الو

1 أَلَا, (S, M, Mgh, K,) aor. ـْ (S, Mgh,) inf. n. أَلْوٌ (T, M, Mgh, K) and أُلُوُّ (K, TA [in a copy of the M أَلُوٌّ]) and أُلِىٌّ; (K, TA; [in a copy of the M أَلِىٌّ, and in a copy of the Mgh written with fet-h and damm to the أ;]) and ↓ أَلَّى, (S, M, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. تَأْلِيَةٌ; (S;) and ↓ ائتلى [written with the disjunctive alif اِيتَلَى]; (S, M, K;) [and ↓ تَأَلّى, as appears from an ex. in a verse cited in art. نشب, q. v.;] He fell short; or he fell short of doing what was requisite, or what he ought to have done; or he flagged, or was remiss; syn. قَصَّرَ: (S, M, K; and Fr, IAar, T, Mgh, in explanation of the first of these verbs:) and he was slow, or tardy: (M, K; and AA, T, S, in explanation of the second verb:) or he flagged, or was remiss, or languid, and weak. (A Heyth and T in explanation of all of the above-mentioned verbs except the last.) You say, أَلَا فِى الأَمْرِ, (Mgh,) and ↓ ائتلى فِيهِ, (S,) He fell short, &c., (قَصَّرَ,) in the affair. (S, Mgh.) In the saying, لَم يَأْلُ أَنْ يَعْدِلَ فِى ذلِكَ, i. e. He did not fall short, &c., (لَمْ يُقَصَّرْ,) in acting equitably and equally in that, فِى is suppressed before ان: but in the phrase, لَمْ يَأْلُو مِنَ العَدْلِ, as some relate it, [the meaning intended seems to be, They did not hold back, or the like, from acting equitably; for here] the verb is made to imply the meaning of another verb: and such is the case in the saying, لَا آلُوكَ نُصْحًا, meaning I will not refuse to thee, nor partially or wholly deprive thee of, sincere, honest, or faithful, advice: (Mgh:) or this last signifies I will not flag, or be remiss, nor fall short, to thee in giving sincere, honest, or faithful, advice. (T, S. *) It is said in the Kur [iii. 114], لَا يَإْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالًا, meaning They will not fall short, or flag, or be remiss, in corrupting you. (IAar, T.) And the same meaning is assigned to the verb in the saying أُولُو الْفَضْلِ مِنْكُمْ, ↓ وَلَا يَأْتَلِ, in the Kur [xxiv. 22], by A'Obeyd: but the preferable rendering in this case is that of A Heyth, which will be found below: see 4. (T.) Ks mentions the phrase, أَقْبَلَ بِضَرْبَةٍ لَا يَأْلُ [He came with a blow, not falling short, &c.], for لا يَأْلُو; like لَا أَدْرِ [for لا أَدْرِى]. (S, M: [but in the copies of the former in my hands, for بِضَرْبَةٍ, I find يَضْرِبُهُ.]) ↓ أَلَّى [with teshdeed] is also said of a dog, and of a hawk, meaning He fell short of attaining the game that he pursued. (TA.) And of a cake of bread, meaning It was slow in becoming thoroughly baked. (IAar, IB.) [See also the phrase لَا دَريْتَ وَلَا ائْتَليْتَ in a later part of this paragraph.] b2: You say also, مَا أَلَوْتُ الشَّيْءَ, (K,) or مَا أَلَوْتُ أَنْ أَفْعَلَهُ, (M,) inf. n أَلوٌ (M, K) and أُلُوٌّ, (K, TA, [in a copy of the M أُلْوٌ,]) meaning I did not leave, quit, cease from, omit, or neglect, (M, K,) the thing, (K,) or doing it. (M.) And فُلَانٌ لَا يَأْلُو خَيْرًا Such a one does not leave, quit, or cease from, doing good. (M.) And مَا أَلَوْتُ جَهْدًا I did not leave, omit, or neglect, labour, exertion, effort, or endeavour: and the vulgar say, مَا آلُوكَ جَهْدًا; but this is wrong: so says As. (T. [See, however, similar phrases mentioned above.]) A2: أَلَا, aor. as above, (TA,) inf. n. أَلْوٌ, (IAar, T, TA,) also signifies He strove, or laboured; he exerted himself, or his power or ability; (IAar, T, TA;) as also ↓ تَأَلَّى: (T, TA:) the contr. of a signification before mentioned; i. e. “he flagged;,” or “was remiss, or languid, and weak.” (TA.) Yousay, أَتَانِى فِى حَاجَةٍ فَأَلَوْتُ فِيهَا He came to me respecting a want, and I strove, or laboured, &c., to accomplish it. (T.) b2: And أَلَاهُ, aor. as above, (T, S,) inf. n. أَلْوٌ, (IAar, T, S,) He was, or became, able to do it: (IAar, T, S:) and ↓ ألّى, inf. n. تَأْلِيَةٌ, also signifies he was, or became, able; (TA;) and so ↓ ائتلى. (ISk, S, TA.) You say, هُوَ يَأْلُو هذَا الأَمْرَ He is able to perform, or accomplish, this affair. (T.) And مَا أَلَوْتُهُ I was not able to do it. (T, M, K.) And أَتَانِى

فُلَانٌ فِى حَاجَةٍ فَمَا أَلَوْتُ رَدَّهُ Such a one came to me respecting a want, and I was not able to rebuff him. (T.) It is said in a trad., مَنْ صَامَ

↓ الدَّهْرَ فَلَا صَامَ وَلَا أَلَّى [He who fasts ever, or always, may he neither fast] nor be able to fast: as though it were an imprecation: or it may be enunciative: another reading is وَلَا آلَ, explained as meaning وَلَا رَجَعَ: [See art. اول:] but El-Khattábee says that it is correctly أَلَّى and أَلَا. (TA.) And the Arabs used to say, (S, M,) [and] accord. to a trad. it will be said to the hypocrite [in his grave], on his being asked respecting Mohammad and what he brought, and answering “I know not,” (T in art. تلو,) ↓ لَا دَرَيْتَ وَلَا ائتَلَيْتَ, (T, S, M, K,) meaning, accord. to As, (T,) or ISk, (S,) Mayest thou not know, nor be able to know: (T, S: *) or, accord. to Fr, nor fall short, or flag, in seeking to know; that the case may be the more miserable to thee: (T:) or وَلَا أَلَيْتَ, as an imitative sequent [for ولا أَلَوْتَ, to which the same explanations are applicable]: (MK:) or لَا دَرَيْتَ وَلَا تَلَيْتَ, the latter verb being assimilated to the former, (ISk, T in art. تلو, S,) said to mean وَلَا تَلَوْتَ, i. e. nor mayest thou read nor study: (T in art. تلو:) or لَا دَرَيْتَ وَلَا أَتْليْتَ, i. e. [mayest thou not know,] nor mayest thou have camels followed by young ones. (Yoo, ISk, T, S, M, K.) b2: Also, (IAar, T,) inf. n. أَلْوٌ, (IAar, T, K,) He gave him a thing: (IAar, T, K: *) [doubly trans.:] the contr. of a signification before mentioned, (also given by IAar, T and TA,) which is that of “refusing” [a person anything: see, above, لَا آلُوكَ نُصْحًا]. (TA.) 2 اَلَّوَ see 1, in four places.4 آلى, (T, S, M, &c.,) aor. ـْ inf. n. إِيلَآءٌ, (T, S, Mgh,) [and in poetry إِلَآءٌ, (see a reading of a verse cited voce أَلِيّةٌ,)] He swore; (T, S, M, Mgh, K;) as also ↓ تألّى, and ↓ ائتلى. (T, S, M, K.) You say, آلَيْتُ عَلَى الشَّىْءِ and آلَيْتُهُ [I swore to do the thing]. (M.) [And آلَيْتُ لَا أَفْعَلُ كَذَا I swore that I would not do such a thing; and, emphatically, I swear that I will not do such a thing. And آلَى يَمِينًا He swore an oath.] It is said in the Kur [xxiv. 22], أُولُو ↓ وَلَا يَأْتَلِ الْفَضْلِ مِنْكُمْ, meaning, accord. to A Heyth and Fr, And let not those of you who possess superabundance swear [that they will not give to relations &c.]; for Aboo-Bekr [is particularly alluded to thereby, because he] had sworn that he would not expend upon Mistah and his relations who had made mention of [the scandal respecting]

'Áïsheh: and some of the people of El-Medeeneh read ↓ وَلَا يَتَأَلَّ, but this disagrees with the written text: A'Obeyd explains it differently: see 1: but the preferable meaning is that here given. (T.) And it is said in a trad., آلَي مِنْ نِسَائِهِ شَهْرًا He swore that he would not go in to his wives for a month: the verb being here made trans. by means of من because it implies the meaning of اِمْتِنَاع, which is thus trans. (TA.) [See also an ex. of the verb thus used in the Kur ii. 226.]

عَلَى اللّٰهِ ↓ التَّأَلِّى is said to mean One's saying, By God, such a one will assuredly enter the fire [of Hell], and God will assuredly make to have a good issue the work of such a one: but see the act. part. n. below. (TA.) A2: آلَتْ, inf. n. as above, She (a woman) took for herself, or made, or prepared, a مِئْلَاة, q. v. (TA.) 5 تَاَلَّوَ see 1, in two places: A2: and see 4, in three places.8 إِاْتَلَوَ see 1, in five places: A2: and see 4, in two places.

أَلْوٌ, or إِلْوٌ: see إِلًى in art. الى.

أُلُو, (so in some copies of the S, and so in the K in the last division of that work, and in the CK in art. ال, [and thus it is always pronounced,] but in some copies of the K in art. ال it is written أُلُونَ, [as though to show the original form of its termination,]) or أُولُو, (so in the M, and in some copies of the S, [and thus it is generally written,]) i. q. ذَوُو [Possessors of; possessed of; possessing; having]; a pl. which has no sing. (S, M, K) of its own proper letters, (S, K,) its sing. being ذُو: (S:) or, as some say, a quasi-pl. n., of which the sing. is ذُو: (K:) the fem. is أُلَاتُ, (so in some copies of the S and K, [and thus it is always pronounced,]) or أُولَاتُ, (so in other copies of the S and K, [and thus it is generally written,]) of which the sing. is ذَاتُ: (S, K:) it is as though its sing. were أُلٌ, (M, K, [in the CK الٌ,]) the [final] و [in the masc.] being the sign of the pl., (M,) for it has و [for its termination] in the nom. case, and ى in the accus. and gen. (M, K.) It is never used but as a prefixed noun. (M, K.) The following are exs. of the nom. case: نَحْنُ أُولُو قُوَّةٍ وَأُولُو بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ [We are possessors of strength, and possessors of vehement courage], in the Kur [xxvii. 23]; and أُولُو الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ

[The possessors of relationships, these have the best title to inheritance, one with respect to another], in the same [viii. last verse and xxxiii.

6]; (TA;) and جَآءَ نِى أُولُو الأَلْبَابِ [The persons of understandings came to me]; and أُولَاتُ الأَحْمَالِ [Those who are with child; occurring in the Kur lxv. 4]: (S:) and the following are exs. of the accus. and gen. cases: وَذَرْنِى وَالْمُكَذَّبِينَ

أُولِى النَّعْمَةِ [And leave thou me, or let me alone, with the beliers, or discrediters, (i. e., commit their case to me,) the possessors of ease and plenty], in the Kur [lxxiii. 11]; and لَتَنُوءُ بِالْعُصْبَةِ أُولِى

القُوَّةِ [Would weigh down the company of men possessing strength], in the same [xxviii. 76]. (TA.) وَأُولِى الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ, in the Kur [iv. 62], [And those, of you, who are possessors of command], (M, K, *) accord. to Aboo-Is-hák, (M,) means the companions of the Prophet, and the men of knowledge their followers, (M, K,) and the possessors of command, who are their followers, when also possessors of knowledge and religion: (K:) or, as some say, [simply] the possessors of command; for when these are possessors of knowledge and religion, and take, or adopt and maintain, and follow, what the men of knowledge say, to obey them is of divine obligation: and in general those who are termed أُولُو الأَمْرِ, of the Muslims, are those who superintend the affairs of such with respect to religion, and everything conducing to the right disposal of their affairs. (M.) إِلَى, accord. to Sb, is originally with و in the place of the [ى, i. e. the final] alif; and so is عَلَى; for the alifs [in these two particles] are not susceptible of imáleh; [i. e., they may not be pronounced ilè and 'alè;] and if either be used as the proper name of a man, the dual [of the former] is إِلَوَانِ and [that of the latter] عَلَوَانِ; but when a pronoun is affixed to it, the alif is changed into yé, so that you say إِلَيْكَ and عَلَيْكَ; though some of the Arabs leave it as it was, saying إِلَاكَ and عَلَاكَ. (S.) It is a prep., or particle governing a noun in the gen. case, (S, Mughnee, K,) and denotes the end, as opposed to [مِنْ, which denotes] the beginning, of an extent, or of the space between two points or limits; (S, M;) or the end of an extent (T, Mughnee, K) of place; [signifying To, or as far as;] as in the phrase [in the Kur xvii. 1], مِنَ المَسْجِدِ الحَرَامِ إِلَى المَسْجِدِ الأَقْصَى [From the Sacred Mosque to, or as far as, the Furthest Mosque; meaning from the mosque of Mekkeh to that of Jerusalem]; (Mughnee, K;) or in the saying, خَرَجْتُ مِنَ الكُوفَةِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ [I went forth from El-Koofeh to Mekkeh], which may mean that you entered it, [namely, the latter place,] or that you reached it without entering it, for the end includes the beginning of the limit and the furthest part thereof, but does not extend beyond it. (S.) [In some respects it agrees with حَتَّى, q. v. And sometimes it signifies Towards; as in نَظَرَ إِلَىَّ He looked towards me; and مَالَ إِلَيْهِ He, or it, inclined towards him, or it. b2: It also denotes the end of a space of time; [signifying To, till, or until;] as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 183], ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ [Then complets ye the fasting to, or till, or until, the night]. (Mughnee, K.) [Hence, إِلَى أَنْ (followed by a mansoob aor.) Till, or until: and إِلَى مَتَى Till, or until, what time, or when? i. e. how long? and also to, till, or until, the time when. See also the last sentence in this paragraph.] b3: [In like manner it is used in the phrases إِلَى غَيْرِ ذلِكَ, and إِلَى آخِرِهِ, meaning, (And so on,) to other things, and to the end thereof; equivalent to et cœtera.] b4: Sometimes, (S,) it occurs in the sense of مَعَ, (T, S, M, Mughnee, K,) when a thing is joined to another thing; (Mughnee, K;) as in the phrase [in the Kur iii. 45 and lxi. 14], مَنْ أَنْصَارِى إِلَى اللّٰهِ [Who will be my aiders with, or in addition to, God?], (S, Mughnee, K,) accord. to the Koofees and some of the Basrees; (Mughnee;) i. e. who will be joined to God in aiding me? (M, TA;) and as in the saying [in the Kur iv. 2], وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا

أَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَى أَمْوَالِكُمْ [And devour not ye their possessions with, or in addition to, your possessions]; (T, S;) and [in the same, ii. 13,] وَإِذَا خَلَوْا إِلَى

شَيَا طِينِهِمْ [And when they are alone with their devils]; (S;) and in the saying, الذَّوْدُ إِلَى الذَّوْدِ إِبِلٌ [A few she-camels with, or added to, a few she-camels are a herd of camels], (S, Mughnee, K,) a prov., meaning (assumed tropical:) a little with a little makes much; (S and A in art. ذود, q. v.;) though one may not say, إِلَى زَيْدٍ مَالٌ meaning مَعَ زَيْدٍ مَالٌ: (Mughnee:) so too in the saying, فُلَانٌ حَلِيمٌ إِلَى أَدَبٍ وَفِقْهٍ

[Such a one is clement, or forbearing, with good education, or polite accomplishments, and intelligence, or knowledge of the law]; (M, TA;) and so, accord. to Kh, in the phrase, أَحْمَدُ اللّٰهَ إِلَيْكَ [I praise God with thee: but see another rendering of this phrase below]. (ISh.) In the saying in the Kur [v. 8], فَاغْسِلُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ

إِلَى المَرَافِقِ, it is disputed whether [the meaning be Then wash ye your faces, and your arms with the elbows, or, and your arms as far as the elbows; i. e., whether] the elbows be meant to be included among the parts to be washed, or excluded therefrom. (T.) A context sometimes shows that what follows it is included in what precedes it; as in قَرَأْتُ القُرْآنَ مِنْ أَوَّلِهِ إِلَى آخِرِهِ [I read, or recited, the Kurán, from the beginning thereof to the end thereof]: or that it is excluded; as in ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ [explained above]: when this is not the case, some say that it is included if it be of the same kind [as that which precedes]; some, that it is included absolutely; and some, that it is excluded absolutely; and this is the right assertion; for with the context it is in most instances excluded. (Mughnee.) b5: It is also used to show the grammatical agency of the noun governed by it, after a verb of wonder; or after a noun of excess importing love or hatred; [as in مَا أَحَبَّهُ إِلَىَّ How lovely, or pleasing, is he to me! (TA in art. حب,) and مَا أَبْغَضَهُ إِلَىَّ How hateful, or odious, is he to me! (S in art. بغض;) and] as in the saying [in the Kur xii. 33], رَبِّ السِّجْنُ أَحَبُّ إِلَىَّ [O my Lord, the prison is more pleasing to me]. (Mughnee, K.) [This usage is similar to that explained in the next sentence.] b6: It is syn. with عِنْدَ; (S, M, Mughnee, Msb, K;) as in the phrase, هُوَ أَشْهَى إِلَىَّ مِنْ كَذَا [It is more desirable, or pleasant, in my estimation than such a thing]; (Msb;) and in the saying of the poet, أَمْ لَا سَبِيلَ إِلَى الشَّبَابِ وَذِكْرُهُ

أَشْهَى إِلَىَّ مِنَ الرَّحِيقِ السَّلْسَلِ [Is there no way of return to youth, seeing that the remembrance thereof is more pleasant to me, or in my estimation, than mellow wine?] (Mughnee, K:) and accord. to this usage of إِلَى in the sense of عِنْدَ may be explained the saying, أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ إِلَى سَنَةٍ, meaning Thou art divorced at the commencement of a year. (Msb.) b7: It is also syn. with لِ; as in the phrase, وَالأَمْرُ إِلَيْكَ [and command, or to command, belongeth unto Thee, meaning God, as in the Kur xiii. 30, and xxx. 3], (Mughnee, K,) in a trad. respecting supplication: (TA:) or, as some say, it is here used in the manner first explained above, meaning, is ultimately referrible to Thee: and they say, أَحْمَدُ اللّٰهَ إِلَيْكَ, meaning, I tell the praise of God unto thee: (Mughnee:) [but see another rendering of this last phrase above:] you say also, ذَاكَ إِلَيْكَ That is committed to thee, or to thy arbitration. (Har p. 329.) b8: It also occurs as syn. with عَلَى; as in the saying in the Kur [xvii. 4], وَقَضَيْنَا إِلَى

بَنِى إِسْرَائِيلَ [And we decreed against the children of Israel]: (Msb:) or this means and we revealed to the children of Israel (Bd, Jel) decisively. (Bd.) b9: It is also syn. with فِى; (M, Mughnee, K;) as in the saying [in the Kur iv. 89 and vi.12], لَيَجْمَعَنَّكُمْ إِلَى يَوْمِ القِيَامَةِ [He will assuredly collect you together on the day of resurrection]: (K:) thus it may be used in this instance accord. to Ibn-Málik: (Mughnee:) and it is said to be so used in the saying [of En-Nábighah, (M, TA,)]

فَلَا تَتْرُكَنِّى بِالوَعِيدِ كَأَنَّنِى

إِلَي النَّاسِ مَطْلِىٌّ بِهِ القَارُ أَجْرَبُ [Then do not thou leave me with threatening, as though I were, among men, smeared with tar, being like a mangy camel]; (M, Mughnee;) or, accord. to some, there is an ellipsis and inversion in this verse; الى being here in dependence upon a word suppressed, and the meaning being, smeared with pitch, [like a camel,] yet being united to men: or, accord. to Ibn-'Osfoor, مطلىّ is here considered as made to import the meaning of rendered hateful, or odious; for he says that if الى were correctly used in the sense of فى, it it would be allowable to say, زَيْدٌإِلَى الكُوفَةِ: (Mughnee:) [or the meaning may be, as though I were, compared to men, a mangy camel, smeared with pitch: for] I'Ab said, after mentioning 'Alee, عِلْمِى إِلَى عِلْمِهِ كَالقَرَارَةِ فِى المُثُعَنْجَرِ, meaning My knowledge compared to his knowledge is like the قرارة [or small pool of water left by a torrent] placed by the side of the middle of the sea [or the main deep]. (K in art. ثعجر.) It is also [said to be] used in the sense of فى in the saying in the Kur [1xxix. 18], هَلْ لَكَ إِلَى أَنْ تَزَكَّى

[Wilt thou purify thyself from infidelity?] because it imports the meaning of invitation. (TA.) b10: It is also used [in a manner contr. to its primitive application, i. e.,] to denote beginning, [or origination,] being syn. with مِنْ; as in the saying [of a poet], تَقُولُ وَقَدْ عَالَيْتُ بِالكُورِ فَوْقَهَا

أَيُسْقَي فَلَا يَرْوَى إِلَىَّ ابْنُ أَحْمَرَا [She says, (namely my camel,) when I have raised the saddle upon her, Will Ibn-Ahmar be supplied with drink and not satisfy his thirst from me? i. e., will he never be satisfied with drawing forth my sweat?]. (Mughnee, K.) b11: It is also used as a corroborative, and is thus [syntactically] redundant; as in the saying in the Kur [xiv. 40], فَاجْعَلْ أَفْئِدَةً مِنَ النَّاسِ تَهْوَى إِلَيْهِمْ, with fet-h to the و [in تهوى], (Mughnee, K,) accord. to one reading, (Mughnee,) meaning تَهْوَاهُمْ [i. e. And make Thou hearts of men to love them]: (K:) so says Fr: but some explain it by saying that تهوى imports the meaning of تَمِيلُ; or that it is originally تَهْوِى, with kesr, the kesreh being changed to a fet-hah, and the yé to an alif, as when one says رَضَا for رَضِىَ, and نَاصَاةٌ for نَاصِيَةٌ: so says Ibn-Málik; but this requires consideration; for it is a condition in such cases that the ى in the original form must be movent. (Mughnee.) [See art. هوى.] b12: اَللّٰهُمَّ إِلَيْكَ, occurring in a trad., [is elliptical, and] means O God, I complain unto Thee: or take Thou me unto Thee. (TA.) b13: And أَنَا مِنْكَ وَــإِلَيْكَ means I am of thee, and related to thee. (TA.) b14: You say also, اِذْهَبْ إِلَيْكَ, meaning Betake, or apply, thyself to, or occupy thyself with, thine own affairs. (T, K. *) And similar to this is the phrase used by El-Aashà, فَاذْهَبِى مَا إِلَيْكِ. (TA.) And إِلَيْكُــمْ [alone is used in a similar manner, elliptically, or as an imperative verbal noun, and] means Betake, or apply, yourselves to, or occupy yourselves with, your own affairs, (اِذْهَبُوا إِلَيْكُــمْ,) and retire ye, or withdraw ye, to a distance, or far away, from us. (ISk.) And إِلَيْكَ عَنِّى means Hold, or refrain, thou from me: (T, K:) or remove, withdraw, or retire, thou to a distance from me: اليك used in this sense is an imperative verbal noun. (Har p. 508.) Sb says, (M,) or Akh, (Har ubi suprà,) I heard an Arab of the desert, on its being said to him إِلَيْكَ, reply, إِلَىَّ; as though it were said to him Remove, withdraw, or retire, thou to a distance, and he replied, I will remove, &c. (M.) Aboo-Fir' own says, satirizing a Nabathæan woman of whom he asked for water to drink, إِذَا طَلَبْتَ المَآءِ قَالَتْ لَيْكَا [When thou shalt demand water, she will say, Retire thou to a distance]; meaning, [by ليكا, i. e. لَيْكَ with an adjunct alif for the sake of the rhyme,] إِلَيْكَ, in the sense last explained above. (M.) b15: One also says, إِلَيْكَ كَذَا, meaning, Take thou such a thing. (T, K.) b16: When إِلَى is immediately followed by the interrogative مَا, both together are written إِلَامَ [meaning, To what? whither? and till, or until, what time, or when? i. e. how long?]; and in like manner one writes عَلَامَ for عَلَى مَا, (S * and K voce ما,) and حَتَّامَ for حَتَّى. (S voce حَتَّى.) أَلْوَةٌ and أُلْوَةٌ and إِلْوَةٌ: see أَلِيَّةٌ.

أَلىُّ One who swears much; who utters many oaths: (IAar, T, K:) mentioned in the K in art. الى; but the present is its proper art. (TA.) أَلِيَّةٌ [A falling short; or a falling short of what is requisite, or what one ought to do; or a flagging, or remissness; and slowness, or tardiness:] a subst. from أَلَا as signifying قَصَّرَ and أَلِيَّةً. (M.) Hence the prov., (M,) إِلَّا حَضِيَّةً فَلَا

أَلِيَّةً, i. e. If I be not in favour, and high estimation, I will not cease seeking, and labouring, and wearying myself, to become so: (M, K: *) or if thou fail of good fortune in that which thou seekest, fall not short, or flag not, or be not remiss, in showing love, or affection, to men; may-be thou wilt attain somewhat of that which thou wishest: originally relating to a woman who becomes displeasing to her husband: (S in art. حظو:) it is one of the proverbs of women: one says, if I be not in favour, and high estimation, with my husband, I will not fall short, or flag, or be remiss, in that which may render me so, by betaking myself to that which he loveth: (T and TA in art. حظو:) Meyd says that the two nouns are in the accus. case because the implied meaning is إِلَّا أَكُنْ حَظِيَّةً فَلَا أَكُنْ أَلِيَّةً; the latter noun being [accord. to him] for ↓ آلِيَةٌ, for which it may be put for the sake of conformity [with the former]; and the former having the signification of the pass. part. n. of أَحْظَى, or that of the part. n. of حَظِىَ [or حَظِيَتْ]. (Har p. 78.) A2: An oath; (T, S, M, Mgh, K;) as also ↓ أَلِيَّا (M, K) and ↓ أَلْوَةٌ (T, S, M, K) and ↓ أُلْوَةً and ↓ إِلِيوَةٌ: (S, M, K: [in the CK, والاُلُوَّةُ مُثَلَّثَةً is erroneously put for والِأَلْوَةُ مثلّثةً:]) it is [originally أَلِيوَةٌ,] of the measure فَعِيلَةٌ: (S:) pl. أَلَايَا. (S, Mgh.) A poet says, (namely, Kutheiyir, TA,) قَلِيلُا الأَلَايَا حَافِظٌ لِيَمِينِهِ وَإِنْ سَبَقَتْ مِنْهُ الأَلِيَّةُ بَرَّتِ [A person of few oaths, who keeps his oath from being uttered on ordinary or mean occasions; but if the oath has proceeded from him at any former time, or hastily, it proves true]: (S, TA:) or, as IKh relates it, قَلِيلُ الإِلَآءِ; meaning, he says, قَلِيلُ الإيلَآءِ; the ى being suppressed: see 4. (TA.) أَلِيَّا: see the latter part of the paragraph next preceding.

آلٍ Falling short; or falling short of what is requisite, or what one ought to do; or flagging, or remiss: [and slow, or tardy: &c.: see 1:] fem. with ة: and pl. of this latter أَوَالٍ. (S, TA.) See أَلِيَّةٌ, used, accord. to Meyd, for آلِيَة. b2: Niggardly, penurious, or avaricious; impotent to fulfil duties or obligations, or to pay debts. (Har p. 78.) مِئْلَاةٌ The piece of rag which a woman holds in wailing, (S, TA,) and with which she makes signs: (TA:) [it is generally dyed blue, the colour of mourning; and the woman sometimes holds it over her shoulders, and sometimes twirls it with both hands over her head, or before her face:] pl. مَآلٍ: (S, TA:) which also signifies rags used for the menses. (TA in art. غبر.) مُتَأَلّ [part. n. of 5]. It is said in a trad., وَيْلٌ لِلْمُتَأَلِّينَ مِنْ أُمَّتِى, explained as meaning Woe to those of my people who pronounce sentence against God, saying, Such a one is in Paradise, and such a one is in the fire [of Hell]: but see the verb. (TA.)

(أَلَى)
[هـ] فِيهِ «مَنْ يَتَأَلَّ عَلَى اللَّهِ يُكذّبْه» أَيْ مَنْ حَكَمَ عَلَيْهِ وَحَلَفَ، كَقَوْلِكَ وَاللَّهِ لَيُدْخِلَنَّ اللَّهُ فُلَانًا النَّارَ وَلَيُنْجِحَنِّ اللَّهُ سَعْيَ فُلَانٍ، وَهُوَ مِنَ الأَلِيَّة: الْيَمِينُ. يُقَالُ آلَى يُولِي إِيلَاء، وتَأَلَّى يَتَأَلَّى تَأَلِّياً، وَالِاسْمُ الأَلِيَّة.
(هـ) وَمِنْهُ الْحَدِيثُ «وَيْلٌ للمُتَأَلِّين مِنْ أُمَّتِي» يَعْنِي الَّذِينَ يَحْكُمُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ وَيَقُولُونَ فُلَانٌ فِي الْجَنَّةِ وَفُلَانٌ فِي النَّارِ. وَكَذَلِكَ حَدِيثُهُ الْآخَرُ «مَنِ المُتَأَلِّي عَلَى اللَّهِ» .

ال

ى1 أَلِىَ, (S, K,) aor. ـْ inf. n. أَلًى, (S,) He (a man, S) was, or became, large in the أُلْيَة, q. v. (S, K. *) A2: أَلَيْتَ: see 1 in art. الو.

أَلْىٌ: see إِلًى: A2: and see also أَلَيَانٌ.

أَلًى: see إِلًى: A2: and see also أَلَيَانٌ.

أُلْىٌّ: see إِلًى.

أُلَى, (so in some copies of the S and in the M,) accord. to Sb, or أُلَا, (so likewise in the M, in which it is mentioned in art. الى, [and thus it is always pronounced,]) or أُولَى; (so in several copies of the S and in the K, in the last division of each of those works, [and thus it is generally written;]) and with the lengthened ا, [and this is the more common form of the word, i. e. ↓ أُلَآءِ, as it is always pronounced, or أُولَآءِ, as it is generally written, both of which modes of writing it I find in the M.,] (S, M, K,) of the same measure as غُرَاب, (M,) indecl., with a kesreh for its termination; (S;) [These and those,] a pl. having no proper sing., (S, K,) or a noun denoting a pl., (M,) or its sing. is ذَا for the masc. and ذِهْ for the fem., (S, K,) for it is both masc. and fem., (S,) and is applied to rational beings and to irrational things. (M.) [Thus,] هُمْ أُولَآءِ عَلَى أَثَرِى, in the Kur xx. 86, means [They are these, following near after me; or] they are near me, coming near after me. (Jel, and Bd says the like.) And in the same, iii. 115, هَاأَنْتُمْ أُولَآءِ تُحِبُّونَهُمْ وَلَا يُحِبُّونَكُمْ Now ye, O ye these believers, love them, and they love not you. (Jel.) b2: The particle (M) هَا (S, K) used as an inceptive to give notice of what is about to be said is prefixed to it, [i. e., to the form with the lengthened ا,] (S, M, K,) so that you say, ↓ هؤُلَآءِ [meaning These, like as هذَا means “this”]. (S, K.) And Az says that some of the Arabs say, هؤَلَآءِ قَوْمُكَ [These are thy people], (S, M, *) and ↓ رَأَيْتُ هؤُلَآءٍ [I saw these], (M,) with tenween and kesr (S, M) to the hemzeh; (S;) and this, says IJ, is of the dial. of Benoo-'Okeyl. (M.) b3: And the ك of allocution is added to it, so that you say, أُولئِكَ, [or آُولَآئِكَ, which is the same, and أُولئِكُمْ, or أُولَآئِكُمْ, &c.,] and أُولَاكَ, (S, K,) and أُولَالِكَ, (so in some copies of the S and in the K,) or أُلَالِكَ, (so in some copies of the S and in the M,) in which the [second] ل is augmentative, (M,) and ↓ أُلَّاكَ, with teshdeed, (K,) [all meaning Those, like as ذَاكَ and ذلِكَ mean “that” and hence] Ks says that when one says أُولَآئكَ, the sing. is ذلِكَ; and when one says أُولَاكَ, the sing. is ذَاكَ; (S;) or أُلَالِكَ [or أُولَالِكَ, each with an augmentative ل, like ذلِكَ, (and this, I doubt not, is the correct statement,)] is as though it were pl. of ذلِكَ: (M:) but one does not say هَاؤُلَالِكَ, or هأُولَالِكَ, (M,) [nor هَؤُلَائِكَ, or the like.] [Thus it is said in the Kur ii. 4, أُولَآئِكَ عَلَ هُدًى مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ وَأُولَآئِكَ هُمُ المُفْلِحُونَ Those follow a right direction from their Lord, and those are they who shall prosper.] And sometimes أُولَآئِكَ is applied to irrational things, as in the phrase بَعْد أُولَآئِكَ الأَيَّامِ [After those days]; and in the Kur [xvii. 38], where it is said, إِنَّ السَّمْعَ وَالْبَصَرَ وَالْفُؤَادَ كُلُّ أُولَآئِكَ كَانَ عَنْهُ مَسْؤُولًا [Verily the ears and the eyes and the heart, all of those shall be inquired of]. (S.) b4: The dims. are ↓ إُلَيَّا and ↓ أُلَيَّآءِ (S, M) and ↓ هؤُلَيَّآءِ: (M:) for the formation of the dim. of a noun of vague application does not alter its commencement, but leaves it in its original state, with fet-h or damm, [as the case may be,] and the ى which is the characteristic of the dim. is inserted in the second place if the word is one of two letters, [as in the instance of ذَيَّا, dim. of ذَا,] and in the third place if it is a word of three letters. (S.) A2: الأُلَى, (as in some copies of the S and T,) of the same measure as العُلَى; (S; [wherefore the author of the TA prefers this mode of writing it, which expresses the manner in which it is always pronounced;]) or الأُلَا; (ISd, TA;) or الأُولَى; (so in some copies of the S and T;) is likewise a pl. having no proper sing., [meaning They who, those which, and simply who, and which,] its sing. being الَّذِى; (S;) or is changed from being a noun of indication so as to have the meaning of الَّذِينَ; as also ↓ الأُلَآءِ; wherefore they have the lengthened as well as the shortened alif, and that with the lengthened alif is made indecl. by terminating with a kesreh. (ISd.) A poet says, وَإِنَّ الإُولَى بِالطَّفِّ مِنْ آلِ هَاشِمٍ

تَآسَوْا فَسَنُّوا لِلْكِرَامِ التَّآسِيَا [And they who are in Et-Taff, of the family of Háshim, shared their property, one with another, and so set the example, to the generous, of the sharing of property]. (T, and S in art. اسو, where, in one copy, I find الأُلَى in the place of الأُولَى.) And another poet says, وَإَنَّ الإُلَآءِ يَعْلَمُونَكَ مِنْهُمُ [And verily they who know thee, of them]: which shows what has been said above, respecting the change of meaning. (ISd.) Ziyád El-Aajam uses the former of the two words without ال, saying, فَأَنْتُمْ أُولَى جِئْتُمْ مَعَ البَقْلِ وَالدَّبَى

فَطَارَ وَهذَا شَخْصُكُمْ غَيْرُ طَائِرِ [For ye are they who came with the herbs, or leguminous plants, and the young locusts, and they have gone away, while these, yourselves, are not going away]: (T:) he means that their nobility is recent. (Ham p. 678; where, instead of فأنتم and اولى, we find وَأَنْتُمُ and أُلَا.) b2: In the phrase العَرَبُ الأُولَى, (as in the L, and in some copies of the S and K,) or الأُلَى, (as also in the L, and in other copies of the S and K, [and thus it is always pronounced,]) الاولى or الالى may also signify الَّذِينَ, the verb سَلَفُوا being suppressed after it, because understood; [so that the meaning is, The Arabs who have preceded, or passed away;] so says Ibn-EshShejeree: (L:) or it is formed by transposition from الأُوَلُ, being pl. of أُولَى [fem. of أَوَّلُ], like as أُخَرُ is pl. of آخَ: and it is thus in the phrase, ذَهَبَتِ العَرَبُ الأُولَى or الأُلَى [The first Arabs have passed away]. (S, K.) 'Obeyd Ibn-ElAbras uses the phrase, نَحْنُ الأُلَى [as meaning We are the first]. (TA.) إِلْىٌ: see إِلًى.

إِلَى: see إِلًى: A2: and see also art. الو.

إِلَى (T, S, M, K) and ↓ أَلًى, (S, M, K,) the latter said by Zekereeyà to be the most common, and the same is implied in the S, but MF says that this is not known, (TA,) and ↓ إِلْوٌ, (T,) or ↓ أَلْوٌ, (Es-Semeen, K,) like دَلْوٌ, (Es-Semeen, TA,) [belonging to art. الو,] and ↓ إِلْىٌ (T, M, K) and ↓ أَلْىٌ (M, K) and ↓ أُلْيٌ (Es-Sakháwee, Zekereeyà, TA) and ↓ إِلَى, (the same,) or إِلَا, occurring at the end of a verse, but it may be a contraction of إِلَّا, meaning عَهْدًا, (M,) A benefit, benefaction, favour, boon, or blessing: pl. آلَآءٌ. (T, S, M, K, &c.) IAmb says that إِلًى and أَلًى are originally وِلًا and وَلًا. (TA.) أَلْيَةٌ The buttock, or buttocks, rump, or posteriors, syn. عَجِيزَةٌ, (K,) or [more properly] عَجُزٌ, (M,) of a man &c., (M,) or of a sheep or goat, (Lth, T, S,) and of a man, (Lth, T,) or of a ewe: (ISk, T:) or the flesh and fat thereon: (M, K:) you should not say ↓ إِلْيَةٌ, (T, S, K,) a form mentioned by the expositors of the Fs, but said to be vulgar and low; (TA;) nor لِيَّةٌ, (T, S, K,) with kesr to the ل, and with teshdeed to the ى, as in the S, [but in a copy of the S, and in one of the T, written without teshdeed,] a form asserted to be correct by some, but it is rarer and lower than إِلْيَةٌ, though it is the form commonly obtaining with the vulgar: (TA:) the dual. is ↓ أَلْيَانِ, (Az, T, S,) without ت; (S;) but أَلْيَتَانِ sometimes occurs: (IB:) أَلَصُّ الأَلْيَتَيْنِ is an epithet applied to the Zenjee, (K in art. لص,) meaning having the buttocks cleaving together: (TA in that art.:) the pl. is أَلْيَاتٌ (T, M, K) and أَلَايَا; (M, K;) the latter anomalous. (M.) Lh mentions the phrase, إِنَّهُ لَذُو أَلْيَاتٍ [Verily he has large buttocks]; as though the term إَلْيَةٌ applied to every part of what is thus called. (M.) b2: Fat, as a subst.: (M:) and a piece of fat. (M, K.) b3: The tail, or fat of the tail, (Pers\. دُنْبَهٌ,) of a sheep. (KL.) [Both of these significations (the “tail,” and “fat of the tail,” of a sheep) are now commonly given to لِيَّة, a corruption of أَلْيَةٌ mentioned above: and in the K, voce طُنْبُورٌ, it is said that the Pers\. دُنْبَهْ بَرَّهْ signifies أَلْيَةُ الحَمَلِ.] b4: أَلْيَةُ السَّاقِ The muscle of the shank; syn. حَمَاةُ السَّاقِ [which see, in art. حمو]. (AAF, M, K.) b5: أَلْيَةُ الإِبْهَامِ The portion of flesh that is at the root of the thumb; (S, M;) and which is also called its ضَرَّة; (M;) or the part to which corresponds the ضَرَّة; (S;) and which is also called أَلْيَةُ الكَفِّ; the ضَرَّة being the portion of flesh in فِى, [app. a mistranscription for مِنْ from]) the little finger to the prominent extremity of the ulna next that finger, at the wrist: (TA:) or the portion of flesh in the ضَرَّة of the thumb. (K.) b6: أَلْيَةُ الخَنْصِرِ The portion of flesh that is beneath the little finger; [app. what is described above, as called the ضَرَّة, extending from that finger to the prominent extremity of the ulna, at the wrist;] also called أَلْيَةُ اليَدِ. (Lth, T.) b7: أَلْيَتَا الكَفِّ The أَلْيَة of the thumb [described above as also called by itself أَلْيَةُ الكَفِّ] and the ضَرَّة of the little finger [respecting which see the next preceding sentence]. (TA, from a trad.) b8: القَدَمِ أَلْيَةُ The part of the human foot upon which one treads, which is the portion of flesh beneath [or next to] the little toe. (M.) b9: أَلْيَةُ الحَافِرِ The hinder part of the solid hoof. (S, M.) إِلْيَةٌ: see أَلْيَةٌ.

أَلْيَانُ: see أَلَيَانٌ.

أَلْيَانِ an irreg. dual of أَلَيَانٌ, q. v.

أَلَيَانٌ (T, S, M, K) and ↓ أَلْيَانُ (M, K) and ↓ آلَى, (T, S, K,) of the measure أَفْعَلُ, (S,) and ↓ آلٌ, (M,) or ↓ أَلًى, (so in some copies of the K, and so accord. to the TA,) or ↓ أَلْىٌ, (so in a copy of the K,) or ↓ أَلِىٌ, (accord. to the CK,) and ↓ آلٍ, (M, K,) applied to a ram, Large in the أَلْيَة, q. v.: (T, * S, M, * K, * TA:) and so, applied to a ewe, أَلَيَانَةٌ, (T, M, K, [in the CK اَلْيَانَةٌ,]) fem. of أَلَيَانٌ; (T;) and ↓ أَلْيَآءٌ, (T, S, M, K,) fem. of آلَى: (T, S:) and in like manner these epithets [masc. and fem. respectively, آلَى, however, being omitted in the M,] are applied to a man and to a woman; (M, K;) or, accord. to Aboo-Is-hák, (M,) آلَى is applied to a man, and عَجْزَآءُ to a woman, but not أَلْيَآءُ, (S, M,) though [it is asserted that] some say this, (S,) Yz saying so, accord. to A 'Obeyd, (IB,) but A 'Obeyd has erred in this matter: (M:) the pl. is أُلْىٌ, (T, S, M, K, [in the CK erroneously written with fet-h to the ا,]) pl. of آلَى, (T, S, M,) or of آلٍ; of the former because an epithet of this kind is generally of the measure أَفْعَلُ, or of the latter after the manner of بُزْلٌ as pl. of بَازِلٌ, and عُودٌ as pl. of عَائِدٌ; (M;) applied to rams (T, S M) and to ewes, (T, S,) and to men and to women; (M, K) and أَلَيَانَاتٌ, (S, M, K, [in the CK اَلْيانات,]) pl. of أَلَيَانَةٌ, (TA,) [but] applied to rams (S) [as well as ewes], or to women, (M, K,) and, also applied to women, إِلَآءٌ, (M, and so in a copy of the K, [in the CK اَلآء,]) or آلَآءٌ, (so in some copies of the K, and in the TA,) with medd, pl. of أَلًى, (TA,) and أَلَايَا, (K,) pl. of أَلْيَانُ. (TA.) أُلَآءِ and هؤُلَآءِ and هؤُلَآءٍ and الأُلَآُءِ: see أُلَى.

أَلِىُ, mentioned in this art. in the K: see art. الو: A2: and see also أَلَيَانٌ.

أُلَيَّا and أُلَيَّآءِ and هؤُلَيَّآءِ: see أُلَى.

أَلَّآءٍ A man who sells fat, which is termed الأَلْيَةُ. (M.) أُلَّاكَ: see أُلَى.

آلٌ: see أَلَيَانٌ.

آلٍ: see أَلَيَانٌ.

آلَى, and its fem. أَلْيَآءُ: see أَلَيَانٌ, in two places.

لج

أ1 لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ, aor. ـَ (S, K,) inf. n. لَجْءٌ (TA) or لَجَأٌ (S) and لُجُوْءٌ (TA) and مَلْجَأٌ; (S;) and لَجِئّ, aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. لَجَأٌ; (TA;) and ↓ التجأ; (S, K;) He had recourse to it, or betook himself to it, or repaired to it, (i. e. a thing or a place, TA) for refuge, protection, preservation, concealment, covert, or lodging. (K.) See 4. b2: لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ, and ↓ التجأ, and ↓ تلجّأ, He relied upon, and sought aid from, him. (TA.) b3: لَجَأَ عَنْهُ, and ↓ التجأ, and ↓ تلجّأ, and تلجأ مِنْهُ, He declined, or turned away, from him, إِلَى غَيْرِهِ to another, [and had recourse to the latter.] (TA.) 2 لجّأ, inf. n. تَلْجِئَةٌ, He forced a person to do a thing against his will: (S, K:) or, to do a thing which was contrary to what it appeared to be. (AHeyth.) b2: تَلْجِئَةٌ is also explained as signifying The leaving one's property to some one or more of his heirs, in preference to, or to the exclusion of, the other or others. لجّأ He so left his property. (ISh.) b3: See 4.4 الجأه إِلى شَىْءٍ He constrained, compelled, forced, drove, or necessitated, him to have recourse to, or to betake himself to, or to repair to, or to do, a thing; he impelled him, or drove him, against his will, to it, or to do it; (S, * Mgh, Msb, K, * TA;) as also إِلَيْهِ ↓ لجّاهُ. (Mgh, Msb.) b2: الجأ أَمْرَهُ إِلَى اللّٰهِ, (S, K,) and [إِلَى اللّٰهِ] ↓ لَجَأَ, and ↓ التجأ, and ↓ تلجّأ (TA,) He referred, or committed, his affair to God. (S, K.) b3: الجأه He protected him, defended him. (K.) Also said of a place, [It protected him; afforded him refuge.] (K, art. حرز.) b4: الجأه إِلَى شَىْءٍ is also said when one has defended another, [as] in a place of refuge; [and app. may be rendered He caused him to have recourse to a thing, as to a place of refuge]. (TA.) 5 تَلَجَّاَ see 1 and 4.8 إِلْتَجَاَ see 1 and 4.

لَجَأٌ and ↓ مَلْجَأٌ (S, K) and ↓ مُلْتَجَأٌ (K, art. لحد; &c.) A place to which one has recourse for refuge, protection, preservation, concealment, covert, or lodging; a place of refuge; an asylum; a refuge. (S, K.) The hemzeh of the ↓ second is sometimes elided; and this is done to assimilate the word to مَنْجَا, when it is used therewith; like as منجا is written with hemzeh to assimilate it in the like case to مَلْجَأٌ. b2: [↓ ملجأٌ is often applied to a man: and you say also,] فُلَانٌ حَسَنُ

↓ المَلْجَإِ [Such a one is a good person to whom to have recourse for protection or concealment]. The pl. of لَجَأٌ is أَلْجَآءٌ. (TA.) b3: لَجَأٌ (assumed tropical:) A wife. (L.) b4: An heir. (ISh.) [See 2.]

A2: The frog: (K:) or a kind of tortoise, that lives on the land and in the sea: (M:) fem. with ة. (K.) The لجأة of the sea (اللَّجَأَةُ البَحْرِيَّةُ) is asserted to have a tongue in its breast, and to kill the animal that it strikes. (Dmr.) مَلْجَأٌ and مُلْتَجَأٌ: see لَجَأٌ.

محمد
رسم القرآن لمحمد صورة محبّبة إلى النفوس، فيها لين ورقة، وفيها الخلق المثالى، والقلب الرءوف الرحيم، والنّفس الوادعة المطمئنة، نزل عليه روح من أمر الله، يهدى إلى الصراط المستقيم، ويخرج الناس من الظلمات إلى النور، يقول الله تعالى يخاطبه: ن وَالْقَلَمِ وَما يَسْطُرُونَ ما أَنْتَ بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ بِمَجْنُونٍ وَإِنَّ لَكَ لَأَجْراً غَيْرَ مَمْنُونٍ وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ (القلم 1 - 4). ويقول: لَقَدْ جاءَكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ ما عَنِتُّمْ حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ (التوبة 128). ويقول:
فَبِما رَحْمَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ لِنْتَ لَهُمْ وَلَوْ كُنْتَ فَظًّا غَلِيظَ الْقَلْبِ لَانْفَضُّوا مِنْ حَوْلِكَ
(آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَكَذلِكَ أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ رُوحاً مِنْ أَمْرِنا ما كُنْتَ تَدْرِي مَا الْكِتابُ وَلَا الْإِيمانُ وَلكِنْ جَعَلْناهُ نُوراً نَهْدِي بِهِ مَنْ نَشاءُ مِنْ عِبادِنا وَإِنَّكَ لَتَهْدِي إِلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ صِراطِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الْأَرْضِ (الشورى 52، 53). ويقول: قَدْ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْكُــمْ ذِكْراً رَسُولًا يَتْلُوا عَلَيْكُمْ آياتِ اللَّهِ مُبَيِّناتٍ لِيُخْرِجَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ مِنَ الظُّلُماتِ إِلَى النُّورِ (الطلاق 10، 11).
ويدعوه سراجا منيرا، فى قوله: يا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ شاهِداً وَمُبَشِّراً وَنَذِيراً وَداعِياً إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِراجاً مُنِيراً (الأحزاب 45، 46). ورحمة في قوله: وَما أَرْسَلْناكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِلْعالَمِينَ (الأنبياء 107). ويأمره باستشارتهم وخفض الجناح لهم إذ يقول:
فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ وَشاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ (آل عمران 159). ويقول: وَاخْفِضْ جَناحَكَ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَقُلْ إِنِّي أَنَا النَّذِيرُ الْمُبِينُ (الحجر 88 - 89).
ولكن هذه الصفات في سموّها المثالى لم ترفع محمدا عن البشرية، وهذه صفة من الصفات التى أكدها القرآن وأطال في الحديث عنها، فهو حينا يثبت هذه الصفة على لسانه، وحينا ينفى عن نفسه القدرة على ما لا يقدر عليه البشر، قُلْ إِنَّما أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُكُمْ يُوحى إِلَيَّ أَنَّما إِلهُكُمْ إِلهٌ واحِدٌ (الكهف 110). وهو لهذا لا يملك لنفسه أمرا، ولا يدرى من الغيب شيئا، قُلْ لا أَمْلِكُ لِنَفْسِي نَفْعاً وَلا ضَرًّا إِلَّا ما شاءَ اللَّهُ وَلَوْ كُنْتُ أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ لَاسْتَكْثَرْتُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ وَما مَسَّنِيَ السُّوءُ إِنْ أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 188).
ولننصت إليه يتبرأ من قدرته على فعل ما ليس في طاقته، عند ما سألوه ما ليس فى طوقه، وَقالُوا لَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لَكَ حَتَّى تَفْجُرَ لَنا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ يَنْبُوعاً أَوْ تَكُونَ لَكَ جَنَّةٌ مِنْ نَخِيلٍ وَعِنَبٍ فَتُفَجِّرَ الْأَنْهارَ خِلالَها تَفْجِيراً أَوْ تُسْقِطَ السَّماءَ كَما زَعَمْتَ عَلَيْنا كِسَفاً أَوْ تَأْتِيَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةِ قَبِيلًا أَوْ يَكُونَ لَكَ بَيْتٌ مِنْ زُخْرُفٍ أَوْ تَرْقى فِي السَّماءِ وَلَنْ نُؤْمِنَ لِرُقِيِّكَ حَتَّى تُنَزِّلَ عَلَيْنا كِتاباً نَقْرَؤُهُ قُلْ سُبْحانَ رَبِّي هَلْ كُنْتُ إِلَّا بَشَراً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 90 - 93)، ومما يلحظ أنهم طالبوه بأمور يستحيل وجودها في الصحراء، من تفجير الأرض ينابيع وأنهارا، وانظر إليه كيف يعجب من أمرهم، وكيف يقرر في صراحة أنه ليس سوى بشر رسول. ولأنه بشر، يجوز أن يموت كما يموت سائر البشر، وَما مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ ماتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلى أَعْقابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئاً وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ (آل عمران 144). ولم يتميز محمد من البشر إلا بأنه كالرسل بشير ونذير، قُلْ ما كُنْتُ بِدْعاً مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَما أَدْرِي ما يُفْعَلُ بِي وَلا بِكُمْ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا ما يُوحى إِلَيَّ وَما أَنَا إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ مُبِينٌ (الأحقاف 9). إِنَّا أَرْسَلْناكَ بِالْحَقِّ بَشِيراً وَنَذِيراً وَلا تُسْئَلُ عَنْ أَصْحابِ الْجَحِيمِ (البقرة 119). وهو ليس إلا مذكّرا، لا سيطرة له على القلوب، ولا مقدرة عنده على تحويل الأفئدة، فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّما أَنْتَ مُذَكِّرٌ لَسْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمُصَيْطِرٍ (الغاشية 21، 22).
ومما أكده القرآن من صفات محمد الأمّية، يصفه بها في قوله: قُلْ يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُــمْ جَمِيعاً الَّذِي لَهُ مُلْكُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ يُحيِي وَيُمِيتُ فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ النَّبِيِّ الْأُمِّيِّ الَّذِي يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَكَلِماتِهِ وَاتَّبِعُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ (الأعراف 158). ويبين حكمة اختياره أميا في قوله: وَما كُنْتَ تَتْلُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِ مِنْ كِتابٍ وَلا تَخُطُّهُ بِيَمِينِكَ إِذاً لَارْتابَ الْمُبْطِلُونَ (العنكبوت 48). وإذا كانت الأمية مما يعاب فهى المعجزة التى تحول بين رسالة النبى والشك فيها، ولو أنه كان يقرأ ويكتب، لكان للمبطلين مجال للرّيب في صدق رسالته.
والقرآن يعظم أمر الرسول، فيحدّثنا عن صلاة الله عليه والملائكة، إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (الأحزاب 56). ويعظم من أمر مبايعته، حتى لكأن من يبايعه إنما يبايع الله، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبايِعُونَكَ إِنَّما يُبايِعُونَ اللَّهَ (الفتح 10). ويشهد له القرآن بالخلق القويم كما سبق أن نقلنا، وبأنه لا ينطق عن هوى النفس، ولا يميل إلى ضلالة ولا غواية، ويقسم على ذلك: وَالنَّجْمِ إِذا هَوى ما ضَلَّ صاحِبُكُمْ وَما غَوى وَما يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوى إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحى (النجم 1 - 4)، كما يقسم على رسالته فيقول: وَالْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ إِنَّكَ لَمِنَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ عَلى صِراطٍ مُسْتَقِيمٍ تَنْزِيلَ الْعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ (يس 2 - 5). ويعدّد القرآن نعم الله عليه فيقول: أَلَمْ نَشْرَحْ لَكَ صَدْرَكَ وَوَضَعْنا عَنْكَ وِزْرَكَ الَّذِي أَنْقَضَ ظَهْرَكَ وَرَفَعْنا لَكَ ذِكْرَكَ (الشرح 1 - 4). أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيماً فَآوى وَوَجَدَكَ ضَالًّا فَهَدى وَوَجَدَكَ عائِلًا فَأَغْنى (الضحى 6 - 8). ويقسم له القرآن أن الله ما تخلى عنه وما قلاه، ويؤكد أن الذين يناصبونه العداء سيكبتون ويخذلون مذلولين، إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُحَادُّونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ أُولئِكَ فِي الْأَذَلِّينَ (المجادلة 20). ويحذر المؤمنين من معصيته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذا تَناجَيْتُمْ فَلا تَتَناجَوْا بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ (المجادلة 9). ويأمرهم بأن يقفوا عند الحدود التى رسمها الرسول، ولا يبطلوا أعمالهم بعصيانه، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَلا تُبْطِلُوا أَعْمالَكُمْ (محمد 33). وَما آتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَما نَهاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا (الحشر 7). وَما كانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلا مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْراً أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ وَمَنْ يَعْصِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلالًا مُبِيناً (الأحزاب 36). ويؤكد لهم أنهم لن يكونوا مؤمنين حقا حتى يجدوا العدالة المطلقة في أحكامه، ولا يجدوا فيها غضاضة ولا حرجا في نفوسهم، ويقسم على ذلك قائلا: فَلا وَرَبِّكَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيما شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ ثُمَّ لا يَجِدُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَرَجاً مِمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (النساء 65). ذلك أنه لا ينطق عن الهوى، إن هو إلا وحى يوحى.
وإذا كان محمد رسولا، فله حرمته ومنزلته الاجتماعية، ومن الواجب احترامه، فلا يليق أن ينادى باسمه، كما ينادى الناس بعضهم بعضا، ولا أن ترتفع أصواتهم فوق صوته، يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَرْفَعُوا أَصْواتَكُمْ فَوْقَ صَوْتِ النَّبِيِّ وَلا تَجْهَرُوا لَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ كَجَهْرِ بَعْضِكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ أَنْ تَحْبَطَ أَعْمالُكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لا تَشْعُرُونَ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَغُضُّونَ أَصْواتَهُمْ
عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُولئِكَ الَّذِينَ امْتَحَنَ اللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمْ لِلتَّقْوى لَهُمْ مَغْفِرَةٌ وَأَجْرٌ عَظِيمٌ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُنادُونَكَ مِنْ وَراءِ الْحُجُراتِ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ صَبَرُوا حَتَّى تَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِمْ لَكانَ خَيْراً لَهُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ
(الحجرات 2 - 5). ولا تَجْعَلُوا دُعاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضاً (النور 63). وفي تربية الشعب على احترام الرسول ما يدفعهم إلى طاعته، فإن الطاعة أساسها الاحترام كما وضع القرآن أساسها الثانى وهو الحب، بما وصف القرآن به محمدا من حبّ لهداية قومه، وحدب عليهم، ورحمة بهم ورأفة، وشوق ملح إلى هدايتهم، حتى صح للقرآن أن يقول: فَلَعَلَّكَ باخِعٌ نَفْسَكَ عَلى آثارِهِمْ إِنْ لَمْ يُؤْمِنُوا بِهذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَسَفاً (الكهف 6). وهكذا بنى القرآن الطاعة على أساسين من الحب والاحترام معا.
ويؤيد القرآن رسالة محمد بشهادة الله الذى لا يشهد بغير الحق، وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُ (المنافقون 1). وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لَسْتَ مُرْسَلًا قُلْ كَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ الْكِتابِ (الرعد 43). لكِنِ اللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ بِما أَنْزَلَ إِلَيْكَ أَنْزَلَهُ بِعِلْمِهِ وَالْمَلائِكَةُ يَشْهَدُونَ وَكَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً (النساء 166). وبأن عيسى قد بشر به قومه، وأخبرهم برسالته، وَإِذْ قالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ يا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُــمْ مُصَدِّقاً لِما بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ مِنَ التَّوْراةِ وَمُبَشِّراً بِرَسُولٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ فَلَمَّا جاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ قالُوا هذا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (الصف 6). وبأنه فيما أتى ليس بدعا، فقد أوحى الله إلى كثير من الرسل قبله، إِنَّا أَوْحَيْنا إِلَيْكَ كَما أَوْحَيْنا إِلى نُوحٍ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَوْحَيْنا إِلى إِبْراهِيمَ وَإِسْماعِيلَ وَإِسْحاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْباطِ وَعِيسى وَأَيُّوبَ وَيُونُسَ وَهارُونَ وَسُلَيْمانَ وَآتَيْنا داوُدَ زَبُوراً (النساء 163).
وبأنه أمى ما كان يتلو قبله كتابا، ولا يخطه بيمينه. كما سبق أن ذكرنا، أوليس من يشهد الله له بالرسالة، ويبشر به رسول ذو كتاب، ويجرى على سنن من سبقه من الأنبياء- جديرا بأن يصدق إذا ادعى، وأن يطاع إذا أمر؟ ويناقش من أنكر رسالته، ويدفع دعاويهم في هدوء وقوّة معا، فأخبرنا القرآن مرّة أنهم كانوا ينسبون ما يعرفه محمد من قصص وأخبار وأحكام إلى عالم فارسى يعلمه، وما كان أسهل دحض تلك الدعوى بأن لسان من يدعون أنه يعلّم محمدا- أعجمى، أما هذا الكتاب فعربى مبين، وَلَقَدْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّما يُعَلِّمُهُ بَشَرٌ لِسانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَعْجَمِيٌّ وَهذا لِسانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ (النحل 103). وحينا نسبوه إلى أنه سحر أو شعر أو كهانة، بَلْ قالُوا أَضْغاثُ أَحْلامٍ بَلِ افْتَراهُ بَلْ هُوَ شاعِرٌ (الأنبياء 5)، وَيَقُولُونَ أَإِنَّا لَتارِكُوا آلِهَتِنا لِشاعِرٍ مَجْنُونٍ (الصافات 36). فوجه القرآن أنظارهم إلى أن النظرة الصائبة تنفى عن القرآن السحر والشعر والكهانة، فللحق آياته البينات التى لا تشتبه بالسحر، وَإِذا تُتْلى عَلَيْهِمْ آياتُنا بَيِّناتٍ قالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَصُدَّكُمْ عَمَّا كانَ يَعْبُدُ آباؤُكُمْ وَقالُوا ما هذا إِلَّا إِفْكٌ مُفْتَرىً وَقالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِلْحَقِّ لَمَّا جاءَهُمْ إِنْ هذا إِلَّا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ (سبأ 43). ونفى القرآن عن النبى قول الشعر والكهانة، وَما عَلَّمْناهُ الشِّعْرَ وَما يَنْبَغِي لَهُ إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا ذِكْرٌ وَقُرْآنٌ مُبِينٌ (يس 69). وَما هُوَ بِقَوْلِ شاعِرٍ قَلِيلًا ما تُؤْمِنُونَ وَلا بِقَوْلِ كاهِنٍ قَلِيلًا ما تَذَكَّرُونَ (الحاقة 41، 42).
ومن أكبر ما أنكروه على الرسول أنهم وجدوه لا يمتاز على البشر في شىء فهو يأكل الطعام كما يأكلون، ويمشى في الأسواق يبيع ويشترى كما يمشون، وظنوا أنه لا يكون نبيا إلا إذا امتاز بملك ينذر الناس معه، أو أصبح غنيا غنى مطلقا عن الناس، فألقى إليه كنز، أو كانت له جنة يأكل منها، وقد حكى القرآن عنهم ذلك الحديث، وردّ عليهم ردّا رفيقا في قوله: وَقالُوا مالِ هذَا الرَّسُولِ يَأْكُلُ الطَّعامَ وَيَمْشِي فِي الْأَسْواقِ لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ فَيَكُونَ مَعَهُ نَذِيراً أَوْ يُلْقى إِلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ تَكُونُ لَهُ جَنَّةٌ يَأْكُلُ مِنْها وَقالَ الظَّالِمُونَ إِنْ تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا رَجُلًا مَسْحُوراً انْظُرْ كَيْفَ ضَرَبُوا لَكَ الْأَمْثالَ فَضَلُّوا فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ سَبِيلًا تَبارَكَ الَّذِي إِنْ شاءَ جَعَلَ لَكَ خَيْراً مِنْ ذلِكَ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهارُ وَيَجْعَلْ لَكَ قُصُوراً (الفرقان 7 - 10). فهو يشير في رفق إلى أن الحكمة إنما هى فى أن يساوى الرسول الشعب في الاحتياج، حتى لا يكون امتيازه على الناس في أمور لا تتصل بالرسالة، ولا دخل لها في النبوة، وحتى يبقى تقويم الرسول بعيدا عن زخارف الحياة وما ليس من صميم الرسالة، فقد يتهيأ الغنى الفاحش لفرد من الناس، من غير أن يجلب له ذلك رسالة ولا نبوّة ولو أراد الله لفعل للرسول ما اقترحوه وزاد عليه، ولكن الخير والحكمة فيما كان، أما ما اقترحوه من نزول الملك مع الرسول فقد رد عليه في قوله: وَقالُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ وَلَوْ أَنْزَلْنا مَلَكاً لَقُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ ثُمَّ لا يُنْظَرُونَ وَلَوْ جَعَلْناهُ مَلَكاً لَجَعَلْناهُ رَجُلًا وَلَلَبَسْنا عَلَيْهِمْ ما يَلْبِسُونَ (الأنعام 8، 9). ألا ترى أن نزول الملك كما اقترحوا لا يدع لهم فرصة التفكير بعد نزوله، ومن الخير أن يترك لهم مجال التدبّر وتقليب الأمر على وجوهه، وإنزال الملك لن يحل المشكل، لأنه سيكون في هيئة رجل، ويلتبس الأمر كما لو كان الرسول رجلا والقرآن برغم ذلك، يوحى بأن الرسول كانت عنده رغبة ملحة في أن يحقق لهم بعض ما اقترحوه ليؤمنوا، ولتجتمع كلمتهم على الدين، حتى صحّ للقرآن أن يقول للرسول: وَإِنْ كانَ كَبُرَ عَلَيْكَ إِعْراضُهُمْ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ أَنْ تَبْتَغِيَ نَفَقاً فِي الْأَرْضِ أَوْ سُلَّماً فِي السَّماءِ فَتَأْتِيَهُمْ بِآيَةٍ وَلَوْ شاءَ اللَّهُ لَجَمَعَهُمْ عَلَى الْهُدى فَلا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجاهِلِينَ (الأنعام 35).
ويقول في أخرى: فَلَعَلَّكَ تارِكٌ بَعْضَ ما يُوحى إِلَيْكَ وَضائِقٌ بِهِ صَدْرُكَ أَنْ يَقُولُوا لَوْلا أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ كَنْزٌ أَوْ جاءَ مَعَهُ مَلَكٌ إِنَّما أَنْتَ نَذِيرٌ وَاللَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ (هود 12).
وكانت صفة البشرية حائلة دون الايمان به، ومدعاة للهزء بالرسول والسخرية به، فَقالُوا أَبَشَراً مِنَّا واحِداً نَتَّبِعُهُ إِنَّا إِذاً لَفِي ضَلالٍ وَسُعُرٍ (القمر 24). وَلَئِنْ أَطَعْتُمْ بَشَراً مِثْلَكُمْ إِنَّكُمْ إِذاً لَخاسِرُونَ (المؤمنون 34). وقد رد الله تلك الدعوى بأن الحكمة تقضى بأن الرسول يكون من جنس المرسل إليهم، ليكون أدنى إلى نفوسهم، يألفونه ويسهل اتصالهم به، ولو أن في الأرض ملائكة يسكنونها، ما أرسل الله إليهم رسولا، سوى ملك من جنسهم، قال سبحانه: وَما مَنَعَ النَّاسَ أَنْ يُؤْمِنُوا إِذْ جاءَهُمُ الْهُدى إِلَّا أَنْ قالُوا أَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ بَشَراً رَسُولًا قُلْ لَوْ كانَ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَلائِكَةٌ يَمْشُونَ مُطْمَئِنِّينَ لَنَزَّلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ مَلَكاً رَسُولًا (الإسراء 94 - 95).
وعند ما تعرّض القرآن للاستهزاء بالرسول، كان لا يعنيه كثيرا الردّ على ما يتعلق بشخص الرسول، بل ينتقل مباشرة إلى صميم الدعوى يناقشهم فيها، ويحدثهم عن مغبّة كفرهم، قال تعالى: وَإِذا رَآكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي يَذْكُرُ آلِهَتَكُمْ وَهُمْ بِذِكْرِ الرَّحْمنِ هُمْ كافِرُونَ خُلِقَ الْإِنْسانُ مِنْ عَجَلٍ سَأُرِيكُمْ آياتِي فَلا تَسْتَعْجِلُونِ وَيَقُولُونَ مَتى هذَا الْوَعْدُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ لَوْ يَعْلَمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا حِينَ لا يَكُفُّونَ عَنْ وُجُوهِهِمُ النَّارَ وَلا عَنْ ظُهُورِهِمْ وَلا هُمْ يُنْصَرُونَ بَلْ تَأْتِيهِمْ بَغْتَةً فَتَبْهَتُهُمْ فَلا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ رَدَّها وَلا هُمْ يُنْظَرُونَ (الأنبياء 36 - 40). ألا تراه قد مرّ مرّ الكرام باستهزائهم بالرسول، وكأنه لغو لا يؤبه له، ولا يستحق الالتفات إليه، ولا التّنبّه لشأنه، وانتقل من ذلك إلى الحديث عما يعنى القرآن بشأنه، من الحديث عن الله واليوم الآخر، وما ينتظرهم من عذاب كان جديرا به أن يصرفهم عن التمادى في الباطل، لو أنهم فكروا في الأمر وتدبّروا العاقبة، ويقول في موضع آخر: وَإِذا رَأَوْكَ إِنْ يَتَّخِذُونَكَ إِلَّا هُزُواً أَهذَا الَّذِي بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رَسُولًا إِنْ كادَ لَيُضِلُّنا عَنْ آلِهَتِنا لَوْلا أَنْ صَبَرْنا عَلَيْها وَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ حِينَ يَرَوْنَ الْعَذابَ مَنْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا أَرَأَيْتَ مَنِ اتَّخَذَ إِلهَهُ هَواهُ أَفَأَنْتَ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ وَكِيلًا أَمْ تَحْسَبُ أَنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ يَسْمَعُونَ أَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا كَالْأَنْعامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ سَبِيلًا (الفرقان 41 - 44). وهو هنا أيضا ينتقل إلى صميم الدعوى، فيتحدث عن اتخاذهم الهوى إلها، وأنهم لا يستخدمون آذانهم وعقولهم فيما خلقت لأجله، فصاروا بذلك أضل سبيلا من الأنعام.
ويهوّن القرآن على الرسول أمر الاستهزاء به وتكذيبه، فحينا يخبره بأن ذلك دأب الرّسل، يكذّبون برغم ما يجيئون به من البينات والهدى، ويؤكد له مرة بأن هؤلاء الساخرين سينالهم ما نبّئوا بنزوله بهم، وكانوا يسخرون ولا يطيعون، فيقول للرسول: فَإِنْ كَذَّبُوكَ فَقَدْ كُذِّبَ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ جاؤُ بِالْبَيِّناتِ وَالزُّبُرِ وَالْكِتابِ الْمُنِيرِ (آل عمران 184). وَلَقَدِ اسْتُهْزِئَ بِرُسُلٍ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَحاقَ بِالَّذِينَ سَخِرُوا مِنْهُمْ ما كانُوا بِهِ يَسْتَهْزِؤُنَ (الأنعام 10).
وينذر القرآن المكذبين والمستهزئين بأن عاقبتهم كعاقبة من كذّب الرسل من قبل: أخذ شديد وعقاب أليم، وهنا يلجأ القرآن إلى غريزة المحافظة على النفس، فيصوّر رفض الدعوة والتكذيب لها معرّضا أنفسهم للتهلكة، وجالبا الوبال عليها، فماذا تكون النتيجة إذا هم أصرّوا على كفرهم؟ أضمنوا أعمارا طويلة، يصلحون فيها ما كانوا قد أفسدوه؟ أَوَلَمْ يَنْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَما خَلَقَ اللَّهُ مِنْ شَيْءٍ وَأَنْ عَسى أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدِ اقْتَرَبَ أَجَلُهُمْ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَهُ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأعراف 185). أأمنوا مكر الله؟ أم اطمأنوا إلى أن القيامة لن تأتيهم فجأة؟ أَفَأَمِنُوا أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُمْ غاشِيَةٌ مِنْ عَذابِ اللَّهِ أَوْ تَأْتِيَهُمُ السَّاعَةُ بَغْتَةً وَهُمْ لا يَشْعُرُونَ (يوسف 107). إنهم بنهيهم عنه، ونأيهم عنه لا يضرون إلا أنفسهم ولا يهلكون غيرها، وَهُمْ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَإِنْ يُهْلِكُونَ إِلَّا أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَما يَشْعُرُونَ (الأنعام 26). ولن يضرّ الرسول بكفرهم، فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّما عَلَيْكَ الْبَلاغُ الْمُبِينُ (النحل 82). فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَما أَرْسَلْناكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظاً إِنْ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا الْبَلاغُ (الشورى 48).
أوليس في قصر أمر الرسول على البلاغ، ما يدفعهم إلى التفكير في أمر هذه الدعوة التى لن يحمل عبء أضرار رفضها غيرهم، والتى يتحمّل الرسول المشاق فى سبيل إذاعتها، لا يبغى من وراء ذلك أجرا، ولا يريد إلا أن تصل الهداية إلى قلوبهم، قُلْ ما سَأَلْتُكُمْ مِنْ أَجْرٍ فَهُوَ لَكُمْ إِنْ أَجْرِيَ إِلَّا عَلَى اللَّهِ وَهُوَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (سبأ 47).
وإن في تنزّه الرسول عن الغرض المادىّ، وإخلاصه في دعوتهم وإرشادهم، لبعثا لهم على تدبر أمر هذه الدعوة المبرأة من الهوى والغرض، والنفس بطبيعتها تنقاد لمثل هذه الدعوة وتؤمن بها. وقد دعاهم القرآن إلى التفكير في شأن الرسول، فرادى وجماعات، ليقلبوا أمره على وجوهه، ويتفكروا أبه جنّة أو شذوذ؟ وسوف يصلون إذا فكروا إلى أنه نذير لهم بين يدى عذاب شديد.
ويمضى القرآن محببا لهم إجابة دعوة محمد، مبينا طبيعتها، وأنها توافق الإنسانية السليمة، فهو لا يأمر إلا بما تعترف به النفوس الصحيحة ولا ينهى إلا عما تنكره، ولا يحلّ سوى الطّيب، ولا يحرّم سوى الخبيث، وأنه يعمل على تخليصهم من عادات ثقيلة على النفوس، وقيود كانت تغل حياتهم، وقد خفف الإسلام كثيرا من القيود التى كانت على أهل الكتاب، يقول الله: الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوباً عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْراةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ يَأْمُرُهُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهاهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّباتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبائِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالْأَغْلالَ الَّتِي كانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ وَاتَّبَعُوا النُّورَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ مَعَهُ أُولئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (الأعراف 157). أما الأميون، وقد كانوا في ضلال مبين فإنه يعلمهم الكتاب والحكمة ويهديهم، هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يَتْلُوا عَلَيْهِمْ آياتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِنْ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ (الجمعة 2). ويجعل طريق حب الله ونيل رضوانه اتباع منهجه والاقتداء به، قُلْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (آل عمران 31). ومن أطاعه فسيكون مع من أنعم الله عليهم من أكرم الرفقاء، وَمَنْ يُطِعِ اللَّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ فَأُولئِكَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَالصِّدِّيقِينَ وَالشُّهَداءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ وَحَسُنَ أُولئِكَ رَفِيقاً (النساء 69). ومن آمن وعمل صالحا فسوف يورّثه الله الأرض، ويمكن له دينه، ويبدله بالخوف أمنا وطمأنينة، وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضى لَهُمْ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ خَوْفِهِمْ أَمْناً (النور 55).
ولا يكتفى القرآن بالوعد المحبوب حين طلب إليهم طاعة الرسول، بل أنذرهم وأوعدهم، وأكّد لهم أن النهاية ستكون نصرا مؤزرا للرسول أَلَمْ يَعْلَمُوا أَنَّهُ مَنْ يُحادِدِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَأَنَّ لَهُ نارَ جَهَنَّمَ خالِداً فِيها (التوبة 63). ويقول: فَلْيَحْذَرِ الَّذِينَ يُخالِفُونَ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ أَنْ تُصِيبَهُمْ فِتْنَةٌ أَوْ يُصِيبَهُمْ عَذابٌ أَلِيمٌ (النور 63). إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُؤْذُونَ اللَّهَ
وَرَسُولَهُ لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ فِي الدُّنْيا وَالْآخِرَةِ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ عَذاباً مُهِيناً
(الأحزاب 57). ويخاطب الرسول قائلا:
وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُوا عَلى ما كُذِّبُوا وَأُوذُوا حَتَّى أَتاهُمْ نَصْرُنا وَلا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِ اللَّهِ وَلَقَدْ جاءَكَ مِنْ نَبَإِ الْمُرْسَلِينَ (الأنعام 34). وينزل القرآن إلى أعماق نفوسهم، فيحدثنا عن شكوكهم التى تنتابهم، فهم يقولون في أغوار قلوبهم: إذا كان محمد على صواب، ونحن على خطأ، فلم يدعنا الله أحرارا في هذه الحياة ولا يعذبنا بسبب هذه التّصرّفات، والله ينبئهم بأن جهنم مصيرهم المنتظر، أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نُهُوا عَنِ النَّجْوى ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِما نُهُوا عَنْهُ وَيَتَناجَوْنَ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوانِ وَمَعْصِيَةِ الرَّسُولِ وَإِذا جاؤُكَ حَيَّوْكَ بِما لَمْ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ اللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ لَوْلا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّهُ بِما نَقُولُ حَسْبُهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ يَصْلَوْنَها فَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ (المجادلة 8).
ويعلم القرآن ما لحوادث التاريخ من الأثر في النفوس، ولذا أكثر، فى معرض الأمر بطاعة الرسول، من توجيه أنظارهم إلى من كذّب من الماضين كيف كانت عاقبتهم، فلعلهم يتّعظون بها، فيسأل: أَوَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كانَ عاقِبَةُ الَّذِينَ كانُوا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ كانُوا هُمْ أَشَدَّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَآثاراً فِي الْأَرْضِ فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَما كانَ لَهُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ مِنْ واقٍ ذلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ كانَتْ تَأْتِيهِمْ رُسُلُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّناتِ فَكَفَرُوا فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللَّهُ إِنَّهُ قَوِيٌّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ (غافر 21، 22). ويقصّ عليهم قصص الماضين كقوله: فَإِنْ أَعْرَضُوا فَقُلْ أَنْذَرْتُكُمْ صاعِقَةً مِثْلَ صاعِقَةِ عادٍ وَثَمُودَ إِذْ جاءَتْهُمُ الرُّسُلُ مِنْ بَيْنِ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ قالُوا لَوْ شاءَ رَبُّنا لَأَنْزَلَ مَلائِكَةً فَإِنَّا بِما أُرْسِلْتُمْ بِهِ كافِرُونَ فَأَمَّا عادٌ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَقالُوا مَنْ أَشَدُّ مِنَّا قُوَّةً أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَهُمْ هُوَ أَشَدُّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً وَكانُوا بِآياتِنا يَجْحَدُونَ فَأَرْسَلْنا عَلَيْهِمْ رِيحاً صَرْصَراً فِي أَيَّامٍ نَحِساتٍ لِنُذِيقَهُمْ عَذابَ الْخِزْيِ فِي الْحَياةِ الدُّنْيا وَلَعَذابُ الْآخِرَةِ أَخْزى وَهُمْ لا يُنْصَرُونَ وَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَهَدَيْناهُمْ فَاسْتَحَبُّوا الْعَمى عَلَى الْهُدى فَأَخَذَتْهُمْ صاعِقَةُ الْعَذابِ الْهُونِ بِما كانُوا يَكْسِبُونَ وَنَجَّيْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَكانُوا يَتَّقُونَ (فصلت 13 - 18).
ولم يأل القرآن جهدا في تصوير من لا يستجيب إلى دعوة محمد في صورة ينفر منها العاقل، ويأنف من أن تكون صورته، فحينا يرسمهم أمواتا لا يعون، صما لا يسمعون، عميا لا يبصرون، فيقول: وَما يَسْتَوِي الْأَحْياءُ وَلَا الْأَمْواتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُسْمِعُ مَنْ يَشاءُ وَما أَنْتَ بِمُسْمِعٍ مَنْ فِي الْقُبُورِ إِنْ أَنْتَ إِلَّا نَذِيرٌ (فاطر 22، 23).
وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَسْتَمِعُونَ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تُسْمِعُ الصُّمَّ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يَعْقِلُونَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْكَ أَفَأَنْتَ تَهْدِي الْعُمْيَ وَلَوْ كانُوا لا يُبْصِرُونَ (يونس 42، 43).
وأكثر القرآن من أمر الرسول بالصّبر، وهو خليقة أولى العزم من الرسل فقال:
فَاصْبِرْ كَما صَبَرَ أُولُوا الْعَزْمِ مِنَ الرُّسُلِ وَلا تَسْتَعْجِلْ لَهُمْ (الأحقاف 35). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَ فَإِنَّكَ بِأَعْيُنِنا (الطور 48). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ وَما صَبْرُكَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ وَلا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ (النحل 127). وقال: وَاصْبِرْ عَلى ما يَقُولُونَ وَاهْجُرْهُمْ هَجْراً جَمِيلًا (المزمل 10). إلى غير ذلك من كثير الآيات التى تدعو الرسول إلى الصبر، وتحثه عليه، ولا ريب أن دعوة دينية جديدة تتطلب زادا لا ينفد من الصبر على المكروه حتى تنجح وتؤتى ثمارها.
أما المنهج الذى رسمه ــالقرآن، لكى ينهجه محمد في دعوته، فقد بينه في قوله:

النِّيلُ:
بكسر أوله، بلفظ النيل الذي تصبغ به الثياب، في مواضع: أحدها بليدة في سواد الكوفة قرب حلّة بني مزيد يخترقها خليج كبير يتخلج من الفرات الكبير حفره الحجاج بن يوسف وسماه بنيل مصر، وقيل:
إنّ النيل هذا يستمد من صراة جاماسب، ينسب إليه خالد بن دينار النيلي أبو الوليد الشيباني، كان يسكن النيل، حدث عن الحسن العكلي وسالم بن عبد الله ومعاوية بن قرّة، روى عنه الثوري وغيره، وقال محمد بن خليفة السّنبسي شاعر بني مزيد يمدح دبيسا بقصيدة مطلعها:
قالوا هجرت بلاد النيل وانقطعت ... حبال وصلك عنها بعد إعلاق
فقلت: إني وقد أقوت منازلها ... بعد ابن مزيد من وفد وطرّاق
فمن يكن تائقا يهوى زيارتها ... على البعاد فإني غير مشتاق
وكيف أشتاق أرضا لا صديق بها ... إلا رسوم عظام تحت أطباق؟
وإياه عنى أيضا مرجا بن نباه بقوله:
قصدتكم أرجو نوال أكفّكم، ... فعدت وكفّي من نوالكم صفر
فلما أتيت النيل أيقنت بالغنى ... ونيل المنى منكم فلاحقني الفقر
والنيل أيضا: نهر من أنهار الرّقة حفره الرشيد على ضفّة نيل الرّقة، والبليخ: نهر دير زكّى، ولذلك قال الصّنوبري:
كأنّ عناق نهري دير زكّى، ... إذا اعتنقا، عناق متيّمين
وقت ذاك البليخ يد الليالي ... وذاك النيل من متجاورين
وأما نيل مصر فقال حمزة: هو تعريب نيلوس من الرومية، قال القضاعي: ومن عجائب مصر النيل جعله الله لها سقيا يزرع عليه ويستغنى به عن مياه المطر في أيام القيظ إذا نضبت المياه من سائر الأنهار فيبعث الله في أيام المدّ الريح الشمال فيغلب عليه البحر الملح فيصير كالسّكر له حتى يربو ويعم الرّبى والعوالي ويجري في الخلج والمساقي فإذا بلغ الحدّ الذي هو تمام الريّ وحضر زمان الحرث والزراعة بعث الله الريح الجنوب فكبسته وأخرجته إلى البحر الملح وانتفع الناس بالزراعة مما يروى من الأرض، وأجمع أهل العلم أنه ليس في الدنيا نهر أطول من النيل لأن مسيرته شهر في الإسلام وشهران في بلاد النوبة وأربعة أشهر في الخراب حيث لا عمارة فيها إلى أن يخرج في بلاد القمر خلف خطّ الاستواء، وليس في الدنيا نهر يصبّ من الجنوب إلى الشمال إلا هو، ويمتد في أشدّ ما يكون من الحرّ حين تنقص أنهار الدنيا، ويزيد بترتيب وينقص بترتيب بخلاف سائر الأنهار، فإذا زادت الأنهار في سائر الدنيا نقص وإذا نقصت زاد نهاية وزيادة، وزيادته في أيام نقص غيره، وليس في الدنيا نهر يزرع عليه ما يزرع على النيل ولا يجيء من خراج نهر ما يجيء من خراج ما يسقيه النيل، وقد روي عن عمرو بن العاص أنه قال: إن نيل مصر سيد الأنهار سخر الله له كلّ نهر بين المشرق والمغرب أن يمدّ له وذلّله له فإذا أراد الله تعالى أن يجري نيل مصر أمر الله تعالى كلّ نهر أن يمدّه بمائه وفجّر الله تعالى له الأرض عيونا وانتهى جريه إلى ما أراد
الله تعالى، فإذا بلغ النيل نهايته أمر الله تعالى كلّ ماء أن يرجع إلى عنصره ولذلك جميع مياه الأرض تقلّ أيام زيادته، وذكر عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله بن عبد الحكم قال: لما فتح المسلمون مصر جاء أهلها إلى عمرو بن العاص حين دخل بؤونه من شهور القبط فقالوا: أيها الأمير إن لبلدنا هذا سنّة لا يجري النيل إلا بها وذلك أنه إذا كان لاثنتي عشرة ليلة تخلو من هذا الشهر عمدنا إلى جارية بكر بين أبويها فأرضينا أبويها وجعلنا عليها من الحلي والثياب أفضل ما يكون ثم ألقيناها في هذا النيل، فقال لهم عمرو: إن هذا لا يكون في الإسلام وإن الإسلام يهدم ما قبله، فأقاموا بؤونه وأبيب ومسرى لا يجري النيل قليلا ولا كثيرا حتى هموا بالجلاء، فلما رأى عمرو ذلك كتب إلى عمر بن الخطاب بذلك فكتب إليه عمر:
قد أصبت، إن الإسلام يهدم ما قبله، وقد بعثت إليك ببطاقة فألقها في داخل النيل إذا أتاك كتابي هذا، وإذا في كتابه: بسم الله الرّحمن الرّحيم، من عبد الله عمر بن الخطاب أمير المؤمنين إلى نيل مصر، أما بعد فإن كنت تجري من قبلك فلا تجر، وإن كان الواحد القّهار يجريك فنسأل الله الواحد القهار أن يجريك، قال: فألقى عمرو بن العاص البطاقة في النيل وذلك قبل عيد الصليب بيوم وكان أهل مصر قد تأهبوا للخروج منها والجلاء لأنهم لا تقوم مصلحتهم إلا بالنيل، فأصبحوا يوم الصليب وقد جرى النيل بقدرة الله تعالى وزاد ستة عشر ذراعا في ليلة واحدة وانقطعت تلك السنّة السيئة عن أهل مصر، وكان للنيل سبعة خلجان: خليج الإسكندرية، وخليج دمياط، وخليج منف، وخليج المنهي، وخليج الفيوم، وخليج عرشي، وخليج سردوس، وهي متصلة الجريان لا ينقطع منها شيء، والزروع بين هذه الخلجان متّصلة من أول مصر إلى آخرها، وزروع مصر كلها تروى من ستة عشر ذراعا بما قدّروا ودبروا من قناطرها وجسورها وخلجها، فإذا استوى الماء كما ذكرناه في المقياس من هذا الكتاب أطلق حتى يملأ أرض مصر فتبقى تلك الأراضي كالبحر الذي لم يفارقه الماء قط والقرى بينه يمشى إليها على سكور مهيأة والسفن تخترق ذلك، فإذا استوفت المياه ورويت الأرضون أخذ ينقص في أول الخريف وقد برد الهواء وانكسر الحرّ فكلما نقص الماء عن أرض زرعت أصناف الزروع واكتفت بتلك الشربة لأنه كلما تأخّر الوقت برد الجوّ فلا تنشف الأرض إلى أن يستكمل الزرع فإذا استكمل عاد الوقت يأخذ في الحرّ والصيف حتى ينضج الزروع وينشفها ويكمّلها، فلا يأتي الصيف إلا وقد استقام أمرها فأخذوا في حصادها، وفي ذلك عبرة وآية ودليل على قدرة العزيز الحكيم الذي خلق الأشياء في أحسن تقويم، وقد قال عزّ من قائل:
ما ترى في خلق الرحمن من تفاوت، وفي النيل عجائب كثيرة وله خصائص لا توجد في غيره من الأنهار، وأما أصل مجراه فيذكر أنه يأتي من بلاد الزنج فيمر بأرض الحبشة مسامتا لبحر اليمن من جهة أرض الحبشة حتى ينتهي إلى بلاد النوبة من جانبها الغربي والبجه من جانبها الشرقي فلا يزال جاريا بين جبلين بينهما قرى وبلدان والراكب فيه يرى الجبلين عن يمينه وشماله وهو بينهما بإزاء الصعيد حتى يصب في البحر، وأما سبب زيادته في الصيف فإن المطر يكثر بأرض الزنجبار وتلك البلاد في هذه الأوقات بحيث ينزل الغيث عندهم كأفواه القرب وتنصبّ المدود إلى هذا النهر من سائر الجهات فإلى أن يصل إلى مصر ويقطع تلك المفاوز يكون القيظ ووجه
الحاجة إليه كما دبره الخالق عز وجل، وقد ذكر الليث بن سعد وغيره قصة رجل من ولد العيص بن إسحاق النبي، عليه السّلام، وتطلّبه مجراه أذكرها بعد إن شاء الله تعالى، قال أميّة: نيل مصر ينبوعه من وراء خط الاستواء من جبل هناك يقال له جبل القمر فإنه يبتدئ في التزيّد في شهر أبيب وهو في الرومية يوليه، والمصريون يقولون: إذا دخل أبيب شرع الماء في الدبيب، وعند ابتدائه في التزيّد تتغير جميع كيفياته ويفسد، والسبب في ذلك مروره بنقائع مياه أجنة يخالطها فيحيلها ويستخرجها معه ويستصحبها إلى غير ذلك مما يحيله، فلا يزال على هذه الحال كما وصفه الأمير تميم بن المعزّ بن إسماعيل فقال:
أما ترى الرعد بكى واشتك ... والبرق قد أومض واستضحكا؟
فاشرب على غيم كصبغ الدُّجى ... أضحك وجه الأرض لما بكى
وانظر لماء النيل في مدّه ... كأنه صندل أو مسّكا
أو كما قال أمية بن أبي الصلت المغربي:
ولله مجرى النيل منها إذا الصّبا ... أرتنا به في مرّها عسكرا مجرا
بشطّ يهزّ السّمهريّة ذبّلا، ... وموج يهزّ البيض هنديّة بترا
ولتميم بن المعز أيضا:
يوم لنا بالنيل مختصر، ... ولكل وقت مسرة قصر
والسّفن تصعد كالخيول بنا ... فيه وجيش الماء منحدر
فكأنما أمواجه عكن، ... وكأنما داراته سرر
وقال الحافظ أبو الحسين محمد بن الوزير في تدرج زيادة النيل إصبعا إصبعا وعظم منفعة ذلك التدرج:
أرى أبدا كثيرا من قليل، ... وبدرا في الحقيقة من هلال
فلا تعجب فكلّ خليج ماء ... بمصر مسبّب لخليج مال
زيادة إصبع في كل يوم ... زيادة أذرع في حسن حال
فإذا بلغ الماء خمسة عشر ذراعا وزاد من السادس عشر إصبعا واحدا كسر الخليج ولكسره يوم معهود فيجتمع الخاصّ والعامّ بحضرة القاضي وإذا كسر فتحت التّرع وهي فوهات الخلجان ففاض الماء وساح وعمّ الغيطان والبطاح وانضمّ أهل القرى إلى أعلى مساكنهم من الضياع والمنازل بحيث لا ينتهي إليهم الماء فتعود عند ذلك أرض مصر بأسرها بحرا عامّا غامر الماء بين جبليها المكتنفين لها وتثبت على هذه الحال حسبما تبلغ الحدّ المحدود في مشيئة الله، وأكثر ذلك يحول حول ثمانية عشر ذراعا ثم يأخذ عائدا في صبّه إلى مجرى النيل ومشربه فينقص عما كان مشرفا عاليا من الأراضي ويستقر في المنخفض منها فيترك كل قرارة كالدرهم ويعمّ الرّبى بالزهر المؤنق والروض المشرق، وفي هذا الوقت تكون أرض مصر أحسن شيء منظرا وأبهاها مخبرا، وقد جوّد أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي بشر الكاتب فقال:
شربنا مع غروب الشمس شَمْساً ... مشعشعة إلى وقت الطلوع
وضوء الشمس فوق النيل باد ... كأطراف الأسنّة في الدروع
ومن عجائب النيل السمكة الرعّادة وهي سمكة لطيفة مسيّرة من مسّها بيده أو بعود يتصل بيده إليها أو بشبكة هي فيها اعترته رعدة وانتفاض ما دامت في يده أو في شبكته، وهذا أمر مستفيض رأيت جماعة من أهل التحصيل يذكرونه، ويقال إن بمصر بقلة من مسّها ومسّ الرعّادة لم ترتعد يده، والله أعلم، ومن عجائبه التمساح ولا يوجد في بلد من البلدان إلا في النيل، ويقال إنه أيضا بنهر السند إلا أنه ليس في عظم المصري فإذا عضّ اشتبكت أسنانه واختلفت فلم يتخلص الذي وقع فيها حتى يقطعه، وحنك التمساح الأعلى يتحرّك والأسفل لا يتحرك، وليس ذلك في غيره من الدواب، ولا يعمل الحديد في جلده، وليس له فقار بل عظم ظهره من رأسه إلى ذنبه عظم واحد ولا يقدر أن يلتوي أو ينقبض لأنه ليس في ظهره خرز، وهو إذا انقلب لم يستطع أن يتحرك، وإذا أراد الذكر أن يسفد أنثاه أخرجها من النيل وألقاها على ظهرها كما يأتي الرجل المرأة فإذا قضى منها وطره قلبها فإن تركها على ظهرها صيدت لأنها لا تقدر أن تنقلب، وذنب التمساح حادّ طويل وهو يضرب به فربما قتل من تناله ضربته، وربما جرّ بذنبه الثور من الشريعة حتى يلجج به في البحر فيأكله، ويبيض مثل بيض الإوزّ فإذا فقص عن فراخه كان الواحد كالحرذون في جسمه وخلقته ثم يعظم حتى يصير عشرة أذرع وأكثر وهو يبيض وكلما عاش يزيد، وتبيض الأنثى ستين بيضة، وله في فيه ستون سنّا، ويقال إنه إذا أخذ أول سن من جانب حنكه الأيسر ثم علّق على من به حمّى نافض تركته من ساعته، وربما دخل لحم ما يأكله بين أسنانه فيتأذّى به فيخرج من الماء إلى البرّ ويفتح فاه فيجيئه طائر مثل الطّيطوى فيسقط على حنكه فيلتقط بمنقاره ذلك اللحم بأسره فيكون ذلك اللحم طعاما لذلك الطائر وراحة بأكله إياه للتمساح، ولا يزال هذا الطائر حارسا له ما دام ينقي أسنانه، فإذا رأى إنسانا أو صيادا يريده رفرف عليه وزعق ليؤذنه بذلك ويحذره حتى يلقي نفسه في الماء إلى أن يستوفي جميع ما في أسنانه، فإذا أحسّ التمساح بأنه لم يبق في أسنانه شيء يؤذيه أطبق فمه على ذلك الطائر ليأكله فلذلك خلق الله في رأس ذلك الطائر عظما أحدّ من الإبرة فيقيمه في وسط رأسه فيضرب حنك التمساح، ويحكى عنه ما هو أعجب من ذلك، وهو أن ابن عرس من أشد أعدائه، فيقال إن ابن عرس إذا رأى التمساح نائما على شاطئ النيل ألقى نفسه في الماء حتى يبتل ثم يتمرغ في التراب ثم يقيم شعره ويثب حتى يدخل في جوف التمساح فيأكل ما في جوفه وليس للتمساح يد تدفع عنه ذلك، فإذا أراد الخروج بقر بطنه وخرج، وعجائب الدنيا كثيرة وإنما نذكر منها ما نجرّبه عادة ولهذا أمثال ليس كتابنا بصدد شرحها، وقال الشاعر:
أضمرت للنيل هجرانا ومقلية ... مذ قيل لي إنما التمساح في النيل
فمن رأى النيل رأي العين من كشب ... فما رأى النيل إلا في البواقيل
والبواقيل: كيزان يشرب منها أهل مصر، وقال عمرو بن معدي كرب:
فالنيل أصبح زاخرا بمدوده، ... وجرت له ريح الصّبا فجرى لها
عوّدت كندة عادة فاصبر لها، ... اغفر لجانبها وردّ سجالها
وحدّث الليث بن سعد قال: زعموا، والله أعلم،
أن رجلا من ولد العيص يقال له حائذ بن شالوم بن العيص بن إسحاق بن إبراهيم، عليهما السلام، خرج هاربا من ملك من ملوكهم إلى أرض مصر فأقام بها سنين، فلما رأى عجائب نيلها وما يأتي به جعل الله نذرا أن لا يفارق ساحله حتى يرى منتهاه أو ينظر من أين مخرجه أو يموت قبل ذلك، فسار عليه ثلاثين سنة في العمران ومثلها في غير العمران، وبعضهم يقول خمس عشرة كذا وخمس عشرة كذا، حتى انتهى إلى بحر أخضر فنظر إلى النيل يشقه مقبلا فوقف ينظر إلى ذلك فإذا هو برجل قائم يصلّي تحت شجرة تفّاح، فلما رآه استأنس به فسلم عليه فسأله صاحب الشجرة عن اسمه وخبره وما يطلب، فقال له: أنا حائذ بن شالوم بن العيص بن إسحاق بن إبراهيم، فمن أنت؟ قال: أنا عمران بن العيص بن إسحاق بن إبراهيم، فما الذي جاء بك إلى ههنا يا حائذ؟ قال:
أردت علم أمر النيل، فما الذي جاء بك أنت؟ قال:
جاء بي الذي جاء بك، فلما انتهيت إلى هذا الموضع أوحى الله تعالى إليّ أن قف بمكانك حتى يأتيك أمري، قال: فأخبرني يا عمران أي شيء انتهى إليك من أمر هذا النيل وهل بلغك أن أحدا من بني آدم يبلغه؟ قال: نعم بلغني أن رجلا من بني العيص يبلغه ولا أظنه غيرك يا حائذ، فقال له: يا عمران كيف الطريق إليه؟ قال له عمران: لست أخبرك بشيء حتى تجعل بيننا ما أسألك، قال: وما ذاك؟ قال: إذا رجعت وأنا حيّ أقمت عندي حتى يأتي ما أوحى الله لي أن يتوفاني فتدفني وتمضي، قال: لك ذلك عليّ، قال: سر كما أنت سائر فإنه ستأتي دابة ترى أولها ولا ترى آخرها فلا يهولنّك أمرها فإنها دابة معادية للشمس إذا طلعت أهوت إليها لتلتقمها فاركبها فإنها تذهب بك إلى ذلك الجانب من البحر فسر عليه فإنك ستبلغ أرضا من حديد جبالها وشجرها وجميع ما فيها حديد، فإذا جزتها وقعت في أرض من فضة جبالها وشجرها وجميع ما فيها فضة، فإذا تجاوزتها وقعت في أرض من ذهب جميع ما فيها ذهب ففيها ينتهي إليك علم النيل، قال: فودعه ومضى وجرى الأمر على ما ذكر له حتى انتهى إلى أرض الذهب فسار فيها حتى انتهى إلى سور من ذهب وعليه قبّة لها أربعة أبواب وإذا ماء كالفضة ينحدر من فوق ذلك السور حتى يستقرّ في القبة ثم يتفرق في الأبواب وينصبّ إلى الأرض، فأما ثلثاه فيغيض وأما واحد فيجري على وجه الأرض وهو النيل، فشرب منه واستراح ثم حاول أن يصعد السور فأتاه ملك وقال: يا حائذ قف مكانك فقد انتهى إليك علم ما أردته من علم النيل وهذا الماء الذي تراه ينزل من الجنة وهذه القبة بابها، فقال:
أريد أن أنظر إلى ما في الجنة، فقال: إنك لن تستطيع دخولها اليوم يا حائذ، قال: فأي شيء هذا الذي أرى؟ قال: هذا الفلك الذي تدور فيه الشمس والقمر وهو شبه الرحا، قال: أريد أن أركبه فأدور فيه، فقال له الملك: إنك لن تستطيع اليوم ذلك، ثم قال: إنه سيأتيك رزق من الجنة فلا تؤثر عليه شيئا من الدنيا فإنه لا ينبغي لشيء من الجنة أن يؤثر عليه شيء من الدنيا، فبينما هو واقف إذ أنزل عليه عنقود من عنب فيه ثلاثة أصناف: صنف كالزبرجد الأخضر وصنف كالياقوت الأحمر وصنف كاللؤلؤ الأبيض، ثم قال: يا حائذ هذا من حصرم الجنة ليس من يانع عنبها فارجع فقد انتهى إليك علم النيل، فرجع حتى انتهى إلى الدابة فركبها فلما أهوت الشمس إلى الغروب أهوت إليها لتلتقمها فقذفت به إلى جانب البحر الآخر فأقبل حتى انتهى إلى عمران فوجده قد مات في يومه ذلك فدفنه وأقام
على قبره، فلما كان في اليوم الثالث أقبل شيخ كبير كأنه بعض العبّاد فبكى على عمران طويلا وصلى على قبره وترحم عليه ثم قال: يا حائذ ما الذي انتهى إليك من علم النيل؟ فأخبره، فقال: هكذا نجده في الكتاب، ثم التفت إلى شجرة تفاح هناك فأقبل يحدّثه ويطري تفاحها في عينيه، فقال له: يا حائذ ألا تأكل؟ قال: معي رزقي من الجنة ونهيت أن أوثر عليه شيئا من الدنيا، فقال الشيخ: هل رأيت في الدنيا شيئا مثل هذا التفاح؟ إنما هذه شجرة أنزلها الله لعمران من الجنة ليأكل منها وما تركها إلا لك ولو أكلت منها وانصرفت لرفعت، فلم يزل يحسّنها في عينه ويصفها له حتى أخذ منها تفاحة فعضها ليأكل منها فلما عضها عضّ يده ونودي: هل تعرف الشيخ؟
قال: لا! قيل: هذا الذي أخرج أباك آدم من الجنة، أما إنك لو سلمت بهذا الذي معك لأكل منه أهل الدنيا فلم ينفد، فلما وقف حائذ على ذلك وعلم أنه إبليس أقبل حتى دخل مصر فأخبرهم بخبر النيل ومات بعد ذلك بمصر، قال عبيد الله الفقير إليه مؤلف الكتاب: هذا خبر شبيه بالخرافة وهو مستفيض ووجوده في كتب الناس كثير، والله أعلم بصحته، وإنما كتبت ما وجدت.

حور
الحَوْرُ: الرُّجُوْعُ إلى الشَّيْءِ وعنه. وحارَتِ الغُصَّةُ تَحُوْرُ: انْحَدَرَتْ، وأحارَها صاحِبُها. وكُلُّ شَيْءٍ يَتَغَّيُر من حالٍ إلى حالٍ: فقد حارَ. وفي الحديث: " الحَوْر بَعْدَ الكَوْرِ أي الزِّيادَة بعد النُّقْصانِ. والمُحَاوَرَةُ: مُرَاجَعَةُ الكَلامِ. حاوَرْتُ فلاناً، وأحَرْتُ إليه جَوَاباً، والمَحُوْرُ: مَرْجُوْعُ الجَوابِ. وما أحَارَ بكلمةٍ. والحَوِيْرُ: المُحَاوَرَةُ، وكذلك الحِوَارُ والحِوَرُ والمَحُوْرَةُ أيضاً.
ويقولُ الرَّجُلُ لِصاحِبِه: واللِه ما تَحُوْرُ ولا تَحُوْلُ، أي لا تَزْدادُ خَيْراً. ومَحَاوِرُ الرَّجُلِ: مَصَائرُ أمْرِه، واحِدَتُها: مَحْوَرَةٌ. والمَحُوْرَةٌ - أيضاً - الرُّجُوْعُ. والحُوْرُ: النُّقْصَانُ - بِضَمِّ الحاءِ؛ على مِثالِ النُّوْرِ -. وفي مَثَلٍ: " حُوْرٌ في مَحَارَةٍ " أي باطِلٌ في نَقْصٍ، وقد يُفْتَحُ الحاءُ ومَعْناه: رُجُوْعٌ في نُقْصَانٍ. والمَحَارَةُ: المَنْقَصَةُ. وإنَّه لَفي حُوْرٍ وبُوْرٍ: أي في ضَيْعَةٍ. والإحَارَةُ: رَجْعُ اليَدِ في السَّيْرِ. والحَوْرُ: ما تَحْتَ الكَوْرِ من العِمامَةِ. وهي أيضاً: خَشَبَةٌ يُقال لها البَيْضَاءُ. وكذلك الأدِيْمُ المَصْبُوْغُ بِحُمْرَةٍ، يُقال: حَوَّرْتُه تَحْوِيْراً، والجَميعُ: الأحْوَارُ.
والحِوَارُ والحُوَارُ: الفَصِيْلُ أوَّلَ ما يُنْتَجُ، والجَمِيعُ: الحِيْرَانُ. وأحارَتِ النّاقَةُ: صارَتْ ذاتَ حُوَارٍ، والعَرَبُ تُسَمِّي عَقْرَبَ الشِّتَاءِ: عُقَيْرِبَ الحِيْرَانِ، ولا يُنْتِجُوْنَ فيها، أي تُضِرُّ بالحُوَارِ.
والحَوَرُ: الأَدْيْمُ المَصْبُوْغُ بِحُمْرَةٍ. والحَوَرُ: شِدَّةُ بَيَاضِ بَيَاضِ العَيْنِ في شِدَّةِ سَوَادِ سَوَادِها، وامْرَأةٌ حَوْراءُ: بَيْضاءُ حَسَنَة.واحْوَرَّتْ عَيْنُ. صارتْ حَوْراءَ. والجَميعُ: الحُوْرُ والحِيْرُ. وامْرَأةٌ حَوَارِيَّةٌ: بَيْضاء. وعَيْنٌ حَوْراءُ: مُسْتَدِيْرَةٌ. والمِحْوَرُ: الحَدِيْدَةُ التي يَدُوْرُ فيها لِسَانُ الإبْزِيْمِ. وهي أيضاً: الخَشَبَةُ التي تَدُوْرُ عليها البَكْرَةُ، والتي يُبْسَطُ بها العَجِيْنُ. والحُوّاري: أجْوَدُ الدَّقِيْقِ وأخْلَصُه. وحَوَّرْتُ الدَّقِيْقَ: بَيَّضْتُه. وحُرْتُ الثَّوْبَ وحَوَّرْتُه: بَيَّضْتُه بالغَسْل. والحَوَارِيُّوْنَ: ناصِرُوْ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، وناصِرُوْ عيسى بن مريم صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكُلُّ مُجَاهِدٍِ عند العَرَبِ: حَوَارِيٌّ.
وقال الأصمعيُّ: ما يَعِيْشُ بأحْوَرَ؛ أي بعَقْلٍ، وقيل بقَلْبٍ وَحَاشٍ. وماله حَوَرْوَرٌ: أي شَيْءٌ. وحَوَّرْتُ البَعيرَ: كَوَيْتُه، والمِحْوَرَةُ: المِكْوَاةُ. وحَوِّرْ عَيْنَ بَعِيرِكَ: أي حَجِّرْ حَوْلَها بِكَيٍّ. والكَيَّةُ تُسَمّى الحَوْرَاءَ.
وحَوَّرَ الحائطَ: بمَعْناه. والحارَةُ: كلُّ مُسْتَدَارٍ من فَضَاءٍ وغيرِه مَبْنِيّاً أوغيرَ مَبْنِيٍّ. وحُوِّرَتْ خَوَاصِرُ الإبِلِ: وهو أنْ يُؤْخَذَ خِثْيُها فَيُضْرَبَ به على خَوَاصِرِها. والحائرُ: المَهْزُوْلُ. والوَدَكُ أيضاً. واحْوَرَّتِ القِدْرُ: ابْيَضَّ لَحْمُها قبل النُّضْجِ.
والحَوَرُ: ما تَحْفِلُ به النِّساءُ وُجُوْهَها عند الزِّيْنَةِ؛ يُتَّخَذُ من الرَّصَاصِ. والحَوَرُ: شَجَرٌ، في قول الراعي:
كالجَوْزِ نُطِّقَ بالصَّفْصَافِ والحَوَرِ
وفي المَثَلِ في شَوَاهِدِ الظّاهِرِ على الباطِنِ " أرَاكَ بَشَرٌ ما أحَارَ مِشْفَرةٌ " أحَارَ: رَدَّ إلى جَوْفِه، وهو كقولهم: " عَيْنُه فِرَارُه ".
وطَحَنْتُ الطّاِحَنَة فما أحَارَتْ شَيْئاً من الدَّقِيقِ: أي ما رَدَّتْ. والحَوَرُ: أنْ تَسْوَدَّ عَيْنُ البَقَرَةِ والظَّبْيِ كُلُّها، وليس في بَني آدَمَ أحْوَرُ.

حور

1 حَارَ, aor. ـُ (S,) inf. n. حَوْرٌ and حُؤُورٌ (S, K) and حُورٌ, a contraction of the form next preceding, used in poetry, in case of necessity, (TA,) and مَحَارٌ (S, K) and مَحَارَةٌ (K) and حَوْرَةٌ, (TA,) He, or it, returned, (S, L, K,) إِلَى شَىْءٍ

to a thing, and عَنْهُ from it. (L.) b2: [Hence,] حار عَلَيْهِ It (a false imputation) returned to him [who was its author; or recoiled upon him]. (TA, from a trad.) b3: And حَارَتِ الغُصَّةُ The thing sticking in the throat, and choking, descended; as though it returned from its place. (TA.) b4: [And حار, inf. n. حَوْرٌ and حُورٌ, He returned from a good state to a bad.] You say, حار بَعْدَ مَا كَانَ (TA on the authority of 'Ásim, and so in a copy of the S,) He returned from a good state after he had been in that state: (A 'Obeyd, S, * TA:) so says 'Asim: (TA:) or حار بعد ما كَارَ (TA, and so in copies of the S,) He became in a state of defectiveness after he had been in a state of redundance: (TA:) or it is from حار, inf. n. حَوْرٌ, He untwisted his turban: (Zj, TA:) and means (assumed tropical:) He became in a bad state of affairs after he had been in a good state. (TA. [See حَوْرٌ, below.]) b5: حَارَ وَبَارَ He became in a defective and bad state. (TA. [Here بار is an imitative sequent; (see حَائِرٌ;) as is also يَبُورُ in a phrase mentioned below.]) b6: حار, aor. as above, (Msb,) inf n.

حَوْرٌ (S, A, Msb, K) and حُورٌ (S, A, K) and مَحَارَةٌ (S) and مَحَارٌ, (M and TA in art. اول,) It decreased, or became defective or deficient. (S, * A, * Msb, K. * [See also حَوْرٌ, below.]) b7: Also, inf. n. حَوْرٌ (TA) and حُورٌ, (S, K,) He perished, or died. (S, * K, * TA.) b8: Also, aor. ـُ inf. n. حَوْرٌ, He, or it, became changed from one state, or condition, into another: and it became converted into another thing. (TA.) b9: مَا يَحُورُ فُلَانٌ وَلَا يَبُورُ Such a one does not increase nor become augmented [in his substance] (Ibn-Háni, K *) is said when a person's being afflicted with smallness of increase is confirmed. (Ibn-Háni, TA.) A2: حار, (TK,) inf. n. حَوْرٌ, (K,) He was, or became, confounded, or perplexed, and unable to see his right course; syn. تَحَيَّرَ. (K, * TK.) [See also art. حير.]

A3: See also 2.

A4: حَوِرَ, aor. ـَ inf. n. حَوَرٌ; (K;) and حَوِرَتْ, aor. and inf. n. as above; (Msb;) and ↓ احوّر, (K,) inf. n. اِحْوِرَارٌ; (TA;) and احوّرت; (S, K; *) He, (a man, K, TA,) and it, (an eye, S, Msb, K, * TA,) was, or became, characterized by the quality termed حَوَرٌ as explained below. (S, Msb, K, TA.) 2 حوّرهُ, inf. n. تَحْوِيرٌ, He made him, or it, to return. (Zj, K.) b2: He (God) denied him, or prohibited him from attaining, what he desired, or sought; disappointed him; frustrated his endeavour, or hope; (K, TA;) and caused him to return to a state of defectiveness. (TA.) A2: حوّر, inf. n. as above, He whitened clothes, or garments, (S, Msb,) and wheat, or food: (S:) and ↓ حار, (K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. حَوْرٌ, (TA,) he washed and whitened a garment, or piece of cloth; (K;) but حوّر is better known in this sense. (TA.) b2: حوّر عَيْنَ البَعِيرِ, (inf. n. as above, TA,) He burned a mark round the eye of the camel with a circular cauterizing-instrument, (S, K, *) on account of a disorder: because the place becomes white. (TA.) A3: [He prepared skins such as are called حَوَرٌ: a meaning indicated, but not expressed, in the TA. b2: And app. He lined a boot with such skin: see مُحَوَّرٌ.]

A4: Also, (inf. n. as above, TA,) He prepared a lump of dough, and made it round, (S, K,) with a مِحْوَر, (TA,) to put it into the hole containing hot ashes in which it was to be baked: (S, K:) he made it round with a مِحْوَر. (A.) 3 حاورهُ, (A, Mgh, Msb,) and حاورهُ الكَلَامَ, (TA in art. رجع, &c.,) inf. n. مُحَاوَرَةٌ (S, Mgh, K) and حِوَارٌ, (A, Mgh,) He returned him answer for answer, or answers for answers; held a dialogue, colloquy, conference, disputation, or debate, with him; or bandied words with him; syn. جَاوَبَهُ, (S, and Jel in xviii. 35,) and رَاجَعَهُ الكَلَامَ, (A, Mgh, Msb,) or رَاجَعَهُ فِى الكَلَامِ, (Bd in xviii. 32,) or, of the inf. n., مُرَاجَعَةُ النُّطْقِ. (K.) And حاورهُ He vied, or competed, with him, or contended with him for superiority, in glorying, or boasting, or the like; syn. فَاخَرَهُ. (Jel. in xviii. 32.) 4 احار [He returned a thing]. You say, طَحَنَتْ فَمَا أَحَارَتْ شَيْئًا She ground, and did not return (مَا رَدَّتْ) anything of the flour [app. for the loan of the hand-mill: see حُورٌ, below]. (S, K.) b2: احار الغُصَّةَ He swallowed the thing sticking in his throat and choking him; [as though he returned it from its place: see 1: see also 4 in art. حير: and see an ex. voce إِحَارَةٌ.] (TA.) And فُلَانٌ سَرِيعُ الإِحَارَةِ Such a one is quick in swallowing: [said to be] from what next follows. (Meyd, TA.) b3: احار, (S, K, &c.,) inf. n. إِحَارَةٌ, (TA,) He returned an answer, or a reply. (Msb, TA.) You say, كَلَّمْتُهُ فَمَا أَحَارَ إِلَىَّ جَوَابًا I spoke to him, and he did not return to me an answer, or a reply. (S, A, * Msb, * K, *) And in like manner, مَا أَحَارَ بِكَلِمَةِ [He did not return a word in answer, or in reply]. (TA.) A2: احارت She (a camel) had a young one such as is called حُوَار. (K.) 6 تحاوروا, (Msb, K, &c.,) inf. n. تَحَاوُرٌ, (S, K,) They returned one another answer for answer, or answers for answers; held a dialogue, colloquy, conference, disputation, or debate, one with another; or bandied words, one with another; syn. تَجَاوَبُوا, (S, K,) and تَرَاجَعُوا, (Jel in lviii. & ا,) or تَرَاجَعُوا الكَلَامَ, (Msb, K,) or تَرَاجَعُوا فِى الكَلَامِ. (Bd in lviii. 1.) [And They vied, or competed, or contended for superiority, one with another, in glorying, or boasting, or the like: see 3.]9 احوّر, (S, K, &c.,) inf. n. اِحْوِرَارٌ, (K,) It (a thing, S, Msb, and the body, TA, and the part around the eye, A, and bread, S, or some other thing, TA) was, or became, white. (S, A, Msb, K.) b2: See also 1, last sentence.10 استحارهُ He desired him to speak [or to return an answer or a reply; he interrogated him]. (S, K.) And استحار الدَّارَ He desired the house to speak [to him; he interrogated the house; as a lover does in addressing the house in which the object of his love has dwelt]. (IAar.) حَوْرٌ inf. n. of حَارَ. (S, A, Msb, K.) [Hence,] نَعُوذُ بِاللّٰهِ مِنَ الحَوْرِ بَعْدَ الكَوْنِ, (TA on the authority of 'Ásim, and so in a copy of the S,) a trad., (TA,) meaning We have recourse to God for preservation from decrease, or defectiveness, after increase, or redundance: (S:) or مِنَ الحَوْرِ بَعْدَ الكَوْرِ, (TA, and so in copies of the S,) meaning as above: (S, TA:) or (assumed tropical:) from a bad state of affairs after a good state; from حَوْرٌ signifying the “ untwisting ” a turban: (TA:) or from returning and departing from the community [of the faithful] after having been therein; [from حَارَ “ he untwisted ” his turban, and] from كَارَ “ he twisted ” his turban upon his head. (Zj, TA. [See also كَوْرٌ.]) ↓ فِى مَحَارَةٍ ↓ حُورٌ, (S, K,) and حَوْرٌ, (K,) Deficiency upon deficiency, (S, K,) and return upon return, (TA,) is a prov., applied to him whose good fortune is retiring; (S, K;) or to him who is not in a good state; or to him who has been in a good state and has become in a bad state: (K:) or the saying is, ↓ فُلَانٌ حَوْرٌ فِى مَحَارَةٍ [Such a one is suffering deficiency upon deficiency: حَوْرٌ being used in the sense of حَائِرٌ, like بَوْرٌ in the sense of بَائِرٌ]: so heard by IAar; and said by him to be applied in the case of a thing not in a good state; or to him who has been in a good state and has become in a bad state. (TA.) One says also, البَاطِلُ فِى

حَوْرٍ What is false, or vain, is waning and retreating. (TA.) And وَبُورٍ ↓ إِنَّهُ فِى حُورٍ, (K,) or حُورٍ بُورٍ, (K in art. حير,) Verily he is engaged in that which is not a skilful nor a good work or performance: (فِى غَيْرِ صَنْعَةٍ وَلَا إِجَادَةٍ: so in the L: in the K, for احادة is put إِتَاوَةٍ [which is evidently a mistake]: TA:) or he is in a bad state, and a state of perdition: (TA in art. حير:) or in error. (K. [See also بُورٌ: and see بَائِرٌ, in art. بور; where it is implied that بور is here an imitative sequent of حور.]) And ذَهَبَ فُلَانٌ فِى

وَالبَوَارُ ↓ الحَوَارِ Such a one went away in a defective and bad state. (L, TA.) b2: See also حَوِيرٌ.

A2: What is beneath the [part called] كَوْرٌ of a turban. (K.) A3: The bottom of a well or the like. (K.) b2: Hence, (TA,) هُوَ بَعِيدُ الحَوْرِ (assumed tropical:) He is intelligent; (K;) deep in penetration. (TA.) حُورٌ: see حَوْرٌ, in two places.

A2: Also [app. A return of flour for the loan of a hand-mill; like عُقْبَةٌ (a subst. from أَعْقَبَ) signifying some broth which is returned with a borrowed cooking-pot:] a subst. from احارت in the phrase طَحَنَتْ فَمَا

أَحَارَتْ شَيْئًا [q. v. suprà]. (S, K.) حَوَرٌ Intense whiteness of the white of the eye and intense blackness of the black thereof, (S, Msb, K,) with intense whiteness, or fairness, of the rest of the person: (K:) or intense whiteness of the white of the eye and intense blackness of the black thereof, with roundness of the black, and thinness of the eyelids, and whiteness, or fairness, of the parts around them: (K:) or blackness of the whole [of what appears] of the eye, as in the eyes of gazelles (AA, S, Msb, K) and of bulls and cows: (AA, S:) and this is not found in human beings, but is attributed to them by way of comparison: (AA, S, Msb, K:) As says, I know not what is الحَوَرُ in the eye. (S.) b2: Also [simply] Whiteness. (A.) A2: Red skins, with which [baskets of the kind called] سِلَال are covered: (S, K:) [a coll. gen. n.:] n. un. with ة: (S:) pl. حُورَانٌ: (K, TA: in the CK حَوَرانٌ:) or (so in the TA, but in the K “ and ”) a hide dyed red: (K, TA:) or red skins, not [such as are termed] قَرَظِيَّة: pl. أَحْوَارٌ: (AHn:) or skins tanned without قَرَظ: or thin white skins, of which [receptacles of the kind called] أَسْفَاط are made: or prepared sheep-skins. (TA.) [In the present day, pronounced حَوْر, applied to Sheep-skin leather.]

A3: A certain kind of tree: the people of Syria apply the name of حَوْرٌ to the plane-tree (دُلْب); but it is حَوَرٌ, with two fet-hahs: in the account of simples in the Kánoon [of Ibn-Seenà], it is said to be a certain tree of which the gum is called كهرباء: (Mgh:) [by the modern Egyptians (pronounced حَوْر) applied to the white poplar:] a certain kind of wood, called البَيْضَآءُ, (K,) because of its whiteness. (TA.) A4: الحَوَرُ The third star, [e,] that next the body, of the three in the tail of Ursa Major. (Mir-át ez-Zemán, &c. [In the K it is incorrectly said to be the third star of بَنَاتُ نَعْشٍ الصُّغْرَى. See القَائِدُ, in art. قود.]) حَارَةٌ [A quarter of a city or town; generally consisting of several narrow streets, or lanes, of houses, and having but one general entrance, with a gate, which is closed at night; or, which is the case in some instances, having a by-street passing through it, with a gate at each end:] a place of abode of a people, whereof the houses are contiguous: (Msb:) any place of abode of a people whereof the houses are near [together]: (K in art. حير:) a spacious encompassed tract or place; syn. مُسْتَدَارٌ مِنْ فَضَآءٍ: (A:) pl. حَارَاتٌ. (A, Msb.) حِيرَةٌ: see حَوِيرٌ.

حَوْرَآءُ fem. of أَحْوَرُ [q. v.]. b2: Also A round, or circular, burn, made with a hot iron; (K;) [around the eye of a camel; (see 2;)] so called because its place becomes white. (TA.) حَوَرْوَرَةٌ: see حَوَارِيَّةٌ, under حَوَارِىٌّ.

حَوَارٌ: see حَوِيرٌ: A2: and see حَوْرٌ.

حُوَارٌ, (S, K, &c.,) and sometimes with kesr [↓ حِوَارٌ], (K,) but this latter is a bad form, (Yaakoob,) A young camel when just born: (T, K:) or until weaned; (S, K;) i. e. from the time of its birth until big and weaned; (TA;) when it is called فَصِيلٌ: (S:) fem. with ة: (IAar:) pl. (of pauc., S) أَحْوِرَةٌ and (of mult., S) حِيرَانٌ and حُورَانٌ. (S, K.) [Its flesh is insipid: see a verse cited as an ex. of the word مَسِيخٌ.]

b2: [Hence,] عَقْرَبُ الحِيرَانِ The scorpion of winter; because it injures the حُوَار, (K, TA,) i. e. the young camel. (TA.) حِوَارٌ: see حَوِيرٌ: A2: and see also حُوَارٌ.

حَوِيرٌ (S, K,) and ↓ حَوِيرَةٌ, (S, and so in some copies of the K,) or ↓ حُوَيْرَةٌ, (so in other copies of the K and in the TA,) and ↓ حَوَارٌ (S, K) and ↓ حِوَارٌ (K) and ↓ مَحُورَةٌ (S, K, TA, in the CK مَحْوُرَةٌ) and ↓ مَحْوَرَةٌ and ↓ مُحَاوَرَةٌ [originally an inf. n. of 3] and ↓ حِيرَةٌ (K) and ↓ حَوْرٌ, (TA,) An answer; a reply. (S, K.) You say, مَا رَجَعَ إِلَىَّ حَوِيرًا, &c., He did not return to me an answer, or a reply. (S.) [See a verse of Tarafeh cited voce مُجْمِدٌ.]

حَوِيرَةٌ, or حُوَيْرَةٌ: see what next precedes.

حَوَارِىٌّ One who whitens clothes, or garments, by washing and beating them. (S, M, Msb, K.) Hence its pl. حَوَارِيُّونَ is applied to The companions [i. e. apostles and disciples] of Jesus, because their trade was to do this. (S, M, Msb.) [Or it is so applied from its bearing some one or another of the following significations.] b2: One who is freed and cleared from every vice, fault, or defect: [or] one who has been tried, or proved, time after time, and found to be free from vices, faults, or defects; from حَارَ “ he returned. ” (Zj, TA.) b3: A thing that is pure, or unsullied: anything of a pure, or an unsullied, colour: and hence, b4: One who advises, or counsels, or acts, sincerely, honestly, or faithfully: (Sh:) or a friend; or true, or sincere, friend: (TA:) or an assistant: (S, Msb, K:) or a strenuous assistant: (TA:) or an assistant of prophets: (K:) or a particular and select friend and assistant of a prophet: and hence the pl. is applied to the companions of Mohammad also. (Zj.) b5: A relation. (K.) b6: And حَوَارِيَّةٌ A white, or fair, woman; (A;) as also ↓ حَوَرْوَرَةٌ; (T, K;) and so ↓ حَوْرَآءُ, without implying حَوَرٌ of the eye: (TA:) pl. of the first حَوَارِيَّاتٌ: (A:) or this pl. signifies women of the cities or towns; (K;) so called by the Arabs of the desert because of their whiteness, or fairness, and cleanness: (TA:) or women clear in complexion and skin; because of their whiteness, or fairness: (TA:) or women inhabitants of regions, districts, or tracts, of cities, towns, or villages, and of cultivated land: (Ksh and Bd in iii. 45:) or [simply] women; because of their whiteness, or fairness. (S.) حُوَّارَى White, applied to flour: (A, * K:) such is the best and purest of flour: (K, TA:) and in like manner applied to bread: (A:) or whitened, applied to flour; (S;) and, in this latter sense, to any food. (S, K.) [See also سَمِيدٌ: and see مُحَوَّرٌ.]

رَجُلٌ حَائِرٌ بَائِرٌ A man in a defective and bad state: (S, TA:) or perishing, or dying. (S.) [See the same phrase in art. حير: see also حَوْرٌ: and see بَائِرٌ, in art. بور; where it is said that بائر is here an imitative sequent of حائر.]

A2: See also مَحَارَةٌ.

أَحْوَرُ, (K,) applied to a man, (TA,) Having eyes characterized by the quality termed حَوَرٌ as explained above: (K:) and so حَوْرَآءُ, [the fem.,] applied to a woman: (S, Msb, K: *) pl. حُورٌ. (S, K.) And حُورُ العِينِ, applied to women, Having eyes like those of gazelles and of cows. (AA, S.) Az says that a woman is not termed حَوْرَآء unless Combining حَوَر of the eyes with whiteness, or fairness, of complexion. (TA.) See also حَوَارِيَّةٌ, under حَوَارِىٌّ. b2: طَرْفٌ أَحْوَرُ An eye of pure white and black. (A.) b3: الأَحْوَرُ A certain star: (S, K:) or (K) Jupiter. (S, K.) A2: Also (tropical:) Intellect: (ISk, S, K:) or pure, or clear, intellect; like an eye so termed, of pure white and black. (A.) So in the saying, مَا يَعِيشُ بُأَحْوَرَ (tropical:) [He does not live by intellect: or by pure, or clear, intellect]. (ISk, S, A.) أَحْوَرِىٌّ A man (TA) white, or fair, (S, K,) of the people of the towns or villages. (TA.) [See also حَوَارِىٌّ; of which the fem. is applied in like manner to a woman.]

مَحَارٌ: see مَحَارَةٌ, in two places.

مِحْوَرٌ The pin of wood, or, as is sometimes the case, of iron, on which the sheave of a pulley turns; (S;) the iron [pin] that unites the bent piece of iron which is on each side of the sheave of a pulley, and in which it [the محور] is inserted, and the sheave itself: and a piece of wood which unites (تَجْمَعُ) the sheave of a large pulley [app. with what is on each side of the latter; for it seems to mean here, also, the pivot]: (K:) some say that it is so called because it turns round, returning to the point from which it departed: others, that it is so called because, by its revolving, it is polished so that it becomes white: (Zj:) pl. مَحَاوِرُ. (A.) One says, قَلِقَتْ مَحَاوِرُهُ, meaning (tropical:) His circumstances, (A,) or affair, or case, (K,) became unsettled: (A, K:) from the state of the pin of the sheave of a pulley when it becomes smooth, and the hole becomes large, so that it wabbles. (A.) b2: Also A thing (K) of iron (TA) upon which turns the tongue of a buckle at the end of a waist-belt. (K.) b3: and An iron instrument for cauterizing [app. of a circular form: see 2]. (K.) b4: And The wooden implement (S, K) of the baker, or maker of bread, (S,) with which he expands the dough, (K,) and prepares it, and makes it round, to put it into the hot ashes in which it is baked: (TA:) so called because of its turning round upon the dough, as being likened to the محور of the sheave of a pulley, and because of its roundness. (T.) مَحَارَةٌ: see حَوْرٌ, in two places.

A2: Also A place that returns [like a circle]: or in which a return is made [to the point of commencement]. (K.) b2: A mother-of-pearl shell; an oyster-shell: (S, IAth, Msb, K:) or the like thereof, of bone: (S, K:) pl. مَحَاوِرُ and [coll. gen. n.] ↓ مَحَارٌ. (L.) b3: And hence, A thing in which water is collected; as also ↓ حَائِرٌ. (IAth.) b4: [Hence also,] An oyster [itself]; expl. by دَابَّةٌ فِى الصَّدَفَيْنِ. (L in art. محر.) b5: The cavity of the ear; (K;) i. e. the external, deep, and wide, cavity, around the ear-hole; or the صَدَفَة [or concha] of the ear. (TA.) b6: The part of the shoulder-blade called its مَرْجِع [q. v.]: (S, K:) or the small round hollow that is in that part of the shoulder-blade in which the head of the humerus turns. (TA.) b7: The small round cavity of the hip: and the dual signifies the two round heads [?] of the hips, in which the heads of the thighs turn. (TA.) b8: The palate; syn. حَنَكٌ: and without ة, i. e. ↓ مَحَارٌ, the same, of a man: and, this latter, the place, in a beast, where the farrier performs the operation termed تَحْنِيكٌ: (TA:) or the former signifies the upper part of the mouth of a horse, internally: (IAar, TA:) or the inner part of the palate: (Abu-l-' Omeythil, TA:) or, [which seems to be the same,] the portion of the upper part of the mouth which is behind the فِرَاشَة [or فِرَاش]: and the passage of the breath to the innermost parts of the nose: (TA:) or مَحَارَةُ الحَنَكِ signifies the part [of the palate] which is a little above the place where the farrier performs the operation termed تحنيك. (S.) b9: The part between the frog and the extremity of the fore part of a solid hoof. (Abu-l-' Omeythil, K.) What is beneath the إِطَار [q. v., app. here meaning the اطار of the hoof of a horse or the like]. (TA.) And The مَنْسِم [i. e. toe, or nail, &c.,] of a camel. (TA.) A3: A thing resembling [the kind of vehicle called] a هَوْدَج; (K;) pronounced by the vulgar [مَحَارَّة,] with teshdeed: pl. مَحَارْاتٌ (TA) [and مَحَائِرُ, which is often applied in the present day to the dorsers, or panniers, or oblong chests, which are borne, one on either side, by a camel, and, with a small tent over them, compose a هودج]: the [ornamented هودج called the]

مَحْمِل [vulgarly pronounced مَحْمَل] of the pilgrims [which is borne by a camel, but without a rider, and is regarded as the royal banner of the caravan; such as is described and figured in my work on the Modern Egyptians]. (Msb.) A4: I. q. خَطٌّ [A line, &c.]. (K.) b2: And i. q. نَاحِيَةٌ [A side, region, quarter, tract, &c.]. (K.) مَحُورَةٌ and مَحْوَرَةٌ: see حَوِيرٌ.

مُحْوَرُّ القِدْرِ The whiteness of the froth, or of the scum, of the cooking-pot. (S.) b2: جَفْنَةٌ مُحْوَرَّةٌ, [in the copies of the K, erroneously, مُحَوَّرَةٌ,] A bowl whitened by [containing] camel's hump, (S, L, K,) or its fat. (A.) مُحَوَّرٌ Dough of which the surface has been moistened with water, so that it is shining. (TA.) [See also 2.] b2: أَعْيُنٌ مُحَوَّرَاتٌ, in a verse of El-'Ajjáj, Eyes of a clear white [in the white parts] and intensely black in the black parts. (S.) A2: A boot lined with skin of the kind called حَوَرٌ. (K.) مُحَوِّرٌ A possessor of [flour, or bread, such as is termed] حُوَّارَى. (TA.) مُحَاوَرَةٌ: see حَوِيرٌ.

سلم

1 سَلِمَ, [aor. ـَ inf. n. سَلَامَةٌ (S, M, A, Mgh, Msb, K) and سَلَامٌ (A, TA) and سَلَمٌ and سَلْمٌ and سِلْمٌ, (Bd in xxxix. 30,) He was, or became, safe, or secure; or he escaped; (M, TA;) or he was, or became, free; (TA;) مِنَ الآفَاتِ [from evils of any kind], (S, Mgh,) or مِنَ الآفَةِ [from evil of any kind], (K,) or مِنَ البَلَآءِ [from trial, or affliction], (A, TA,) or مِنَ الأَمْرِ [from the affair]: (M:) he (a traveller) was, or became, safe, secure, or free, from evils of any kind: (Msb:) and سَلِمَ مِنَ العَيْبِ he was, or became, free from fault, defect, imperfection, blemish, or vice; syn. بَرِئَ. (Msb in art. برأ.) [Hence,] one says, لَا بِذِى تَسْلَمُ مَا كَانَ

گَذَا وَكَذَا, (ISk, S, K, *) meaning No, by God [or Him] who maketh thee to be in safety, (ISk, S, K,) [such and such things were not;] and to two persons لا بذى تَسْلَمَانِ, and to a pl. number لا بذى تَسْلَمُونَ, and to a female لا بذى تَسْلَمِينَ, and to a pl. number [of females] لا بذى تَسْلَمْنَ. (ISk, S, K. *) And لَا أَفْعَلُ ذٰلِكَ بِذِى تَسْلَمُ, meaning, بِذِى سَلَامَتِكِ [i. e. I will not do that, by the Author (lit. Lord or Master) of thy safety]; and in like manner, بذى تَسْلَمَانِ, and بذى تَسْلَمُونَ. (Sb, M. [See also ذو.]) And اِذْهَبْ بِذِى تَسْلَمُ, i. e. اِذْهَبْ بِسَلَامَتِكَ [Go thou with thy safety; or, with the Author of thy safety to protect thee; meaning go thou in safety]; and [to two persons]

اِذْهَبَا بِذِى تَسْلَمَانِ. (S, K.) ذى is thus prefixed to a verb [as virtually governing it in the gen. case] like as آيَة is in an instance mentioned under this latter word; but these are two extr. instances; for only a noun significant of time is [regularly] prefixed to a verb, as in the phrase هٰذَا يَوْمُ يُفْعَلُ, meaning يُفْعَلُ فِيهِ: (Akh, S:) it is not prefixed to any but this verb تَسْلَمُ [and its variations as above mentioned]. (Sb, M, K.) b2: And hence, (Mgh,) one says also, سَلِمَتْ لَهُ الضَّيْعَةُ, meaning [The landed estate] was, or became, free from participation to him; syn. خَلَصَت. (Mgh, TA.) A2: سلمهُ, [app. سَلَمَهُ, or perhaps سَلِمَهُ, for some verbs of this measure are trans., as حَسِبَ and وَرِثَ,] inf. n. سلم, [app. سَلَمٌ, q. v. infrà,] He made him a captive. (TA.) A3: سَلَمَتْهُ الحَيَّةُ, (TA,) inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (M, K, TA,) The serpent bit him: (M, * K, * TA:) mentioned by Az, but he adds that no one but Lth has said this. (TA.) A4: سَلَمَ الجِلْدَ, aor. ـِ (S, K,) inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (TA,) He tanned the skin with [قَرَظ, i. e. leaves of] the سَلَم [or mimosa flava]. (S, K, TA.) b2: سَلَمَ الدَّلْوَ, (M, K,) aor. ـِ inf. n. سَلْمٌ, (M,) He finished making the leathern bucket; and made it firm, strong, or sound, or made it firmly, strongly, or soundly. (M, K.) 2 سلّمهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَسْلِيمٌ, (K,) He (God) made him to be safe, secure, or free; saved, secured, or freed, him; (M, Msb, TA;) مِنَ الآفَاتِ [from evils of any kind], (S, Msb,) or مِنَ الآفَةِ [from evil of any kind], (K,) or مِنَ الأَمْرِ [from the affair]. (M.) [Freytag assigns the same meaning to ↓ اسلمهُ also, as on the authority of the Ham; in which I find no explanation of this verb except one which will be found later in this paragraph.] b2: [Hence,] التَّسْلِيمُ is also syn. with السَّلَامُ, (S, K, TA,) as meaning The saluting, or greeting, one with a prayer for his safety, or security, or freedom, from evils of any kind in his religion and in his person; and the interpretation thereof is [the expressing a desire for] التَّخْلِيصٌ; (Mbr, TA;) or the saluting, or greeting, one with a prayer for his life; or, by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ [q. v. infrà, voce سَلَامٌ]; syn. التَّحِيَّةُ. (TA.) You say, سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ [meaning He so saluted, or greeted, him]. (M, Msb.) [This, when said of God, virtually means سَلَّمَهُ, i. e. He saved him; and should be rendered agreeably with this explanation in the phrase commonly used after the mention of the Prophet, صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ May God bless and save him. You say also, سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ بِالخِلَافَةِ He saluted him with the acknowledgment of his being Khaleefeh; saying, سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ يَا أَمِيرَ المُؤْمِنِينَ Salutation to thee, or peace be on thee, &c., O Prince of the Faithful.] التَّسْلِيمَةُ signifies The salutation that is pronounced on finishing every two rek'ahs in prayer: (Har p. 180:) [and also that which is pronounced after the last rek'ah of each of the prayers (i. e. after the sunneh prayers and the fard alike), addressed to the two guardian and recording angels: (see my “ Modern Egyptians,” ch. iii., p. 78 of the 5th ed.:) and سَلَّمَ means He pronounced either of those salutations.] b3: [Hence also,] سلّم إِلَيْهِ الشَّىْءَ, (S, K, *) inf. n. as above; (K;) and ↓ اسلم اليه الشىءَ; (M;) He gave to him the thing; (S, * M, K;) or delivered it to him: (M:) [he resigned it to him:] and سلّم إِلَيْهِ الوَدِيعَةَ, (Mgh,) or سلّم الوَدِيعَةَ لِصَاحِبِهَا, He delivered the deposit [to him, or] to its owner: (Msb:) and ↓ اسلم الثَّوْبَ إِلَى الخَيَّاطِ (Mgh) signifies the same as سلّمهُ إِلَيْهِ [i. e. He delivered the garment, or piece of cloth, to the tailor]. (Har p. 166.) b4: See also 4, in two places. b5: You say also, سلّم الأَجِيرُ نَفْسَهُ لِلْمُسْتَأْجِرِ The hired man gave himself up, or gave authority over himself, to the hirer. (Msb.) And ↓ أَسْلَمْتُهُ and سَلَّمْتُهُ I left him in the power of him who desired to kill him or to wound him. (Ham p. 115.) And لِلْهَلَكَةِ ↓ اسلمهُ [He gave him up to destruction]: in this case with [the prep.] ل only. (Har p. 166.) and الرَّجُلَ ↓ اسلم, (S, * M, Msb, *) or العَدُوَّ, (K,) He left, forsook, or deserted, (M, K,) the man, (S, * M, Msb, *) or the enemy; (K;) or abstained from aiding, or assisting, him; (S, M, Msb, K;) and threw him into destruction. (IAth, TA.) and لِمَا بِهِ ↓ اسلمهُ He left him [to that bane which was in him: app. referring to the bite of a serpent, or any evil affection: see سَلِيمٌ, third sentence]. (S, * M.) b6: And سلّم أَمْرَهُ إِلَى اللّٰهِ and ↓ اسلمهُ, both meaning the same, (S, Msb, K, TA,) i. e. He committed his case to God. (TA.) b7: And سلّم الدَّعْوَى He acknowledged the truth [or justice] of the claim, demand, or suit; [he conceded its truth or justice;] from سلّم الوَدِيعَةَ لِصَاحِبِهَا, expl. above; denoting an ideal delivering [or yielding of a thing to another person]. (Msb.) [Hence one says, سلّم أَنَّهُ كَذَا He conceded that it was thus.] b8: And التَّسْلِيمُ signifies also [The assenting, or] the giving [one's] approval (S, K, TA) unreservedly, (S,) to that which is ordained, or decreed, (S, K, TA,) by God; and the submitting to his commands; and the abstaining from offering opposition in the case in which it is not becoming [to do so]. (TA.) You say, سلّم لِأَمْرِ اللّٰهِ He assented to the command of God: [or he gave his approval to it:] or he submitted to it; as also ↓ اسلم. (MA.) 3 سالمهُ, (M, Msb,) inf. n. مُسَالَمَةٌ (S, M, Msb) and سِلَامٌ, (M, Msb,) He made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, with him; or he reconciled himself with him: [implying mutual concession, or a compromise:] (S, * M, Msb:) and سَالَمَا They made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, or they reconciled themselves, each with the other. (K.) 4 أَسْلَمَ see 2, in nine places. [The first of the meanings there assigned to this verb is, in my opinion, more than doubtful. In all its senses, it seems to be properly trans.: when it is used as an intrans. verb, an objective complement is app. understood. Thus,] أَسْلَمَ is syn. with أَسْلَفَ [as meaning He paid in advance, or beforehand]; (S, M, Mgh, Msb;) الثَّمَنَ [the price] being suppressed, though sometimes it is expressed; (Mgh;) as also ↓ سلّم; (M;) and ↓ تسلّم, as occurring in a trad., where it is said, مَنْ تَسَلَّمَ فِى شَىْءٍ فَلَا يَصْرِفُهُ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ [Whoso pays in advance for a thing, he shall not turn it over, or transfer it, to another than him]; but KT says that he had not heard this verb thus used except in this instance. (TA.) So the first of these verbs signifies in the saying, اسلم فِى الطَّعَامِ (S) or فى البُرِّ (Mgh) [He paid in advance for the wheat], and فى الشَّىْءِ [for the thing], as also ↓ سلّم. (M.) and hence the saying, إِذَا أَسْلَمَ صُوفًا فِى لِبْدٍ أَوْ شَعَرًا فِى

مِسْحٍ لَمْ يَجُزْ [If he give in advance wool for felt, or goats' hair for a garment, or piece, of haircloth, it will not be allowable]. (Mgh.) And so in the phrase, أَسْلَمْتُ إِلَيْهِ [I paid in advance to him]. (Msb.) b2: Also [He resigned, or submitted, himself; نَفْسَهُ being understood: or] he was, or became, resigned, or submissive; (M, K;) and so ↓ استسلم: (S, M, Msb, K:) you say, اسلم لِلّٰهِ [He resigned, or submitted, himself, or he was, or became, resigned, or submissive, to God: see also an ex. (before referred to) in the last sentence of the second paragraph: or he was, or became, sincere in his religion, or without hypocrisy, towards God: see مُسْلِمٌ]: (Msb:) [or]

اسلم signifies he entered into السِّلْم, (S, Msb,) which here means الاِسْتِسْلَام [i. e. the state of resignation, or submission]. (S.) b3: And He became a Muslim; as also ↓ تسلّم; (M, * K;) as in the saying, كَانَ كَافِرًا ثُمَّ تَسَلَّمَ, i. e. أَسْلَمَ [He was an unbeliever, or a denier of the unity of God, &c.; then he became a Muslim]: (M:) or he entered [the pale, or communion, of] the religion of الإِسْلَام. (S, * Msb.) الإِسْلَامُ as a principle of the law of God is The manifesting of humility or submission, and outward conforming with the law of God, and the taking upon oneself to do or to say as the Prophet has done or said: for this, the blood is to be spared, and one may demand the repelling of evil: (T, * M:) and if there is therewith firm belief with the heart, it is إِيمَانٌ: (T:) this is the doctrine of Esh-Sháfi'ee; but the doctrine of Aboo-Haneefeh makes no difference between these two terms: (KT:) [agreeably with the former doctrine,] Th well and briefly says, الاسلام is with the tongue, and الايمان is with the heart: and he says, in explaining verse 48 of ch. v. of the Kur, that every prophet has been sent with الاسلام, though the ordinances differ. (M.) b4: One says also, أَسْلَمْتُ عَنْهُ, meaning I left it [app. an affair, as in an explanation in the TK,] after I had been [engaged] in it. (Ibn-Buzurj, K.) And اسلم occurs intransitively in the saying, كَانَ رَاعِىَ غَنَمٍ ثُمَّ

أَسْلَمَ, meaning [He was a pastor of sheep, or goats; then] he left them. (M.) b5: [Freytag assigns to اسلم another signification “ Adscendere fecit (vid. a سُلَّم),” as from the Ham, p. 39: but this is app. a mistake, into which he has been led by a saying, there cited, of Zuheyr, which I read thus: هَوِىَّ الدَّلْوِ أَسْلَمَهَا الرِّشَآءُ (meaning, The descent, or as the descent, of the bucket that the well-rope has let go): and by its being there said that “ you should not prefer any reading of هوى to that with damm, though it has been said otherwise: ” whereas the correct reading is, in my opinion, هَوِىّ, agreeably with what here follows:] Er-Riyáshee says, on the authority of Az, that الهَوِىُّ, with fet-h, is downwards; and with damm, upwards; and he cites the saying above as an ex. of the word as meaning downwards. (TA in art. هوى.) 5 تسلّم مِنْهُ He asserted, or declared, himself to be free from, or clear of, or quit of, it, or him. (M.) b2: تسلّم is also syn. with أُسْلَمَ, in two senses: see the latter, in two places.

A2: and تسلّمهُ signifies He took it, or received it; namely, a thing given, or delivered. (S, M, Msb, K.) 6 تسالموا, (M,) and تسالما, (K,) inf. n. تَسَالُمٌ, (S,) They, (M,) or they two, (K,) made peace, or became at peace or reconciled, (S, * M, K,) one with another, (S, M,) or each with the other. (S, K.) [See also 8.] b2: One says of a man, (M,) of a great, or frequent, liar, (TA,) لَا تَسَالَمُ خَيْلَاهُ, [for تَتَسَالَمُ,] (M,) or لَا يَتَسَالَمُ خَيْلَاهُ, (K, TA,) [(assumed tropical:) His two troops of horses will not agree in pace, each with the other;] meaning (tropical:) [his assertions will not be found to agree together; or] he will not say what is true, so that it may be accepted from him: for تَسَالَمَتْ, said of horses, means (assumed tropical:) they kept pace, one with another; (تَسَايَرَتْ [q. v.];) not exciting one another. (M, K, TA.) 8 استلم He became at peace, or reconciled. (TA.) Hence the saying, (TA,) هُوَ لَا يَسْتَلَمُ عَلَى

سَخَطِهِ He will not become at peace, or reconciled, during his displeasure at a thing. (K, TA.) [See also 6.] b2: استلم الزَّرْعُ The seed-produce put forth its ears. (K.) A2: استلم الحَجَرَ He touched, (S, K,) or reached, (Mgh,) the stone, [meaning the Black Stone of the Kaabeh,] by kissing, or with the hand: (S, Mgh, K:) or he wiped it, or stroked it, with the hand: (Mgh:) or he kissed the stone: or he embraced it: (M:) and اِسْتَلْأَمَهُ signifies the same; (M, K;) but is not the original: (M:) accord. to ISk, the Arabs pronounced it with hemz, contr. to analogy; (Msb;) or it should not be pronounced with hemz, though some thus pronounce it, (S,) the original being استلم, (ISk, Msb,) because it is from سِلَامٌ [pl. of سَلِمَةٌ] signifying “ stones,” (ISk, S, * M, Msb, * [in the Mgh, from سَلِمَةٌ signifying “ a stone,” and in the Msb the pl. of سَلِمَةٌ is said to be سَلَامٌ, like كَلَامٌ,]) accord. to Sb, who says that it does not denote the act of taking; (M;) or, accord. to Sb, it is from السَّلَامُ, with fet-h, meaning “ salutation,” and it means the touching with the hand by way of salutation in order to obtain a blessing thereby: (TA:) but accord. to IAar, the original is with hemz, from المُلَآءَمَةُ, meaning الاِجْتِمَاعُ [“ the coming together,” &c., because denoting contact]. (Msb.) Abu-t-Tufeyl is related to have said, رَأَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللّٰهِ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَطُوفُ عَلَى رَاحِلَتِهِ يَسْتَلِمُ بِمِحْجَنِهِ وَيُقَبِّلُ المِحْجَنَ [i. e. I saw the Apostle of God (may God bless and save him) circuiting around the Kaabeh, upon his camel, touching the Black Stone with his hooked staff, and kissing the hooked staff]. (TA.) The primary signification of الاِسْتِلَامُ is [said to be] The wiping, or stroking, the سَلِمَة, i. e. the stone: afterwards it was used in relation to other things, and one said اِسْتَلَمْتُ يَدَهَا, meaning I stroked, or kissed, her hand. (Har pp. 30 and 31.) b2: استلم الخُفُّ قَدَمَيْهِ means The boot rendered his feet soft [after he had been accustomed to walking barefoot]. (TA.) 10 إِسْتَسْلَمَ see 4, in the former half of the paragraph.

A2: استسلم ثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ He went upon the middle of the road, not missing it. (K, * TA. [In the CK, after واسْتَسْلَمَ انقادَ, for وثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ, meaning واستسلم ثَكَمَ الطَّرِيقِ, is erroneously put وتَسَلَّمَ الطَّرِيقَ, assigning to تسلّم a meaning belonging to استسلم.]) Q. Q. 2 تَمَسْلَمَ [from مُسْلِمٌ] He named, or called, himself a Muslim; or he named himself Muslim; his name having before been Mohammad: (M, K:) mentioned by Er-Ru-ásee. (M.) سَلْمٌ: see the next paragraph, in six places.

A2: Also A leathern bucket (دَلْوٌ) having one عُرْوَة [or loop-shaped handle], (T, S, M, K,) with which the waterer walks, like the buckets (دِلَآء) of the attendants of the camels or other beasts upon which water is drawn or which carry water, (T, TA,) or like the دَلْو of the water-carriers: (S, K:) expl. in the S as above as on the authority of AA; but IB says that the correct explanation is, having one عَرْقُوَة [or stick fixed across from one part of the brim to the to the opposite part, serving as a handle as well as to keep it from collapsing]: (TA:) of the masc. gender [whereas دَلْوٌ is fem.]: (M:) pl. [of pauc.] أَسْلُمٌ and [of mult.] سِلَامٌ, (M, K,) and Lh mentions as its pl. أَسَالِمُ, which is extr. [unless as a pl. pl., i. e. pl. of أَسْلُمٌ]. (M.) سِلْمٌ Peace, or reconciliation; as also ↓ سَلْمٌ; (S, M, Msb, K;) masc. and fem.; (S, Msb, K; *) and ↓ سَلَمٌ and ↓ سَلَامٌ are like سِلْمٌ [in signification]: (M: [the context there shows that the signification mentioned above is what is meant in this instance:]) or سِلْمٌ signifies the making peace, or becoming at peace or reconciled, with another or others; (Ham p. 80;) as also ↓ سَلْمٌ; and both are sometimes fem. as being syn. with مُصَالَحَةٌ. (L voce جَنَحَ, q. v.) In the saying of El-Aashà, أَذَاقَتْهُمُ الحَرْبُ أَنْفَاسَهَا

↓ وَقَدْ تُكْرَهُ الحَرْبُ بَعْدَ السِّلِمْ [War made them, or has made them, to taste its draughts, and verily war is disliked after peace], he has transferred the vowel of the م to the ل, in pausing; or it may be that he has inserted a kesreh in imitation of the preceding kesreh: it is not an instance like إِبِل, in the opinion of Sb; for in his opinion the latter is the only instance of its kind. (M.) It is said in a trad., respecting El-Hodeybiyeh, أَخَذَ ثَمَانِينَ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ سِلْمًا, or ↓ سَلْمًا, or ↓ سَلَمًا, accord. to different relations, meaning [He took forty of the people of Mekkeh] peaceably: thus expl. by El-Homeydee, in his “ Ghareeb. ” (TA. [See also سَلَمٌ below.]) b2: Also i. q. ↓ سَلَامٌ, (S, K, TA,) as signifying Selfresignation, or submission; (TA; [and thus the latter is expl. in one place in the S;]) which is also a signification of ↓ سَلَمٌ: (S, M, K, TA:) and this is meant in the Kur [iv. 96], where it is said, لَسْتَ مُؤْمِنًا ↓ وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَنْ أَلْقَى إِلَيْكُــمُ السَّلَامَ, (Bd, TA,) or ↓ السَّلَمَ, as some read, (Bd,) [i. e. and say not ye to him who offers to you submission, Thou art not a believer:] or ↓ السَّلَامَ here means the salutation of الإِسْلَام [by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ]: (Bd, TA: *) or salutation, and submission by uttering the profession of الإِسْلَام; and so ↓ السَّلَمَ: (Jel:) [or the latter here means, simply, salutation; and this is app. what is meant by its being said that] السَّلَمُ is the subst. from التَّسْلِيمُ; (K;) [but accord. to SM,] this means the unreserved approval of what is decreed; and this is said to be meant by the reading السَّلَمَ mentioned above. (TA.) b3: And [hence] السِّلْمُ signifies also الإِسْلَامُ [as meaning The religion of the Muslims; because it is a religion of self-resignation, or submission]: (S, K:) this is meant in the Kur [ii. 204], where it is said, اُدْخُلُوا فِى السِّلْمِ كَافَّةً

[Enter ye into the religion of El-Islám wholly]; (S, Bd, Jel;) and so ↓ السَّلْمِ, as some there read; (Bd, Jel;) or both there mean submission and obedience to God: (Bd:) [and] ↓ السَّلَمُ [also] has the former meaning. (M.) A2: Also, (S, M, K,) and ↓ سَلْمٌ, (M,) A man, (S, K, TA,) [and] a woman, (M,) who makes peace, or is at peace, with another; (S, M, K;) and in like manner, a company of men (قَوْمٌ). (M.) This is said to be meant in the Kur [xxxix. 30], where it is said, وَرَجْلًا سِلْمًا لِرَجُلٍ, as some read, i. e. And a man who is at peace with respect to a man: (TA:) or سِلْمًا and ↓ سَلْمًا and ↓ سَلَمًا, three different readings, in the place of [the more common reading]

سَالِمًا, are all inf. ns. of سَلِمَ, used as epithets [syn. with سَالِمًا], or ذَا is suppressed before them. (Bd.) You say, أَنَا سِلْمٌ لِمَنْ سَالَمَنِى [I am one who is at peace with respect to him who is at peace with me]. (S, TA.) And a poet says, [using this word in two different senses, the latter of which has been mentioned above,] لِأَهْلِكِ فَاقْبَلِى سِلْمِى أَنَائِلُ إِنَّنِى سِلْمٌ [O Náïleh, (نَائِلُ being for نَائِلَةٌ, a woman's name, apocopated,) verily I am one who is at peace with respect to thy family, therefore accept thou my submission]. (TA. [It seems to be there indicated by the context that سلمى here means my peace, or reconciliation; which is less appropriate than the meaning that I have assigned to it.]) سَلَمٌ: see سَلَامٌ: and see also سِلْمٌ, in seven places. b2: Also, in buying or selling, (Msb,) the subst. from أَسْلَمَ فِى الشَّىْءِ and سَلَّمَ signifying

أَسْلَفَ, (M,) i. q. سَلَفٌ; (S, Msb, K;) i. e. Any money, or property, paid in advance, or beforehand, as the price of a commodity for which the seller has become responsible and which one has bought on description: (T and TA in art. سلف:) or payment for a commodity to be delivered at a certain [future] period with something additional to [the equivalent of] the current price at the time of such payment; this [transaction] being a cause of profit to him who makes such payment: (TA in that art.:) or a sort of sale in which the price is paid in advance, and the commodity is withheld, on the condition of description, to a certain [future] period: (S and O in that art., in explanation of سَلَفٌ:) but it is said in a trad. that the term سَلَمٌ as meaning سَلَفٌ was disliked; app. because the former is applied to obedience, and self-resignation, or submission, to God. (TA.) A2: And The making [one] captive. (K. [See 1, in the latter part of the paragraph.]) A3: And A captive; (K;) because he submits himself. (TA.) One says, أَخَذَهُ سَلَمًا, (M, TA, [in the TK بِالسَّلَمِ,]) He took him [a captive], (TA,) or made him captive, (M,) without war: (M, TA:) or he brought him in a state of submission, not resisting; and so, if wounded: (IAar, M, TA:) and thus El-Khattábee has expl. the phrase in the trad. respecting El-Hodeybiyeh cited above, voce سِلْمٌ. (TA.) A4: Also A sort of tree, (S, M, Msb, K,) [the mimosa flava of Forskål, who writes its Arabic name in Italic characters syllæm, and in Arabic characters سليم, (Flora Aegypt. Arab., p. cxxiii.,)] a species (M) of the [kind of thorny trees called] عِضَاه, (S, M, Mgh, Msb, TA, [not غَضَاة, as in the Lexicons of Golius and Freytag,]) the leaves whereof are the قَرَظ, with which skin is tanned: (TA:) AHn says, its branches are long, like rods; and it has no wood such as is used in carpentry, even if it grows large: it has slender, long thorns, grievous when they wound the foot of a man; and a yellow [fruit such as is termed] بَرَمَة [n. un. of بَرَمٌ, see this word, and see also حُبْلَةٌ,] which is the sweetest of the بَرَم in odour; and they tan with its leaves: and it is said, on the authority of the Arabs of the desert, that it has a yellow flower, containing a green grain (حَبَّة خَضْرَآء [or this may mean a grain of a dark, or an ashy, dustcolour]), of sweet odour, in which is somewhat of bitterness, and of which the gazelles are very fond: (M:) the n. un. is with ة: (S, M, Mgh, Msb, K:) and pl. أَسْلَامٌ, (M,) and سِلَامٌ is said by IB to be pl. of the n. un., like as إِكَامٌ is of أَكَمَةٌ. (TA.) [Hence,] ذَاتُ أَسْلَامٍ A land (أَرْض) that gives growth to the [trees called] سَلَم. (K.) See also سلَمَان.

سَلِمٌ Stones; (S, M;) as also ↓ سِلَامٌ: (M:) and ↓ سَلِمَةٌ [as n. un. of the former and sing. of the latter, (incorrectly written by Freytag, in one place, سَلَمَةٌ, and incorrectly said by him to be of the dial. of the people of Himyer,)] signifies a stone: (S, M, Mgh, Msb:) [or] the pl. [or quasipl. n.] of سَلِمَةٌ in this sense is ↓ سَلَامٌ, like كَلَامٌ in measure: (Msb:) or ↓ سَلِمَةٌ signifies stones; (K;) or hard stones; (TA;) and ↓ سِلَامٌ is its pl.: (K:) [said to be] so called because of their freedom (سلَامَة) from softness: (TA:) or this last signifies stones, the small thereof and the large; and they assign to it no sing.: (ISh, TA:) or سلام [probably meaning ↓ سَلَامٌ] is a quasi-pl. n.: (Aboo-Kheyreh, TA:) and it is also said to be a name for any broad stone. (TA.) See also سَلَمَان. A poet says, (namely, Bujeyr Ibn-'Anameh, IB, TA,) يَرْمِى وَرَائِى بِامْسَهْكِ وَامْسَهْمِ وَامْسَلِمَهْ [He casts from behind me (i. e. defends me) with the arrow and the stone]: this [usage of ام for ال] is of the dial. of [Teiyi and] Himyer. (S, TA.) السِّلِمْ for السِّلْمْ: see سِلْمٌ, second sentence.

سَلِمَةٌ: see سَلِمٌ, in two places: and سَلَمَان.

A2: Also A woman soft, or tender, in the أَطْرَاف [or fingers, or other extremities]. (K.) b2: And An old and weak she-camel. (IAar, TA in art. سد.) سَلْمَى A certain plant (K, TA) which becomes green in the [season called] صَيْف [app. here meaning spring]. (TA.) b2: أَبُو سَلْمَى The [species of lizard called] وَزَغ: (K:) or, some say, [as is said in the M,] ↓ أَبُو سَلْمَانَ. (TA.) b3: See also the next paragraph. b4: [In the CK, by a mistranscription, a meaning belonging to سُلَامَى is assigned to سَلْمَى.]

السَّلْمَآء, accord. to Aboo-Mis-hal, as meaning The earth, occurs in the prov., أَنْفٌ قِى المَآءِ وَاسْتٌ فِى السَّلْمَآءِ [A nose in the water and a rump on the earth]: and if this be correct, it may be derived from سلام [i. e. سِلَامٌ] meaning “ stones: ” and it may be originally ↓ السَّلْمَى, and lengthened for the sake of the rhyme. (Ham p. 214.) [But the reading commonly known is, أَنْفٌ فِى السَّلْمَآءِ وَاسْتٌ فِى المَآءِ.]

هُوَ سَلْمَانُ بَيْتِهِ He is the special, or particular, friend of his [another's] house; one who mixes with him much: from the saying of the Prophet, سَلْمَانُ مِنَّا أَهْلِ البَيْتِ [Selmán is of us, the people of the house]; referring to Selmán El-Fárisee. (Har p. 472.) b2: أَبُو سَلْمَانَ: see سَلْمَى. b3: Also A species of the [black beetles called] جِعْلَان [pl. of جُعَلٌ, q. v.]: (M:) or i. q. جُعَلٌ, (IAar, K,) or أَبُو جَعْرَان, with fet-h [app. a mistake for kesr] to the ج: (Kr, TA:) or the largest of the جِعْلَان: or a certain insect like the جُعَل, having a pair of wings: (TA:) or the male of the [black beetles called] خَنَافِس [pl. of خُنْفَسَآءُ, q. v.]. (IAar, TA in art. فرض.) سَلَمَان or سَلِمَان, accord. to different readings, occurs in a trad. of Ibn-'Omar, in which it is said, كَانَ يُصَلِّى عِنْدَ سَلَمَانٍ فِى طَرِيقِ مَكَّةَ [He used to pray at certain selem-trees, or certain stones, in the road of Mekkeh]: each may be a pl. [or rather a quasi-pl. n.]; the former, of ↓ سَلَمَةٌ, the “ tree so called; ” the latter, of ↓ سَلِمَةٌ, “ stones ” [or a “ stone: ” but both of these explanations are strange]. (TA.) سَلَامٌ, (S, K, TA,) in its primary acceptation, (TA,) is syn. with ↓ سَلَامَةٌ, (S, K, TA,) as is also ↓ سَلَمٌ, (S, [so in one of my copies, but omitted in the other copy,]) and signifies Safety, security, immunity, or freedom, from faults, defects, imperfections, blemishes, or vices, (S, * [mentioned in one only of my two copies, and there as relating peculiarly to the third word,] K, [in which it ostensibly relates peculiarly to the first word, but in the CK, by the omission of a و before it, it is made to relate only to the second word,] and TA, [accord. to which it relates to the first and second words, as it is well known to do,]) and from evils of any kind: (TA:) or [simply] safety, security, immunity, or freedom; as also ↓ سَلَامَةٌ: (Sb, M:) IKt says that these two words may be dial. vars. [syn. each with the other]; or the former may be pl. of the latter [or rather a coll. gen. n. of which the latter is the n. un.]: (M, TA:) and Suh says, in the R, that most of the lexicologists hold them to have one [and the same] meaning: but that if they considered the language of the Arabs, and the distinction, or limitation, denoted by the ة, they would see that between them is a great difference [inasmuch as the former has a large range of meaning which the latter has not, as will be seen from what follows]. (TA.) سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ is an announcement of the continuance of سَلَامَة [or safety, &c.]: (Bd in xiii. 24:) [it may therefore be rendered Safety, &c., be, or light and abide, on you; or, generally, peace be, or light and abide, on you; for] it means nothing disliked, or evil, shall befall you henceforth: (Bd in xvi. 34:) and سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ [may be rendered in like manner; for it virtually] means I will not do to thee anything that is disliked, or evil; (Bd and Jel in xix. 48;) nor say to thee henceforward what would annoy thee, or be disagreeable, or evil, to thee. (Bd ibid.) It may also be [rendered May safety, &c., or peace, be, or light and abide, on you; as] a prayer for سَلَامَة, to those to whom it is addressed, from the state in which they are at the time. (Bd in xxviii. 55.) [It is generally held that this salutation may not be used by, nor to, any but a Muslim.] In the beginning of an epistle, the approved practice is to write سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ, without the article ال; and in repeating it, at the end, to write it with that article. (Durrat el-Ghowwás, in De Sacy's Anthol. Gramm. Arabe, p. 72 of the Arabic text. [In the latter case, the general practice in the present day is to write simply وَالسَّلَام, suppressing عَلَيْكَ.]) In saluting the dead, one puts عَلَيْكَ first, saying, عَلَيْكَ سَلَامُ اللّٰهِ. (Ham p. 367.) You also say, مَا كَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا ↓ لَا بِسَلَامَتِكَ [No, by thy safety, such and such things were not]. (S.) السُّلَامُ is also a name of God, (S, M, Msb, K,) [applied to Him in the Kur lix. 23, accord. to some for ذُو السَّلَامِ, i. e. ذُو السَّلَامَةِ,] because of his safety, or freedom, from defect, and imperfection, and cessation of existence; (IKt, M, TA;) or from variations, and as being the everlasting, who brings the creation to nought and will not come to nought; or, accord. to Suh in the R, He is so named [as being the Author of Safety, Security, &c.; i. e.] because He has rendered all his creatures safe, or free, from defectiveness, or unsoundness, and mankind and the jinn, or genii, from the betiding of injustice, or wrong, to them, from Him; and the expositors who assert that He is thus named because of his safety, or freedom, from imperfections, and evils of any kind, utter an unseemly saying, making سَلَامٌ to be syn. with ↓ سَالِمٌ, which latter applies only to him who is liable to evil of any kind, and who expects it, and then becomes safe, or free, from it. (TA.) دَارُ السَّلَامِ is an appellation of Paradise, (M, K,) [applied thereto in the Kur vi. 127 and x. 26,] as being the abode of everlasting safety, or security; (Zj, M, TA;) the abode of safety, or security, from evils of any kind, from death and decrepitude and diseases [&c.]: (TA:) or as being the abode of God. (M, TA.) b2: See also سِلْمٌ, in four places. b3: [As is there stated,] it signifies also Salutation, or greeting; (M, TA;) particularly the salutation of الإِسْلَام [by saying سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ or سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ, expl. above]; (Bd in iv. 96;) a subst. (S, Mgh, Msb, TA) from سَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ, (Msb,) [i. e.] from التُّسْلِيمُ, (S, Mgh, TA,) like كَلَامٌ from التَّكْلِيمُ. (Mgh. [See 2, third sentence.]) b4: In the saying in the Kur [xxv. 64], وَإِذَا خَاطَبَهُمُ الْجَاهِلُونَ قَالُوا سَلَامًا [And when the ignorant speak to them, they say, سَلَامًا], this last word signifies تَسَلُّمًا, (Sb, M,) or تَسَلُّمًا مِنْكُمْ [ for نَتَسَلَّمُ مِنْكُمْ تَسَلُّمًا We declare ourselves to be clear, or quit, of you], and مُتَارَكَهً لَلُمْ [ for نُتَارِكُكُمْ مُتَارَكَةً we relinquish you], (Bd,) [and means] there shall be neither good nor evil between us (Sb, M, Bd) and you: it is not the سلام that is used in salutation; for the verse was revealed at Mekkeh, and the Muslims had not then been commanded to salute the believers in a plurality of gods: (Sb, M:) [in iv. 88 of the Kur, which was promulgated afterwards, at ElMedeeneh, is a general command to return a salutation with a better or with the same; but the Sunneh prescribes that the salutation of سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ or سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ when addressed to a Muslim by one not a Muslim is to be returned only by saying وَعَلَيْكَ or وَعَلَيْكُمْ:] or the meaning in xxv. 64 is, they say a right saying, in which they are secure from harming and sinning. (Bd.) Sb asserts that Aboo-Rabee'ah used to say, إِذَا لَقِيتَ فُلَانًا فَقُلْ سَلَامًا, meaning تَسَلُّمًا [for أَتَسَلَّمُ مِنْكَ تَسَلُّمًا, i. e. When thou meetest such a one, say, I declare myself to be clear, or quit, of thee]: and he says that some of them said سَلَامٌ, meaning The case of me and thee is the [case of] being clear, or quit, each of the other; and the [case of] mutual relinquishing. (M.) [It is usual, in the present day, to say, اِفْعَلْ كَذَا وَالسَّلَام, meaning Do thou such a thing, and there will be an end of altercation between us.]

A2: See also سَلِيمٌ.

A3: Also A kind of trees; (S, M, Msb, K;) they assert that they are evergreen; nothing eats them; but the gazelles keep to them, and protect themselves by their shade, but do not hide among them; and they are not great trees, nor of the kind called عِضَاه: (AHn, M:) they are also called ↓ سِلَامٌ; (K;) or this is pl. of سَلَمَةٌ [n. un. of سَلَمٌ], which is of another kind; like as إِكَامٌ is pl. of أَكَمَةٌ: (IB, TA:) n. un. with ة. (S, M.) السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ was said to an Arab of the desert; and he replied, الجَثْجَاثُ عَلَيْكَ: and being asked, “ What is this reply? ” he answered, “They are two bitter trees: thou hast put upon me one, so I have put upon thee the other. ” (K.) A4: See also سَلِمٌ, in two places.

سِلَامٌ: see سَلِمٌ, in two places: A2: and the paragraph here next preceding, last sentence but two.

سَلِيمٌ i. q. ↓ سَالِمٌ, (S, M, K,) which means Safe, secure, or free, (Msb,) from evils of any kind; (K, Msb, TA;) applied to a man: (M:) pl. سُلَمَآءُ; (M, K, TA;) in some copies of the K سَلْمَى, like جَرْحَى pl. of جَرِيحٌ; (TA;) [but this is probably its pl. only when it is used in the sense of جَرِيحٌ or the like, as seems to be the case from what follows.] Also, (M,) applied to a heart: (S, M:) بِقَلْبٍ سَلِيمٍ, in the Kur xxvi. 89, means With a heart free from unbelief: (M, TA:) or, divested of corruptness, or unsoundness: (Er-Rághib, TA:) in the Kur xxxvii. 82, some say that it means with a grieving, or sorrowful, heart; from سَلِيمٌ in the sense here next following. (Bd.) b2: Also i. q. لَدِيغٌ [meaning Bitten by a serpent]; (S, M, K;) as also ↓ سَلَامٌ (S, K) and ↓ مَسْلُومٌ: (K:) app., (S,) as implying a good omen, of safety; (S, M;) or because the person is left (مُسْلَمٌ) to that [bane] which is in him: (IAar, S, * M:) and sometimes it is metaphorically used as meaning (tropical:) wounded: (M:) or it means wounded, at the point of death, (M, K,) as some say: (M:) pl. سَلْمَى. (M, and Ham p. 214.) A2: Also, (M, K,) of a horse, (M,) The part, of the hoof, that is between the أَشْعَر [or hair, or extremity of the skin, next the hoof], (M, TA,) or that is between the أَمْعَر [q. v.], (K,) but the former is the right, (TA,) and the interior of the hoof. (M, K, TA.) سَلَامَةٌ [the most usual inf. n. of سَلِمَ]: see سَلَامٌ, in three places.

A2: Also n. un. of سَلَامٌ applied to a kind of trees [described above]. (S, K.) سُلَامَى, a noun of the fem. gender, (Msb,) A certain bone that is in the فِرْسِن [q. v., here meaning foot] of the camel: (S, K:) this is said by A'Obeyd to be the primary signification: (S:) or the سُلَامَى of the camel are the bones of the فُرْسِن [or foot]: (M:) [for] سُلَامَى is used alike as sing. and pl., and sometimes it has also a pl., (S,) which is سُلَامَيَاتٌ: (S, M, K:) or it is a pl. [or rather a coll. gen. n.], of which the sing. [or n. un.] is سُلَامَيَةٌ, signifying the أَنْمَلَة [q. v.] of [any of] the fingers: (IAth, TA:) [but this is a strange explanation:] it is said that the last parts in which مُخّ [here meaning marrow or pulp and the like] remains in a camel when he has become emaciated are the سُلَامَى and eye; and when it has gone from these, he has none remaining: (S:) the pl. سُلَامَيَاتٌ, (S, TA,) or سُلَامَى, (M, Msb,) also signifies the bones of the أَصَابِع, (S, M,) so says Kh, and Zj adds that they are also called the قَصَب, (Msb,) of the hand and of the foot; (M;) [i. e., of the fingers and of the toes; and this seems to be the most common meaning, in relation to a human being; namely, the phalanges of the fingers and of the toes;] that are between every two joints [and what are beyond the extreme joints] of the أَصَابِع: accord. to Lth, the سلامى are the bones of the أَصَابِع [or fingers and toes] and the أَشَاجِع and the أَكَارِع, and are hard and compact bones like كِعَاب [pl. of كَعْبٌ]: (TA: [see the words that I have here left untranslated, for the senses in which they are here used are doubtful:]) accord. to IAar, (M,) certain small bones, of the length of the إِصْبَع [or finger], (M, K,) or nearly so, (M,) or less, (K,) of which there are four, or three, (M,) [or app., five, for the meaning here seems to be the metacarpal and metatarsal bones, to which the terms سُلَامَى and سُلَامَيَاتٌ are sometimes applied, (see أَشْجَعُ and مُشْظٌ,)] in the hand and in the foot, (K,) [i. e.] in each hand and foot: (M:) Ktr says that the سلاميات are the عُرُوق [app. a mistake for عِظَام i. e. bones] of the outer side of the hand and foot: (Msb:) سلامى is also said to signify any small hollow bone: and any bone of a human being: and ISh says that in every horse are six سلاميات [app. in the fore legs and the same in the hind legs; for he seems to mean that the term سلامى is applied to each of the pasternbones and to the coffin-bone; these three corresponding to the phalanges of a human being: see فَصٌّ]: (TA:) it is not allowable to write سلامى otherwise than with what is termed the short alif. (MF, TA.) A2: سُلَامَى, (M, K,) like سُكَّارَى, (K, TA, [in the CK like سَكْرٰى, which is shown to be wrong by a verse cited in the M and TA,]) signifies also The [south, or southerly, wind called] جَنُوب. (M, K.) سَلَامَانٌ A kind of tree, (S, M, K,) growing in soft, or plain, tracts: (M:) Az says, it is like the أَلَآء, which is a tree resembling the myrtle, which changes not in the midst of summer, and which has a produce resembling the head [or ear] of millet (ذُرَة), except that it is smaller than the الآء; tooth-sticks (مَسَاوِيك) are made from it; and its produce is like that of the الآء; and it grows in the sands and the deserts: (TA in art. الأ:) n. un. with ة. (M.) نَمْلُ سُلَيْمَانُ Red ants [lit. the ants of Solomon]. (TA voce أَحْوَى, in art. حو.) سُلَّمٌ A ladder, or a series of stairs or steps, syn. مِرْقَاةٌ, (M, K,) and دَرَجَةٌ, (M,) or مِعْرَاجٌ, (Msb,) upon which one ascends; (S, Mgh;) either of wood or of clay [&c.]: (Mgh:) said by Zj to be so called because it delivers thee (يُسَلِّمُكَ) to the place to which thou desirest to go, (Mgh, TA,) i. e., to some high place, and thou hopest for safety (السَّلَامَة) by means of it: (Er-Rághib, TA:) masc. and fem.; (Lth, M, Mgh;) [app., accord. to Lth and F, generally fem.; for] accord. to Lth, one says, هِىَ السُّلَّمُ and هُوَ السُّلَّمُ; (Mgh;) [and F says,] it is sometimes made masc.: (K:) pl. سَلَالِيمُ (S, Mgh, K) and سَلَالِمُ, (K,) [which latter is the original, for] the ى in سَلَالِيمُ is added by poetic license. (M, TA.) [Hence,] السُّلَّمُ (assumed tropical:) Certain stars, below [those called] العَانَةُ, on the right of them; (K;) as being likened to the سُلَّم [above-mentioned]. (TA.) b2: And The غَرْز [or stirrup of the camel's saddle] (S, K) is sometimes thus called [as being a means of mounting]. (S.) b3: And (tropical:) A means to a thing; (K, TA;) because it leads to another thing like as does the سُلَّم upon which one ascends. (TA.) b4: And السُّلَّمُ is the name of The horse of Zebbán (in the CK Zeiyán) Ibn-Seiyár. (K.) سَالِمٌ: see سَلِيمٌ; and see سَلَامٌ, near the middle of the paragraph. [See also an ex. voce شَاجِبٌ.]

b2: [Hence,] كَلِمَةٌ سَالِمَةُ العَيْنَيْنِ (tropical:) A good word or expression or sentence. (TA.) A2: The saying of J [in the S], (K,) in which he has followed his maternal uncle El-Fárábee, (TA,) that it signifies The portion of skin between the eye and the nose, is a mistake; (IB, K;) and his citation, as an authority, of the verse of 'AbdAllah Ibn-'Omar (K) in which he says, وَجِلْدَةُ بَيْنَ العَيْنِ وَالأَنْفِ سَالِمُ (TA,) is futile: (K:) for, as IB says, Sálim was the son of Ibn-'Omar, who, by reason of his love of him, thus makes him to be as the skin between his eyes and his nose: or, as MF says, the truth is, that the said verse is by Zuheyr, and Ibn-'Omar used it as a proverb: and [SM says], if this be correct, it strengthens the saying of J. (TA.) أَسْلَمُ [More, and most, safe or secure or free from evils of any kind]. You say, هٰذَا أَسْلَمُ مِنْ هٰذَا [This is more safe &c. than this]: and هٰذَا الأَسْلَمُ [This is the most safe &c.]; and هٰذِهِ السُّلْمَى. (Ham p. 214.) A2: And الاسلم [app. الأَسْلَمُ] signifies, like الطفى [i. e. الطَّفْىُ]; The leaves (خُوص) of the دَوْم [or Theban palm]. (Ibn-Beytár, app. from AHn, cited by De Sacy in his Chrest. Arabe, 2nd ed., iii. 480.) الإِسْلَامُ [inf. n. of 4, q. v. b2: It is the general term for The religion of Mohammad: differing from الإِيمَانُ, as shown above: see 4. b3: and hence, for أَهْلُ الإِسْلَامِ, or the like,] The Muslims, collectively. (M in art. بيض, &c.) إِسْلَامِىٌّ [Of, or relating to, الأِسْلَام as meaning the religion of Mohammad. b2: And particularly] A poet of the class next after the مُخَضْرَمُون and next before the مُوَلَّدُون. (Mz 49th نوع.) [See the Preface to the present work, p. ix.] The most celebrated of the poets of this class, it seems, were Jereer, El-Farezdak, El-Akhtal, and Dhu-rRummeh, who were contemporaries, and flourished in the first and second centuries of the Flight. (Mz ubi suprà, and Ibn-Khillikán in art. جَرِير.) b3: لَفْظٌ إِسْلَامِىٌّ A word, or phrase, introduced, or used in a new sense, on the occasion of the promulgation and establishment of the religion of الإِسْلَام, by means of the Kur-án &c. (Mz 20th نوع.) الأُسَيْلِمُ [The vena salvatella;] a certain vein (S, M, K) in the hand, (M,) between the little finger and the finger next to this: (S, K:) it occurs only [thus] in the dim. form. (M.) مُسْلِمٌ act. part. n. of 4 [q. v.]. (Msb.) وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمِينَ لَكَ, in the Kur ii. 122, means And make both of us self-resigned, or submissive, to Thee: (Bd, Jel:) or, sincere in religion, or without hypocrisy, towards Thee; syn. مُخْلِصَيْنِ: (M, Bd:) and therefore مسلمين is made trans. by means of ل. (M.) b2: [It commonly means One who holds, or professes, the religion of الإِسْلَام.] And one says, ↓ كَأَنَ كَافِرًا ثُمَّ هُوَاليَوْمَ مُسْلَمَةٌ [He was an unbeliever: then, to day, he has become a Muslim]. (M.) مَسْلَمَةٌ: see what next precedes.

المُسَلَّم is said to be used in the sense of ↓ المُسْتَلَم in the saying of El-'Ajjáj, بَيْنَ الصَّفَا وَالكَعْبَةِ المُسَلَّممِ [Between Es-Safà and the Kaabeh of which the Black Stone is touched with the hand, or kissed: see 8]. (M.) مَسْلُومٌ: see سَلِيمٌ. b2: b3: Also A hide, or skin, tanned with [قَرَظ, or leaves of] the سَلَم. (S, M.) أَرْضٌ مَسْلُومَآءُ A land abounding with the trees called سَلَم. (M, K.) b2: Suh says, on the authority of AHn, that مَسْلُومَآءُ is a name for A collection of سَلَم; like مَشْيُوخَآءُ applied to “ many elders, or men advanced in age. ” (TA.) المُسْتَلَم: see المُسَلَّم. b2: مُسْتَلَمُ القَدَمَيْنِ meansA man soft, or tender, in the feet. (TA.)