not become exhausted. (S, A, TA.) A3: And غرّض signifies also تَفَكَّهَ, (K, TA.) [meaning He affected jesting, or joking, for it is] said in the I. to be from الفُكَاهَةُ signifying المُزَاحُ. (TA.) 3 غارض إِبِلَهُ (tropical:) He brought his camels to the watering-place early in the morning; in the first part of the day. (A, O, K.) 4 اغرضهُ He made him to be vexed, or disquieted by grief, and by distress of mind; to be grieved, and distressed in mind: he made him to be disgusted; to turn away with disgust. (S.) A2: See also 1, latter half, in two places.

A3: اغرض النَّاقَةَ: see 1, last sentence.

A4: اغرض He (a man) hit, or attained, the غَرَض [i. e. the butt, or object of aim, &c.]. (IKtt.) 5 تغرّض, (K, TA,) thus in the O, on the authority of Ibn-'Abbád; but accord. to the Tekmileh, ↓ انغرض; (TA;) said of a branch, It broke without breaking in pieces: (K, TA:) or, accord. to the L, the latter signifies It bent and broke without becoming separated. (TA.) 7 إِنْغَرَضَ see what next precedes.8 اِغْتَرَضَ: (so in a copy of the A: [and if this be correct, the primary signification seems to be It (a thing) was plucked, or taken, while it was fresh, juicy, moist, or not flaccid: quasi-pass. of غَرَضَ in the first of the senses assigned to it as a trans. v. above:]) or اُغْتَرِضَ: (so in the JK and TA: [and if this be correct, it is app. formed by transposition from اُغْتُضِرَ:]) (tropical:) He died in his fresh state; (JK;) [i. e.] he died a youth, or a young man: [the latter reading seems to be the right, for it is said to be] similar to اُحْتُضِرَ [evidently a mistranscription for اُخْتُضِرَ]. (A, TA.) A2: اغترض الشَّىْءَ He made the thing his غَرَض [i. e. butt, or object of aim, &c.]. (TA.) A3: اغترض البَعِيرَ: see 1, last sentence.

غَرْضٌ and ↓ غُرْضَةٌ The appertenance of a camel's saddle of the kind called رَحْل which is like the حِزَام of the سَرْج (S, K) and the بِطَان of the قَتَب; (S;) i. e. girth, or fore girth, (تَصْدِير,) thereof; (S;) the حِزَام of the رَحْل: (A:) pl. of the former, أَغْرَاضٌ [a pl. of pauc.] (S, K) and أَغْرُضٌ [also a pl. of pauc.] (IB) and غُرُوضٌ [a pl. of mult.]: and of the latter, ↓ غُرْضٌ, [or rather this is a coll. gen. n.,] (S, K,) like as بُسْرٌ is of بُسْرَةٌ, (S,) and غُرُضٌ. (S, K.) [Hence the saying of Mohammad,] غُرْض shall not be bound [upon camels by pilgrims] except to three mosques; the sacred mosque [of Mekkeh], and my mosque [of ElMedeeneh], and the mosque [El-Aksà] of Beytel-Makdis [or Jerusalem]. (TA.) A2: غَرْضٌ also signifies (accord. to some, in the verse cited in the first paragraph, S, TA) The place of what thou hast left (مَوْضِعُ مَا تَرَكْتَهُ, not ماء [i. e. not مَآءٍ] as written in the S [and K], TA,) and not put into it anything: (S, K, TA:) and is said by some to be like the أَمْت [q. v.] in a skin. (TA.) b2: And A state of folding. (AHeyth, K.) And A man's having folds (غُرُوض) in the body when he has been fat and then has become lean. (Sgh, K.) And you say, طَوَيْتُ الثَّوْبَ عَلَى غُرُوضِهِ i. e. غُرُورِهِ [I folded the garment, or piece of cloth, according to its first, or original, foldings.] (Ibn-'Abbád, Z, Sgh, K.) عُرْضٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

غَرَضٌ A butt, a mark, or an object of aim, at which one shoots, or throws; (S, O, Msb, K;) a thing that thou settest up (مَا أَمْثَلْتَهُ) to shoot or throw at: (IDrd:) pl. أَغْرَاضٌ. (Msb, K.) It is said in a trad., لَا تَتَّخِذُوا شَيْئًا فِيهِ الرَّوحُ غَرَضًا [Ye shall not take a thing in which is the vital principle as a butt]. (TA.) And hence one says, النَّاسُ أَغْرَاضُ المَنِيَّةِ (assumed tropical:) [Mea are the butts of destiny, or of death]: and جَعَلْتَنِى غَرَضًا لِشَتْمِكَ (assumed tropical:) [Thou madest me, or hast made me, a butt for thy reviling]. (TA.) b2: And hence, (tropical:) An object of aim or endeavour or pursuit, of desire or wish, or of intention or purpose: (Msb:) a scope; or any end which one endeavours, or seeks, or intends, or purposes, to attain: (B:) an object of want, and of desire: (TA:) the advantage, or good, which one seeks, or endeavours, or purposes, to attain, or obtain, from a thing: so much used in this tropical sense as to be, in this sense, conventionally regarded as proper. (MF.) You say, غَرَضُهُ كَذَا (tropical:) His object of aim or endeavour or pursuit, &c., is such a thing: (Msb:) or his object of want, and of desire, is such a thing (TA.) And فَعَلَ لِغَرَضٍ صَحِيحٍ (tropical:) He did, or acted, for a just, or right, object of aim &c. (Msb.) And فَهِمْتُ غَرَضَكَ (assumed tropical:) I understood, or have understood, thine object of aim &c., or thine intention; syn. قَصْدَكَ. (S.) [See another ex. voce غَرِضَ, of which it is also the inf. n.]

غَرِضٌ, when followed by مِنْ, Vexed, or disquieted by grief, and by distress of mind; grieved, and distressed in mind: disgusted; or turning away with disgust. (TA.) b2: Also, when followed by إِلَى, Yearning, or longing: (S, TA:) or yearning, or longing, vehemently, or intensely. (TA.) غُرْضَةٌ: see غَرْضٌ.

غَرِيضٌ A thing that is fresh, juicy, moist, or not flaccid: (S, A, K:) also applied to flesh-meat. (S.) [See also 1, in three places, in the latter half of the paragraph.] b2: Fresh, or juicy, dates. (TA.) b3: Rain-water; as also ↓ مَغْرُوضٌ: (S, K:) because of its freshness. (S, TA.) b4: Water to which one comes early in the morning; in the first part of the day. (TA.) b5: See also إِغْرِيضٌ, in two places. b6: Also Any new, or novel, song. (IB, TA.) b7: And hence, A singer; because of his performing new, or novel, singing: (IB, TA:) or a singer who performs well, (K, TA,) and is of those who are well known; and so called because of his gentleness, or softness. (TA.) وَرَدَ المَآءَ غَارِضَا (assumed tropical:) He came to the water early in the morning; in the first part of the day. (S, K. *) And أَوْرَدَ إِبِلَهُ غَارِضًا (assumed tropical:) He brought his camels to the watering-place early in the morning; in the first part of the day. (TA.) And أَتَيْتُهُ غَارِضًا I came to him in the first part of the day. (TA.) إِغْرِيضٌ The spadix of a palm-tree: syn. طَلْعٌ; (S, K;) which some call إِغْرِيضَةٌ; (TA:) as also ↓ غَرِيضٌ: (S, K:) or the spadix of a palm-tree (طَلْع) when it bursts from its كَافُور [i. e. spathe, or envelope]: (IAar:) or what is in the interior of the طَلْعَة [or spathe of a palm-tree]: (Th:) or the thing [i. e. the spathe] from which the spadix of the palm-tree (طَلْع) bursts: (Ks, A) to which a woman's garment is likened. (A, TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) Anything white and fresh or juicy or moist, as also ↓ غَرِيضٌ: (S, K:) or anything white like milk. (Ks.) b3: (tropical:) Hail: (Lth, Th:) as being likened to what is in the interior of the طَلْعَة (Th.) b4: (assumed tropical:) Large rain, or large drops of rain, appearing, when falling, as though it, or they, were arrow-heads, from a dissundered cloud: or the first of what falls thereof. (TA.) مَغْرِضٌ The part of a camel which is like the مَحْزِم [or place of the girth] (S, O, K) of a دَابَّة, (S,) [i. e.] of a horse (O, K) and mule and ass; (O;) which is the sides of the belly, at the lower part of the ribs; for these are the places of the غَرْض, in the bellies of camels: (S:) and ↓ مُغَرَّضٌ signifies [the same: i. e.] the place of the غُرْضَة, (IKh, TA,) or غَرْض; (TA;) and also the belly: (IKh, TA:) or the former signifies the head of the shoulder-blade, in which is the مُشَاش [or prominent part], beneath the cartilage: or the inner part of what is between the arm [and] the place where the شَرَاسِيف [or cartilages of the ribs] end (TA:) pl. مَغَارِضُ. (S, TA.) مُغَرَّضٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

مَغْرُوضٌ: see غَرِيضٌ.

عق

1 عَقَّ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (Mgh, O, Msb, TA,) He clave, split, slit, ripped, or rent; (Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA;) and he cut. (Mgh, O, TA.) You say, عَقَّ ثَوْبَهُ He slit, ripped, or rent, his garment. (Msb.) and عُقَّتْ تَمِيمَتُهُ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ [His amulet was cut off among the sons of such a one]; said of a boy when he has attained to the prime of manhood, and become strong, with a tribe; originating from the fact that as long as the boy was an infant, his mother hung upon him amulets to preserve him from the evil eye; and when he became full-grown, they were cut off from him: whence the saying of a poet, بِلَادٌ بِهَا عَقَّ الشَّبَابُ تَمِيمَتِى

وَأَوَّلُ أَرْضٍ مَسَّ جِلْدِى تُرَابُهَا [A country in which the attaining to the prime of manhood cut off my amulet, and the first land of which the dust touched my skin]. (TA.) b2: and [hence,] عَقَّتِ الرِّيحُ المُزْنَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, The wind drew forth a shower of fine rain from the مزن [or clouds containing water]; as though it rent them. (TA.) And عُقَّتِ السَّحَابَةُ The cloud poured forth its water; [as though it were rent;] and ↓ اِنْعَقَّت [means the same]; (TA;) and ↓ اعتقّت [likewise]. (O.) b3: and عَقَّ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ, (S, Msb,) or عَنِ المَوْلُودِ, (K,) aor. ـُ (S, Msb, TA) and عَقِّ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (S, Msb,) He slaughtered as a sacrifice (S, Msb, K, TA) for his child, (S, Msb,) or for the new-born child, (K,) a sheep or goat, (T, Msb, TA,) [generally the latter,] on the seventh day after the birth. (T, S, Msb, TA.) And He shaved the [hair termed] عَقِيقَة [q. v.] (S, TA) of his child, (S,) or of the new-born child. (TA.) b4: And عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ He shot the arrow towards the sky; and that arrow was called عَقِيقَةٌ; (S, O, K;) and it was the arrow of self-excuse: they used to do thus in the Time of Ignorance [on the occasion of a demand for blood-revenge]; and if the arrow returned smeared with blood, they were not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it returned clean, they stroked their beards, and made reconciliation on the condition of the bloodwit; the stroking of the beards being a sign of reconciliation: the arrow, however, as IAar says, did not [ever] return otherwise than clean: (S, O:) the origin was this: a man of the tribe was slain, and the slayer was prosecuted for his blood; whereupon a company of the chief men [of the family of the slayer] collected themselves together to the heirs [who claimed satisfaction for the blood] of the slain, and offered the bloodwit, asking forgiveness for the blood; and if the heir [who claimed satisfaction and who acted for himself and his coheirs] was a strong man, impatient of injury, he refused to take the bloodwit; but if weak, he consulted the people of his tribe, and then said to the petitioners, “We have, between us and our Creator, a sign denoting command and prohibition: we take an arrow, and set it on a bow, and shoot it towards the sky; and if it return to us smeared with blood, we are forbidden to take the bloodwit, and are not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it return clean, as it went up, we are commanded to take the bloodwit: ” so they made reconciliation; for this arrow never returned otherwise than clean; and thus they had an excuse in the opinion of the ignorant of them. (L, TA.) A poet (S, O, TA) of the family of the slain, said by some to be of Hudheyl, by IB to be El-As'ar El-Joafee, who was absent from this reconciliation, (TA,) says, عَقُّوا بِسَهْمٍ ثُمَّ قَالُوا صَالِحُوا يَا لَيْتَنِى فِى القَوْمِ إِذْ مَسَحُوا الِلُّحَى

[They shot an arrow towards the sky; them they said, “Make ye reconciliation: ” would that I were among the party when they stroked the beards]: (S, O, TA:) or, as some relate it, the first word is عَقَّوْا, with fet-h to the ق; which belongs to the class of unsound verbs [i. e. to art. عقى]. (S, O.) b5: One says also, عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, (S, O, K,) or أَبَاهُ, (Msb,) aor. ـُ (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عُقُوقٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and مَعَقَّةٌ (S, O, K) and عَقٌّ, (TA,) He was undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, to his parent, or father; contr. of بَرَّهُ; (K;) he broke his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) he disobeyed his father; and failed, or neglected, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner. (Msb.) And عَقَّ الرَّحِمَ, (TA, and Ham p. 93,) like قَطَعَهَا [i. e. He severed the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred]. (Ham ib.) and عَقَّ [alone], aor. ـُ inf. n. عُقُوقٌ, [He was undutiful, &c.; or he acted undutifully, &c.; or] he contravened, or opposed, him whom he was under an obligation to obey. (Har p. 158.) عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment, &c., of the two parents] is said in a trad. to be one of the great sins. (O.) And it is said in a prov., العُقُوقُ

أَحَدُ الثُّكْلَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is one of the two sorts of being bereft of a child]: or, as some relate it, العُقُوقُ ثُكْلُ مَنْ لَمْ يَثْكَلْ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is (like) the bereavement of him who is not (really) bereft of his child]: i. e. he whom his children have treated undutifully (مِنْ عَقَّهُ وَلَدُهُ) is as though he were bereft of his children although they are living. (O.) [See also 3: and 4.] b6: Hence, from عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ, the verb is metaphorically used in the saying, in a trad., مَثَلُكُمْ وَمَثَلُ عَائِشَةَ مَثَلُ العَيْنِ فِى الرَّأْسِ تُؤْذِى صَاحِبَهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَعُقَّهَا إِلَّا بِالَّذِى هُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهَا (tropical:) [The similitude of you and of 'Áïsheh is that of the eye in the head, when it hurts its owner, and he cannot treat it severely save with that which is good for it: app. meaning that her severity was for the good of the objects thereof]. (TA.) A2: عَقَّ, intrans., said of lightning: see 7.

A3: عَقَّتْ said of a mare, and of an ass: see 4.

A4: عَقَّتِ الدَّلْوُ, inf. n. عَقُّ, means The bucket came up full from the well; and some of the Arabs say عَقَّت as having تَعْقِيَةٌ for its inf. n.; but it is [said to be] originally ↓ عَقَّقَت, the third ق being changed into ى, [which is then in this case suppressed,] like as they said تَظَنَّيْتُ from الظَّنُّ: [it is, however, mentioned in the TA in art. عقو also, and there expl. as meaning it rose in the well turning round: and from what here follows, it appears to mean it rose swiftly, cleaving the air:] a poet, cited by IAar, says, of a bucket, عَقَّتْ كَمَا عَقَّتْ دَلُوفُ العِقْبَانٌ meaning It clave [the air of] the well, rising swiftly, like the hastening of the swift eagle in its flight towards the prey. (TA in the present art.) 2 عَقَّّ see above, last sentence.3 عَاقَقْتُ فُلَانًا, aor. ـَ inf. n. عِقَاقٌ, I contravened, or opposed, such a one. (TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.]4 اعقّ فُلَانٌ i. q. جَآءَ بِالعُقُوقِ [i. e. Such a one did that which was an act of undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to his father or the like]. (S, TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.] b2: and you say, مَا أَعَقَّهُ لِوَالِدِهِ [How undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, is he to his father!]. (TA.) A2: اعقّت She (a mare, S, O, K, and an ass, TA) conceived, or became pregnant; (S, O, K;) or she did not conceive, or become pregnant, after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) and ↓ عَقَّتْ, aor. ـِ (O, K, TA,) the verb being of the class of ضَرَبَ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقَاقٌ and عَقَقٌ (O, K, TA) and عُقُوقٌ, (CK, but not in other copies,) signifies the same, (O, * K, TA,) said of a mare, (O, K,) and of an ass; (O;) or عَقَاقٌ signifies pregnancy itself, as also عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and عَقَقٌ; (S, O;) or عَقَّتْ signifies she became pregnant; and اعقّت, the [hair called] عَقِيقَة grew in her belly upon the young one that she bore. (TA.) b2: Also It (a palm-tree, and a grape-vine) put forth what are termed عِقَّان [q. v.]. (S, O, K.) A3: اعقّهُ He made it bitter; (S, O, K;) namely, water; said of God; like اقعّهُ. (S, O.) and اعقّت الأَرْضُ المَآءَ The earth made the water bitter. (TA.) 7 انعقّ It became cloven, split, slit, ripped, or rent; or it clave, split, &c.; said of anything; (S, O, K, TA;) mentioned by Th as said of a garment. (TA.) b2: انعقّت السَّحَابَهُ The cloud became rent with the water. (S, O, K.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 8.] b3: انعقّ البَرْقُ and ↓ عَقَّ [of which latter the aor. is probably يَعَقُّ, and the inf. n. عَقَقٌ, said in the K to mean اِنْشِقَاقٌ,] signify تَشَقَّقَ and اِنْشَقَّ [as though meaning The lightning became cloven]; (TA;) [but] the former is expl. as signifying the lightning was, or became, in a state of commotion (تَضَرَّبَ) in the clouds. (S, O.) [Another meaning is suggested by an explanation of عَقِيقَةٌ (q. v.) in relation to lightning.] b4: انعقّ الغُبَارُ i. q. سَطَعَ [app. as meaning The dust spread, or diffused itself]: (IF, O, K:) or اِنْشَقَّ وَسَطَعَ [became cleft, and diffused itself]. (TA.) b5: انعقّ الوَادِى The valley was, or became, deep. (TA.) A2: انعقّت العُقْدَةُ The knot became strongly, or firmly, tied. (O, * K, * TA.) 8 اعتقّ السَّحَابُ The clouds became rent, (K, TA,) and their water poured forth. (TA.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 7.]

A2: اعتقّ السَّيْفَ He drew the sword (O, K) from its scabbard. (O.) A3: And اعتقّ [probably from عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ, q. v.,] He exceeded the due bounds, or was immoderate, in excusing himself. (TA.) R. Q. 1 عَقْعَقَ بِصَوْتِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. عَقْعَقَةٌ, (S, O,) said of the عَقْعَق [or magpie], It uttered a [kind of chattering] cry, (S, * O, TA,) resembling the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, TA;) whence its name: and said of a bird [that utters a cry of this kind] when it comes and goes. (TA.) b2: And عَقْعَقَةٌ signifies also The shaking, or being in a state of commotion, [so as to produce a kind of crackling, or rustling, sound,] of paper, and of a new garment; like قَعْقَعَةٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) عَقٌّ Any cleft, or furrow, and any hole, in sand &c. (S, TA.) See also عَقَّةٌ.

A2: Also i. q. عَاقٌّ, q. v. (O, K.) A3: مَآءٌ عَقٌّ: see عُقٌّ.

مَآءٌ عُقٌّ, with damm, (K, TA,) or ↓ عَقٌّ, (thus written in my copies of the S and in the O,) and ↓ عُقَاقٌ, (O, K, TA,) Bitter water: (S, O, K:) or intensely bitter water: used alike as sing. and pl.: (TA:) like قُعٌّ, (TA,) or قَعٌّ, (S, O,) and قُعَاعٌ. (O, TA.) عِقٌّ: see what next follows.

عَقَّةٌ A deep excavation, hollow, cavity, trench, or the like, in the ground; (K, TA;) as also ↓ عِقٌّ, accord. to the K, there said to be with kesr, but correctly ↓ عَقٌّ, with fet-h, [q. v.,] which signifies an elongated excavation in the ground, and is originally an inf. n.; thus in the L. (TA.) b2: And A blaze of lightning extending in an elongated form in the sky, (IDrd, O, K,) or in the side of the clouds, (A, TA,) and said to be as though it were a drawn sword. (TA.) [See also عَقِيقَةٌ.]

عُقَّةٌ A certain thing with which boys play. (L, K, TA.) عِقَّةٌ: see عَقِيقَةٌ, in the former half.

عَقَقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ. b2: It is said in the K to be syn. with عَاقٌّ; but in this sense the correct word is عُقَقٌ. (TA.) عُقَقٌ: see عُقِيقَةٌ, latter half: A2: and see also عَاقٌّ, in two places.

عُقُقٌ, as a sing. and as a pl.: see عَاقٌّ.

عَقَاقٌ is an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ said of a mare (O, K) and of an ass: (O:) or it signifies Pregnancy (AA, S, K) itself; (K;) as also ↓ عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and ↓ عَقَقٌ [which is likewise said to be an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ]. (S.) You say, أَظْهَرَتِ الأَتَانُ عَقَاقًا The she-ass manifested pregnancy. (AA, S, O.) b2: And, accord. to Esh-Shafi'ee, An embryo; or a fœtus. (TA.) A2: عَقَاقِ, like قَطَامِ, [indecl.,] is a [proper] name for العُقُوقُ [Undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to a parent, or the like]: (K, TA:) mentioned by IB, and in the O. (TA.) عُقَاقٌ, applied to water: see عُقٌّ.

عِقَاقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ.

عَقُوقٌ, applied to a mare, (S, O, K, TA,) and to an ass, (TA,) Pregnant: (S, O, K:) or not pregnant after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) or it signifies thus also; (O;) having two contr. meanings; (K;) or it is applied to one in the latter state as implying a presage of good; (O, K;) so says AHát; (O, TA;) i. e., as though they meant that she would become pregnant: (TA:) it is extr.; [as being from أَعَقَّتْ;] and one should not say ↓ مُعِقٌّ; or this is a bad dial. var.; (S, O, K;) or, accord. to AA, it is from اعقّت, and عَقُوقٌ is from عَقَّتْ: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُقٌ, and عِقَاقٌ is a pl. pl., (S, O, K,) i. e. pl. of عُقُقٌ. (S, O.) It is said in a prov., طَلَبَ الأَبْلَقَ العَقُوقَ, meaning He sought an impossible thing; because ابلق is applied to a male, and عقوق means pregnant: (S, O, and K in art. بلق) or الابلق العقوق means the dawn, because it breaks, lit, cleaves. (O, and K in art. بلق.) b2: نَوَى

العَقُوقِ means Date-stones that are easily broken, (Lth, S, O, K,) soft to be chewed; (Lth, O, K;) which are given as provender to camels, (S,) or to the pregnant thereof, in consideration of her state, wherefore they are thus called; and which are eaten, or chewed, by the old woman; but this is of the speech of the people of El Basrah, and not known by the Arabs in their desert: (Lth, O:) and sometimes they called a single date-stone of this sort ↓ عَقِيقَةٌ. (S.) A2: See also عَاقٌّ.

عَقِيقٌ Cleft, split, slit, ripped, or rent; and cut; as also ↓ مَعْقُوقٌ. (TA.) b2: And [hence] Any channel which the water of a torrent has cloven (S, O, Msb, * K) of old (Msb) and made wide: (S, O:) and a valley: (O, K:) pl. أَعِقَّةٌ (S, O, Msb, K, TA) and عَقَائِقُ. (TA.) And عَقَائِقُ signifies also Pools of water in cleft furrows: (AHn, TA:) and some say, red sands. (TA.) b3: See also عَقِيقَةٌ, in two places.

A2: Also [Carnelian;] a species of فُصُوص [or stones that are set in rings]; (S;) a sort of stone, (Msb,) or red خَرَز [meaning precious stones], (O, K,) of which فُصُوص are made; (O, Msb;) existing in ElYemen, (K, TA,) near to Esh-Shihr, said by Et-Teefáshee to be brought from mines thereof at San'à, (TA,) and on the shores of the Sea of Roomeeyeh; one kind thereof is of a turbid appearance, like water running from salted flesh-meat, and having in it faint white lines, (K, TA,) and this, Et-Teefáshee says, is what is known by the appellation الرطبى [so in my original]; the best kind is the red; then, the yellow; then, the white; and the other kinds are bad: or, as some say, the streaked (المُشَطَّب) is the best: (TA:) [I omit some absurd assertions in the K and TA respecting various virtues supposed to be possessed by this stone:] the n. un. is with ة: and the pl. is عَقَائِقُ. (O, K.) [العَقِيقُ اليَمَانِىُّ is an appel-lation applied by some to The agate.]

عَقِيقَةٌ [a subst. from عَقِيقٌ, made so by the affix ة. Hence, because cleft, or furrowed, in the earth,] A river, or rivulet. (IAar, O, K.) b2: And A fillet, or bandage, (عِصَابَةٌ,) at the time of its being rent from a garment, or piece of cloth. (IAar, O, K.) b3: And The prepuce of a boy (AO, IAar, O, K) when he is circumcised. (TA.) b4: And [app. because made of cut pieces of skin,] A [leathern water-bag such as is commonly called]

مَزَادَة. (IAar, O, K.) b5: Also The wool of a جَذَع [or sheep in or before its second year]: (S, O, K, TA:) that of a ثَنِىّ [or sheep in its third year] is called جَنِيبَةٌ: (TA:) and the hair of a young one recently born, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) that comes forth upon his head in his mother's belly, (TA,) of human beings, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) because it is cut off on his seventh day, (Mgh,) and of others, (Msb,) [i. e.] of beasts likewise; (S, O, K, TA;) as also ↓ عَقِيقٌ and ↓ عِقَّةٌ; (S, O, Msb, K;) but A 'Obeyd says that he had not heard this last except in relation to human beings and asses: (S, O, K: *) its pl. (i. e. the pl. of عِقَّةٌ) is عِقَقٌ: (O, K:) [the pl. of عَقِيقَةٌ and عَقِيقٌ is عَقَائِقُ: a law of the Sunneh requires that the عَقِيقَة of an infant should be weighed, and its weight in silver be given to the poor: (and Herodotus, in ii. 65, mentions a similar custom as obtaining among the Ancient Egyptians:)] when the hair has once fallen from the young [by its being cut], the term عَقِيقَةٌ ceases to be applied to it: so says Lth: (O, TA:) but it occurs in a trad. applied to hair as being likened to the hair of a recently-born infant. (TA.) b6: Hence, (S, O,) it is applied also to The sheep, or goat, [generally the latter,] that is slaughtered (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) as a sacrifice for the recentlyborn infant (S, Mgh, Msb) on the occasion of the shaving of the infant's hair (O, K) on the seventh day after his birth, (S, Msb,) and of which the limbs are divided, and cooked with water and salt, and given as food to the poor: (Lth, TA:) Z holds it to be thus called from the same word as applied to the hair: but it is said [by some] to be so called because it is slaughtered by cutting the windpipe and gullet and the two external jugular veins: (TA:) the Prophet disallowed this appellation, (Mgh, Msb,) as being of evil omen, (Mgh,) or as though he saw them to regard it as of evil omen, (Msb,) and desired them to use نَسِيكَةٌ in its stead; (Mgh, Msb, TA;) saying I like not العُقُوق. (TA.) b7: عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies What remains [for an instant] in the clouds, of the rays, or beams, of lightning; (Lth, O, K;) as also ↓ العُقَقُ; (K;) which, as well as العَقِيقَةُ, is also expl. as meaning lightning which one sees in the midst of the clouds, resembling a drawn sword: (TA:) or عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies lightning in a state of commotion in the clouds: (S, O:) or lightning extending in an elongated form in the side, or breadth, of the clouds: (TA:) or lightning that cleaves the clouds, and extends high, into the midst of the sky, without going to the right and left: (S in art. خفو:) or, as expl. by Aboo-Sa'eed, a flash of lightning that has spread in the horizon: (O, voce شَقِيقَةٌ:) a sword is likened thereto: (S, O, K:) and [the pl.] عَقَائِقُ is a name for swords: (O, K:) ↓ عَقِيقٌ, also, signifies lightning. (TA.) b8: And عَقِيقَةٌ signifies also An arrow shot towards the sky; (S, O, K;) the arrow of self-excuse; which was used in the manner described in the explanation of the phrase عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ [q. v.]. (S, O.) b9: See also عَقُوقٌ, last signification.

سَحَابَةٌ عَقَّاقَةٌ A cloud pouring forth its water: (TA:) or a cloud much rent by water. (T, TA voce هَيْدَبٌ.) عِقَّانٌ Shoots that come forth from the أُصُول [meaning trunks, or stems,] of palm-trees and of grape-vines; (S, O, K;) and which, if not cut off, cause the اصول to become vitiated, or unsound. (S, O.) [See also صُنْبُورٌ: and see عَوَاقٌّ, below.]

عَقْعَقٌ [The magpie, corvus pica; so called in the present day;] a certain bird, (S, O, Msb, K,) well known, (S, O,) of the size of the pigeon, (Msb,) party-coloured, black and white, (O, Msb, K,) having a long tail, (O, Msb,) said by Is-hák El-Mowsilee to be the same that is called شَجَجَى, (Th, IB, TA,) a species of crow, (IAth, Msb, TA,) wherefore it is said in a trad. that the man in the state of إِحْرَام may kill it; (IAth, TA;) its cry resembles the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, K;) and the Arabs regard it as an evil omen. (Msb.) [See also صُرَدٌ.]

عَاقٌّ Undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or illmannered, to his parent, or father; (S, * O, * K;) breaking, or one who breaks, his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) disobeying, or disobedient to, his father; and failing, or neglecting, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner; (Msb;) [and severing, or one who severs, the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred; (see its verb;)] and ↓ عَقٌّ signifies the same; (O, K;) as also ↓ عُقَقٌ, (S, O, TA,) but in an intensive sense, altered from عَاقٌّ, like غُدَر and فُسَق from غَادِر and فَاسِق, in the K erroneously said to be عَقَقٌ; (TA;) and ↓ عُقُقٌ; (L, and TA as from the K, but not in my MS. copy of the K nor in the CK;) which last signifies also [as a pl.] men severing, or who sever, the ties of relationship, by unkind behaviour to their kindred; and also remote, or distant, enemies: (TA:) [and ↓ عَقُوقٌ is app. used (as Freytag asserts it to be) in the sense of عَاقٌّ in the Fákihet el-Khulatà, p. 55, 1. 7 from the bottom:] the pl. of عَاقٌّ is عَقَقَةٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) like كَفَرَةٌ, (S,) and عُقَّقٌ, like رُكَّعٌ, a form used by Ru-beh, (O,) and أَعِقَّةٌ, which is an extr. [meaning anomalous] pl. (Ham p. 93.) ↓ ذُقٌ عُقَقُ, (S, O,) in a trad., (S,) said by Aboo-Sufyán to Hamzeh on the day of Ohod, when he passed by him slain, (S, * O,) means ذُقٌ جَزَآءَ فِعْلِكَ [Taste thou the recompense of thy deed], (S,) or ذُقِ القَتْلَ [taste thou slaughter], (O,) يَا عَاقُّ [O undutiful, &c.; or, accord. to the explanation in the TA mentioned above, عُقَقُ, for يَا عُقَقُ, means O very undutiful, &c.]. (S, O.) عَوَاقُّ النَّخْلِ The shoots, or offsets, of the palmtrees, that grow forth therewith. (O, K.) [See also عِقَّانٌ.]

أَعَقُّ مِنْ ضَبٍّ [More undutiful, &c., to kindred, than a lizard of the species called ضبّ] is a prov. [mentioned, but not expl., in the O]: IAar says, the female [of the ضبّ] is meant; and its عُقُوق consists in its eating its young ones. (TA.) [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 152-3. And see an ex. of أَعَقُّ in a verse cited in art. زهد, conj. 2.]

مُعِقٌّ: see عَقُوقٌ.

مَعْقُوقٌ: see عَقِيقٌ, first sentence.

قس

1 قَسَّهُ, aor. ـُ (M,) inf. n. قَسٌّ (S, M, A, K) and قُسٌّ and قِسٌّ (A, K) and قَسَسٌ, (M, [in which this and the first only are mentioned, accord. to a copy of a portion in my possession,]) He sought after, or pursued, it: and he did so repeatedly, or by degrees, and leisurely, or repeatedly and by degrees and leisurely: (S, M, A, K:) as also ↓ تقسّسهُ. (A, * K.) [See also قَصَّهُ, which, accord. to the TA, is a dial. form of قَسَّهُ.] You say, الأَخْبَارَ ↓ تقسّس [He sought after, or sought after repeatedly, &c., news, or tidings]. (A.) b2: [Hence, app.,] قَسٌّ signifies Calumniation; or malicious and mischievous misrepresentation; (S, M, K;) as also قُسٌّ and قِسٌّ; (K;) and the spreading, or publishing, of discourse, and speaking evil of men behind their backs, or in their absence: (TA:) [probably inf. ns., of which the verb is قَسَّ; perhaps a trans. verb; for] قَسَّهُمْ signifies He hurt them, or annoyed them, by foul speech; (K;) as though he sought, or sought repeatedly, or by degrees and leisurely, or repeatedly and by degrees and leisurely, after that which would hurt them, or annoy them. (TA.) b3: [Hence also,] قَسَّ مَا عَلَى العَظْمِ, (A, K,) مِنَ اللَّحْمِ, (A,) aor. ـُ inf. n. قَسٌّ; (TA;) and ↓ قَسْقَسَهُ; (K;) or قَسْقَسَ العَظْمَ; of the dial. of El-Yemen; (M;) He sought, or sought repeatedly, or by degrees and leisurely, or repeatedly and by degrees and leisurely, after the meat that was upon the bone, so as not to leave any of it: (A:) or he ate the flesh that was upon the bone, and extracted its marrow: (M, K:) and مَا عَلَى المَائِدَةِ ↓ قَسْقَسَ he ate what was upon the table. (M.) A2: قَسَّ, [of which the sec. Pers\. is app. قَسُسْتَ, and the aor. ـُ (TK,) inf. n. ↓ قُسُوسَةٌ and ↓ قِسِيسَةٌ, accord. to all the copies of the K, [so says SM, in the TA, but in the CK ↓ قُسُّوسَة and ↓ قِسِّيسَة, and in a MS copy of the K I find the latter written ↓ قَسِيسَة,] but correctly ↓ قِسِّيسَّةٌ, as written by Lth, (TA,) He became a قَسّ [or قِسِّيس]: (K, * TK:) or ↓ قَسُوسَةٌ and ↓ قِسِيسَّةٌ [so in a copy of the M, but in a copy of the A ↓ قُسُوسِيَّةٌ and ↓ قِسِّيسِيَّةٌ, which I hold to be the correct forms of these two words, the former from the pl. of قَسٌّ and the latter from قِسِّيسٌ,] are simple substs., (M,) and you say, [using them as such,] لَهُ القُسُوسِيَّةُ and القِسِّيسَّةُ To him belongs the rank, or office, of قَسّ or قِسِّيس. (A.) 5 تَقَسَّّ see قَسَّهُ, in two places. b2: تقسّس أَصْوَاتِهُمْ (S, M, A *) بِاللَّيْلِ, (S, A,) or الصَّوْتَ ↓ تَقَسْقَسَ, (K,) He listened to, or endeavoured to hear, (S, M, A, K,) their voices, (S, M, A, *) or the voice, (K,) by night, or in the night. (S, M, A.) 8 اقس He (a lion) sought what he might eat. (M.) R. Q. 1 قَسْقَسَ, inf. n. قَسْقَسَةٌ, He asked, or inquired, respecting the affairs of others. (M: but only the inf. n. is there mentioned.) b2: See also 1, in two places. R. Q. 2 see 5.

قَسٌّ and ↓ قِسِّيسٌ, (S, M, A, Msb, K,) and sometimes the latter is without teshdeed in the sing., [i. e., ↓ قِسِيسٌ, vulgo ↓ قَسِيسٌ,] though the pl. is with teshdeed, like as the Arabs sometimes make أَتَاتِينُ pl. of أَتُونٌ, (Fr,) [Syr. 165, a consenuit, (Golius,)] The head, or chief, of the Christians, in knowledge, or science: (A, K:) or one of the heads, or chiefs, of the Christians, (S, M,) in religion and knowledge or science: (S:) or the learned man of the Christians: (Msb:) or an intelligent, an ingenious, or a clever, and a learned, man: (M:) [in the present day applied to a Christian presbyter, or priest: see جَاثَلِيقٌ:] pl. (of the first, Msb) قُسُوسٌ, (Msb, K,) and (of the second, M, Msb) قِسِّيسُونَ (Fr, M, Msb, K) and قَسَاقِسَةٌ, (Fr, and so in some copies of the K,) contr. to rule, (TA,) or قَسَاوِسَةٌ, (M, Sgh, and so in some copies of the K,) contr. to rule, (M,) one of the seens [in the original form, which is قَسَاسِسَةٌ,] being changed into wáw. (CK [but in the copies of the K which have قَسَاقِسَةٌ, we find added “ and the seens being many,” meaning, in the original form قَسَاسِسَةٌ, or in قِسِّيسٌ, “ they change one of them into wáw. ”]) A2: قَسٌّ also signifies Hoar-frost, or rime. (A, K.) See قَسِّىٌّ.

قَسِيسٌ and قِسِيس: see قَسٌّ.

قَسُوسَةٌ and قُسُوسَةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قَسِيسَةٌ and قِسِيسَةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قُسُوسِيَّةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قِسِيسِيَّةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قَسِّىٌّ, (S, A, Mgh,) coll. n. قَسِّيَّةٌ, (M, Mgh, K,) also pronounced with kesr to the ق, [قِسِّىٌّ and قِسِّيَّةٌ,] (K,) in the latter manner by the relaters of traditions, but by the people of Egypt with fet-h, (A'Obeyd, S,) A kind of cloths, or garments, (S, M, A, Mgh, K,) of flax (A, TA) mixed with silk, brought from Egypt, (S, M, A,) and forbidden to be worn [by the Muslims]: (S, M, Mgh:) so called in relation to a district, (A' Obeyd, S,) or place, (M, K,) or town or village, upon the shore of the sea, (A,) called القَسُّ, (A'Obeyd, S, M, K,) or قَسٌّ, (M, A, Mgh,) between El-'Areesh and El-Faramà, (K,) in Egypt, (A'Obeyd, S, Mgh,) seen by A'Obeyd, but not known to As: (S:) or so called in relation to ↓ قَسٌّ, meaning “ hear-frost,” or “ rime; ” because of the pure whiteness thereof: (A:) or [originally] قَزِّىٌّ, (A.) and قَزِّيَّةٌ, (Sh, K,) from قَزٌّ, meaning “ a kind of silk; ” (TA;) the ز being changed into س: (Sh, K:) it was said to 'Alee, What are قَسِّيَّة? and he answered, Cloths, or garments, that come to us from Syria, or from Egypt, ribbed, that is, figured after the form of ribs, and having in them what resemble citrons. (Mgh.) قَسَّاسٌ A calumniator; a slanderer: (M:) or one who inquires respecting news, and then makes it known, divulges it, or tells it, in a malicious or mischievous manner, so as to occasion discord, dissension, or the like, (TA, voce قَتَّاتٌ.) قِسِّيسٌ: see قَسٌّ.

قُسُّوسَةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قِسِّيسَةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قِسِّيسِيَّةٌ: see قَسَّ.

قَسْقَسٌ: see قَسْقَاسٌ.

قَسْقَاسٌ A seeker, or one who seeks repeatedly or leisurely, without inadvertence; as also ↓ قَسْقَسٌ. (TA.) b2: One who inquires respecting the affairs of others. (M.)

الرَّمْلَةُ:
واحدة الرّمل: مدينة عظيمة بفلسطين وكانت قصبتها قد خربت الآن، وكانت رباطا للمسلمين، وهي في الإقليم الثالث، طولها خمس وخمسون درجة وثلثان، وعرضها اثنتان وثلاثون درجة وثلثان، وقال المهلبي: الرملة من الإقليم الرابع، وقد نسب إليهــا قوم من أهل العلم. والرملة: محلة خربت نحو شاطئ دجلة مقابل الكرخ ببغداد. والرملة أيضا:
قرية لبني عامر من بني عبد القيس بالبحرين. والرملة:
محلة بسرخس، ينسب إليهــا جماعة، منهم: أبو القاسم صاعد بن عمر الرملي شيخ عالم، سمع السيد أبا المعالي محمد بن زيد الحسيني والسيد أبا القاسم علي ابن موسى الموسوي وغيرهما، ذكره أبو سعد في مشيخته قال: توفي في حدود سنة 570. ورملة بني وبر: في أرض نجد، ينسب إلى وبر بن الأضبط بن كلاب، فأما رملة فلسطين فبينها وبين البيت المقدس ثمانية عشر يوما، وهي كورة من فلسطين، وكانت دار ملك داود وسليمان ورحبعم بن سليمان، ولما ولي الوليد بن عبد الملك وولّى أخاه سليمان جند فلسطين نزل لدّ ثمّ نزل الرملة ومصّرها، وكان أوّل ما بنى فيها قصره ودارا تعرف بدار الصباغين واختط المسجد وبناه، وذكر البشاري أن السبب في عمارته لها أنّه كان له كاتب يقال له ابن بطريق سأل أهل لدّ جارا كان للكنيسة أن يعطوه إيّاه ويبني فيه منزلا له فأبوا عليه، فقال: والله لأخربنها، يعني الكنيسة، ثمّ قال لسليمان: إن أمير المؤمنين، يعني عبد الملك، بنى في مسجد بيت المقدس على هذه الصخرة قبّة فعرف له ذلك وإن الوليد بنى مسجد دمشق فعرف له ذلك فلو بنيت مسجدا ومدينة ونقلت الناس إلى المدينة، فبنى مدينة الرملة ومسجدها فكان ذلك سبب خراب لدّ، فلمّا مات الوليد واستخلف سليمان بن عبد الملك وكان موضعها رملة، فسليمان اختطها وصار موضع بلد الرملة بعد الصباغين آبارا عذبة ولم تكن الرملة قبل سليمان بن عبد الملك، أذن للناس أن يبنوا فبنوا مدينة الرملة واحتفر لهم القناة التي تدعى بردة واحتفر أيضا آبارا عذبة وصارت بعد ذلك لورثة صالح بن علي لأنّها قبضت مع أموال بني أميّة، وكان بنو أمية ينفقون على آبار الرملة وقناتها، فلمّا استخلف بنو العبّاس أنفقوا عليها أيضا، وكان الأمر في تلك النفقة يخرج في كلّ سنة من خليفة بعد خليفة، فلمّا استخلف المعتصم أسجل بذلك سجلا فانقطع الاستئمار وصارت النفقة يحتسب بها للعمّال، وشربهم من الآبار الملحة، والمترفون لهم بها صهاريج مقفلة، وكانت أكثر البلاد صهاريج مع كثرة الفواكه وصحة الهواء، واستنقذها صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيّوب في سنة 583 من الأفرنج وخرّبها خوفا من استيلاء الأفرنج عليها مرّة أخرى في سنة 587، وبقيت على ذلك الخراب إلى الآن، وكان أبو الحسن علي بن محمد التهامي الشاعر أقام بها وصار خطيبها وتزوّج بها وولد له ولد فمات بها فقال يرثيه:
أبا الفضل طال اللّيل أم خانني صبري ... فخيّل لي أن الكواكب لا تسري؟
أرى الرملة البيضاء بعدك أظلمت ... فدهري ليل ليس يفضي إلى فجر
وما ذاك إلّا أن فيه وديعة ... أبى ربّها أن تستردّ إلى الحشر
بنفسي هلال كنت أرجو تمامه، ... فعاجله المقدار في غرّة الشّهر
وهي قصيدة ذكرتها في كتابي في أخبار الشعراء مع أختها:
حكم المنيّة في البريّة جاري
وقد سكن الرملة جماعة من العلماء والأئمة فنسبوا إليهــا، منهم: أبو خالد يزيد بن خالد بن يزيد بن عبد الله بن موهب الرملي الهمداني، روى عن اللّيث ابن سعد والمفضّل بن فضالة، وروى عنه أبو العباس محمد بن الحسن بن قتيبة العسقلاني وأبو زرعة الرازي، ومات سنة 232، وموسى بن سهل بن قادم أبو عمران الرملي أخو علي بن سهل، سمع يسرة بن صفوان وأبا الجماهر وآدم بن أبي إياس وجماعة غيرهم من هذه الطبقة، روى عنه أبو داود في سننه وأبو حاتم الرازي وابنه عبد الرحمن وأبو بكر بن خزيمة وغيرهم، مات بالرملة سنة 262 في جمادى الأولى، وعبد الله بن محمد بن نصر بن طويط، ويقال طويث، أبو الفضل البزّاز الرملي الحافظ، سمع بدمشق هشام بن عمار ودحيما وهشام بن خالد ابن أحمد بن ذكوان ووارث بن الفضل العسقلاني ونوح بن حبيب القومسي وغيرهم، روى عنه أبو أحمد بن عدي وأبو سعيد بن الأعرابي وأبو عمرو فضالة وأبو بكر عبد الله بن خيثمة بن سليمان الأطرابلسي وسليمان بن أحمد الطبراني وغيرهم، وهذه الرملة أراد كثيّر بقوله:
حموا منزل الأملاك من مرج راهط ... ورملة لدّ أن تباح سهولها
لأن لدّ مدينة كانت قبل الرملة خربت بعمارتها.

علم الطب
هو: علم يبحث فيه عن بدن الإنسان من جهة ما يصح ويمرض لحفظ الصحة وإزالة المرض
قال جالينوس: الطب حفظ الصحة وإزالة العلة. وموضعه: بدن الإنسان من حيث الصحة والمرض.
ومنفعته: لا تخفى وكفى بهذا العلم شرفا وفخرا أقوال الإمام الشافعي: العلم علمان: علم الطب للأبدان وعلم الفقه للأديان.
ويروى عن علي كرم الله وجهه: العلوم خمسة:
الفقه للأديان والطب للأبدان والهندسة للبنيان والنحو للسان والنجوم للزمان ذكره في مدينة العلوم.
قال في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون: وموضوع الطب: بدن الإنسان وما يشتمل عليه من الأركان والأمزجة والأخلاط والأعضاء والقوى والأرواح والأفعال وأحواله من الصحة والمرض وأسبابهما من المآكل والمشرب والأهوية المحيطة بالأبدان والحركات والسكنات والاستفراغات والاحتقانات والصناعات والعادات والواردات الغريبة والعلامات الدالة على أحواله من ضرر أفعاله وحالات بدنه وما يبرز منه والتدبير بالمطاعم والمشارب واختيار الهواء وتقدير الحركة والسكون والأدوية البسيطة والمركبة وأعمال اليد لغرض حفظ الصحة وعلاج الأمراض بحسب الإمكان انتهى.
قال: وعلم الطب من فروع الطبعي وهو: علم بقوانين تتعرف منها أحوال أبدان الإنسان من جهة الصحة وعدمها لتحفظ حاصلة وتحصل غير حاصلة ما أمكن وفوائد القيود ظاهرة وهذا أولى ممن قال من جهة ما يصح ويزول عنه الصحة فإنه يرد عليه: إن الجنين غير الصحيح من أول الفطرة لا يصح عليه أنه زال عن الصحة أو صحته زائلة كذا في السديدي شرح الموجز فالمراد هنا بالعلم: التصديق بالمسائل ويمكن أن يراد به الملكة أي: ملكة حاصلة بقوانين ... الخ.
وفي شرح القانوجه هو: علم بأحوال بدن الإنسان وما يتركب منه من حيث الصحة والمرض انتهى.
اعلم: أن تحقيق أول حدوث الطب عسير لبعد العهد واختلاف آراء القدماء فيه وعدم المرجح فقوم يقولون بقدمه والذين يقولون بحدوث الأجسام يقولون بحدوثه أيضا وهم فريقان:
الأول: يقول أنه خلق مع الإنسان.
والثاني: وهم الأكثر يقول: إنه مستخرج بعده إما بإلهام من الله - سبحانه وتعالى - كما هو مذهب بقراط وجالينوس وجميع أصحاب القياس وإما بتجربة من الناس كما ذهب إليه أصحاب التجربة والحيل وثاسلس المغالط وفنين وهم مختلفون في الموضع الذي به استخرج وبماذا استخرج.
فبعضهم يقول: إن أهل مصر استخرجوه ويصححون ذلك من الدواء المسمى بالرأس.
وبعضهم يقول: إن هرمس استخرجه مع سائر الصنائع.
وبعضهم يقول: أهل تونس.
وقيل: أهل سوريا وأفروجيا وهم أول من استخرج الزمر أيضا وكانوا يشفون بالألحان والإيقاعات آلام النفس.
وقيل: أهل قو وهي الجزيرة التي كان بها بقراط وآباؤه وذكر كثير من القدماء: أنه ظهر في ثلاث جزائر إحداها: رودس والثانية: تسمى: قندس والثالثة: قو.
وقيل: استخرجه الكلدانيون. وقيل: استخرجه السحرة من اليمن.
وقيل: من بابل.
وقيل: فارس.
وقيل: استخرجه الهند.
وقيل: الصقالبة.
وقيل: أقريطش.
وقيل: أهل طور سينا.
والذين قالوا بإلهام يقول بعضهم: هو إلهام بالرؤيا واحتجوا بأن جماعة رأوا في الأحلام أدوية استعملوها في اليقظة فشفتهم من أمراض صعبة وشفت كل من استعملها.
وبعضهم يقول: بإلهام من الله - سبحانه وتعالى – بالتجربة.
وقيل: إن الله - سبحانه وتعالى - خلق الطب لأنه لا يمكن أن يستخرجه عقل إنسان وهو رأي جالينوس فإنه قال كما نقله عنه صاحب عيون الأنباء.
وأما نحن فالأصوب عندنا أن نقول: إن الله - سبحانه وتعالى - خلق صناعة الطب وألهمها الناس وهو أجل من أن يدرجه العقل لأنا نجد الطب أحسن من الفلسفة التي يرون أن استخراجها كان من عند الله - سبحانه وتعالى - بإلهام منه للناس فوجود الطب بوحي وإلهام من الله - سبحانه وتعالى - قال ابن أبي صاد في آخر شرحه لمسائل حنين: وجدت الناس في قديم الزمان لم يكونوا يقنعون من هذا العلم دون أن يحيطوا علما بجل أجزائه وبقوانين طرق القياس والبرهان التي لا غنى لشيء من العلوم عنها ثم لما تراجعت الهمم عن ذلك أجمعوا على أنه لا غنى لمن يزاول هذا العلم من أحكام ستة عشر كتابا لجالينوس كان أهل الإسكندرية لخصوها لنقبائها المتعلمين ولما قصرت الهمم بالمتأخرين عن ذلك أيضا وظف أهل المعرفة على من يقنع من الطب بأن يتعاطاه دون أن يتمهر فيه أن يحكم ثلاث كتب من أصوله.
أحدها: مسائل حنين.
والثاني: كتاب الفصول لبقراط.
والثالث: أحد الكناشتين الجامعتين للعلاج وكان خيرها كناش ابن سرافيون.
وأول من شاع عنه الطب إسقلنينوس عاش تسعين سنة منها وهو صبي وقبل أن تصح له القوة الإلهية خمسون سنة وعالما معلما أربعون سنة وخلف ابنين ماهرين في الطب وعهد إليهــما أن لا يعلما الطب إلا لأولادهما وأهل بيته وعهد إلى من يأتي بعده كذلك وقال ثابت: كان في جميع المعمور لإسقلنينوس اثنا عشر ألف تلميذ وإنه كان يعلم مشافهة وكان آل إسقلنينوس يتوارثون صناعة الطب إلى أن تضعضع الأمر في الصناعة على بقراط ورأى أن أهل بيته وشيعته قد قلوا ولم يأمن أن تنقرض الصناعة فابتدأ في تأليف الكتب على جهة الإيجاز.
قال علي بن رضوان: كانت صناعة الطب قبل بقراط كنزا وذخيرة يكنزها الآباء ويدخرونها للأبناء وكانت في أهل بيت واحد منسوب إلى إسقلنينوس وهذا الاسم اسم لملك بعثه الله سبحانه وتعالى يعلم الناس الطب أو اسم قوة الله تعالى علمت الناس الطب وكيف كان فهو أول من علم صناعة الطب ونسب المعلم الأول إليه على عادة القدماء في تسمية المعلم أبا للمتعلم وتناسل من المعلم الأول أهل هذا البيت المنسوبون إلى إسقلنينوس وكان ملوك اليونان والعظماء منهم ولم يكونوا غيرهم من تعلم الطب وكان تعليمهم إلى أبنائهم. فيفسر ذلك اللغز للابن وكان الطب في الملوك والزهاد فقط يقصدون به الإحسان إلى الناس من غير أجرة ولم يزل ذلك إلى أن نشأ بقراط من أهل قو ودمقراط من أهل إيديرا وكانا متعاصرين أما دمقراط فتزهد وأما بقراط فعمد إلى أن دونه بإغماض في الكتب خوفا على ضياعه وكان له ولدان: ثاسالوس ودراقر وتلميذ وهو: قولونس فعلمهم ووضع عهدا وناموسا ووصية عرف منها جميع ما يحتاج إليه الطبيب في نفسه.
وعبارة مدينة العلوم: إن أول من دون علم الطب بقراط ثم ظهر من بعده جالينوس من مدينة فرغاموس من أرض اليونانيين ولا أعلم بعد أرسطاطاليس أعلم بالطبعي من هذين بقراط وجالينوس وظهر جالينوس بعد ستمائة وخمس وستين سنة من وفاة بقراط وبينه وبين المسيح سبع وخمسون سنة المسيح أقدم منه.
واعلم: أن من وفاة جالينوس إلى هذا التاريخ - وهو ثمان وأربعون وتسعمائة سنة من هجرة نبينا صلى الله عليه وسلم -: ألف وأربعمائة وستة وسبعون سنة تقريباً.
ومن مشاهير العلماء في الطب: محمد بن زكريا أبو بكر الرازي ألف كتبا كثيرة في الطب.
ومن الكتب المختصرة النافعة غاية النفع المباركة للطلاب كتاب الموجز لابن النفيس المصري ومن المبسوطة: القانون لابن سينا وعليه شرح لابن النفيس وللعلامة الشيرازي انتهى.
حاصله
قلت: يحتاج القانون إلى إصلاح عبارة وتلخيص وتهذيب فقد أطال فيه وجاء بعبارات سخيفة بشعة كما لا يخفى على الماهر فيه. ومن الكتب الجديدة التأليف: كتاب الحكيم أحمد بن حسن أفندي الرشيدي المطبوع بمصر القاهرة سماه بعمدة المحتاج في علمي الأدوية والعلاج ألفه باسم إسماعيل باشا مصر وهو في أجزاء جمعه من المؤلفات العربية والإفرنجية وله كتاب بهجة الرؤساء في علاج أمراض النساء طبع بمصر القاهرة في سنة 1260، ألفه باسم محمد علي باشا وأفاد وأجاد. وله كتاب نزهة الإقبال في مداواة الأطفال وهو مجلد كبير طبع بمصر في سنة 1261 الهجرية باسم محمد علي باشا أيضاً.
ومن الكتب الجديدة كتاب المنحة في سياسة حفظ الصحة للحكيم الأجل محمد الهراوي طبع بمصر في سنة 1249، ترجمة من الفرنساوي إلى العربي وهو مجلد متوسط.
والكتب المؤلفة في هذا العلم كثيرة جدا ذكرها ملا كاتب الجلبي في كشف الظنون على ترتيب حروف الأعجام وأما الذي في مقدمة ابن خلدون فنصه هكذا: ومن فروع الطبيعيات: صناعة الطب وهي صناعة تنظر في بدن الإنسان من حيث يمرض ويصح فيحاول صاحبها حفظ الصحة وبرء المرض بالأدوية والأغذية بعد أن يتبين المرض الذي يخص كل عضو من أعضاء البدن وأسباب تلك الأمراض التي تنشأ عنها وما لكل مرض من الأدوية مستدلين على ذلك بأمزجة الأدوية وقواها على المرض بالعلامات المؤذنة بنضجه وقبوله الدواء أولا: في السجية والفضلات والنبض محاذين لذلك قوة الطبيعة فإنها المدبرة في حالتي الصحة والمرض وإنما الطبيب يحاذيها ويعينها بعض الشيء بحسب ما تقتضيه طبيعة المادة والفصل والسن ويسمى العلم الجامع لهذا كله: علم الطب. وربما أفردوا بعض الأعضاء بالكلام وجعلوه علما خاصا كالعين وعللها وأكحالها.
وكذلك ألحقوا بالفن من منافع الأعضاء ومعناها المنفعة التي لأجلها خلق كل عضو من أعضاء البدن الحيواني وإن لم يكن ذلك من موضوع علم الطب إلا أنهم جعلوه من لواحقه وتوابعه.
وإمام هذه الصناعة التي ترجمت كتبه فيها من الأقدمين: جالينوس يقال: إنه كان معاصرا لعيسى - عليه السلام - ويقال: إنه مات بصقلية في سبيل تغلب ومطاوعة اغتراب وتأليفه فيها هي الأمهات التي اقتدى بها جميع الأطباء بعده.
وكان في الإسلام في هذه الصناعة أئمة جاؤوا من وراء الغاية مثل: الرازي والمجوسي وابن سينا.
ومن أهل الأندلس أيضا كثير وأشهرهم: ابن زهر وهي لهذا العهد في المدن الإسلامية كأنها نقصت لوقوف العمران وتناقصه وهي من الصنائع التي لا تستدعيها إلا الحضارة والترف.
قف: وللبادية من أهل العمران طب يبنونه في غالب الأمر على تجربة قاصرة على بعض الأشخاص متوارثا عن مشائخ الحي وعجائزه وربما يصح منه البعض إلا أنه ليس على قانون طبيعي ولا على موافقة المزاج وكان عند العرب من هذا الطب كثير وكان فيهم أطباء معروفون كالحارث بن كلدة وغيره.
والطب المنقول في الشرعيات من هذا القبيل وليس من الوحي في شيء وإنما هو أمر كان عاديا للعرب ووقع في ذكر أحوال النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - من نوع ذكر أحواله التي هي عادة وجبلة لا من جهة أن ذلك مشروع على ذلك النحو من العمل فإنه - صلى الله عليه وسلم - إنما بعث ليعلمنا الشرائع ولم يبعث لتعريف الطب ولا غيره من العاديات وقد وقع له في شأن تلقيح النخل ما وقع فقال: "أنتم أعلم بأمور دنياكم" فلا ينبغي أن يحمل شيء من الطب الذي وقع في الأحاديث الصحيحة المنقولة على أنه مشروع فليس هناك ما يدل عليه اللهم1 إلا إذا استعلم على جهة التبرك وصدق العقد الإيماني فيكون له أثر عظيم في النفع وليس ذلك في الطب المزاجي وإنما هو من آثار الكلمة الإيمانية كما وقع في مداواة المبطون بالعسل والله الهادي إلى الصواب لا رب سواه. علم الطب الشرعي
قال في المنحة في سياسة حفظ الصحة: هو المعارف الطبية والطبيعية المستعملتان في الأحكام الواقعة بين الناس في المحاكم فمن ذلك يعلم أن تسميته بالطب الشرعي اصطلاح إفرنجي وحقه أن يسمى بالطب المحكمي ولذا سميناه بذلك في جميع ما يأتي.
وهو فن به يهتدي أرباب المحاكم لما يناط بها من القضايا فيعرف كل من تصدر عنه حكومة كيف تكوين الحكومات والتراتيب القانوينة التي غايتها استراحة شعبه واطمئنانه وبه يهتدي القضاة لإدراك الأشياء التي تفعل على خلاف الشرع ولمعرفة الجاني وخلاص البريء المتهم ظلما بل ولمعرفة أحكام المشاجرات المدنية الواقعة في غير الجنايات أيضا وكل من القاضي ومن تصدر عنه الحكومة من حيث أنه غير عارف للأشياء التي تكون المعارف الطبية واسطة للاهتداء إليهــا محتاج للالتجاء للطبيب المحكمي ليهتدي به في فعل ما هو نافع للشعب حتى لا يحكم على إنسان بأنه مذنب بغير حق.
وعلى الطبيب الذي يدعوه الحاكم لواقعة حكمية أن يحرر تقريرا بما يراه ليكون أساسا للحاكم يحكم بموجبه ومما تقدم من تفسير الطب المحكمي وما يتفرع عليه يعلم أن منفعته ليست قاصرة على تحرير التقارير التي يكتبها الطبيب بما يظهر له حين الكشف عن شيء ليتنور بذلك الحاكم فقط بل أعظم منافع هذا العلم أنه يلزم الناس باستعمال الرئيس من المعارف الطبية وما يتبعها في تكوين أحكام المشاجرات الواقعة أمام الحكام ومسائلها وسواء في الجنايات وغيرها.
وفوائد الطب المحكمي لا حصر لها إذ لا توجد حركة من حركات الإنسان في مدة معيشته مع الناس بدون أن يستدعي ذلك الطب الموجود في جميع الأماكن في كل الأزمان فهو أول الفنون الحكمية وأفضلها لأن غاية استراحة الناس واطمئنانهم وأساس المعارف الطبية المستعملة في الطب المحكمي استخراج ما هو أكثر تعلقا بالقضايا المحكمية من تلك المعارف أو ترتيبه وجعله طريقا ومذهبا يتبع ونظن أنه لا يوجد شيء تستفاد منه قواعد كلية بما يستعمل في المحاكم من المعارف الطبية أقرب من التفتيش في الفنون المحتوية على تلك المعارف.