دعو

1 دَعَوْتُ and دَعَيْتُ signify the same: (Fr, K and TA in art. دعى:) the aor. of the former is أَدْعُو, (TA in that art.,) sec. Pers\. fem. sing.

تَدْعِينَ and تَدْعُوِينَ and تَدٌعُيْنَ, the last with an inclination to the sound of a dammeh in the vowel of the ع [so that it is between a kesreh and a dammeh], and sec. Pers\. masc. and fem. pl. تَدْعُونَ: (S, TA:) aor. of the latter verb أَدْعِى: inf. n. دُعَآءٌ. (TA in art. دعى.) دُعَآءٌ [generally] signifies [or implies] The act of seeking, desiring, asking, or demanding. (KT.) b2: You say, دَعَا اللّٰهَ, (K,) first Pers\. دَعَوْتُ, aor. ـْ (Msb,) inf. n. دُعَآءٌ (Msb, K) and دَعْوَى, (K,) in which latter the alif [written ى] is to denote the fem. gender, [and therefore the word is without tenween,] (TA,) He prayed to God, supplicated Him, or petitioned Him humbly, (Msb, K, TA,) desiring to obtain some good that He had to bestow. (Msb, TA.) And دَعَوْتُ اللّٰهَ لَهُ [I prayed to God for him]; and عَلَيْهِ [against him]; inf. n. دُعَآءٌ: (S:) [and دَعَوْتُ لَهُ I prayed for him, or blessed him; and دَعَوْتُ عَلَيْهِ I prayed against him, or cursed him:] and دَعَوْتُ لَهُ بِخَيْرٍ [I supplicated for him good]; and دَعَوْتُ عَلَيْهِ بِشَرٍّ [I imprecated upon him evil]. (TA.) b3: دَعَا بِالكِتَابِ He desired, or required, or requested, that the writing, or book, should be brought. (TA.) And دَعَا أَنْفُهُ الطِّيبَ His nose, perceiving its odour, desired the perfume. (TA.) b4: [Hence,] دَعَا بِهِ, said of anything in the earth, means It needed it; or required it: [and so دَعَا إِلَيْهِ: one says of a wall, دَعَا إِلَى إِصْلَاحِهِ It needed, or required, its being repaired: (see 10 in art. رم:) and] one says to him whose clothes have become old and worn out, قَدْ دَعَتْ ثِيَابُكَ [Thy clothes have become such as to need thy putting on others; or] thou hast become in need of putting on other clothes. (Aboo-'Adnán, TA.) [See also 10.] b5: دَعَوْتُهُ, (S, MA, Mgh, Msb,) and دَعَوْتُ بِهِ, (MA, [and of frequent occurrence,]) inf. n. [دُعَآءٌ and] دَعْوٌ, (TA, [but the former is more common,]) also signify I called him, called out to him, or summoned him, (S, MA, Mgh, Msb,) syn. نَادَيْتُهُ, (Mgh, Msb,) or الدُّعَآءُ is to the near and النِّدَآءُ is to the distant, (Kull p. 184,) and desired him to come, to come forward, or to advance; (Msb;) and ↓ اِسْتَدْعَيْتُهُ signifies the same, (S, MA,) [i. e.] I called him to myself. (MA.) One says, دَعَا المُؤَذِّنُ النَّاسَ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ [The مؤذّن called the people to prayer]. (Msb.) And the saying of En-Nahdee كُنَّا نَدْعُو وَنَدَعُ means We used to call, or invite, them to ElIslám at one time, and to leave doing so at another time. (Mgh.) And دَعَوْتُ النَّاسَ, (Msb,) inf. n. دُعَآءٌ and دَعْوَةٌ, (S,) or the latter is a simple subst., (Msb,) and مَدْعَاةٌ, (S, [app. there mentioned as an inf. n., agreeably with many other instances,]) means also I invited people to eat with me, or at my abode. (Msb.) b6: [Hence,] مَا دَعَاكَ إِلَى هٰذَا الأَمْرِ What drew, led, induced, or caused, and constrained, or drove, thee to do this thing? (TA.) And دَعَانَا غَيْثٌ وَقَعَ بِبَلَدٍ قَدْ أَمْرَعَ, i. e. [Rain that fell in a region which had become abundant in herbage invited us thither, or] was the cause of our seeking its herbage. (TA.) And يَدْعُومَا بَعْدَهُ, (S, Mgh, K, *) or يَدْعُومَا وَرَآءَهُ مِنَ اللَّبَنِ, (Nh, TA,) [It draws, or attracts, what is to come after it, of the milk,] said of some milk left in the udder. (S, Nh, Mgh, K, TA.) And دَعَاهُ إِلَى الأَمِيرِ He drove him, or urged him to go, [but more commonly meaning he summoned him,] to the prince, or commander. (K, * TA. [In the TK, الى الأَمْرِ to the thing, or affair.]) b7: [Hence likewise,] الدُّعَآءُ signifies also The calling to one's aid: thus, [in the Kur ii. 21,] وَادْعُوا شُهَدَآءَكُمْ meansAnd call ye to your aid [your helpers]. (TA.) b8: And دَعَا المَيِّتَ He called upon the dead, praising him, and saying, Alas for such a one! or he wailed for, wept for, or deplored the loss of, the dead, and enumerated his good qualities and actions; as though he called him. (TA. [See also 5.]) b9: And دَعَوْتُهُ زَيْدًا and بِزَيْدٍ (tropical:) I called him, i. e. named him, Zeyd. (Msb, K, TA.) And دَعَوْتُهُ بِابْنِ زَيْدٍ (assumed tropical:) I called him, i. e. asserted him to be, the son of Zeyd. (Msb.) b10: دَعَاهُ اللّٰهُ (assumed tropical:) God destroyed him: [as though He called him away:] whence تَدْعُو مَنْ أَدْبَرَ وَتَوَلَّى, in the Kur lxx. 17, [describing the fire of Hell,] (assumed tropical:) It shall destroy him who shall have gone back from the truth and turned away from obedience: or this means (tropical:) it shall draw, and bring, &c.: or it refers to the زَبَانِيَة of Hell [i. e. the tormentors of the damned]: (Bd:) or it means (assumed tropical:) it will do to them hateful deeds. (TA.) [Also] God punished him, or tormented him. (TA.) and دَعَاهُ اللّٰهُ بِمَكْرُوهٍ (tropical:) God caused an evil, or abominable, event to befall him. (ISd, Z, K.) b11: دَعَا فِى الضَّرْعِ (tropical:) He left some milk, such as is termed دَاعِيَة, in the udder. (M, K, TA.) Accord. to IAth, دَاعِيَةٌ is an inf. n., like عَاقِبَةٌ and عَافِيَةٌ. (TA.) 3 مُدَاعَاةٌ signifies (tropical:) The proposing an enigma or enigmas to a person; or the contending with another in doing so; syn. مُحَاجَاةٌ. (S, K, TA.) You say, دَاعَيْتُهُ (tropical:) I proposed to him an enigma or enigmas; &c. (TA.) A poet says, أُدَاعِيكَ مَا مُسْتَصْحَبَاتٌ مَعَ السُّرَى حِسَانٌ وَمَا آثَارُهَا بِحِسَانِ [(assumed tropical:) I propose to thee an enigma: What are things that are taken as companions in night-journeying, good, and the effects whereof are not good?]: meaning swords. (S.) b2: And The asking a thing of one much, so as to weary; as also مُحَاجَاةٌ. (K.) b3: دَاعَيْنَا الحَائِطَ عَلَيْهِمْ (tropical:) We pulled down, or demolished, the wall upon them, from the sides [or foundations] thereof. (K, * TA.) b4: [Golius assigns other significations to دَاعَى, for which I find no authority: namely, “Convocavit ad Deum propheta, præco sacer,” followed by an accus.: and “ Contendit contra alium: Provocavit: pecul. rem vindicans sibi vel arrogans. ”]4 أَدْعَاهُ [so in some copies of the K; in other copies ↓ اِدَّعَاهُ; the former of which I regard as the right reading;] He made him to assert his relationship as a son [for يُدْعَى, in my copies of the K, I read ↓ يَدَّعِى, syn. with يَعْتَزِى,] to one who was not his father. (K.) [SM, who appears to have read ↓ اِدَّعَاهُ, says that it is like اِسْتَلْحَقَهُ and اِسْتَلَاطَهُ.]5 التَّدَعِّى [inf. n. of تَدَعَّتْ] signifies The تَطْرِيب [or singing, or quavering or trilling and prolonging of the voice, or prolonging and modulating of the voice,] of a woman wailing for the dead. (TA. [See دَعَا المَيِّتَ, above.]) 6 التَّدَاعِى signifies The calling, summoning, or convoking, one another. (Mgh.) You say, تَدَاعَوْ لِلْحَرْبِ [They called, summoned, or convoked, one another for war: and hence,] (assumed tropical:) they prepared themselves for war. (TA.) And تَدَاعَوْا عَلَيْهِ, (Msb, K,) or عَلَى بَنِى فُلَانٍ, (T, M,) They collected themselves together, (K,) or called one another so that they assembled together, (M,) or leagued together, and called one another to mutual aid, (T, Msb, *) against him, (Msb, K,) or against the sons of such a one. (T, M.) and تَدَاعَى عَلَيْهِ العَدُوُّ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ (assumed tropical:) The enemy advanced against him from every side. (K, * TA.) b2: [Hence,] تَدَاعَتِ السَّحَابَةُ بِالبَرْقِ وَالرَّعْدِ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ (assumed tropical:) The cloud lightened and thundered from every quarter. (TA.) And تَدَاعَى البُنْيَانُ, (Mgh, Msb,) or البِنَآءُ, (TA,) (tropical:) The building cracked in its sides, (Msb,) or became much broken, (TA,) and gave notice of falling to ruin: (Msb, TA:) or cracked in several places, without falling; and in like manner, تَدَاعَتِ الحِيطَانُ, (Mgh,) the walls cracked in several places, without falling: (Mgh, K: *) and تَدَاعَتِ الحِيطَانُ لِلْخَرَابِ the walls fell to ruin by degrees; syn. تَهَادَمَت: (S:) [but Mtr says,] تَدَاعَتْ إِلَى الخَرَابِ is a vulgar phrase; not [genuine] Arabic. (Mgh.) And تداعى said of a sand-hill, (assumed tropical:) It, being put in notion, or shaken in its lower part, poured down. (Msb.) And [hence,] تَدَاعَتْ إِبِلُ بَنِى فُلَانٍ (tropical:) (tropical:) The camels of such a one became broken by emaciation. (TA.) b3: تَدَاعَوْ بِالأَلْقَابِ They called one another by surnames, or nicknames. (Msb.) b4: التَّدَاعِى also signifies (assumed tropical:) The trying one another with an enigma or enigmas; or contending, one with another, in proposing an enigma or enigmas; syn. التَّحَاجِى. (TA in art. حجو.) You say, بَيْنَهُمْ أُدْعِيَّةٌ يَتَدَاعُوْنَ بِهَا (assumed tropical:) [Between them is an enigma with which they try one another; or by proposing which they contend, one with another]. (S, K. *) b5: يَتَدَاعَوْنَ فَصْلَ الخِطَابِ (assumed tropical:) They compete, one with another, [as though each one challenged the others,] in discoursing of the science of chasteness of speech, and eloquence. (Har p. 446.) b6: See also 8, in two places.

A2: [It is also used transitively:] you say, تَدَاعَوُا القَوْمَ They [together] called the people. (Mgh in art. نقض. [See 6 in that art.]) 7 اندعى i. q. أَجَابَ. (K.) Akh heard one or more of the Arabs say, لَوْدَعَوْنَا لَانْدَعَيْنَا, meaning لَأَجُبْنَا [i. e. Had they called us, &c., we had certainly answered, or replied, or assented, or consented]. (S.) 8 اِدَّعَى He asserted a thing to be his, or to belong to him, or to be due to him, either truly or falsely: (K, * TA:) he claimed a thing; laid claim to it; or demanded it for himself: and he desired a thing; or wished for it. (Msb.) and اِدَّعَوُا الشَّىْءَ and الشىء ↓ تَدَاعَوُا signify the same [i. e. They claimed the thing, every one of them for himself]. (Mgh.) You say, اِدَّعَيْتُ عَلَى فُلَانٍ كَذَا [I asserted myself to have a claim upon such a one for such a thing; preferred a claim against such a one for such a thing; or claimed of such a one such a thing]. (S.) And اِدَّعَى زَيْدٌ عَلَى عَمْرو مَالًا [Zeyd asserted himself to have a claim upon 'Amr for property; or preferred a claim against 'Amr &c.]. (Mgh.) And اِدَّعَيْتَ عَلَىَّ مَا لَمْ أَفْعَلْ [Thou hast asserted against me, or charged against me, or accused me of, that which I have not done]. (S and K in art. شرب, and S in art. اكل.) هٰذَا الَّذِى كُنْتُمْ بِهِ تَدَّعُونَ, in the Kur [lxvii. 27], means This is that on account of which ye used to assert vain and false things: or which ye used to deny, or disbelieve: or, accord. to Fr, the latter verb may here be used in the sense of تَدْعُونَ; and the meaning may be, this is that which ye desired to hasten, and for which ye prayed to God in the words of the Kur [viii. 32], “O God, if this be the truth from Thee, then rain Thou upon us stones from Heaven, or bring upon us some [other] painful punishment: ” it may be from الدُّعَآءُ: and it may be from الدَّعْوَى: (TA:) [i. e.] it means this is that which ye used to demand, and desire to hasten; from الدُّعَآءُ: or that which ye used to assert, [namely,] that there will be no raising to life; from الدَّعْوَى. (Bd.) And وَلَهُمْ مَا يَدَّعُونَ, in the Kur [xxxvi. 57], is explained as meaning and they shall have what they desire, or wish for; which is referrible to the meaning of الدُّعَآءُ. (TA.) b2: You say also, اِدَّعَى غَيْرَ أَبِيهِ [He asserted the relationship of father to him of one who was not his father; or claimed as his father one who was not his father]. (T, Mgh, Msb.) And يَدَّعِى إِلَى غَيْرِ أَبِيهِ [He asserts his relationship as a son, or claims the relationship of a son, to one who is not his father]. (T, Msb. See 4, in three places.) And يَدَّعِيهِ غَيْرُ أَبِيهِ [One who is not his father asserts him to be his son; or claims him as his son]. (T, Msb.) الاِدِّعَآءُ in war signifies The asserting one's relationship; syn. الاِعْتِزَآءُ; (S, TA;) as also ↓ التَّدَاعِى; (TA;) i. e. the saying “ I am such a one the son of such a one. ” (S.) And [hence] sometimes it includes the meaning of Informing, or telling; and therefore بِ may be prefixed to its objective complement; so that one says, فُلَانٌ يَدَّعِى بِكَرَمِ فِعَالِهِ, i. e. Such a one informs of the generosity of his deeds. (Msb.) 10 إِسْتَدْعَوَ see 1, near the middle of the paragraph. b2: [Hence, استدعى signifies also It called for, demanded, required, or invited, a thing. See also دَعَابِهِ.]

دَعْوَةٌ [as an inf. n. of un.] signifies A single time or act (S, Msb) [of prayer and of imprecation, as is indicated in the S, and also, though less plainly, in the TA]. See دُعَآءٌ. b2: [Also, as such, A call.] You say, هُوَمِنِّى دَعْوَةُ الرَّجُلَ (K, TA) and الكَلْبِ, and دَعْوَةَ الرَّجُلِ and الكَلْبِ, in the former case دعوة being used as a simple subst., and in the latter case as an adv. n., (TA,) meaning قَدْرُ مَا بَيْنِى وَبَيْنَهُ ذَاكَ [i. e. He, or it, is distant from me the space of the call of the man and of the dog]. (K, TA.) And لَهُمُ الدَّعْوَةُ عَلَى

غَيْرِهِمْ The call is to them before the others of them: (K, TA: [يَبْدَأُ in the CK is a mistake for يُبْدَأُ:]) accord. to the T and the Nh, in the case of gifts, or pay, or salary. (TA.) b3: The call to prayer: whence, in a trad., الدَّعُوَةُ فِى الحَبَشَةِ [meaning The office of calling to prayer rests among the Abyssinians]; (JM, TA;) said by the Prophet in preference of his مُؤَذِّن Bilál. (JM.) b4: A call, or an invitation, to El-Islám. (Mgh.) Yousay, أَدْعُوكَ بِدَعْوَةِ الإِسْلَامِ and السلام ↓ دِعَايَةِ and الاسلام ↓ دَاعِيَةِ, meaning I call thee, or invite thee, by the declaration of the faith whereby the people of false religions are called: دَاعِيَةٌ being an inf. n. syn. with دَعْوَةٌ, like عَافِيَةٌ and عَاقِبَةٌ: (JM:) دَعْوَةُ الإِسْلَامِ and ↓ دَعايَتُهُ and ↓ دَاعِيَتُهُ signify the same: and دَعْوَةُ الحَقِّ [in like manner] means the declaration that there is no deity but God. (TA.) b5: An invitation to food, (S, M, Msb, K, TA,) and to beverage; or, accord. to Lh, specially a repast, feast, or banquet, on the occasion of a wedding or the like: (TA:) thus pronounced by most of the Arabs, except 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, who pronounce it, in this sense, ↓ دِعْوَةٌ: (A 'Obeyd, S, M, Msb:) it is an inf. n. in this sense, (S,) or a simple subst.: (Msb:) and ↓ دُعْوَةٌ signifies the same; (K;) or, as some say, this, which is given as on the authority of Ktr, is a mistake: (TA:) and so does ↓ مَدْعَاةٌ [app. an inf. n.]. (S, Msb, K.) You say, كُنَّافِى

دَعْوَةِ فُلَانٍ and ↓ مَدْعَاتِهِ, meaning [We were included in] the invitation (دُعَآء [see 1]) of such a one to food: (S, Msb: [but in the latter, نَحْنُ, in the place of كُنَّا:]) [or we were at the repast, or feast, or banquet, of such a one; for] you say [also] دَعَاهُ إِلَى الدَّعْوَةِ and ↓ الى المَدْعَاةِ [He invited him to the repast, or feast, or banquet: and in this sense دَعْوَة is commonly used in the present day]. (MA.) b6: See also دِعْوَةٌ: b7: and دَعْوَى. b8: Also i. q. حَلِفٌ or حَلْفٌ (accord. to different copies of the K) [both in the sense of Confederation to aid or assist]: (K, TA:) [whence] one says, دَعْوَةٌ فُلَانٍ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ

[meaning The confederation of such a one is with the sons of such a one]. (TA.) دُعْوَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

دِعْوَةٌ respects relationship, (S, Msb,) like ↓ دَعْوَى or دَعْوَى فِى النَّسَبِ; (S;) meaning A claim in respect of relationship; (K;) [i. e.] one's claiming as his father a person who is not his father; (Az, Mgh, Msb;) [in other words,] one's claiming the relationship of a son to a person who is not his father: or one's being claimed as a son by a person who is not his father: (Az, Msb:) thus pronounced by most of the Arabs, except 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, who pronounce it, in this sense, ↓ دَعْوَةٌ. (S, Msb.) See also دَعْوَى. b2: Also Kindred, or relationship, and brotherhood: so in the saying, لِى فِىالقَوْمِ دِعْوَةٌ [I have in, or among, the people, or company of men, kindred, or relationship, and brotherhood]. (Ks, Msb.) b3: See also دَعْوَةٌ.

دَعْوَى: see دُعَآءٌ, in five places. b2: Also a subst. from 8; (S, M, Mgh, Msb, TA;) omitted in the K, though better known than the sun; (TA;) and so ↓ دَعَاوَةٌ (M, Msb, K) and ↓ دِعَاوَةٌ and ↓ دِعْوَةٌ, (M, K,) accord. to the general pronunciation, (M, TA,) and ↓ دَعْوَةٌ, (M, K,) accord. to the pronunciation of 'Adee of Er-Rabáb, (M, TA,) and ↓ دَاعِيَةٌ; (TA, there said to be syn. with دَعْوَى;) [meaning An assertion that a thing belongs to one, or is due to one; a claim; as is indicated in the S and Mgh and K &c.;] a demand; a suit; (Yz, Az, Msb;) whether true or false: (Mgh, K, TA:) the pl. of دَعْوَى is دَعَاوٍ and دَعَاوَى; the former of which is preferable accord. to some, being, as IJ says, the original form; but some say that the latter is preferable: (Msb:) [the latter only is mentioned in the Mgh:] the alif in the sing. [written ى] is a sign of the fem. gender; and therefore the word is without tenween. (Mgh.) Yz mentions the sayings, لِى فِى هٰذَا الأَمْرِ دَعْوَى I have, in respect of this thing, [a claim or] a demand, and دَعَاوَى or دَعَاوٍ [claims or] demands, as written in different copies. (Az, Msb.) And لَوْ أُعْطِىَ النَّاسُ بِدَعَاوِيهِمْ [If men were given according to their claims, or demands,] occurs in a trad. (Msb.) b3: See also دِعْوَةٌ.

دُعْوِىٌّ is a word used only in negative sentences: (S:) you say, مَا بِالدَّارِ دُعْوِىٌّ There is not in the house any one: (S, K: *) Ks says that it is from دَعَوْتُ, and [properly] means لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَنْ يَدْعُو [there is not in it one who calls, &c.]. (S.) دُعَآءٌ is an inf. n. of 1; (Msb, K;) as also ↓ دَعْوَى: (K:) the former is originally دُعَاوٌ: (S:) [both, used as simple substs., signify A prayer, or supplication, to God:] and the pl. of the former is أَدْعِيَةٌ. (S.) IF says that some of the Arabs, for ↓ دَعْوَةٌ, say ↓ دَعْوَى, with the fem. alif [written ى]. (Msb, TA.) One says, اَللّٰهُمَّ المُسْلِمِينَ ↓ أَشْرِكْنَا فِى دَعْوَى, meaning [O God, make us to share] in the prayer (دُعَآء) of the Muslims. (TA.) And hence, in the Kur [x. 10], فِيهَا سُبْحَانَك اللّٰهُمَّ ↓ دَعْوَاهُمْ [Their prayer in it shall be سبحانك اللّٰهمّ]. (TA.) [دُعَآءٌ followed by لِ signifies An invocation of good, a blessing, or a benediction: followed by عَلَى, an imprecation of evil, a curse, or a malediction.] سُورَهُ الدُّعَآءِ is a title of The first chapter of the Kur-án. (Bd.) b2: [Hence,] دُعَآءٌ signifies also Adoration, worship, or religious service. (TA.) b3: And i. q. إِيمَانٌ [i. e. Belief; particularly in God, and in his word and apostles &c.: faith: &c.]: a meaning mentioned by the Expositors of El-Bukháree. (TA.) b4: [Also A call, or cry; and so ↓ دَعْوَى, as in the Kur vii. 4 (where the latter is explained by Bd as syn. with the former) and xxi. 15.] b5: And [particularly] A calling, or crying, for aid or succour. (TA.) دَعِىٌّ One invited to a repast: pl. دُعَوَآءُ; as in the saying عِنْدَهُ دُعَوَآءُ [With him, or at his abode, are guests invited to a repast]. (TA.) b2: One who makes a claim in respect of relationship; (S;) [i. e.] one who claims as his father a person who is not his father; (Az, Mgh, Msb;) [in other words,] one who claims the relationship of a son to a person who is not his father: or one who is claimed as a son by a person who is not his father; (Az, Msb;) an adopted son: (S, K:) pl. أَدْئِيَآءُ, (S,) which is anomalous; (Bd in xxxiii. 4;) occurring in the Kur [in the verse just referred to], where it is said, وَمَاجَعَلَ أَدْئِيَاءَكُمْ أَبْنَآءَكُمْ (S) Nor hath He made your adopted sons to be your sons in reality. (Jel.) b3: And One whose origin, or lineage, or parentage, is suspected; (K, TA;) as also ↓ مَدْعِىٌّ: pl. of the former as in the next preceding sentence. (TA.) دَعَاوَةٌ and دِعَاوَةٌ: see دَعْوَى.

دِعَايَةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, in two places.

دَعَّآءٌ One who prays, or supplicates God, or who calls, &c., much, or often. (TA.) الدَّعَّآءَةُ [an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates;] The سَبَّابَة [or fore finger]; (K;) i. e. the finger with which one calls [or beckons]. [TA.) دَاعٍ [Praying, or supplicating God:] calling, or summoning: (Mgh:) [inviting:] and particularly, [as an epithet in which the quality of a subst. predominates,] one who calls, or summons, or invites, to obey a right or a wrong religion: (TA:) pl. دُعَاةٌ (Mgh, Msb, TA) and دَاعُونَ. (Msb, TA.) [Hence,] دَاعِى اللّٰهِ [God's summoner, or inviter; i. e.] the prophet: (K:) and also, (Msb, K,) or simply الدَّاعِى, (TA,) The مُؤَذِّن [or summoner to prayer]. (Msb, K, TA.) [Hence also, دَاعِى المَنَايَا The summoner of death, lit. of deaths; like طَارِقُ المَنَايَا] b2: See also the next paragraph, in two places. b3: Also A punisher. (TA.) دَاعِيَةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, in two places: b2: and see also دَعْوَى. b3: دَاعِيَّةٌ اللَّبَنِ The remainder of the milk, (K,) or what is left, of the milk, in the udder, (S, Mgh,) that draws, or attracts, (K,) or in order that it may draw, or attract, (S, Mgh,) what is to come after it; (S, Mgh, K; *) as also اللَّبَنِ ↓ دَاعِى, occurring in a trad., where it is said, دَعْ دَاعِىَ اللَّبَنِ [Leave thou the remainder of the milk, in the udder, that is to draw, or attract, what is to come after it]; (S, Mgh;) i. e. do not exhaust it entirely. (Mgh.) b4: Hence, دَاعِيَةٌ is metaphorically applied to signify (tropical:) A mean, or means; a cause; or a motive; (Har p. 306;) [as also ↓ دَاعٍ, often used in these senses in the present day;] and so, in an intensive sense, ↓ مَدْعَاةٌ [properly signifying a cause of drawing, attracting, or inducing, &c., originally مَدْعَوَةٌ, being a noun of the same class as مَبْخَلَةٌ and مَجْبَنَةٌ]: (Idem p. 86:) [the pl. of the first is دَوَاعٍ.] b5: Also (assumed tropical:) The cry of horsemen in battle; (K;) as being a call to him who will aid, or succour. (TA.) b6: دَوَاعِى الصَّدْرِ (assumed tropical:) The anxiety [or rather anxieties] of the bosom. (Ham p. 509.) b7: دَوَاعِى الدَّهْرِ (tropical:) The vicissitudes of fortune: (K, TA:) sing. دَاعِيَةٌ. (TA.) أُدْعُوَّةٌ: see what next follows.

أُدْعِيَّةٌ (S, K) and ↓ أُدْعُوَّةٌ (K) An enigma; a riddle; (S, K; *) like أُحْجِيَّةٌ [and أُحْجُوَّةٌ]; and including such as is in verse, like that quoted above, in the second paragraph of this article. (S.) مَدْعَاةٌ: see دَعْوَةٌ, latter part, in three places: b2: and see also دَاعِيَةٌ: [pl. مَدَاعٍ. b3: Hence the saying,] لَهُ مَسَاعٍ وَمَدَاعٍ, i. e. (tropical:) [He possesses means of attaining honour and elevation, and] causes of glorying, or memorable and generous qualities, especially in war. (TA.) مَدْعُوٌّ pass. part. n. of 1; as also ↓ مَدْعِىٌّ.]

مَدْعِىٌّ: see what next precedes: b2: and see also دَعِىٌّ, last sentence.

مُدَّعًى Claimed property [&c.]: مُدَّعًى بِهِ is nought. (Mgh.) b2: مُدَّعًى عَلَيْهِ One upon whom a claim is made for property [&c.]. (Mgh.) [A defendant in a law-suit.]

مُدَّعٍ Claiming property [&c.]; a claimant. (Mgh.) [A plaintiff in a law-suit.]

فسو

1 فَسَا, (aor. ـْ Msb,) inf. n. فَسْوٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and فُسَآءٌ, (M, K,) or this latter is a simple subst., (S, Msb,) He emitted a noiseless wind [or a puff of wind] (Msb, K, TA) from his anus. (K, * TA.) [Hence the saying, فَسَابَيْنَنَا الظَّرِبَانُ, or بَيْنَهُم, expl. in art. ظرب.]6 تفاسى, said of a man, He protruded his posteriors: (M, TA:) and تَفَاسَتْ, said of the [beetle called] خُنْفَسَآء, It protruded its podex for the purpose of emitting a noiseless wind: (S, TA:) but As says that it is with hemz. (TA. See 6 in art. فسأ.) الفَسَا is a dial. var. of الفَسَأُ [i. e. فَسًا is a dial. var. of فَسَأٌ, expl. in art. فسأ]. (K.) الفُسَاةُ: see the paragraph here following.

فَسْوَةٌ [is the inf. n. of unity of فَسَا, as such signifying A single noiseless emission of wind from the anus: and] has for its pl. [فَسَوَاتٌ, agreeably with rule, and also] فُسًى, which is [anomalous,] like شُهًى pl. of شَهْوَةٌ, which see. (TA.) b2: لَيْسَ لَهُ إِلَّا فَسْوَةُ الضَّبُعِ [the lit. signification of which is sufficiently plain] occurs in a trad. as meaning (assumed tropical:) There is not any benefit, or profit, or utility, attributable to it; [or rather, it is worse than useless;] the ضبع [or hyena] being particularized because of its stupidity and its evil nature: or, some say, it [i. e.

فسوة الضبع, and app. ↓ الفُسَاةُ also (mentioned among the addenda to this art. in the TA),] is a plant (شَجَرَةٌ) like the خَشخَاش [or poppy], from the fruit of which no great utility is derived: so says IAth. (TA.) [See also خَمْطٌ, in two places.]

b3: فَسَوَاتُ الضِّبَاعِ is an appellation of Certain truffles (كَمْأَةٌ); (K;) a species of كَمْأَة; (M;) said by AHn to be the species thereof called القَعْبَلُ; (M, TA;) and the like is said in the Minháj; and further, that it is a plant of disagreeable odour, having a head which is cooked, and eaten with milk; and when it dries, there comes forth from it what resembles وَرْس [q. v.]. (TA.) فَسَآءٌ an inf. n. of 1; (M, K;) or a subst. therefrom [signifying A noiseless wind from the anus]. (S, Msb.) فَسُوٌّ A man who often emits a noiseless wind from the anus; (S, M, K;) as also ↓ فَسَّآءٌ. (M, K.) فُسَيَّةٌ [originally فُسَيْوَةٌ] dim. of فَسْوَةٌ. (TA.) فَسَّآءٌ: see فَسُوٌّ. b2: And الفَسَّآءَةُ: see what here follows.

الفَاسِيَةُ (S, M, K) and ↓ الفَاسِيَآءُ (M, K) and ↓ الفَسَّآءَةُ (TA) The [beetle called] خُنْفَسَآء; (S, M, K;) which emits a noiseless wind, and makes the party to stink by its foul odour: (M:) the pl. of the first is الفَوَاسِى. (TA.) Hence the prov., أَفْحَشُ مِنْ فَاسِيَةٍ i. e. [More foul than] a خنفساء. (S, M.) الفَاسِيَآءُ: see the next preceding paragraph. b2: [اِبْنُ الفَاسِيَآءِ is an appellation of The insect called قَرَنْبَى, resembling the beetle called خُنْفَسَآء, or somewhat larger than the latter, with long hind legs, and with a speckled back: for القَرَنْبَى, as the explanation of ا, the TA, in art. بنى, has القرينى; and the TT, in that art., as from the T,.

الفُرَنَى: what I have here substituted for these is evidently, in my opinion, right.]

أَفْسَى مِنَ الظَّرِبَانِ [More wont to emit noiseless wind from the anus than the ظربان, a small stinking beast, described in art. ظرب,] is a saying of the Arabs. (TA.) المَفْسَى The anus [as being the place of emission of the فُسَآء]. (TA.) مَا أَقْرَبَ مَحْسَاهُ مِنْ مَفْسَاهُ [How near is his mouth to his anus!] is a prov. [expressive of wonder at a man's shortness: see مَحْسًى, in art. حسو]. (S.)

فل

1 فَلَّهُ, (M, K,) aor. ـُ inf. n. فَلٌّ, (M, TA,) He broke it, or notched it, in its edge, (M, K,) namely, [a sword or the like, or] anything; (M;) and so ↓ فللّٰهُ, (K, TA,) [or this signifies he did so much, or in many places,] inf. n. تَفْلِيلٌ. (TA.) b2: And i. q. كَسَرَهُ [app. as meaning He broke it, in an unrestricted sense; as well as in another sense; as will be shown by what follows]. (S.) وَلَا فَلُّوا لَهُ صَقاةً, i. e. [lit.] Nor did they break a stone (كَسَرُوا حَجَرَا) belonging to him, was said by 'Áïsheh in describing her father: she alluded thereby to his strength in religion. (TA. [See also قَرَعَ صَفَاتَهُ, in art. صفو; and see also مَغْمَزٌ.]) And [in like manner] one says, غَرْبَهُ ↓ استفلّ meaning كَسَرَهُ [i. e. (assumed tropical:) He broke his sharpness, or vehemence, or valour]. (TA.) And فَلَّ الجَيْشَ, (S, O, Msb,) or القَوْمَ, (M, K,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (M, O, Msb,) He defeated (هَزَمَ, S, M, O, K, or كَسَرَ, Msb) the army, or military force, (S, O, Msb,) or the people, or party. (M, K.) And مَنْ قَلَّ ذَلَّ وَمَنْ أَمِرَفَلَّ, (S, Meyd, O,) a prov., (Meyd, O,) meaning He who has few aiders is overcome, [or becomes abased], and he who has many relations [or who possesses authority to command] defeats (فَلَّ) his enemies. (Meyd. [In Freytag's Arab. Prov., ii. 683, a different (and I think a wrong) reading is given, with قَلَّ in the place of فَلَّ; though the reading with فَلَّ is added.]) شَجَّكِ أَوْ فَلَّكِ أَوْ جَمَعَ كُلًّا لَكِ, in the story of Umm-Zara, is said to mean, Whether he wound thee by smiting thy head, or break a limb [of thee], or combine the two deeds to thee: or by فلّك is meant altercate, or wrangle, with thee: (TA, in two places:) or the meaning [of فلّك] is defeat thee [so I render كَسَرَكِ]; or take away thy property; or defeat thee (كَسَرَكِ) with his altercation and his censure. (O.) A2: فَلَّ عَنْهُ عَقْلُهُ, aor. ـَ [in the CK (erroneously) فَلُّ,] His intellect, or intelligence, departed from him, and then returned. (M, K.) 2 فَلَّّ see above, first sentence. b2: تَفْلِيلٌ [as inf. n. of the pass. v. فُلِّلَ] means The state of being broken, or notched, [much, or in many places,] in the edge of a knife, or in the edges of the teeth, (T, TA,) and the like, (T,) [i. e.] and also in [the edge of] a sword. (TA.) 4 افلّت الأَرْضُ The land became such as is termed فِلّ [q. v.]. (AHn, M.) b2: And أَفَلّ, (Fr, T,) and أَفْلَلْنَا, (S, O,) He (a man, Fr, T,) and we, (S, O,) became in a land such as is termed فِلّ, (Fr, T, S, O,) upon which rain had not fallen: (Fr, T:) or the latter means we trod a land (M, K) such as is termed فِلّ (M) or such as is termed فَلّ. (K.) b3: And افلّ (assumed tropical:) He (a man, S, M, O) lost, or became deprived of, his property: (S, M, O, K:) from فِلٌّ applied to land. (M.) b4: And in like manner, one says, افلّ الدّهْرُ مَالَهُ (assumed tropical:) [Time, or fortune, deprived him of his property]. (O.) 5 تَفَلَّّ see the next paragraph, in three places: A2: and see also R. Q. 1, in two places [in each of which the verb is most probably, I think, mistranscribed].7 انفلّ It became broken, or notched, in its edge; as also ↓ افتلّ, and ↓ تفلّل; (M, K, TA;) said of [a sword or the like, or of] anything; (M;) the first quasi-pass. of فَلَّهُ, as is also the second; but the third is quasi-pass of فلَّلَهُ [and implying that it was so much, or in many places, or said of several things or of several parts of a thing]; (TA;) [therefore] one says [of a sword], مَضَارِبُهُ ↓ تَفَلَّلَتْ, meaning تَكَسَّرَتْ [i. e. Its edges (for the swords of the Arabs in the older times were generally two-edged), or its parts for striking, became broken, or notched, much, or in many places]; (S, TA;) and one says, انفلّ سِنُّهُ, (T, TA,) meaning [simply] His tooth became broken, or notched, in its edge. (TA.) And انفلّوا They became defeated; (S, * M, Msb, K;) as also ↓ تفلّلوا [but this has an intensive signification]. (M, K.) 8 إِفْتَلَ3َ see the next preceding paragraph.10 إِسْتَفْلَ3َ see 1, former half. b2: استفلّ الشَّىْءَ He took of the thing the least portion, (M, K,) because of its difficulty (لِعُسْرِهِ), (M,) or such as the tenth part thereof (كَعُشْرِهِ): (K:) or الاِستِفْلَالُ signifies the obtaining a little thing from a difficult place; from a place of the seeking of a right, or due, or of a gift; it having no other object than a thing of little account. (T.) R. Q. 1 فَلْفَلَ He walked with an elegant and a proud and self-conceited gait, with an affected inclining of the body from side to side; (T, O, TA;) as also ↓ تَفَلْفَلَ: (TA:) or both signify he walked thus, with short steps: (K:) or ↓ تفلفل signifies [simply] he went with short steps; (En-Nadr, O;) or so ↓ تفلّل. (T accord. to the TT.) A2: And He rubbed and cleaned his teeth with the [stick called] سِوَاك; (T, O, K;) as also ↓ تفلفل; (IAar, O, K;) or so ↓ تفلّل. (T accord. to the TT.) A3: فلفل الطَّعَامَ and الشَّرَابَ He peppered the food and the wine or beverage. (M.) A4: [And فلفل الشَّعَرَ He made the hair very crisp, or such as we term woolly, like that of the negro: see the pass. part. n., below.] R. Q. 2 تَفَلْفَلَ: see R. Q. 1, in three places.

A2: Said of the hair of a negro, It became very crisp [or such as we term woolly]. (M, TA.) b2: And تفلفل قَادِمَتَا الضَّرْعِ The two anterior teats of the udder became black. (S, O, K.) يَا فُلُ, (S in this art. and in art. فلن, and K and TA in the latter art.,) meaning يَا فُلَانُ [O such a one], (S &c.,) with refa and without tenween, (TA,) is sometimes said to one person, [i. e. to a man,] and يَا فُلَانِ to two persons, and يَا فُلُونَ to a pl. number; and يَا فُلَةُ to a female, and يَا فُلَتَانِ to two females, and يَا فُلَاتُ to a pl. number of females, (K, TA,) and sometimes يَا فُلَاةُ, (K, * TA,) thus correctly, of the dial. of some of the tribe of Temeem, in the copies of the K erroneously written يا فُلَاتُ, (TA,) is said, and some say يَا فُلَ, [in the CK يافلُ, but correctly يافُلَ, i. e., as is said in the TA, بِنَصْبِ اللَّامِ,] meaning يَا فُلَةُ: (K, TA:) [J says,] يَا فُلُ, without teshdeed, said in calling to a person, is apocopated from يَا فُلَانُ; not formed in the way of تَرْخِيم, for if it were an instance of ترخيم they would say يَا فُلَا: (S in this art.:) [or,] accord. to Sb, يَا فُلُ is not held to be an instance of a word from which is elided something that is retained when it is not [thus] used in calling to a person, but the noun in this case is made to be of two letters in the manner of دَمٌ [which is originally دَمَوٌ or دَمًى or دَمْىٌ], and it is thus made to be of two letters because a word that is used in calling to a person or thing is a subject for elision: (M in this art.:) and sometimes فُل was used otherwise than in calling to a person, by poetic license, as in the saying of Abu-n-Nejm, فِى لَجَّةٍ أَمْسِكْ فُلَانًا عَنْ فُلِ (S and M in this art.,) meaning عن فُلَانٍ [i. e. In, or amid, a multitude of cries, or noises: (thus expl. in the S:) withhold thou such a one from such a one]: (S in art. فلن:) and Sb disallowed the saying فُلُ as meaning فُلَان [in the CK (erroneously) يا فُلُ as meaning يا فُلَانُ] except [in the vocative form of speech and] in poetry: (M and K and TA in art. فلن:) [but] they said [also] فُلُ بْنُ فُلِ, [said to be] an instance of an elision, (T and M in art. فلن,) i. e. of the elision of a final و [accord. to some, who hold فُلَانٌ to be originally فُلْوَانٌ]; (T;) like as they said هَىُّ بْنُ بَىٍّ: (T, M:) and أَىْ فُلْ, with the ل quiescent, occurs in a trad. respecting the resurrection; meaning يَا فُلَانُ: (TA:) Ibn-Buzurj says that some of the tribe of اسد [i. e. Asd or Asad] say يا فل [app. يَافُلُ, without any variation,] in calling to a man and to two men and to a pl. number of men and to a female: (TA in art. فلن:) accord. to As, one says يَا فُلُ and يَا فُلَاهْ; he who says يَا فُلُ saying thus [when he pauses after it and] when he goes on, making the noun marfooa without tenween; whereas he who says يَافُلَاهْ says thus when he is silent after it, retaining the ه [which is termed the ه of pausation]. but when he goes on he rejects the ه and makes the noun to be mansoob, saying [for ex.] يَا فُلَا قُلْ [O such a one, say]. (T and TA in art. فلن.) [See also مُضَمَّنٌ (in art. ضمن), last sentence.]

فَلٌّ A break, or notch, in the edge, (ISk, T, S, M, O, Msb, K,) of a sword, (ISk, T, S, O, Msb, K,) [or the like,] or of anything; (M;) and so ↓ فَلَّةٌ [i. e. a single break, or notch, in the edge,] of a sword: (TA:) pl. of the former فُلُولٌ, (ISk, T, S, M, O, Msb, K,) of which an ex. occurs in a verse cited voce بَيْدَ: (O, TA:) it has been said that فُلُولٌ is an inf. n.; but it is more correctly said to be pl. of فَلٌّ. (M.) b2: And A portion that has fallen off from a thing, like the filings of gold and of silver, and the sparks of fire: (M, K, TA:) pl. فُلُولٌ. (M, TA.) A2: and A company (M, K, TA) of men; (TA;) as also ↓ فَلِيلٌ: (M, K, TA:) pl. of the former فُلُولٌ. (TA.) A3: And it is [an epithet] applied to a number of men, (S, M, O, K, [in the CK in this case, erroneously, فُلٌّ,]) and to a single man, (S, O,) signifying Defeated; (S, M, O, K;) and ↓ فُلَّى also signifies thus, applied to a كَتِيبَة [i. e. a military force, or troop, &c.]; (AA, T, O, K;) like فُرَّى: (AA, T, O:) one says رَجُلٌ فَلٌّ and قَوْمٌ فَلٌّ, and sometimes [when speaking of a number of men] they said فُلُولٌ and فِلَالٌ; (S, O;) accord. to the copies of the K, the pl. is فُلُولٌ and أَفْلَالٌ; but correctly the latter is فُلَّالٌ, like رُمَّانٌ, as in the M; (TA;) [i. e.] the pl. is فُلُولٌ and فُلَّالٌ: and [of فَلٌّ used in a pl. sense it is said that] it must be either a quasi-pl. n. or [originally] an inf. n.: if the former, the sing. should by rule be فَالٌّ, the case being like شَارِبٌ and شَرْبٌ, [of which the former is a sing, and the latter is a quasi-pl. n.,] and فَالٌّ is of the measure فَاعِلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ: and فلول is not necessarily pl. of فَلٌّ, but is rather pl. of فَالٌّ; for the pl. of the quasi-pl. n. is extr., like the pl. of the pl.: (M, TA: *) and as to فَلَّالٌ, it is necessarily pl. of فَالٌّ, for فَعْلٌ is not of the forms that have فُعَّالٌ as the measure of a pl.: (M, TA:) if it [i. e. فَلٌّ] be [originally] an inf. n., [this accounts for its being applied alike to a number of men and to a single man, which is not mentioned in the M, or] it is like نَسْجٌ in the sense of مَنْسُوجٌ in the phrase نَسْجُ اليَمَنِ. (M.) A4: Also Land affected with drought or barrenness; as also ↓ فِلٌّ: or [i. e. the former accord. to the K, but app. each accord. to the text of the M as given in the TT,] such as is rained upon but does not produce plants or herbage: (AO, M, K:) or such as the rain has failed to fall upon during several years: or such as is not rained upon between two lands that have been rained upon: (M, K:) or, accord. to AO, this is termed خَطِيطَةٌ; فلّ having the second of the meanings expl. in this sentence: (M:) or upon which rain has not fallen: (TA:) [in this sense, in the TT, as from the T, written فِل [for ↓ فِلّ]: and so in the same, as from the T and M, in the sense here following:] or in which is nothing; (T, M, * K; *) so says IAar; whence, he adds, الفَلَاةُ; but [Az says] I do not think that it is taken thence: (T:) the pl. is like the sing., [or rather the word used as a sing. is likewise used as a pl.,] and أَفْلَالٌ, (M, K,) this pl. form being sometimes used: (M:) or the pl. of ↓ الفِلُّ is أَفْلَالٌ; and one says also أَرْضٌ أَفْلَالٌ. (T.) A5: And A sort of cloth made of the hard fibres of flax. (TA.) فَلٌّ a term for يَاسَمِين مُضَاعَذ [Double jasmine], which is [rendered so] either بِالتَّرْكِيب [an expression meaning, as used in the present day, by grafting], or by slitting the stem thereof and inserting into it the [additional] jasmine [app. meaning by budding]: it is a flower of pure whiteness; and the rubbing oneself with its leaves perfumes the body: (TA:) [this name, or, more commonly, ↓ فِلّ, is now applied to the Arabian jasmine (jasminum sambac), or, as Forskål says (Flora Aegypt. Arab. p. cii.), nyctanthes sambac, mentioned by him among the plants cultivated in El-Yemen.] b2: [Freytag, misled by the CK, has assigned to this word a meaning belonging to فَلٌّ.]

فِلٌّ Land in which is no herbage; (K;) or land not rained upon, and in which is no herbage. (S, O.) See also فَلٌّ, in three places. b2: غَدَا فِلًّا مِنَ الطَّعَامِ, with kesr, means [He went forth early in the morning] devoid of food. (O.) b3: And فِلٌّ مِنَ الخَيْرِ occurs in a verse, (S, O,) in the poetry of 'Abd-Allah Ibn-Rawáhah and in that of Hassán, (S, O,) meaning Devoid of good. (S, TA.) [See عَلٌّ.]

A2: And Such as has become thin, of hair. (K.) A3: See also فُلٌّ.

فَلَّةٌ: see فَلٌّ, first sentence.

فَلَلٌ, in a sword [or the like], The state of having breaks, or notches, in the edge. (S, O.) فَلِيلٌ: see أَفَلُّ. b2: Applied to the tusk, or canine tooth, of a camel, Broken (S, M, O, K) in the edge. (S, O.) A2: See also فَلٌّ, first quarter.

A3: Also, and ↓ فَلِيلَةٌ, a quantity of hair collected together: (S, M, O, K:) the two words are either of the class of سَلٌّ and سَلَّةٌ [which are exactly syn., each with the other,] or are an instance of the pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.] that does not differ from its sing. [or n. un.] except in [its not having] the [affix] ة: (M:) in one instance, occurring in a trad., the latter is said to signify a كُبَّة [or portion convolved, or glomerated, or formed into a ball] of hair, or, as Z says, app. of [the silk called] دِمَقْس: the pl. [of either] is فَلَائِلُ. (TA.) Hence, (O,) ↓ فَلِيلَةٌ signifies also The mane of the lion. (O, TA.) In the saying of Sá'ideh Ibn-Ju-eiyeh, وَغُودِرَ ثَاوِيًا وَتَأَوَّبَتْهُ مُذَرَّعَةٌ أُمَيْمَ لَهَا فَلِيلُ [And he was left remaining, and a hyena having stripes upon its arms, (thus مُذَرَّعَةٌ as used in this verse is expl. in the TA in art. ذدع, q. v.,) a young mother, (أُمَيْمَ being an instance of تَرْخِيم, used by poetic license, for أُمَيْمَةُ, a dim. of أُمٌّ,) and therefore unusually fierce, having a mane, or having convolved, or glomerated, hair, came to him at night, or in the beginning of the night], the last word is expl. by Suh, in the R, as meaning the عَرْف [so in my original, an obvious mistranscription for عُرْف, with damm]; but by Skr as meaning شَعَر مَكْبُوب. (TA.) b2: And فَلِيلٌ signifies also [The membranous fibres that grow at the base of the branches of the palm-tree, called]

لِيف: (M, K:) so in the dial. of Hudheyl: (TA:) and ↓ فُلِفُلٌ signifies the same. (K.) فَلِيلَةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in two places.

فُلَّى: see فَلُّفِلّيَّةٌ, in the former half.

فِلِّيَّةٌ, (T, * K, TA,) like عِلِّيَّةٌ, (TA,) or فَلِّيَّةٌ, (O, *) [in the TT, as from the T, and in the O. written without the sign of teshdeed to the ل (app. because it is sufficiently indicated by the heading of the art. and by the pl. of this word), and in the CK, erroneously, فِلْيَة,] Land upon which the rain [that should have been that] of its year has not fallen until the falling of the rain of the next year upon it: pl. فَلَالِىُّ: (ISh, T, O, K:) [and Az says,] I have heard them call thus (i. e. by the sing.) land in which is nothing; like فِلٌّ as expl. by IAar. (T.) فُلْفُلٌ, (S, M, O, Msb, K,) also pronounced ↓ فِلْفِلٌ, (K,) but the vulgar pronounce it [thus] with kesr, (O,) and the pronouncing it with kesr is said to be not allowable, (Msb,) a word of Pers\. origin, (M,) arabicized, from پِلْپِل, with kesr, (O,) [or پُلْپُل; i. e. Pepper;] a sort of berry, (حَبٌّ, S, O, K,) brought from India, (O, K, *) well known, (S, M, O,) not growing in the land of the Arabs, but often mentioned in their language: AHn was informed by one who had seen it that its tree is just like the pomegranate; (M, TA;) but Dáwood the hakeem adds that it is taller; (TA;) between the pair of leaves thereof are two fruit-stalks, regularly disposed, each fruitstalk of the length of the finger; and it is green, and is then plucked, and spread in the shade, and becomes black and shrivelled; and it [the tree] has thorns, like those of the pomegranate: when it [i. e. the fruit] is fresh and moist, it is preserved with water and salt until it becomes mature, when it is eaten like as preserved herbs are eaten upon the tables of food, and it is a digestive: the n. un. is ↓ فُلْفُلَةٌ [app. meaning a peppercorn, like حَبَّةُ فُلْفُلٍ: and حَبُّ فُلْفُلٍ means peppercorns, collectively]: (M, TA:) Dáwood says, in the “ Tedhkireh,” that its leaves are thin, red next the tree and green in the other direction, and its wood is lank and soft: and it is white and black: (TA:) the white is the better. (TA.) [A long description of its properties, with additions in the TA, some of them well known and others fanciful, I omit as being needless.] b2: دَارُفُلْفُل, or ↓ دَارُفِلْفِل, (accord. to different copies of the K,) [app. دَارُفُلْفُلٌ, or perhaps دَارَفُلْفُلٌ, a compound of two words (both originally Pers\.) made one, as such written in the K with the article (الدّارفلفل), and perfectly declinable, because (although a compound of two nouns) it is not a proper name,] is The tree of the فُلْفُل when it first bears fruit, accord. to the K; but several writers declare that the tree of [the] دار فلفل is not the same as the tree of the فلفل: (MF, TA:) [دار فلفل is one of the names now applied to long pepper, and is commonly pronounced دَارْفِلْفِلْ:] it is [generally] known in Egypt by the name of عِرْقُ الذَّهَبِ, [another term, now used, for long pepper,] and is called in Pers\. پلپل دراز [i. e. پُلْپِلدَرَاز, the latter of which words signifies “ long ”]: (TA:) it increases the venereal faculty, causes the food to digest; removes colic, (K, TA,) and flatulence; (TA;) and is beneficial as a remedy against the bite, or sting, of venomous reptiles, applied as a liniment, with oil. (K, TA.) b3: فُلْفُلٌ is also a name sometimes applied to The fruit of the بَرْوَق [q. v., in art. برق]; likening it to the فُلْفُلٌ mentioned before [i. e. to peppercorns]: he who pronounces it, when thus applied, ↓ فِلْفِلٌ errs; for this signifies the fruit of certain trees of the [kind called] عِضَاه; and the people of El-Yemen call thus [particularly] the fruit of the [species of عِضَاه.

termed] غَاف [q. v.]. (M.) b4: فُلْفُلُ المَآءِ is the name of A certain plant growing in the neighbourhood of water, lank, soft, or smooth, in the leaves, having berries (حَبِّ) in bunches. (TA.) b5: فُلْفُلُ القُرُودِ is The same as حبّ الليم [but what this is I do not find]. (TA.) b6: فُلْفُلُ الصَّقَالِبَةِ is What is called [in Pers\.] فنجنكشت [i. e.

فَنْجَنْكُشْت: see الفَقْدُ]. (TA.) b7: [فَلَافِلُ is pl. of فُلْفُلٌ.] And فَلَافِلُ السُّودَانِ is the name of Certain berries (حَبّ), round and smooth, in sheaths, or cases, (غُلُف,) and in receptacles (أَبْيَات) like the صَنَوْبَر [or cone of the pine, app. in form]. (TA.) A2: See also فَلِيلٌ, last sentence.

A3: فُلْفُلٌ signifies also A sharp, or clever, servant; (T, O, K;) and ↓ فِلْفِلٌ is said to signify thus likewise by Mullà 'Alee, in his “ Námoos,” and even more commonly: but this requires consideration. (MF, TA.) فِلْفِلٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, first sentence: and the same again, in three places.

فُلْفُلَةٌ n. un. of فُلْفُلٌ; q. v., former half.

أَفْلُّ, applied to a sword [or the like], (T, S, O, K,) Having breaks, or notches, in its edge; (T, S, * O; *) or broken, or notched, in its edge; as also ↓ مَفْلُولٌ and ↓ مُنْفَلٌّ. (M, K.) الأَفَلُّ was the name of a sword of 'Adee Ibn-Hátim (O, K) Et-Tá-ee. (O.) مُفَلَّلٌ, applied to a نَضِىّ [app. as meaning an arrow-head] Broken by having hit stones. (S.) And, applied to front teeth (ثَغْرٌ) Serrated. (T.) مَفْلَولٌ: see أَفَلُّ.

مُنْفَلٌّ: see أَفَلُّ.

مُفَلْفَلٌ, applied to food, (TA,) and to wine, (T, TA,) [Peppered, i. e.] having فُلْفُل put into it, (T, M, * TA,) and consequently burning the tongue: (T, TA:) or wine that burns [the tongue] like فُلْفُل. (S, O, K, TA.) b2: And A garment, or piece of cloth, figured with round forms resembling فُلْفُل [or peppercorns] in roundness and smallness; (T, O, TA;) i. e. (TA) figured with the like of the صَعَارِير [pl. of صُعْرُورَةٌ] of فُلْفُل. (M, K, TA.) b3: And Very crisp hair, [such as we term woolly,] (T, O, K, TA,) like that of the negro. (TA.) b4: And A hide worn, or eroded, by the tan, (نَهَِكَهُ الدِّبَاغُ, M, K, in the CK نَهَكَهُ الدَّبّاغُ,) the like of فُلْفُل [or peppercorns] appearing in it. (TA.)

ذكر خطط البصرة وقراها
وقد ذكرت بعض ذلك في أبوابه وذكرت بعضه هاهنا، قال أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر: كان حمران ابن أبان للمسيّب بن نجبة الفزاري أصابه بعين التمر فابتاعه منه عثمان بن عفّان وعلمه الكتابة واتخذه كاتبا، ثم وجد عليه لأنه كان وجّهه للمسألة عما رفع على الوليد بن عقبة بن أبي معيط، فارتشى منه وكذّب ما قيل فيه، ثم تيقّن عثمان صحة ذلك فوجد عليه
وقال: لا تساكنّي أبدا، وخيّره بلدا يسكنه غير المدينة، فاختار البصرة وسأله أن يقطعه بها دارا وذكر ذرعا كثيرا استكثره عثمان وقال لابن عامر:
أعطه دارا مثل بعض دورك، فأقطعه دار حمران التي بالبصرة في سكة بني سمرة بالبصرة، كان صاحبها عتبة بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب ابن عبد شمس بن عبد مناف، قال المدايني: قال أبو بكرة لابنه: يا بنيّ والله ما تلي عملا قط وما أراك تقصر عن إخوتك في النفقة، فقال: إن كتمت عليّ أخبرتك، قال: فإني أفعل، قال: فإني أغتلّ من حمّامي هذا في كلّ يوم ألف درهم وطعاما كثيرا. ثم إنّ مسلما مرض فأوصى إلى أخيه عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكرة وأخبره بغلة حمّامه، فأفشى ذلك واستأذن السلطان في بناء حمّام، وكانت الحمامات لا تبنى بالبصرة إلّا بإذن الولاة، فأذن له واستأذن غيره فأذن له وكثرت الحمامات، فأفاق مسلم بن أبي بكرة من مرضه وقد فسد عليه حمّامه فجعل يلعن عبد الرحمن ويقول: ما له قطع الله رحمه! وكان لزياد مولى يقال له فيل، وكان حاجبه، فكان يضرب المثل بحمّامه بالبصرة، وقد ذكرته في حمام فيل. نهر عمرو: ينسب إلى عمرو بن عتبة بن أبي سفيان. نهر ابن عمير: منسوب إلى عبد الله بن عمير بن عمرو بن مالك اللّيثي، كان عبد الله بن عامر بن كريز أقطعه ثمانية آلاف جريب فحفر عليها هذا النهر، ومن اصطلاح أهل البصرة أن يزيدوا في اسم الرجل الذي تنسب إليه القرية ألفا ونونا، نحو قولهم طلحتان:
نهر ينسب إلى طلحة بن أبي رافع مولى طلحة بن عبيد الله. خيرتان: منسوب إلى خيرة بنت ضمرة القشيرية امرأة المهلّب بن أبي صفرة. مهلّبان:
منسوب إلى المهلّب بن أبي صفرة، ويقال بل كان لزوجته خيرة فغلب عليه اسم المهلب، وهي أمّ أبي عيينة ابنه. وجبيران: قرية لجبير بن حيّة.
وخلفان: قطيعة لعبد الله بن خلف الخزاعي والد طلحة الطلحات. طليقان: لولد خالد بن طليق بن محمد بن عمران بن حصين الخزاعي، وكان خالد ولي قضاء البصرة. روّادان: لروّاد بن ابي بكرة.
شط عثمان: ينسب إلى عثمان بن أبي العاصي الثقفي، وقد ذكرته، فأقطع عثمان أخاه حفصا حفصان وأخاه أميّة أميّان وأخاه الحكم حكمان وأخاه المغيرة مغيرتان. أزرقان: ينسب إلى الأزرق بن مسلم مولى بني حنيفة. محمّدان: منسوب إلى محمد ابن علي بن عثمان الحنفي. زيادان: منسوب إلى زياد مولى بني الهجيم جدّ مونس بن عمران بن جميع بن يسار بن زياد وجد عيسى بن عمر النحوي لأمّهما.
عميران: منسوب إلى عبد الله بن عمير الليثي. نهر مقاتل بن حارثة بن قدامة السعدي. وحصينان:
لحصين بن أبي الحرّ العنبري. عبد الليان: لعبد الله بن أبي بكرة. عبيدان: لعبيد بن كعب النّميري. منقذان: لمنقذ بن علاج السّلمي. عبد الرحمانان: لعبد الرحمن بن زياد. نافعان: لنافع ابن الحارث الثقفي. أسلمان: لأسلم بن زرعة الكلابي. حمرانان: لحمران بن أبان مولى عثمان بن عفّان. قتيبتان: لقتيبة بن مسلم. خشخشان:
لآل الخشخاش العنبري. نهر البنات: لبنات زياد، أقطع كلّ بنت ستين جريبا، وكذلك كان يقطع العامة. سعيدان: لآل سعيد بن عبد الرحمن بن عتاب بن أسيد. سليمانان: قطيعة لعبيد بن نشيط صاحب الطرف أيام الحجاج، فرابط به رجل من الزهاد يقال له سليمان بن جابر فنسب إليه. عمران:
لعمر بن عبيد الله بن معمر التيمي. فيلان: لفيل
مولى زياد. خالدان: لخالد بن عبد الله بن خالد بن أسيد بن أبي العيص بن أميّة. المسماريّة: قطيعة مسمار مولى زياد بن أبيه، وله بالكوفة ضيعة.
سويدان: كانت لعبيد الله بن أبي بكرة قطيعة مبلغها أربعمائة جريب فوهبها لسويد بن منجوف السّدوسي، وذلك أن سويدا مرض فعاده عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة فقال له: كيف تجدك؟ فقال: صالحا إن شئت، فقال: قد شئت، وما ذلك؟ قال: إن أعطيتني مثل الذي أعطيت ابن معمر فليس عليّ بأس، فأعطاه سويدان فنسب إليه. جبيران: لآل كلثوم بن جبير. نهر أبي برذعة بن عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة.
كثيران: لكثير بن سيّار. بلالان: لبلال بن أبي بردة، كانت قطيعة لعبّاد بن زياد فاشتراه. شبلان:
لشبل بن عميرة بن تيري الضّبيّ.

ذكر ما جاءَ في ذم البصرة
لما قدم أمير المؤمنين البصرة بعد وقعة الجمل ارتقى منبرها فحمد الله وأثنى عليه ثم قال: يا أهل البصرة يا بقايا ثمود يا أتباع البهيمة يا جند المرأة، رغا فاتبعتم وعقر فانهزمتم، أما إني ما أقول ما أقول رغبة ولا رهبة منكم غير أني سمعت رسول الله، صلى الله عليه وسلم، يقول: تفتح أرض يقال لها البصرة، أقوم أرض الله قبلة، قارئها أقرأ الناس وعابدها أعبد الناس وعالمها أعلم الناس ومتصدقها أعظم الناس صدقة، منها إلى قرية يقال لها الأبلّة أربعة فراسخ يستشهد عند مسجد جامعها وموضع عشورها ثمانون ألف شهيد، الشهيد يومئذ كالشهيد يوم بدر معي، وهذا الخبر بالمدح أشبه، وفي رواية أخرى أنه رقي المنبر فقال:
يا أهل البصرة ويا بقايا ثمود يا أتباع البهيمة ويا جند المرأة، رغا فاتبعتم وعقر فانهزمتم، دينكم نفاق وأحلامكم دقاق وماؤكم زعاق، يا أهل البصرة والبصيرة والسّبخة والخريبة أرضكم أبعد أرض الله من السماء وأقربها من الماء وأسرعها خرابا وغرقا، ألا إني سمعت رسول الله، صلى الله عليه وسلم، يقول: أما علمت أن جبريل حمل جميع الأرض على منكبه الأيمن فأتاني بها؟ ألا إني وجدت البصرة أبعد بلاد الله من السماء وأقربها من الماء وأخبثها ترابا وأسرعها خرابا، ليأتينّ عليها يوم لا يرى منها إلا شرفات جامعها كجؤجؤ السفينة في لجة البحر، ثم قال: ويحك يا بصرة ويلك من جيش لا غبار له! فقيل: يا أمير المؤمنين ما الويح وما الويل؟ فقال: الويح والويل بابان، فالويح رحمة والويل عذاب، وفي رواية أن عليّا، رضي الله عنه، لما فرغ من وقعة الجمل دخل البصرة فأتى مسجدها الجامع فاجتمع الناس فصعد المنبر فحمد الله واثنى عليه وصلى على النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، ثم قال: أما بعد، فان الله ذو رحمة واسعة فما ظنكم يا أهل البصرة يا أهل السبخة يا أهل المؤتفكة ائتفكت بأهلها ثلاثا وعلى الله الرابعة يا جند المرأة، ثم ذكر الذي قبله ثم قال: انصرفوا إلى منازلكم وأطيعوا الله وسلطانكم، وخرج حتى صار إلى المربد والتفت وقال: الحمد لله الذي أخرجني من شرّ البقاع ترابا وأسرعها خرابا. ودخل فتى من أهل المدينة البصرة فلما انصرف قال له أصحابه: كيف رأيت البصرة؟ قال: خير بلاد الله للجائع والغريب والمفلس، أما الجائع فيأكل خبز الأرز والصحناءة فلا ينفق في شهر إلّا درهمين، وأما الغريب فيتزوّج بشقّ درهم، وأما المحتاج فلا عليه غائلة ما بقيت له استه يخرأ ويبيع، وقال الجاحظ: من عيوب البصرة اختلاف هوائها في يوم واحد لأنهم يلبسون القمص مرة والمبطّنات مرة لاختلاف جواهر
الساعات، ولذلك سمّيت الرّعناء، قال الفرزدق:
لولا أبو مالك المرجوّ نائله ... ما كانت البصرة الرّعناء لي وطنا
وقد وصف هذه الحال ابن لنكك فقال:
نحن بالبصرة في لو ... ن من العيش ظريف
نحن، ما هبّت شمال، ... بين جنّات وريف
فإذا هبّت جنوب، ... فكأنّا في كنيف
وللحشوش بالبصرة أثمان وافرة، ولها فيما زعموا تجار يجمعونها فإذا كثرت جمع عليها أصحاب البساتين ووقفهم تحت الريح لتحمل إليهم نتنها فإنه كلما كانت أنتن كان ثمنها أكثر، ثم يــنادى عليها فيتزايد الناس فيها، وقد قصّ هذه القصة صريع الدّلاء البصري في شعر له ولم يحضرني الآن، وقد ذمّتها الشعراء، فقال محمد بن حازم الباهلي:
ترى البصريّ ليس به خفاء، ... لمنخره من البثر انتشار
ربا بين الحشوش وشبّ فيها، ... فمن ريح الحشوش به اصفرار
يعتّق سلحة، كيما يغالي ... به عند المبايعة التجار
وقال أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن هلال الصابي:
لهف نفسي على المقام ببغدا ... د، وشربي من ماء كوز بثلج
نحن بالبصرة الذميمة نسقي، ... شرّ سقيا، من مائها الأترنجي
أصفر منكر ثقيل غليظ ... خاثر مثل حقنة القولنج
كيف نرضى بمائها، وبخير ... منه في كنف أرضنا نستنجي
وقال أيضا:
ليس يغنيك في الطهارة بال ... بصرة، إن حانت الصلاة، اجتهاد
إن تطهّرت فالمياه سلاح، ... أو تيمّمت فالصعيد سماد
وقال شاعر آخر يصف أهل البصرة بالبخل وكذب عليهم:
أبغضت بالبصرة أهل الغنى، ... إني لأمثالهم باغض
قد دثّروا في الشمس أعذاقها، ... كأنّ حمّى بخلهم نافض

ذكر ما جاء في مدح البصرة
كان ابن أبي ليلى يقول: ما رأيت بلدا أبكر إلى ذكر الله من أهل البصرة، وقال شعيب بن صخر:
تذاكروا عند زياد البصرة والكوفة فقال زياد: لو ضلّت البصرة لجعلت الكوفة لمن دلّني عليها، وقال ابن سيرين: كان الرجل من أهل البصرة يقول لصاحبه إذا بالغ في الدعاء عليه: غضب الله عليك كما غضب على المغيرة وعزله عن البصرة وولاه الكوفة، وقال ابن أبي عيينة المهلبي يصف البصرة:
يا جنّة فاقت الجنان، فما ... يعدلها قيمة ولا ثمن
ألفتها فاتخذتها وطنا، ... إنّ فؤادي لمثلها وطن
زوّج حيتانها الضّباب بها، ... فهذه كنّة وذا ختن
فانظر وفكّر لما نطقت به، ... إنّ الأديب المفكّر الفطن
من سفن كالنّعام مقبلة، ... ومن نعام كأنها سفن
وقال المدائني: وفد خالد بن صفوان على عبد الملك ابن مروان فوافق عنده وفود جميع الأمصار وقد اتخذ مسلمة مصانع له، فسأل عبد الملك أن يأذن للوفود في الخروج معه إلى تلك المصانع، فأذن لهم، فلما نظر إليها مسلمة أعجب بها فأقبل على وفد أهل مكة فقال: يا أهل مكة هل فيكم مثل هذه المصانع؟
فقالوا: لا الا أن فينا بيت الله المستقبل، ثم أقبل على وفد أهل المدينة فقال: يا أهل المدينة هل فيكم مثل هذه؟ فقالوا: لا إلّا أن فينا قبر نبي الله المرسل، ثم أقبل على وفد أهل الكوفة فقال: يا أهل الكوفة هل فيكم مثل هذه المصانع؟ فقالوا: لا إلّا أن فينا تلاوة كتاب الله المرسل، ثم أقبل على وفد أهل البصرة فقال: يا أهل البصرة هل فيكم مثل هذه المصانع؟
فتكلم خالد بن صفوان وقال: أصلح الله الأمير! إن هؤلاء أقرّوا على بلادهم ولو أن عندك من له ببلادهم خبرة لأجاب عنهم، قال: أفعندك في بلادك غير ما قالوا في بلادهم؟ قال: نعم، أصلح الله الأمير! أصف لك بلادنا؟ فقال: هات، قال: يغدو قانصانا فيجيء هذا بالشّبوط والشّيم ويجيء هذا بالظبي والظليم، ونحن أكثر الناس عاجا وساجا وخزّا وديباجا وبرذونا هملاجا وخريدة مغناجا، بيوتنا الذهب ونهرنا العجب أوله الرّطب وأوسطه العنب وآخره القصب، فأما الرطب عندنا فمن النخل في مباركه كالزّيتون عندكم في منابته، هذا على أفنانه كذاك على أغصانه، هذا في زمانه كذاك في إبّانه، من الراسخات في الوحل المطعمات في المحل الملقحات بالفحل يخرجن أسفاطا عظاما وأقساطا ضخاما، وفي رواية: يخرجن أسفاطا وأقساطا كأنما ملئت رياطا، ثم ينفلقن عن قضبان الفضة منظومة باللؤلؤ الأبيض ثم تتبدّل قضبان الذهب منظومة بالزبرجد الأخضر ثم تصير ياقوتا أحمر وأصفر ثم تصير عسلا في شنّة من سحاء ليست بقربة ولا إناء حولها المذابّ ودونها الجراب لا يقربها الذباب مرفوعة عن التراب ثم تصير ذهبا في كيسة الرجال يستعان به على العيال، وأما نهرنا العجب فإنّ الماء يقبل عنقا فيفيض مندفقا فيغسل غثّها ويبدي مبثّها، يأتينا في أوان عطشنا ويذهب في زمان ريّنا فنأخذ منه حاجتنا ونحن نيام على فرشنا فيقبل الماء وله ازدياد وعباب ولا يحجبنا عنه حجاب ولا تغلق دونه الأبواب ولا يتنافس فيه من قلّة ولا يحبس عنّا من علّة، وأما بيوتنا الذهب فإنّ لنا عليهم خرجا في السنين والشهور نأخذه في أوقاته ويسلمه الله تعالى من آفاته وننفقه في مرضاته، فقال له مسلمة: أنّى لكم هذه يا ابن صفوان ولم تغلبوا عليها ولم تسبقوا إليها؟ فقال: ورثناها عن الآباء ونعمّرها للأبناء ويدفع لنا عنها ربّ السماء ومثلنا فيها كما قال معن بن أوس:
إذا ما بحر خندف جاش يوما ... يغطمط موجه المتعرّضينا
فمهما كان من خير، فإنّا ... ورثناها أوائل أوّلينا
وإنّا مورثون، كما ورثنا ... عن الآباء إن متنا، بنينا
وقال الأصمعي: سمعت الرشيد يقول: نظرنا فإذا كلّ ذهب وفضة على وجه الأرض لا يبلغ ثمن نخل البصرة. وقال أبو حاتم: ومن العجائب، وهو مما أكرم الله به الإسلام، أنّ النخل لا يوجد إلّا في بلاد الإسلام البتة مع أن بلاد الهند والحبش والنوبة بلاد حارة خليقة بوجود النخل فيها، وقال ابن أبي عيينة يتشوّق البصرة:
فإن أشك من ليلي بجرجان طوله، ... فقد كنت أشكو منه بالبصرة القصر
فيا نفس قد بدّلت بؤسا بنعمة، ... ويا عين قد بدّلت من قرّة عبر
ويا حبذاك السائلي فيم فكرتي ... وهمّي، ألا في البصرة الهمّ والفكر
فيا حبّذا ظهر الحزيز وبطنه، ... ويا حسن واديه، إذا ماؤه زخر
ويا حبذا نهر الأبلّة منظرا، ... إذا مدّ في إبّانه الماء أو جزر
ويا حسن تلك الجاريات، إذا غدت ... مع الماء تجري مصعدات وتنحدر
فيا ندمي إذ ليس تغني ندامتي! ... ويا حذري إذ ليس ينفعني الحذر!
وقائلة: ماذا نبا بك عنهم؟ ... فقلت لها: لا علم لي، فاسألي القدر
وقال الجاحظ: بالبصرة ثلاث أعجوبات ليست في غيرها من البلدان، منها: أنّ عدد المدّ والجزر في جميع الدهر شيء واحد فيقبل عند حاجتهم إليه ويرتدّ عند استغنائهم عنه، ثم لا يبطئ عنها إلّا بقدر هضمها واستمرائها وجمامها واستراحتها، لا يقتلها غطسا ولا غرقا ولا يغبّها ظمأ ولا عطشا، يجيء على حساب معلوم وتدبير منظوم وحدود ثابتة وعادة قائمة، يزيدها القمر في امتلائه كما يزيدها في نقصانه فلا يخفى على أهل الغلّات متى يتخلفون ومتى يذهبون ويرجعون بعد أن يعرفوا موضع القمر وكم مضى من الشهر، فهي آية وأعجوبة ومفخر وأحدوثة، لا يخافون المحل ولا يخشون الحطمة، قلت أنا: كلام الجاحظ هذا لا يفهمه إلّا من شاهد الجزر والمد، وقد شاهدته في ثماني سفرات لي إلى البصرة ثم إلى كيش ذاهبا وراجعا، ويحتاج إلى بيان يعرفه من لم يشاهده، وهو أن دجلة والفرات يختلطان قرب البصرة ويصيران نهرا عظيما يجري من ناحية الشمال إلى ناحية الجنوب فهذا يسمونه جزرا، ثم يرجع من الجنوب إلى الشمال ويسمونه مدّا، يفعل ذلك في كل يوم وليلة مرّتين، فإذا جزر نقص نقصانا كثيرا بيّنا بحيث لو قيس لكان الذي نقص مقدار ما يبقى وأكثر، وليست زيادته متناسبة بل يزيد في أول كل شهر، ووسطه أكثر من سائره، وذاك أنه إذا انتهى في أول الشهر إلى غايته في الزيادة وسقى المواضع العالية والأراضي القاصية أخذ يمدّ كل يوم وليلة أنقص من اليوم الذي قبله، وينتهي غاية نقص زيادته في آخر يوم من الأسبوع الأول من الشهر، ثم يمدّ في كل يوم أكثر من مدّه في اليوم الذي قبله حتى ينتهي غاية زيادة مدّه في نصف الشهر، ثم يأخذ في النقص إلى آخر الأسبوع ثم في الزيادة في آخر الشهر هكذا أبدا لا يختلف ولا يخل بهذا القانون ولا يتغير عن هذا الاستمرار، قال الجاحظ: والأعجوبة الثانية ادّعاء أهل أنطاكية وأهل حمص وجميع بلاد الفراعنة
الطلسمات، وهي بدون ما لأهل البصرة، وذاك أن لو التمست في جميع بيادرها وربطها المعوّذة وغيرها على نخلها في جميع معاصر دبسها أن تصيب ذبابة واحدة لما وجدتها إلا في الفرط، ولو أن معصرة دون الغيط أو تمرة منبوذة دون المسنّاة لما استبقيتها من كثرة الذّبّان، والأعجوبة الثالثة أن الغربان القواطع في الخريف يجيء منها ما يسوّد جميع نخل البصرة وأشجارها حتى لا يرى غصن واحد إلا وقد تأطّر بكثرة ما عليه منها ولا كربة غليظة إلا وقد كادت أن تندقّ لكثرة ما ركبها منها، ثم لم يوجد في جميع الدهر غراب واحد ساقط إلا على نخلة مصرومة ولم يبق منها عذق واحد، ومناقير الغربان معاول وتمر الأعذاق في ذلك الإبّان غير متماسكة، فلو خلاها الله تعالى ولم يمسكها بلطفه لاكتفى كل عذق منها بنقرة واحدة حتى لم يبق عليها إلا اليسير، ثم هي في ذلك تنتظر أن تصرم فإذا أتى الصرام على آخرها عذقا رأيتها سوداء ثم تخللت أصول الكرب فلا تدع حشفة إلا استخرجتها، فسبحان من قدّر لهم ذلك وأراهم هذه الأعجوبة، وبين البصرة والمدينة نحو عشرين مرحلة ويلتقي مع طريق الكوفة قرب معدن النّقرة، وأخبار البصرة كثيرة والمنسوبون إليها من أهل العلم لا يحصون، وقد صنف عمر بن شبّة وأبو يحيى زكرياء الساجي وغيرهما في فضائلها كتابا في مجلدات، والذي ذكرناه كاف.

والبَصْرَةُ:
أيضا: بلد في المغرب في أقصاه قرب السوس، خربت، قال ابن حوقل وهو يذكر مدن المغرب من بلاد البربر: والبصرة مدينة مقتصدة عليها سور ليس بالمنيع، ولها عيون خارجها عليها بساتين يسيرة، وأهلها ينسبون إلى السلامة والخير والجمال وطول القامة واعتدال الخلق، وبينها وبين المدينة المعروفة بالأقلام أقلّ من مرحلة، وبينها وبين مدينة يقال لها تشمّس أقلّ من مرحلة أيضا، ولما ذكر المدن التي على البحر قال: ثم تعطف على البحر المحيط يسارا وعليه من المدن، قريبة منه وبعيدة، جرماية وساوران والحجا على نحر البحر، ودونها في البرّ مشرقا: الأقلام ثم البصرة، وقال البشّاري:
البصرة مدينة بالمغرب كبيرة، كانت عامرة وقد خربت، وكانت جليلة، وكان قول البشّاري هذا في سنة 378، وقرأت في كتاب المسالك والممالك لأبي عبيد البكري الأندلسي: بين فاس والبصرة أربعة أيام، قال: والبصرة مدينة كبيرة، وهي أوسع تلك البلاد مرعى وأكثرها ضرعا ولكثرة ألبانها تعرف ببصرة الذّبّان وتعرف ببصرة الكتان، كانوا يتبايعون في بدء أمرها في جميع تجاراتهم بالكتان، وتعرف أيضا بالحمراء لأنها حمراء التربة، وسورها مبنيّ بالحجارة والطوب، وهي بين شرفين، ولها عشرة أبواب، وماؤها زعاق، وشرب أهلها من بئر عذبة على باب المدينة، وفي بساتينها آبار عذبة، ونساء هذه البصرة مخصوصات بالجمال الفائق والحسن الرائق، ليس بأرض المغرب أجمل منهن، قال أحمد بن فتح المعروف بابن الخزّاز التيهرتي يمدح أبا العيش عيسى بن إبراهيم بن القاسم:
قبح الإله الدهر، إلّا قينة ... بصريّة في حمرة وبياض
الخمر في لحظاتها، والورد في ... وجناتها، والكشح غير مفاض
في شكل مرجيّ ونسك مهاجر، ... وعفاف سنّيّ وسمت إباض
تيهرت أنت خلية، وبرقّة ... عوّضت منك ببصرة، فاعتاضي
لا عذر للحمراء في كلفي بها، ... أو تستفيض بأبحر وحياض
قال: ومدينة البصرة مستحدثة أسست في الوقت الذي أسست فيه أصيلة أو قريبا منه.