حُلْوانُ:
بالضم ثم السكون، والحلوان في اللغة الهبة، يقال: حلوت فلانا كذا مالا أحلوه حلوا وحلوانا إذا وهبت له شيئا على شيء يفعله غير الأجر، وفي الحديث: نهي عن حلوان الكاهن، والحلوان: أن يأخذ الرجل من مهر ابنته لنفسه. وحلوان في عدة مواضع: حلوان العراق، وهي في آخر حدود السواد مما يلي الجبال من بغداد، وقيل: إنها سميت بحلوان بن عمران بن الحاف بن قضاعة كان بعض الملوك أقطعه إياها فسميت به.
وفي كتاب الملحمة المنسوب إلى بطليموس: حلوان
طولها إحدى وسبعون درجة وخمس وأربعون دقيقة، وعرضها أربع وثلاثون درجة، بيت حياتها أول درجة من الأسد، طالعها الذراع اليماني تحت عشر درج من السرطان، يقابلها مثلها من الجدي، بيت ملكها من الحمل، عاقبتها مثلها من الميزان، وهي في الإقليم الرابع، وكانت مدينة كبيرة عامرة، قال أبو زيد: أما حلوان فإنها مدينة عامرة ليس بأرض العراق بعد الكوفة والبصرة وواسط وبغداد وسرّ من رأى أكبر منها، وأكثر ثمارها التين، وهي بقرب الجبل، وليس للعراق مدينة بقرب الجبل غيرها، وربما يسقط بها الثلج، وأما أعلى جبلها فإن الثلج يسقط به دائما، وهي وبئة ردية الماء وكبريتيته، ينبت الدفلى على مياهها، وبها رمان ليس في الدنيا مثله وتين في غاية من الجودة ويسمونه لجودته شاه انجير أي ملك التين، وحواليها عدة عيون كبريتية ينتفع بها من عدة أدواء.
وأما فتحها فإن المسلمين لما فرغوا من جلولاء ضمّ هاشم بن عتبة بن أبي وقاص وكان عمه سعد قد سيّره على مقدمته إلى جرير بن عبد الله في خيل ورتبه بجلولاء، فنهض إلى حلوان فهرب يزدجرد إلى أصبهان وفتح جرير حلوان صلحا على أن كفّ عنهم وآمنهم على ديارهم وأموالهم ثم مضى نحو الدينور فلم يفتحها وفتح قرميسين على مثل ما فتح عليه حلوان وعاد إلى حلوان فأقام بها واليا إلى أن قدم عمار بن ياسر، فكتب إليه من الكوفة أن عمر قد أمره أن يمد به أبا موسى الأشعري بالأهواز، فسار حتى لحق بأبي موسى في سنة 19، قال الواقدي: بحلوان عقب لجرير بن عبد الله البجلي، وكان قد فتح حلوان في سنة 19، وفي كتاب سيف: في سنة 16، وقال القعقاع بن عمرو التميمي:
وهل تذكرون، إذ نزلنا وأنتم ... منازل كسرى، والأمور حوائل
فصرنا لكم ردءا بحلوان بعد ما ... نزلنا جميعا، والجميع نوازل
فنحن الأولى فزنا بحلوان بعد ما ... أرنّت، على كسرى، الإما والحلائل
وقال بعض المتأخرين يذم أهل حلوان:
ما إن رأيت جواميسا مقرّنة، ... إلا ذكرت ثناء عند حلوان
قوم، إذا ما أتى الأضياف دارهم ... لم ينزلوهم ودلوهم على الخان
وينسب إلى حلوان هذه خلق كثير من أهل العلم، منهم: أبو محمد الحسن بن عليّ الخلّال الحلواني، يروي عن يزيد بن هرون وعبد الرزاق وغيرهما، روى عنه البخاري ومسلم في صحيحيهما، توفي سنة 242، وقال أعرابيّ:
تلفّتّ من حلوان، والدمع غالب، ... إلى روض نجد، أين حلوان من نجد؟
لحصباء نجد، حين يضربها الندى، ... ألذّ وأشفى للعليل من الورد
ألا ليت شعري! هل أناس بكيتهم ... لفقدهم هل يبكينّهم فقدي؟
أداوي ببرد الماء حرّ صبابة، ... وما للحشا والقلب غيرك من برد
وأما نخلتا حلوان فأول من ذكرهما في شعره فيما علمنا مطيع بن إياس الليثي، وكان من أهل فلسطين من أصحاب الحجاج بن يوسف، ذكر أبو الفرج عن أبي الحسن الأسدي حدثنا حماد بن إسحاق عن أبيه
عن سعيد بن سلم قال: أخبرني مطيع بن إياس أنه كان مع سلم بن قتيبة بالرّيّ، فلما خرج إبراهيم بن الحسن كتب إليه المنصور يأمره باستخلاف رجل على عمله والقدوم عليه في خاصته على البريد، قال مطيع ابن إياس: وكانت لي جارية يقال لها جوذابة كنت أحبّها، فأمرني سلم بالخروج معه فاضطررت إلى بيع الجارية فبعتها وندمت على ذلك بعد خروجي وتتبعتها نفسي، فنزلنا حلوان فجلست على العقبة أنتظر ثقلي وعنان دابتي في يدي وأنا مستند إلى نخلة على العقبة وإلى جانبها نخلة أخرى فتذكرت الجارية واشتقت إليها فأنشدت أقول:
أسعداني يا نخلتي حلوان، ... وابكياني من ريب هذا الزمان
واعلما أن ريبه لم يزل يف ... رق بين الألّاف والجيران
ولعمري، لو ذقتما ألم الفر ... قة أبكاكما الذي أبكاني
أسعداني، وأيقنا أن نحسا ... سوف يأتيكما فتفترقان
كم رمتني صروف هذي الليالي ... بفراق الأحباب والخلّان
غير أني لم تلق نفسي كما لا ... قيت من فرقة ابنة الدهقان
جارة لي بالريّ تذهب همّي، ... ويسلّي دنوّها أحزاني
فجعتني الأيام، أغبط ما كن ... ت، بصدع للبين غير مدان
وبزعمي أن أصبحت لا تراها ال ... عين مني، وأصبحت لا تراني
وعن سعيد بن سلم عن مطيع قال: كانت لي بالرّيّ، جارية أيام مقامي بها مع سلم بن قتيبة، فكنت أتستر بها وأتعشق امرأة من بنات الدهاقين، وكنت نازلا إلى جنبها في دار لها، فلما خرجنا بعت الجارية وبقيت في نفسي علاقة من المرأة، فلما نزلنا بعقبة حلوان جلست مستندا إلى إحدى النخلتين اللتين على العقبة وقلت، وذكر الأبيات، فقال لي سلم: فيمن هذه الأبيات، أفي جاريتك؟ فاستحييت أن أصدقه فقلت:
نعم، فكتب من وقته إلى خليفته أن يبتاعها لي، فلم يلبث أن ورد كتابه بأني قد وجدتها وقد تداولها الرجال وقد بلغت خمسة آلاف درهم فإن أمرت أن أشتريها، فأخبرني بذلك سلم وقال: أيما أحب إليك هي أم خمسة آلاف درهم؟ فقلت: أما إن كانت قد تداولها الرجال فقد عزفت نفسي عنها، فأمر لي بــخمسة آلاف درهم، فقلت: والله ما كان في نفسي منها شيء ولو كنت أحبها لم أبال إذا رجعت إلي بمن تداولها ولا أبالي لو ناكها أهل منى كلهم، وذكر المدائني أن المنصور اجتاز بنخلتي حلوان وكانت إحداهما على الطريق وكانت تضيّقه وتزدحم الأثقال عليه فأمر بقطعها، فأنشد قول مطيع:
واعلما إن بقيتما أن نحسا ... سوف يلقاكما فتفترقان
فقال: لا والله لا كنت ذلك النحس الذي يفرق بينهما! فانصرف وتركهما، وذكر أحمد بن إبراهيم عن أبيه عن جده إسمعيل بن داود أن المهدي قال:
أكثر الشعراء في ذكر نخلتي حلوان ولهممت بقطعهما فبلغ قولي المنصور فكتب إليّ: بلغني أنك هممت بقطع نخلتي حلوان ولا فائدة لك في قطعهما ولا ضرر عليك في بقائهما وأنا أعيذك بالله أن تكون النحس الذي يلقاهما فيفرق بينهما، يريد بيت مطيع، وعن أبي نمير عبد الله بن أيوب قال: لما خرج المهدي فصار بعقبة حلوان استطاب الموضع فتغدّى به ودعا بحسنة فقال لها: ما ترين طيب هذا الموضع! غنيني بحياتي حتى أشرب ههنا أقداحا، فأخذت محكّة كانت في يده فأوقعت على فخذه وغنته فقالت:
أيا نخلتي وادي بوانة حبّذا، ... إذا نام حرّاس النخيل، جناكما
فقال: أحسنت! لقد هممت بقطع هاتين النخلتين، يعني نخلتي حلوان، فمنعني منهما هذا الصوت، فقالت له حسنة: أعيذك بالله أن تكون النحس المفرق بينهما! وأنشدته بيت مطيع، فقال: أحسنت والله فيما فعلت إذ نبّهتني على هذا، والله لا أقطعهما أبدا ولأوكلن بهما من يحفظهما ويسقيهما أينما حييت! ثم أمر بأن يفعل ذلك، فلم تزالا في حياته على ما رسمه إلى أن مات، وذكر أحمد بن أبي طاهر عن عبد الله ابن أبي سعد عن محمد بن المفضل الهاشمي عن سلام الأبرش قال: لما خرج الرشيد إلى طوس هاج به الدم بحلوان فأشار عليه الطبيب بأكل جمّار، فأحضر دهقان حلوان وطلب منه، فأعلمه أن بلادهم ليس بها نخل ولكن على العقبة نخلتان، فأمر بقطع إحداهما، فلما نظر إلى النخلتين بعد أن انتهى إليهما فوجد إحداهما مقطوعة والأخرى قائمة وعلى القائمة مكتوب، وذكر البيت، فأعلم الرشيد وقال: لقد عز عليّ أن كنت نحسكما ولو كنت سمعت هذا البيت ما قطعت هذه النخلة ولو قتلني الدم، ومما قيل في نخلتي حلوان من الشعر قول حمّاد عجرد:
جعل الله سدرتي قصر شي ... رين فداء لنخلتي حلوان
جئت مستسعدا فلم تسع داني، ... ومطيع بكت له النخلتان
وروى حماد عن أبيه لبعض الشعراء في نخلتي حلوان:
أيها العاذلان لا تعذلاني، ... ودعاني من الملام دعاني
وابكيا لي، فإنني مستحقّ ... منكما بالبكاء أن تسعداني
إنني منكما بذلك أولى ... من مطيع بنخلتي حلوان
فهما تجهلان ما كان يشكو ... من هواه، وأنتما تعلمان
وقال فيهما أحمد بن إبراهيم الكاتب من قصيدة:
وكذاك الزمان ليس، وإن أل ... لف، يبقى عليه مؤتلفان
سلبت كفّه العزيز أخاه، ... ثم ثنّى بنخلتي حلوان
فكأنّ العزيز مذ كان فردا، ... وكأن لم تجاور النخلتان

وحلوان أَيضاً:
قرية من أعمال مصر، بينها وبين الفسطاط نحو فرسخين من جهة الصعيد مشرفة على النيل، وبها دير ذكر في الديرة، وكان أول من اختطها عبد العزيز بن مروان لما ولي مصر، وضرب بها الدنانير، وكان له كل يوم ألف جفنة للناس حول داره، ولذلك قال الشاعر:
كلّ يوم كأنه عيد أضحى ... عند عبد العزيز، أو يوم فطر
وله ألف جفنة مترعات، ... كلّ يوم، يمدّها ألف قدر
وكان قد وقع بمصر طاعون في سنة 70 وواليها عبد العزيز فخرج هاربا من مصر، فلما وصل حلوان هذه استحسن موضعها فبنى بها دورا وقصورا واستوطنها وزرع بها بساتين وغرس كروما ونخلا، فلذلك يقول عبيد الله بن قيس الرّقيّات:
سقيا لحلوان ذي الكروم، وما ... صنّف من تينه ومن عنبه
نخل مواقير بالقناء من ال ... برنيّ، يهتز ثم في سربه
أسود، سكانه الحمام، فما ... تنفكّ غربانه على رطبه
وقال سعد بن شريح مولى نجيب يهجو حفص بن الوليد الحضرمي والي مصر ويمدح زبّان بن عبد العزيز ابن مروان:
يا باعث الخيل، تردي في أعنّتها، ... من المقطّم في أكناف حلوان
لا زال بغضي ينمّى في صدوركم، ... إن كان ذلك من حيّ لزبّان

وحلوان أيضا:
بليدة بقوهستان نيسابور، وهي آخر حدود خراسان مما يلي أصبهان.

امر

1 أَمَرَهُ, (T, S, M, &c.,) aor. ـُ (M, &c.,) inf. n. أَمْرٌ (T, S, M, Msb, K) and إِمَارٌ, (M, L, K,) which latter, however, is disapproved by MF, (TA,) and إِيمَارٌ is syn. therewith, (K,) but this also is disapproved by MF, and deemed by him strange, [being by rule the inf. n. of ↓ آمَرَهُ, respecting which see what follows,] (TA,) and آمِرَةٌ, (M, K,) which is one of the inf. ns. [or quasiinf. ns.] of the measure فَاعِلَةٌ, like عَافِيَةٌ and عَاقِبَةٌ, (M,) He commanded him; ordered him; bade him; enjoined him; the inf. n. signifying the contr. of نَهْىٌ; (T, M, K;) as also ↓ آمرهُ, (Kr, M, K,) mentioned by A'Obeyd also as a dial. var. of أمَرَهُ: (Msb:) but A'Obeyd says that آمَرْتُهُ and أَمرْتُهُ are syn. [in a sense different from that explained above, i. e.] as meaning كَثَّرْتُهُ. (TA.) You say, أَمَرَهُ بِهِ, (S, M, K,) and أَمَرَهُ إِيَّاهُ, suppressing the prep., (M,) He commanded, ordered, bade, or enjoined, him to do it. (M, K.) And أمَرْتُكَ أَنْ تَفْعَلَ, and لِتَفْعَلَ, and بِأنْ تَفْعَلَ, I commanded, ordered, bade, or enjoined, thee to do [such a thing]. (M.) [And أَمَرَهُ بِكَذَا as meaning He commanded him, or ordered him, to make use of such a thing; or the like: whence, in a trad.,] أُمِرْتُ بِالسِّوَاكِ [I have been commanded to make use of the tooth-stick]. (El-Jámi' es-Sagheer.) [And He enjoined him such a thing; as, for instance, patience.] The imperative of أَمَرَ is مُرْ; originally اؤْمُرْ; which also occurs [with وَ in the place of ؤ when the ا is pronounced with damm]: (M:) but [generally] when it is not preceded by a conjunction, (Msb,) i. e., by وَ or فَ, (T,) you suppress the ء, [i. e. the radical ء, and with it the conjunctive ا preceding it,] contr. to rule, and say, مُرْهُ بِكَذَا [Command, or order, or bid, or enjoin, thou him to do such a thing]; like as you say, كُلْ and خُذْ: when, however, it is preceded by a conjunction, the practice commonly obtaining is, to restore the وَأْمُرْ بِكَذَا, agreeably with analogy, and thus to say, أَمُرْ بِكَذَا. (Msb.) b2: [You say also, أَمَرَ بِهِ فَقُتِلَ He gave an order respecting him, and accordingly he was slain. And أَمَرَ لَهُ بِكَذَا He ordered that such a thing should be done, or given, to him.] b3: In the Kur [xvii. 17], أَمَرْنَا مُتْرَفِيهَا فَفَسَقُوا فِيهَا, so accord. to most of the readers, (T, &c.,) means We commanded [its luxurious inhabitants] to obey, but they transgressed therein, or departed from the right way, or disobeyed: (Fr, T, S, &c.:) so says Aboo-Is-hák; adding that, although one says, أَمَرتُ زَيْدًا فَضَرَبَ عَمْرًا, meaning I commanded Zeyd to beat 'Amr, and he beat him, yet one also says, أَمَرْتُكَ فَعَصَيْتَنِى [I commanded thee, but thou disobeyedst me]: or, accord. to some, the meaning is, We multiplied its luxurious inhabitants; (T;) and this is agreeable with another reading, namely, ↓ آمَرْنَا; (TA;) and a reading of El-Hasan, namely, أَمِرْنَا, like عَلِمْنَا, may be a dial. var., of the same signification: (M:) see 4, in two places: or it may be from الإِمَارَةُ; (S, TA;) [in which case it seems that we should read ↓ أَمَّرْنَا; or, perhaps, أَمَرْنَا: see 2:] Abu-l-'Áliyeh reads ↓ أَمَّرْنَا, and this is agreeable with the explanation of I'Ab, who says that the meaning is, We made its chiefs to have authority, power, or dominion. (TA.) b4: أَمَرَهُ, aor. ـُ also signifies He commanded, ordered, bade, or enjoined, him to do that which it behooved him to do. (A.) [He counselled, or advised, him.] One says, مُرْنِى, meaning Counsel thou me; advise thou me. (A.) b5: أَمَرَ بِاقْتِنَاصٍ, said of a wild animal, means He rendered the beholder desirous of capturing him. (M.) A2: أَمَرَ, (As, Fr, Th, T, S, M, Msb, K,) aor. ـُ (Msb, TA;) and أَمُرَ, aor. ـُ (S, M, IKtt, K;) and أَمِرَ, aor. ـَ (M, K, and several other authorities; but by some this is disallowed; TA;) inf. n. أَمْرٌ (K) and إِمْرَةٌ (S) and إِمَارَةٌ; (As, T, S;) or the second is a simple subst.; (K;) or perhaps it is meant in the S that this and the third are quasi-inf. ns.; (MF;) He had, or held, command; he presided as a commander, governor, lord, prince, or king; (M, Msb, K;) he became an أَمِير; (As, T, S;) عَلَى

القَوْمِ over the people. (M, * Msb, K.) [See also 5.]

أَمَرَ فُلَانٌ وَأُمِرَ عَلَيْهِ, or عليه ↓ وأُمِّرَ, (as in different copies of the S,) [Such a one has held command and been commanded,] is said of one who has been a commander, or governor, after having been a subject of a commander, or governor; meaning such a one is a person of experience; or one who has been tried, or proved and strengthened, by experience. (S.) A3: أَمَرَهُ as syn. with آمَرَهُ: see 4.

A4: أَمِرَ, (S, M, Msb, K,) aor. ـَ (Msb, K,) inf. n. أَمَرٌ and أَمْرَة; (M, K, TA; the latter written in the CK اَمْرَة;) and أمُرَ, aor. ـَ (IKtt;) (assumed tropical:) It (a thing, M, Msb, or a man's property, or camels or the like, Abu-l-Hasan and S, and a people, T, S) multiplied; or became many, or much, or abundant; (T, S, M, Msb, K;) and became complete. (M, K.) b2: And the former, (assumed tropical:) His beasts multiplied; or became many; (M, K;) [ as also ↓ آمر; for you say,] بَنُو فُلَانٍ ↓ آمر, inf. n. إِيمَارٌ, (assumed tropical:) The property, or camels or the like, of the sons of such a one multiplied; or became many, or abundant. (M.) A5: أَمِرَ الأَمْرُ, (Akh, S, K,) aor. ـَ inf. n. أَمَرٌ, (Akh, S,) (assumed tropical:) The affair, or case, (i. e., a man's affair, or case, Akh, S,) became severe, distressful, grievous, or afflictive. (Akh, S, K.) 2 أمّرهُ, inf. n. تَأْمِيرٌ, He made him, or appointed him, commander, governor, lord, prince, or king. (S, * Mgh, Msb.) [And it seems to be indicated in the S that ↓ أَمَرَهُ, without teshdeed, signifies the same.] See 1, in three places. Yousay also, أُمِّرَعَلَيْنَا (A, TA) He was made, or appointed, commander, &c., over us. (TA.) b2: Also He appointed him judge, or umpire. (Mgh.) b3: أمّر القَنَاةَ (assumed tropical:) He affixed a spear-head to the cane or spear. (T, M.) [See also the pass. part. n., below.] b4: أمّرأَمَارَةٍ He made [a thing] a sign, or mark, to show the way. (T.) 3 آمرهُ فِي أَمْرِهِ, (T, * S, M, Msb,) inf. n. مُؤَامَرَةٌ, (S, K,) He consulted him respecting his affair, or case; (T, * S, M, Msb, K, * TA;) as also وَامَرَهُ; (TA;) or this is not a chaste form; (IAth, TA;) or it is vulgar; (S, TA;) and ↓ استأمرهُ, (M,) inf. n. اسْتِئْمَارٌ; (S, K;) and ↓ ائتمرهُ, (T,) inf. n. ائتِمَارٌ. (S, K.) It is said in a trad., آمِرُوا النِّسَآءَ فِى أَنْفُسِهِنَّ Consult ye women respecting themselves, as to marrying them. (TA.) And in another trad., آمَرَتْ نَفْسَهَا, meaning She consulted herself, or her mind; as also ↓ استأمرت نفسها. (TA.) [See another ex. voce نَفْسٌ. and see also 8.]4 آمر, inf. n. إِيمَارٌ: see 1, last sentence but one, in two places.

A2: آمْرٌ; (S, M, Msb, K;) and ↓ أَمَرَهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) accord. to some, (M,) aor. ـُ (Msb, K,) inf. n. أَمْرٌ; (Msb;) both signifying the same accord. to AO, (S,) or A 'Obeyd, (TA,) but the latter is of weak authority, (K,) or is not allowable; (M;) and, accord. to El-Hasan's reading of xvii. 17 of the Kur, (see 1,) ↓ أَمِرَهُ also; (M;) (assumed tropical:) He (a man) multiplied it; or made it many, or much, or abundant: (S, Msb:) He (God) multiplied, or made many or much or abundant, his progeny, and his beasts: (M, K:) and آمر مَالَهُ (assumed tropical:) He (God) multiplied, &c., his property, or camels or the like. (S.) A3: See also 1, first sentence, in two places.5 تأمّر He became made, or appointed, commander, governor, lord, prince, or king; (Msb;) he received authority, power, or dominion; عَلَيْهِمْ over them. (S, K.) [See also أَمَرَ.] b2: See also 8.6 تَاَاْمَرَ see 8, in three places.8 ائتمر [written with the disjunctive alif اِيتَمَرَ] He obeyed, or conformed to, a command; (S, * M, Mgh, K; *) he heard and obeyed. (Msb.) You say, ائتمر بِخَيْرٍ, meaning He was as though his mind commanded him to do good and he obeyed the command. (M.) And [you use it transitively, saying,] ائتمر الأَمْرَ He obeyed, or conformed to, the command. (S.) And لَا يَأْتَمِرُ رُشْدًا He will not do right of his own accord. (A.) Imra el-Keys says, (S,) or En-Nemir Ibn-Towlab, (T,) وَيَعْدُو عَلَى المَرْءِ مَا يَأْتَمِرْ [And that which man obeys wrongs him, or injures him]; meaning, that which his own soul commands him to do, and which he judges to be right, but in which often is found his destruction: (S:) or, accord. to KT, that evil which man purposes to do: (T:) or that which man does without consideration, and without looking to its result. (A 'Obeyd, T.) [See what follows.] b2: He undertook a thing without consulting; (KT, T;) as though his soul, or mind, ordered him to do it and he obeyed it: (TA:) he followed his own opinion only. (Mgh.) One says, أَمَرْتُهُ فأْتَمَرَ وَأَبَى

أَنْ يَأْتَمِرَ, (A, Mgh,) meaning I commanded him, but he followed his own opinion only, and refused to obey. (Mgh.) b3: He formed an opinion, and consulted his own mind, and determined upon it. (Sh, T.) And ائتمر رَأْيَهُ He consulted his own mind, or judgment, respecting what was right for him to do. (Sh, T.) b4: ائتمروا, (A, Msb,) inf. n. ائْتِمَارٌ; (S, K;) and ↓ تآمروا, (A,) inf. n. تَآمُرٌ, of the measure تَفَاعُلٌ; (S;) and ↓ تأمّروا, (TA,) inf. n. تَأَمُّرٌ; (K;) They consulted together: (S, * A, Msb, K: *) or ائتمروا and ↓ تآمروا signify they commanded, ordered, bade, or enjoined, one another; like as one says, اقتتلوا and تقاتلوا, and اختصموا and تخاصموا: (T:) or ائتمروا عَلَى الأَمْرِ and عَلَيْهِ ↓ تآمروا, they determined, or settled, their opinions respecting the affair, or case: (M:) and ائتمروا بِهِ, (S, Msb,) inf. n. as above, (K,) signifies they purposed it, (S, Msb, K, *) namely, a thing, (Msb, K,) and consulted one another respecting it. (S.) It is said in the Kur [lxv. 6], وَأْتَمِرُوا بَيْنَكُمْ بِمَعْرُوفٍ And command ye, or enjoin ye, one another to do good: [such is app. the meaning,] but God best knoweth: (T:) or, accord. to KT, purpose ye among yourselves to do good. (TA.) And in the same [xxviii. 19], إِنَّ الْمَلَأَ يَأْتَمِرُونَ بِكَ لِيَقْتُلوُكَ, meaning Verily the chiefs command one another respecting thee, to slay thee: (Zj, T:) or consult together against thee, to slay thee: (AO, T:) or purpose against thee, to slay thee: (KT, T:) but the last but one of these explanations is better than the last. (T.) b5: See also 3. b6: Accord. to El-Bushtee, ائتمرهُ also signifies He gave him permission: but this has not been heard from an Arab. (Az, TA.) 10 إِسْتَاْمَرَ see 3, in two places.

أَمْرٌ A command; an order; a bidding; an injunction; a decree; an ordinance; a prescript: (S, * Msb, * TA, &c.:) pl. أَوَامِرُ: (S, Msb, &c.:) so accord. to common usage; and some writers of authority justify and explain it by saying that أَمْرٌ is [originally] مَأْمُوُرٌ بِهِ; that it is then changed to the measure فَاعِلٌ; [i. e., to آمِرٌ;] like أَمْرٌ عَارِفٌ, which is originally مَعْرُوفٌ; and عِيشَةٌ راضِيَةٌ, originally مَرْضِيَّةٌ; &c.; [and then, to أَمْرٌ;] and that فَاعِلٌ becomes in the pl. فَوَاعِلُ; so that أَوَامَرُ is the pl. of مَإْمُورٌ: others say that it has this form of pl. to distinguish it from أَمْرٌ in the sense of حَالٌ [&c.], in which sense it has for its pl. أُمُورٌ. (Msb, TA.) [But I think that أَوَامِرُ may be properly and originally pl. of آمِرَةٌ, for آيَةٌ آمِرَةٌ, or the like. MF says that, accord. to the T and M, the pl. of أَمْرٌ in the sense explained in the beginning of this paragraph is أُمُورٌ: but he seems to have founded his assertion upon corrupted copies of those works; for in the M, I find nothing on this point; and in the T, not, as he says, الأَمْرُضِدُّ النَّهْىَ وَاحِدُ الأُمُور, but قَالَ اللَّيْثُ الأَمْرُ مَعْرُوفٌ نَقِيضُ النَّهْىِ وَاحِدُ الأُمُورِ, evidently meaning that أَمْرٌ signifies the contr. of نَهْىٌ, and is also, in another sense, the sing. of أُمُورٌ.] [Hence,] أُولُو الأَمْرِ Those who hold command or rule, and the learned men. (M, K. [See Kur iv. 62.]) and أَمْرُاللّٰهِ The threatened punishment of God: so in the Kur x. 25, and xi. 42, and xvi.1; in which last place occur the words, أَتَي أَمْرُ اللّٰهِ فَلَا تَسْتَعْجِلُوهُ, meaning The threatened punishment ordained of God hath, as it were, come: so near is it, that it is as though it had already come: therefore desire not ye to hasten it. (Zj, M, TA.) And The purpose of God. (Bd and Jel in lxv. 3; &c.) and الأَمْرُ قَرِيبٌ The resurrection, or the time thereof, is near. (Mgh, from a trad.) And مَا فَعَلْتُهُ عَنْ

أَمْرِى, in the Kur xviii. 81, I did it not of my own judgment: (Bd:) or, of my own choice. (Jel.) [Hence also الأَمْرُ, in grammar, signifies The imperative form of a verb.] b2: Also A thing; an affair; a business; a matter; a concern: a state, of a person or thing, or of persons or things or affairs or circumstances; a condition; a case: an accident; an event: an action: syn. شَأْنٌ: (M, F, TA:) and حَالٌ, (Msb, TA,) and حَالَةٌ: (Msb:) and حَادِثَةٌ: (K:) and فِعْلٌ: (MF, TA:) and a thing that is said; a saying: ( TA voce أُولُو, at the end of art. ال:) pl. أُمُورٌ; (S, M, K, &c.;) its only pl. in the senses here explained. (TA.) You say, أَمْرُ فُلَانٍ مُسْتَقِيمٌ [The affair, or the like, of such a one is in a right state]: and امُورُهُ مُسْتَقِيمَةٌ [His affairs are in a right state]. (S, A.) And شَتَّتَ أَمْرَهُ He dissipated, disorganized, disordered, unsettled, or broke up, his state of things, or affairs. (As, TA in art. شعب.) [امر seems to be here used, as in many other instances, rather in the sense of the pl. than in that of the sing.] b3: أَمْرٌ كُلِّىٌّ [A universal, or general, prescript, rule, or canon]. (Msb voce قَاعِدَةٌ, KT voce قَانُونٌ, &c.) إِمْرٌ a subst. from أَمِرَالِأَمْرُ in the sense of اِشْتَدَّ; (S;) or a subst. from أَمِرَ as signifying كَثُرَ and تَمَّ; (M;) (assumed tropical:) [A severe, a distressful, a grievous, or an afflictive, thing: or] a terrible, and foul, or very foul, thing: or a wonderful thing. (TA,) Hence, [used as an epithet, like أَمِرٌ, q. v.,] in the Kur [xviii. 70], لَقَدْ جِئْتَ شَيْئًا إِمْرًا (assumed tropical:) Verily thou hast done a severe, a distressful, a grievous, or an afflictive, thing: (S:) or a terrible, and foul, or very foul, thing: (TA:) or a wonderful thing: (S:) or an abominable, a foul, or an evil, and a wonderful, thing: (Ks, M, K: *) or a terrible and an abominable thing; signifying more than نَكْرًا, [which occurs after, in verse 73,] inasmuch as the [presumed] drowning of the persons in the ship was more abominable than the slaying of one person: (Zj, T:) or a crafty, and an abominable, or a foul, or an evil, and a wonderful, thing; and derived from أَمِرَ القَوْمُ as meaning كَثُرُوا. (Ks.) أَمَرٌ a coll. gen. n. of which أَمَرَةٌ (q. v.) is the n. un.

A2: See also تَأْمُورٌ.

أَمِرٌ: see إِمَّرٌ.

A2: (assumed tropical:) Multiplied; or become many, or much, or abundant. (M, K.) [See أَمِرَ.] Yousay زَرْعٌ أَمِرٌ (assumed tropical:) Abundant seed-produce. (Lh, M.) b2: (assumed tropical:) A man whose beasts have multiplied, or become many or abundant. (M.) (assumed tropical:) A man blessed, or prospered, (Ibn-Buzurj, M, K, *) in his property: (M:) fem. with ة. (Ibn-Buzurj.) and with ة, (assumed tropical:) A woman blessed to her husband [ by her being prolific]: from the signification of كَثْرَةٌ. (M.) A3: (assumed tropical:) Severe; distressful; afflictive. (TA.) [See also إِمْرٌ.]

أَمْرَةٌ A single command, order, bidding, or injunction: as in the saying, لَكَ عَلَىَّ أَمْرَةٌ مُطَاعَةٌ Thou hast authority to give me one command, order, bidding, or injunction, which shall be obeyed by me. (S, M, * A, Msb, K.) You should not say, [in this sense,] إِمْرَةٌ, with kesr. (T, S.) A2: See also إِمْرَةٌ.

إِمْرَةٌ a subst. from أَمَرَ [q. v.]; Possession of command; the office, and authority, of a commander, governor, lord, prince, or king; (M, * Msb, K;) as also ↓ إِمَارَةٌ (Mgh, Msb, K) and ↓ أَمَارَةٌ; (L, K;) but this last is by some disallowed, and is said in the Fs and its Expositions to be unknown. (MF.) It is said in a trad., لَعَلَّكَ سآءَ تْكَ إِمْرَةُ ابْنِ عَمِّكَ Perhaps thy paternal uncle's son's possession of command hath displeased thee. (TA.) b2: [And hence, (assumed tropical:) Increase, or abundance, or the like; as also other forms mentioned in what follows.] You say, فِى وَجْهِ مَالِكَ تَعْرِفُ إِمْرَتَهُ (assumed tropical:) In the face of thy property, [meaning such as consists in camels or the like, and also money,] thou knowest its increase and abundance, and its expense: (S:) or ↓ إِمَّرَتَهُ, and ↓ إِمّرَتَهُ, which latter is a dial. var. of weak authority, and ↓ أَمَّرَتَهُ, i. e., its increase and abundance: (M:) or ↓ إِمَّرَتَهُ as meaning its prosperous state; as also ↓ أَمَارَتَهُ, and ↓ أَمْرَتَهُ: (Ibn-Buzurj:) accord. to AHeyth, who reads ↓ تُعْرَفُ إِمَّرَتُهُ, the meaning is, its decrease; but the correct meaning is, its increase, as Fr explains it. (T, TA.) It is said respecting anything of which one knows what is good in it at first sight: (Lh, M:) and means, on a thing's presenting itself, thou knowest its goodness. (T.) One says also, ↓ مأَحْسَنَ أَمَارَتَهُمْ (assumed tropical:) How good is their multiplying, and the multiplying of their offspring and of their number! (M.) And ↓ لَا جَعَلَ اللّٰهُ فِيهِ إِمَّرَةً (assumed tropical:) May God not make an increase to be therein. (T.) أَمَرَةٌ Stones: (K:) [or a heap of stones:] or it is the n. un. of أَمَرٌ, which signifies stones: (M:) or the latter signifies stones set up in order that one may be directed thereby to the right way: (Ham p. 409:) and the former also signifies a hill; (M, K;) and أَمَرٌ is [used as] its pl.: (M:) and a sign, or mark, by which anything is known; (M, K;) as also ↓ أَمَارٌ and ↓ أَمَارَةٌ; (As, S;) and أَمَرٌ is [used as] its pl. in this sense also: (M:) or a sign, or mark, set up to show the way; (AA, Fr;) as also ↓ أَمَارٌ and ↓ أَمَارَهٌ: (K:) or a small sign, or mark, of stones, to show the way, in a waterless desert; (S;) as also ↓ أَمَارٌ [and ↓ أَمَارَةٌ]; and any sign, or mark, that is prepared: (TA:) or a structure like a مَنَارَة [here app. meaning a tower of a mosque], upon a mountain, wide like a house or tent, and larger, of the height of forty times the stature of a man, made in the time of 'Ád and Irem; in some instances its foundation being like a house, though it consists only of stones piled up, one upon another, cemented together with mud, appearing as though it were of natural formation: (ISh, T:) the pl. (in all the senses above, K) [or rather the coll. gen. n.,] is أَمَرٌ. (S, K.) A2: See also إِمْرَةٌ.

أَمَارٌ and ↓ أَمَارَةٌ A sign, mark, or token. (As, S Mgh.) See also each voce أَمَرَةٌ, in three places. You say, هِى أَمَارَةُ مَا بَيْنِى وَبَيْنَكَ It is a sign, or token, of what is between me and thee. (T, * TA.) And a poet says, إِذَا طَلَعَتْ شَمْسُ النَّهَارِ فَإِنَّهَا

أَمَارَةُ تَسْلِيمِى عَلَيْكِ فَسَلِّمِى

[When the sun of day rises, it is a sign of my saluting thee, therefore do thou salute]. (TA.) b2: Also A time: (As, S, K:) so IAar explains the latter word, not particularizing the time as definite or otherwise: (M:) or a definite time: (TA:) or a time, or place, of promise or appointment; an appointed time or place; syn. مَوْعِدٌ: (M, Mgh, K:) or, accord. to some, the former word is pl. [or rather col. gen. n.] of the latter. (TA.) El-'Ajjáj says, إِذْ رَدَّهَا بِكَيْدِهِ فَارْتَدَّتِ

إِلَي أَمَارٍ وَأَمَارِ مُدَّتِى

When He (meaning God) brings it, ( namely my soul,) by his skilful ordering, and his power, [and it is thus brought, or it thus comes, to a set time, and] to the time of the end of my appointed period: امارمدّتى being as above; the former word being prefixed to the latter, governing it in the gen. case. (IB. [In the S we find وَأَمَارٌ مُدَّتِى.]) أَمُورٌ [an intensive epithet from أَمَرَهُ]. You say, إِنَّهُ لَأَمُورٌ بِالْمَعْروفِ وَنَهُوٌّ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ Verily he is one who strongly commands, or enjoins, good conduct, and who strongly forbids evil conduct. (S in art. نهى, and A. *) أَمِيرٌ One having, holding, or possessing, command; (S;) a commander; a governor; a lord; (M, * Msb;) a prince, or king: (M, K:) fem. with ة: (S, K:) pl. إُمَرَآءُ. (M, Msb, K.) b2: A leader of the blind. (M, K.) So in the saying of El-Aashà: إِذَاكَانَ هَادِى الفَتَى فِى البِلَا دِصَدْرَ القَنَاةِ أَطَاعَ الأَمِيرَا [When the young man's guide in the countries, or lands, or the like, is the top of the cane, he obeys the leader of the blind]. (M.) b3: A woman's husband. (A.) b4: A neighbour. (K.) b5: A person with whom one consults: (A, K:) any one of whom one begs counsel, or advice, in a case of fear. (TA.) You say, هُوَ أَمِيرِى He is the person with whom I consult. (A.) أَمَارَةٌ: see إِمْرَةٌ, in three places: b2: and see also أَمَرَةٌ, in three places; and أَمَارٌ.

إِمَارَةِ: see إِمْرَةٌ. b2: الإِمَارَةُ is also used for صَاحِبُ الإمَارَةِ, i. e. الأَمِيرُ. (Mgh.) أَمَّرٌ: see the next paragraph, in two places.

إِمَّرٌ A man who consults every one respecting his case; as also ↓ أَمِرٌ and ↓ أَمَّارَةٌ: (M:) or a man resembling [in stupidity] a kid: [see the latter part of this paragraph:] (Th, M:) or, as also ↓ إِمَّرَةٌ (S, M, K, &c.) and ↓ أَمَّرٌ and ↓ أَمَّرَةٌ, (K,) a man having weak judgment, (S, K,) stupid, (T, M,) or weak, without judgment, (M, L,) or without intellect, or intelligence, (T,) who obeys the command of every one, (T, S,) who complies with what every one desires to do in all his affairs; (K;) a stupid man, of weak judgment, who says to another, Command me to execute thine affair. (IAth.) It is said in a trad., مَنْ يُطِعْ إِمَّرَةً لَا يَأْكُلْ ثَمَرَةً [He who obeys a stupid man, &c., shall not eat fruit: or the meaning is] he who obeys a stupid woman shall be debarred from good. (IAth.) ↓ إِمَّرَةٌ is applied to a woman and to a man: when it is applied to a man, the ة is added to give intensiveness to the signification. (ISh.) The following saying, إِذَا طَلَعَتِ الشِّعْرَى

وَلَا إِمَّرًا, ↓ سَفَرًا فَلَا تُرْسِلْ فِيهَا إِمَّرَةً, in rhyming prose, means [When Sirius rises in the clear twilight,] send not thou among them (meaning the camels) a man without intelligence [in a great degree, nor one who is so in a less degree; or a woman without intelligence, nor a man without intelligence;] to manage them. (Sh.) b2: Also, (M, K,) and ↓ إِمَّرَةٌ and ↓ أَمَّرَ and ↓ أُمَّرٌ, (K,) A young lamb: (M, K:) or the first (إِمَرٌ) and the second, a young kid: (M, TA:) or the former of these two, a male lamb: (M, TA:) or a young male lamb: (S:) and the latter of them, a female lamb: (M, TA:) or a young female lamb. (S, M.) One says, ↓ مَا لَهُ إِمَّرٌ وَلَا إِمَّرَةٌ, meaning He has not a male lamb nor a female lamb: (M, TA:) or he has not anything. (T, S, M.) أَمَّرَةٌ: see إِمَّرٌ, in two places.

إِمَّرَةٌ: see إِمَّرٌ, in six places: A2: and see إِمْرَةٌ, in four places.

إِمّرَةٌ: see إِمْرَةٌ.

أَمَّارٌ [Wont to command]. [Hence,] النَّفْسُ الأَمَّارَةُ [The soul that is wont to command]; (A;) the soul that inclines to the nature of the body, that commands to the indulgence of pleasures and sensual appetites, drawing the heart downwards, so that it is the abode of evils, and the source of culpable dispositions. (KT.) [See نَفْسٌ.]

أَمَّارَةٌ fem. of أَمَّارٌ [q. v.]. b2: See also إِمَّرٌ.

آمِرٌ [act. part. n. of أَمَرَهُ.] b2: آمِرٌ and ↓ مُؤْتَمِرٌ Two days, (S,) the last, (K,) the former being the sixth, and the latter the seventh, (M,) of the days called أَيَّامُ الَجُوزِ: (S, M, K: [but see عَجُوزٌ:]) as though the former commanded men to be cautious, and the latter consulted them as to whether they should set forth on a journey or stay at home: (S:) accord. to Az, the latter is applied as an epithet to the day as meaning يُؤْتَمَرُفِيهِ. (TA.) تَأْمُرِىُّ: see تَأْمُورٌ, in two places.

تُؤْمُرِىٌّ, and without ء: see تَأْمُورٌ, in six places.

تَأْمُورٌ and ↓ تَأْمُورَةٌ are properly mentioned in this art.; the measure of the former being تَفْعُولٌ; (K;) and that of the latter, تَفْعْلولَةٌ: (TA:) not as J has imagined; [who writes them without ء, and mentions them in art. تمر;] (K;) their measures accord. to him being فَاعُولٌ and فَاعُولَةٌ. (TA.) [But in all the senses here explained, they appear to be with and without ء.] b2: The former signifies The soul: (S in art. تمر, where it is written without ء; and M, A, K:) because it is that which is wont to command. (A.) One says, قَدْ عَلِمَ تَأْمُورُكَ ذلِكَ Thy soul, or self, hath known that. (Az, and T in art. تمر.) b3: The intellect: (M:) as in the saying, عَرَفْتُهُ بِتَأْمُورِي I knew it by my intellect. (M in art. تمر, without ء; and TA.) You say also, هُوَ ابْنُ تَأْمُورِهَا, meaning He is the knowing with respect to it. (TA in art. بني.) b4: The heart, (T in art. تمر without ء, and M, A, K,) itself. (M, TA.) Hence the saying, حَرْفٌ فِى تَأْمُورِى خَيْرٌ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فى وِ عَائِكَ [One word in my heart is better than ten in thy receptacle]. (T in art. تمر, and TA.) b5: The pericardium. (M in art. تمر, without ء.) b6: The core, or black or inner part, or clot of blood, (حَبَّة, M, K, or عَلَقَة, TA,) and life, and blood, of the heart: (M, K:) or blood, (As, S, M, in art. تمر, and K,) absolutely: (TA:) and تَأْمُورُ النَّفْسِ signifies the life-blood: (As, S:) or the blood of the body: (S in art. نفس:) and the life of the soul. (M, K.) b7: Also, as being likened to blood, (TA,) (tropical:) Wine; and so ↓ تَأْمُورَةٌ: (M, K:) and b8: (tropical:) A dye: (M, TA:) and b9: (tropical:) Saffron. (As, K.) b10: [Hence also,] (tropical:) Water. (M, K.) You say, مَا فىِ الرَّكِيَّةِ تَامُورٌ, (T, S in art. تمر, and M,) or تَأْمُورٌ, (A,) (tropical:) There is not in the well any water. (T, S, M, A.) A2: The wezeer (وَزِير) of a king: (M, K:) because his command is effectual. (TA.) A3: Any one: as in the saying, مَابِهَا تَأْمُورٌ, (T in art. تمر, A, K,) as also ↓ تُؤْمُورٌ, (T in art. تمر, and K,) each with an augmentative ت, and without ء as well as with it, accord. to Er-Radee and others, (TA,) and ↓ تَأْمُرِىُّ, and ↓ تَأْمُورِىُّ, (M,) and ↓ تُؤْمُرِىُّ, (T in art. تمر, M, TA,) or without ء, (S, M, K, in art. تمر,) and ↓ أَمَرٌ, (M, K,) There is not in it (i. e. in the house, الدار, M, A, TA) any one. (M, A, K, and T and S in art. تمر.) You say also, خَلَآءٌ بِلَادٌ

↓ لَيْسَ فِيهَاتُومُرِىٌّ Vacant regions wherein is not any one. (S in art. تمر.) ↓ تُؤْمُرِىٌّ (M, K) and ↓ تُومُرِىٌّ (S in art. تمر) and ↓ تَأْمُورِىٌّ and ↓ تَأْمُرِيٌّ (M, K) also signify A man, or human being. (S, * M, K.) You say, speaking of a beautiful woman, أَحْسَنَ مِنْهَا ↓ مَا رَأَيْتُ تُومُرِيَّا I have not seen a human being, or creature, more beautiful than she: (S and M in art. تمر:) and مَا رَأَيْتُ

أَحْسَنَ مِنْهُ ↓ تُومُرِيَّا [I have not seen a man more beautiful than he]. (T and S in art. تمر.) Accord. to some, they are used only in negative phrases; but accord. to others, they are also used in such as are affirmative. (MF.) b2: Also Anything: as in the saying أَكَلَ الذِّئْبُ الشَّاةَ فَمَا تَرَكَ مِنْهَا تَامُورًا [The wolf ate the sheep, or goat, and left not of it anything]. (T and S in art. تمر.) A4: A child, young one, or fœtus syn. وَلَدٌ. (M, K.) A5: The receptacle (وِعَآء) of the child, young one, or fœtus. (M in art. تمر, without ء; and K.) b2: A وِعَآء [in the ordinary sense; i. e. a bag, or receptacle, for travelling-provisions and for goods or utensils &c.]. (M, K.) Hence the saying, أَنْتَ أَعْلَمُ بِتَأْمُورِكَ Thou art best acquainted with what thou hast with thee; and with thine own mind. (M.) b3: Also, (K,) and ↓ تَأْمُورَةٌ, (M, [in which the former is not given in the following senses,] and K,) or ↓ تَامُورَةٌ, (S in art. تمر,) A ewer, syn. إِبْرِيقٌ, (S, M, K,) for wine: (S:) and, (M, K,) or, as some say, (TA,) a حُقَّة (M, K, TA) in which wine is put. (TA.) b4: Also the first, (M, K,) or ↓ third, (T and S in art. تمر,) The chamber, or cell, (صَوْمَعَة, T and M in art. تمر, without ء, and S and K, and نامُوى, M, K,) of a monk. (M, K.) b5: And hence, (TA,) the first, (K,) and ↓ second, (M, K,) or ↓ third, of these three words, (T and S, in art. تمر,) (tropical:) The covert, or retreat, of a lion. (T, S, M, K.) Whence, ↓ فُلَانٌ أَسَدٌ فِى تَامُورَتِهِ (tropical:) Such a one is a lion in his covert: (T and S in art. تمر:) a saying borrowed from 'Amr Ibn-Maadee-Kerib: (T and S ibid:) or, accord. to some, it means, a lion in the greatness of his courage, and in his heart. (TA.) A6: Also (i. e. the first only) Play, or sport, of girls or of boys. (Th, M in art. تمر without ء, and K.) A7: See also يَأْمُورٌ.

تُؤْمُورٌ A sign, or mark, set up to show the way in a waterless desert; (K, TA;) consisting of stones piled up, one upon another: (TA:) pl. تَآمِيرُ. (K.) [See أَمَرَةٌ.]

A2: See also تَأْمُورٌ.

تَأْمُورَةٌ, and without ء: see تَأْمُورٌ, in eight places. b2: Also The pericardium; the integument (غِلَاف) of the heart. (S in art. تمر: there written without ء.) تَأْمُورِىٌّ: see تَأْمُورٌ, in two places.

مِئْمَرٌ Counsel; advice: as in the saying, فُلَانٌ بَعِيدٌ مِنَ المِئْمَرِ قَرِيبٌ مِنَ المِئْبَرِ Such a one is far from counsel, or advice: near to calumny, or slander. (A.) مُؤَمَّرٌ Made, or appointed, commander, governor, lord, prince, or king: (S, M, K: *) made to have authority, power, or dominion: (T, M, K:) in which latter sense it is explained by Khálid, as applied by Ibn-Mukbil to a spear. (T.) b2: (assumed tropical:) A cane, or spear-shaft, having a spearhead affixed to it. (K.) b3: (assumed tropical:) A spear-head (T, TA) sharpened; syn. مُحَدَّدٌ. (T, M, K, TA.) b4: Distinguished, or defined, (مُحَدَّدٌ,) by signs, or marks: (TA:) or, as some say, (TA,) marked with a hot iron; syn. مُوْسُومٌ. (K, TA.) مَأْمُورٌ [pass. part. n. of أَمَرَهُ, q. v.]. b2: It is said in a trad., (S, &c.,) خَيْرُ المَالِ مُهْرَةٌ مَأْمُورَةٌ وَسِكَّةٌ مَأْبُورَةٌ (tropical:) The best of property are a prolific filly [and a row of palm-trees, or perhaps a tall palmtree, fecundated]; (Az, A 'Obeyd, T, S, A, K;) as though the filly were commanded [by God] to be so: (A, in which the epithet مأمورة thus used is said to be tropical:) [or] مأمورة is thus for the sake of conformity to مأبورة, and is originally مُؤْمَرَةٌ, (S, M, * K,) from آمَرَهَا اللّٰهُ: (TA:) or it is a dial. var. of weak authority; (K;) though, accord. to Az, it signifies made to have abundant offspring, from أَمَرَ اللّٰهُ المُهْرَةَ, meaning “God made the filly to have abundant offspring,” a dial. var. of آمَرَهَا, as A 'Obeyd also asserts it to be. (TA.) مَآمِرُ and مَآمِيرُ: see what next follows.

مُؤْتَمِرٌ [Obeying, or conforming to, a command; &c.: see 8. b2: ] One who acts according to his own opinion; (T;) who follows his own opinion only: or who hastes to speak. (M.) A2: See also آمِرٌ. b2: Also, and المُؤْتَمِرُ, [The month which is now commonly called] المُحَرَّمُ: (M, K:) the former appellation (مؤتمر) is that by which the tribe of 'Ád called it: (Ibn-El-Kelbee:) pl. ↓ مَآمِرُ and مَآمِيرُ [both anomalous]. (M, K.) [See شَهْرٌ.]

يَأْمُورٌ; (M, K;) so in all the copies of the K but in the L and other lexicons, ↓ تَأْمُورٌ; (TA;) A certain beast of the sea: or, as some say, a small beast: (M:) and a kind of mountain-goat: (M, K:) or a certain wild beast, (K, TA,) or a beast resembling the mountain-goat, (M,) having a single branching horn in the middle of his head. (M, TA.) [See يَحْمُورٌ, the oryx.]

شن

أ1 شَنِئَهُ, (Th, S, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.,) and شَنَأَهُ, (K,) but this is said by AHeyth to be a bad dial. var. of the former, (TA,) aor. ـَ (Msb, K,) inf. n. شَنْءٌ (AO, S, Msb, K) and شِنْءٌ and شُنْءٌ (Aboo-'Amr Esh-Sheybánee, S, K) and شَنْأَةٌ (K, TA, in the CK شَناءَة [i. e. شَنَآءَةٌ, which is afterwards added in the TA, not as in the K, and mentioned in the S but not there said to be an inf. n.,]) and شَنَأٌ (TA from Es-Safákusee) and شَنَآءٌ (TA [as from J, but perhaps from Az, for I do not find it in the S,]) and مَشْنَأٌ (S, CK, and TA as from Es-Safá- kusee, not as from the K,) and مَشْنَأَةٌ and مَشْنُؤَةٌ (K, TA, the last in the CK مَشْنُوءَة [i. e. مَشْنُوْءَةٌ],) and مَشْنِئَةٌ (TA from Es-Safákusee) and شَنَآنٌ, (S, K,) which is anomalous as being of a measure regularly employed [only] for the inf. n. of a verb signifying motion and agitation, as ضَرَبَانٌ and خَفَقَانٌ, (S, TA,) for though it has been said that [hatred (which it signifies) is attended by anger and] anger is accompanied by agitation of the heart, there is no necessary connection between hatred and anger, and it is anomalous also as being of a measure not proper to [the inf. n. of] a trans. verb, (TA,) and شَنْآنٌ, (S, Msb, K,) which is also anomalous, and [said to be] the only instance of its kind (S, TA) except لَيَّانٌ, though some few others have been mentioned, as زَيْدَانٌ, but this is not well known, [and خَشْيَانٌ, of which the same may be said,] and وَشْكَانٌ [perhaps a simple subst.], and جَوْلَانٌ which is said to occur in a verse [perhaps contracted from جَوَلَان by poetic license], (TA,) and AO mentions شَنَانٌ, without ء, as being like شَنْآنٌ; (S;) these inf. ns. being fourteen, which is said by IKtt to be the greatest number of inf. ns. to any one verb, only seven other verbs, he says, having this number, namely, قَدَرَ, لَقِىَ, وَرَدَ, هَلَكَ, تَمَّ, مَكَثَ and غَلَبَ; but Es-Safákusee makes the inf. ns. of شَنِئَ to be fifteen, [though the fifteenth form (which is perhaps مَشْنُوْءَةٌ) I do not find mentioned,] and this is the greatest number known; (TA;) He hated him: (IKoot, IF, S, ISd, IKtt, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.:) or, as some say, he hated him vehemently. (TA.) يشنى, [app. يُشْنَى, for يُشْنَأُ,] with the hemzeh changed into ى, occurs in a trad. (TA.) And شُنِئَ signifies He (a man, S) was hated, (S, and so accord. to some copies of the K,) or was rendered hateful, or an object of hatred, (so accord. to other copies of the K,) even if beautiful or comely. (S, K.) A2: شَنِئَ لَهُ حَقَّهُ, (K,) so says A'Obeyd, or, accord. to Th, شَنَأَ إِلَيْهِ, like مَنَعَ [in form], and this is the more correct, aor. of each ـَ (TA,) He gave him his right, or due. (A'Obeyd, Th, K, TA.) And شَنِئَ بِهِ He acknowledged it: (S, Msb, K:) or he gave him (K) his right, or due, (TA,) [or the meaning in the K may be he gave it,] and declared himself clear, or quit, of him or it; as also شَنَأَ: (K:) [but accord. to SM, this is wrong, for he says that] the author of the K should have said, or شَنِئَ إِلَيْهِ, like شَنَأَ, aor. ـَ he gave him, and declared himself clear, or quit, of him or it. (TA.) And شَنِئَ الشَّىْءَ He produced the thing: (K, TA:) or, as A'Obeyd says, شَنِئَ حَقَّهُ he acknowledged his right, or due, and produced it from his possession. (TA.) 6 تَشَانَؤُوا They hated one another. (S, O, K.) شَنْءٌ and شِنْءٌ and شُنْءٌ [all mentioned above as inf. ns., when used as simple substs. signify Hatred; and thus ↓ شَنَآءَةٌ, likewise mentioned above as an inf. n., signifies accord. to the S; and so ↓ شَنِيْئَةٌ accord. to Freytag, as on the authority of Meyd; and app. also شَنُوْءَةٌ, q. v.; or all signify] vehement hatred; in which sense the first is expl. by AO: (TA:) or ↓ شَنَآءَةٌ signifies hatred mixed with enmity and evilness of disposition. (Ham p. 108) شَنُؤَةٌ: see شَنُوْءَةٌ, in three places.

شَنَآءَةٌ: see شَنْءٌ, in two places.

A2: Also, and ↓ شَنَائِيَةٌ, epithets applied to a man, Rendered hateful, or an object of hatred, evil in disposition. (Lth, O, TA.) [See also the latter word voce شَنْآن; and see مَشْنُوْءٌ, and مِشْنَآءٌ.]

شَنُوْءَةٌ The removing oneself far, or keeping aloof, from unclean things; (S, K, TA;) and the continual doing so, or the continual purification of oneself; as also ↓ شَنُؤَةٌ; and accord. to the K, شُنُوْءَةٌ, but this is not found elsewhere. (TA.) b2: Hence, (S,) أَزْدُ شَنُوْءَةَ, the appellation of a tribe of El-Yemen; (S, K; *) sometimes called أَزْدُ شَنُوَّةَ: (ISk, S, K:) [or] this tribe was so called because of شَنْآن among them; (K, TA;) i. e. because of mutual hatred that occurred among them: (TA:) [whence it seems that شَنُوْءَةٌ signifies also Hatred:] or because of their removing far from their [original] district: or, accord. to El-Khafájee, because of their high lineage, and good deeds; from the phrase رَجُلُ شَنُوْدَةٍ, meaning A man of pure lineage and of manly virtue; and AO says the like. (TA.) b3: [And accord. to Reiske, as stated by Freytag, (who has written it ↓ شَنُؤَةٌ in all its senses,) it is expl. by Meyd as meaning What is esteemed sordid, of words and of actions.]

A2: Also One who removes himself far, or keeps aloof, from unclean things; (K, TA;) and so ↓ شَنُؤَةٌ. (TA.) Thus both of these words are epithets, as well as substs. (TA.) شَنِيْئَةٌ: see شَنْءٌ.

شَنْآن, of which the fem. is شَنْآنَةٌ and شَنْأَى, [so that one may say either شَنْآنٌ or شَنْآنُ,] is an epithet applied to a man; (K;) [signifying either Hating or (like مَشْنُوْءٌ) hated; the former meaning seeming to be indicated by what immediately precedes it in the K; but the latter appears from what here follows to be the right meaning, and perhaps it may be that which is meant in the K;] as also ↓ شَنَانِئَةٌ or ↓ شَنَائِيَةٌ [q. v. voce شَنَآءَةٌ]: so accord. to different copies of the K. (TA.) b2: In the Kur v. 3 and 11, it is accord. to some an inf. n., and some read there شَنَآن: [see 1, first sentence:] accord. to others, it is an epithet, signifying مُبْغَضٌ or بَغِيضٌ [i. e. Hated or odious]. (TA.) b3: شَنْآنُ الشِّتَآءِ, in a trad. of Kaab, is said to be a metaphorical expression for بَرْدُ الشِّتَآءِ (tropical:) [The cold of winter]; because it is hated: or, as some say, by the بَرْد thereof is meant ease and repose: and the meaning intended is either mutual hatred or ease and repose. (TA.) شَنَائِيَةٌ: see شَنَآءَةٌ, and شَنْآن.

شَنَانِئَةٌ: see شَنْآن.

شَانِئٌ Hating, or a hater, (Fr, S, Mgh, Msb, TA,) and an enemy: (Fr, TA:) fem. with ة. (Mgh, Msb.) b2: لَا أَبَا لِشَانِئِكَ, as also لَا أَبَ لِشَانِئِكَ, (S, O, [but in my two copies of the S لِشَانِيكَ, which perhaps expresses the general pronunciation, and in the TA لا ابا لشانئك and لا ابا لشانيك,]) means لِمُبْغِضِكَ [i. e., lit., May there be no father to thy hater]; and is said by ISk to be a metonymical expression for لَا أَبَا لَكَ [q. v., lit. an imprecation, but generally meant as an expression of praise]. (S, O, TA.) شَوَانِئُ المَالِ means [Camels, or the like,] not avariciously retained; as though hated, and therefore liberally given away: (IAar, K, TA:) شوانئ

being app. an act. part. n. [in the pl.] used in the sense of a pass. part. n., like the instances in مَآءٌ دَافِقٌ and عِيشَةٌ رَاضِيَةٌ. (MF, TA.) مَشْنَأٌ, applied to a man, (A'Obeyd, S, O,) like مَشْنَعٌ [in form, and perhaps in meaning], (A'Obeyd, TA,) Foul, or ugly, in aspect; as also ↓ مِشْنَآءٌ: (S, O:) or foul, or ugly, (K, TA,) in face, (TA,) even if made an object of love [by good qualities]: (K, TA:) [originally an inf. n., and therefore] used alike as sing. (S, O, K) and dual (S, O) and pl. (S, O, K) and masc. and fem.: (K:) so says Lth: (TA:) or one who hates men; (K;) and so ↓ مِشْنَآءٌ, accord. to 'Alee Ibn-Hamzeh El-Isbahánee: (TA:) or ↓ this last signifies one whom men hate: or it may be well rendered one who does much for which he is to be hated; for it is one of the measures of the act. part. n. [used in an intensive sense]. (A'Obeyd, K.) مِشْنَآءٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, in three places.

مَشْنُوْءٌ, applied to a man, (S,) Hated, (S, and so in some copies of the K, [see also شَنْآن,]) or rendered hateful, or an object of hatred, (so accord. to other copies of the K,) even if beautiful, or comely; (S, K;) and مَشْنُوٌّ and مَشْنِىٌّ signify the same. (K in art. شنو.) مَشْنِيْئَةٌ, occurring in a trad. of 'Áïsheh, [A kind of food that is supped, or sipped;] i. q. حَسَآءٌ and تَلْبِينَةٌ: [see these two words:] said by IAth to be irregularly formed from مَشْنُوْءَةٌ, by changing the ء into ى [so that the word becomes مَشْنُويَةٌ, and then, by rule, مَشْنِيَّةٌ, which is mentioned in the TA, in art. شنو, as occurring thus in a trad.,] and then by restoring the ء [in the place of the second ى], the meaning being hated. (TA.)

علم النجوم
هو: من فروع الطبعي وهو وعلم بأصول تعرف بها أحوال الشمس والقمر وغيرهما من بعض النجوم كذا في بعض حواشي الشافية قاله في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون.
وفي كشف الظنون هو: علم يعرف به الاستدلال على حوادث علم الكون والفساد بالتشكلات الفلكية وهي أوضاع الأفلاك والكواكب كالمقارنة والمقابلة والتثليث والتسديس والتربيع إلى غير ذلك وهو عند الإطلاق ينقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام حسابية وطبيعيات ووهميات.
أما الحسابيات: فهي يقينية في علمها قد يعمل بها شرعاً.
وأما الطبيعيات: كالاستدلال بانتقال الشمس في البروج الفلكية على تغيير الفصول كالحر والبرد والاعتدال فليست بمردودة شرعا أيضاً.
أما الوهميات: كالاستدلال على الحوادث السفلية خيرها وشرها من اتصالات الكواكب بطريق العموم والخصوص فلا استناد لها إلى أصل شرعي ولذلك هي مردودة شرعا كما قال صلى الله عليه وسلم: "إذا ذكر النجوم فامسكوا". وقال: "تعلموا من النجوم ما تهتدون به في البر والبحر ثم انتهوا". الحديث.
وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم: "من آمن بالنجوم فقد كفر" لكن قالوا هذا إن اعتقد أنها مستقلة في تدبير العالم.
وقال الشافعي رحمه الله: إذا اعتقد المنجم أن المؤثر الحقيقي هو الله سبحانه وتعالى لكن عادته سبحانه وتعالى جارية بوقوع الأحوال بحركاتها وأوضاعها المعهودة في ذلك لا بأس عندي. كذا ذكره السبكي في طبقاته الكبرى وعلى هذا يكون استناد التأثير حقيقة إلى النجوم مذموما فقط.
قال بعض العلماء: إن اعتقاد التأثير إليها بذاتها حرام. وذكر صاحب مفتاح السعادة أن الحافظ ابن القيم الجوزي أطنب في الطعن فيه والتنفير عنه.
فإن قيل: لم لا يجوز أن تكون بعض الأجرام العلوية أسباب للحوادث السفلية فيستدل النجم العاقل من كيفية حركات النجوم واختلافات مناظرها وانتقالاتها من برج إلى برج على بعض الحوادث قبل وقوعها.
يقال: يمكن على طريق إجراء العادة أن يكون بعض الحوادث سببا لبعضها لكن لا دليل فيه على كون الكواكب أسبابا للعادة وعللا للنحوسة لا حساً ولا عقلاً ولا سمعاً.
أما حسا: فظاهر أن أكثر أحكامهم ليست بمستقيمة كما قال بعض الحكماء: جزئياتها لا تدرك وكلياتها لا تتحقق.
وإما عقلا: فإن علل الأحكاميين وأصولهم متناقضة حيث قالوا: إن الأجرام العلوية ليست بمركبة من العناصر بل هي طبيعية خاصة ثم قالوا ببرودة زحل ويبوسته وحرارة المشتري ورطوبته فأثبتوا الطبيعة للكواكب وغير ذلك.
وأما شرعا: فهو مذموم بل ممنوع كما قال صلى الله عليه وسلم: "من آتي كاهنا بالنجوم أو عرافا أو منجما فصدقه فقد كفر بما أنزل على محمد". الحديث وسبب المبالغة في النهي عن هذه الثلاثة ذكره الشيخ علاء الدولة في العروة الوثقى وقال علي بن أحمد النسوي: علم النجوم أربع طبقات:
الأولى: معرفة رقم التقويم ومعرفة الإسطرلاب حسبما هو يتركب.
والثانية: معرفة المدخل إلى علم النجوم ومعرفة طبائع الكواكب والبروج ومزاجاتها.
والثالثة: معرفة حسنات أعمال النجوم وعمل الزيج والتقويم.
والرابعة: معرفة الهيئة والبراهين الهندسية على صحة أعمال النجوم ومن تصور ذلك فهو المنجم التام على التحقيق وأكثر أهل زماننا قد اقتصروا من علم التنجيم على الطبقتين الأوليين وقليل منهم يبلغ الطبقة الثالثة.
والكتب المصنفة فيه كثيرة منها: الأحكام وأبو قماش وأدوار وإرشاد والبارع ومختصر البارع وتحاويل وتنبيهات المنجمين وتفهيم الجامع الصغير ودرج الفلك والسراج والقرانات ولطائف الكلام ومجمل الأصول ومجموع ابن شرع ومسائل القصر وغير ذلك انتهى ما في كشف الظنون.
وفي كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون:
موضوعه النجوم من حيث يمكن أن تعرف بها أحوال العالم ومسائله كقولهم: كلما كان الشمس على هذا الموضع المخصوص فهي تدل على حدوث أمر كذا في هذا العالم انتهى.
وقال ابن خلدون: هذه الصناعة يزعم أصحابها أنهم يعرفون بها الكائنات في عالم العناصر قبل حدوثها من قبل معرفة قوى الكواكب وتأثيرها في المولدات العنصرية مفردة ومجتمعة فتكون لذلك أوضاع الأفلاك والكواكب دالة على ما سيحدث من نوع من أنواع الكائنات الكلية والشخصية.
فالمتقدمون منهم يرون أن معرفة قوى الكواكب وتأثيراتها بالتجربة وهو أمر تقصر الأعمار كلها لو اجتمعت عن تحصيله إذ التجربة إنما تحصل في المرات المتعددة بالتكرار ليحصل عنها العلم أو الظن وأدوار الكواكب منها ما هو طويل الزمن فيحتاج تكرره إلى آماد وأحقاب متطاولة يتقاصر عنها ما هو طويل من أعمار العالم وربما ذهب ضعفاء منهم إلى أن معرفة قوى الكواكب وتأثيراتها كانت بالوحي وهو رأي قائل وقد كفونا مؤنة إبطاله.
ومن أوضح الأدلة فيه: أن تعلم أن الأنبياء عليهم الصلاة والسلام أبعد الناس عن الصنائع وأنهم لا يتعرضون للأخبار عن الغيب إلا أن يكون عن الله فكيف يدعون استنباطه بالصناعة ويشيرون بذلك لتابعيهم من الخلق.
وأما بطليموس ومن تبعه من المتأخرين فيرون أن دلالة الكواكب على ذلك دلالة طبيعية من قبل مزاج يحصل للكواكب في الكائنات العنصرية قال: لأن فعل النيرين وأثرهما في العنصريات ظاهر لا يسع أحدا جحده مثل فعل الشمس في تبدل الفصول وأمزجتها ونضج الثمار والزرع وغير ذلك.
وفعل القمر في الرطوبات والماء وإنضاج المواد المتعفنة وفواكه القناء وسائر أفعاله.
ثم قال: ولنا فيما بعدهما من الكواكب طريقان:
الأولى: التقليد لمن نقل ذلك عنه من أئمة الصناعة إلا أنه غير مقنع للنفس.
الثانية: الحدس والتجربة بقياس كل واحد منها إلى النير الأعظم الذي عرفنا طبيعته وأثره معرفة ظاهرة فننظر هل يزيد ذلك الكوكب عند القرآن في قوته ومزاجه فتعرف موافقته له في الطبيعة أو ينقص عنها فتعرف مضادته ثم إذا عرفنا قواها مفردة عرفناها مركبة وذلك عند تناظرها بأشكال التثليث والتربيع وغيرهما ومعرفة ذلك من قبل طبائع البروج بالقياس أيضا إلى النير الأعظم.
وإذا عرفنا قوى الكواكب كلها فهي مؤثرة في الهواء وذلك ظاهر والمزاج الذي يحصل منها للهواء يحصل لما تحتها من المولدات وتتخلق به النطف والبزر فتصير حالا للبدن المتكون عنها وللنفس المتعلقة به الفائضة عليه المكتسبة لما لها منه ولما يتبع النفس والبدن من الأحوال لأن كيفيات البزرة والنطفة كيفيات لما يتولد عنهما وينشأ منهما قال: وهو مع ذلك ظني وليس من اليقين في شيء وليس هو أيضا من القضاء الإلهي يعني: القدر إنما هو من جملة الأسباب الطبيعية للكائن والقضاء الإلهي سابق على كل شيء هذا محصل كلام بطليموس وأصحابه وهو منصوص في كتبه الأربع وغيره ومنه يتبين ضعف مدارك هذه الصناعة وذلك أن العلم الكائن أو الظن به إنما يحصل عن العلم بجملة أسبابه من الفاعل والقابل والصورة والغاية على ما تبين في موضعه.
والقوى النجومية على ما قرروه إنما هي فاعلة فقط والجزء العنصري هو القابل ثم إن القوى النجومية ليست هي الفاعلة بجملتها بل هناك قوى أخرى فاعلة معها في الجزء المادي مثل: قوة التوليد للأب والنوع التي في النطفة وقوى الخاصة التي تميز بها صنف صنف من النوع وغير ذلك فالقوى النجومية إذا حصل كمالها وحصل العلم فيها إنما هي فاعل واحد من جملة الأسباب الفاعلة للكائن ثم إنه يشترط مع العلم بقوى النجوم وتأثيراتها مزيد حدس وتخمين وحينئذ يحصل عنده الظن بوقوع الكائن والحدس والتخمين قوى للناظر في فكره وليس من علل الكائن ولا من أصول الصناعة فإذا فقد هذا الحدس والتخمين رجعت أدراجها عن الظن إلى الشك هذا إذا حصل العلم بالقوى النجومية على سداد ولم تعترضه آفة وهذا معوز لما فيه من معرفة حسبانات الكواكب في سيرها لتتعرف به أوضاعها ولما أن اختصاص كل كوكب بقوة لا دليل عليه ومدرك بطلميوس في إثبات القوى للكواكب الــخمسة بقياسها إلى الشمس مدرك ضعيف لأن قوة الشمس غالبة لجميع القوى للكواكب الــخمسة بقياسها إلى الشمس مدرك ضعيف لأن قوة الشمس غالبة لجميع القوى من الكواكب ومستولية عليها فقل أن يشعر بالزيادة فيها أو النقصان منها عند المقارنة كما قال وهذه كلها قادحة في تعريف الكائنات الواقعة في عالم العناصر بهذه الصناعة.
ثم إن تأثير الكواكب فيما تحتها باطل إذ قد تبين في باب التوحيد أن لا فاعل إلا الله بطريق استدلالي كما رأيته واحتج له أهل علم الكلام بما هو غني عن البيان من أن إسناد الأسباب إلى المسببات مجهول الكيفية والعقل متهم على ما يقضي به فيما يظهر بادي الرأي من التأثير فلعل استنادها على غير صورة التأثير المتعارف والقدرة الإلهية رابطة بينهما كما ربطت جميع الكائنات علوا وسفلا سيما والشرع يرد الحوادث كلها إلى قدرة الله تعالى ويبرأ مما سوى ذلك.
والنبوات أيضا منكرة لشأن النجوم وتأثيراتها واستقراء الشرعيات شاهد بذلك في مثل قوله: إن الشمس والقمر لا يخسفان لموت أحد ولا لحياته وفي قوله: أصبح من عبادي مؤمن بي وكافر بي فأما من قال: مطرنا بفضل الله ورحمته فذلك مؤمن بي كافر بالكواكب وأما من قال: مطرنا بنوء كذا فذلك كافر بي مؤمن بالكواكب. الحديث الصحيح
فقد بان لك بطلان هذه الصناعة من طريق الشرع وضعف مداركها مع ذلك من طريق العقل مع ما لها من المضار في العمران الإنساني بما تبعث في عقائد العوام من الفساد إذا اتفق الصدق من أحكامها في بعض الأحايين اتفاقا لا يرجع إلى تعليل ولا تحقيق فيلهج بذلك من لا معرفة له ويظن اطراد الصدق في سائر أحكامها وليس كذلك فيقع في رد الأشياء إلى غير خالقها ثم ما ينشأ عنها كثيرا في الدول من توقع القواطع وما يبعث عليه ذلك التوقع من تطاول الأعداء والمتربصين بالدولة إلى الفتك والثورة وقد شاهدنا من ذلك كثيرا فينبغي أن تحظر هذه الصناعة على جميع أهل العمران لما ينشأ عنها من المضاد في الدين والدول ولا يقدح في ذلك كون وجودها طبيعيا للبشر بمقتضى مداركهم وعلومهم فالخير والشرط طبيعتان موجودتان في العالم لا يمكن نزعهما وإنما يتعلق بالتكليف بأسباب حصولهم فيتعين السعي في اكتساب الخير بأسبابه ودفع أسباب الشر والمضار هذا هو الواجب على من عرف مفاسد العلم ومضاره وليعلم من ذلك أنها وإن كانت صحيحة في نفسها فلا يمكن أحدا من أهل الملة تحصيل علمها ولا ملكتها بل إن نظر فيها ناظر وظن الإحاطة بها فهو في غاية القصور في نفس الأمر
فإن الشريعة لما حظرت النظر فيها فقد الاجتماع من أهل العمران لقراءتها والتحليق لتعليمها وصار المولع بها من الناس وهم الأقل وأقل من الأقل إنما يطالع كتبها ومقالاتها في كسر بيته متسترا عن الناس وتحت ربقه الجمهور مع تشعب الصناعة وكثرة فروعها واعتياصها على الفهم فكيف يحصل منها على طائل ونحن نجد الفقه الذي علم نفعه دينا ودنيا وسهلت مآخذه من الكتاب والسنة وعكف الجمهور على قراءته وتعليمه ثم بعد التحقيق والتجميع وطول المدارسة وكثرة المجالس وتعددها إنما يحذق فيه الواحد في الأعصار والأجيال فكيف بعلم مهجور للشريعة مضروب دونه سد الحظر والتحريم مكتوم عن الجمهور صعب المآخذ محتاج بعد الممارسة والتحصيل لأصوله وفروعه إلى مزيد حدس وتخمين يكتنفان به من الناظر فأين التحصيل والحذق فيه مع هذه كلها ومدعى ذلك من الناس مردود على عقبه ولا شاهد له يقوم بذلك لغرابة الفن بين أهل الملة وقلة حملته فاعتبر ذلك يتبين لك صحة ما ذهبنا إليه والله أعلم بالغيب فلا يظهر على غيبة أحدا ومما وقع في هذا المعنى لبعض أصحابنا من أهل العصر عندما غلب العرب عساكر السلطان أبي الحسن وحاصروه بالقيروان وكثر إرجاف الفريقين الأولياء والأعداء وقال في ذلك أبو القاسم الروحي من شعراء أهل تونس:
استغفر الله كل حين ... قد ذهب العيش والهناء
أصبح في تونس وأمسى ... والصبح لله والمساء
الخوف والجوع والمنايا ... يحدثها الهرج والوباء
والناس في مرية وحرب ... وما عسى ينفع المراء
فاحمدي ترى عليا ... حل به الهلك والتواء
وآخر قال سوف يأتي ... به إليكم صبا رخاء
والله من فوق ذا وهذا ... يقضي لعبديه ما يشاء
يا راصد الخنس الجواري ... ما فعلت هذه السماء
مطلتمونا وقد زعمتم ... أنكم اليوم أملياء
من خميس على خميس ... وجاء سبت وأربعاء
ونصف شهر وعشرتان ... وثالث ضمه القضاء
ولا نرى غير زور قول ... أذاك جهل أم ازدراء
إنا إلى الله قدر علمنا ... أن ليس يستدفع القضاء
رضيت بالله لي إلها ... حسبكم البدر أو ذكاء
ما هذه الأنجم السواري ... إلا عباديد أو إماء
يقضي عليها وليس تقضي ... وما لها في الورى اقتضاء
ضلت عقول ترى قديما ... ما شأنه الجرم والفناء
وحكمت في الوجود طبعا ... يحدثه الماء والهواء
لم ترحلوا إزاء مر ... تغذوهمو تربة وماء
الله ربي ولست أدري ... ما الجوهر الفرد والخلاء
ولا الهيولي التي تنادي ... ما لي عن صورة عراء
ولا وجود ولا انعدام ... ولا ثبوت ولا انتفاء
ولست أدري ما الكسب إلا ... ما جلب البيع والشراء
وإنما مذهبي وديني ... ما كان والناس أولياء
إذ لا فصول ولا أصول ... ولا جدال ولا ارتياء
ما تبع الصدر واقتفنينا ... يا حبذا كان الاقتفاء كانوا كما يعلمون منهم ... ولم يكن ذلك الهذاء
يا أشعري الزمان إني ... أشعرني الصيف والشتاء
أنا أجزي بالشر شرا ... والخير عن مثله جزاء
وإنني إن أكن مطيعا ... فرب أعصي ولي رجاء
وإنني تحت حكم بار ... أطاعه العرش والثراء
ليس باستطاركم ولكن ... أتاحه الحكم والقضاء
لو حدث الأشعري عمن ... له إلى رأيه انتماء
فقال أخبرهم بأني ... مما يقولونه براء
انتهى كلامه الشريف ولله دره وعلى الله أجره.

ترب

1 تَرِبَ, (S, M, K,) aor. ـَ (K,) inf. n. تَرَبٌ, (M,) It (a thing) became dusted, or dusty; dust lighted upon it: (S, TA:) it (a place, M,) had much dust, or earth; abounded with dust, or earth. (M, K, TA.) b2: He (a man, M) had dust, or earth, in his hand. (M, K.) b3: Also, (T, S, M, &c.,) inf. n. as above, (M,) He clave to the dust, or earth: (M, K:) or he clave to the dust, or earth, by reason of poverty; (M;) he became so poor that he clave to the dust, or earth: (A'Obeyd, T:) or he became poor, (T, S, Msb,) as though he clave to the dust, or earth: (S, Msb:) and he suffered loss, and became poor, (M, K,) so that he clave to the dust, or earth; (M;) inf. n. as above, (M, K,) and مَتْرَبَةٌ, (M,) or مَتْرَبٌ, (K,) or both of these: (TA:) his wealth became little; (A;) as also ↓ اترب, (M, A, K,) and ↓ ترّب: (K:) or ↓ اترب signifies, (T, S, M,) or signifies also, (A, K,) and so تَرِبَ, (A,) and ↓ ترّب, (K,) his wealth became much, or abundant, (T, M, A, K,) so that it was like the dust, or earth; which is the more known meaning of the verb; (M;) or he became rich; (S, Msb;) as though he became possessed of wealth equal in quantity to the dust, or earth: (S, A:) accord. to Abu-l-'Abbás, ↓ تَتْرِيبٌ signifies [the having] much wealth; and also [the having] little wealth. (T.) You say, ↓ تَرِبَ بَعْدَ مَا أَتْرَبَ , meaning He became poor after he had been rich. (A.) b4: تَرِبَتْ يَدَاكَ, (T, S, A, Msb, in the M and K يَدَاهُ,) a form of imprecation, (S, Msb,) meaning [May thine arms, or thy hands, cleave to the dust, or earth, by reason of poverty; as is implied in the T: or] may thy hands have in them dust, or earth: (Ham p. 275:) or mayest thou not obtain, or attain, good: (S, K: *) or mayest thou be unsuccessful, or fail of attaining thy desire, and suffer loss: (A:) occurring in a trad., and as some relate, (A'Obeyd, T,) not meant as an imprecation; (A'Obeyd, T, Msb;) being a phrase current with the Arabs, who use it without desiring its fulfilment; (A'Obeyd, T;) but meant to incite, or instigate: (Msb:) some say that it means may thy hands become rich; but this is a mistake: (A'Obeyd, T:) and it is said to mean لِلّٰهِ دَرُّكَ [which see in art. در]: and some say that it is literally an imprecation: but the first assertion is the most worthy of respect, (that it is not meant as an imprecation,) and is corroborated by the saying, in a trad., اِنْعِمْ صَبَاحًا تَرِبَتْ يَدَاكَ [Mayest thou have a pleasant morning: may thine arms, or thy hands, &c.]. (TA.) تَرِبَتْ جَبِينُهُ [May his forehead (for so جبين here means, as it does in some other instances,) cleave to the dust, or earth,] was said by Mohammad in reproving a man, and is said to mean a prayer that the man might be frequent in prostrating himself in prayer. (TA from a trad.) And he said to one of his companions, تَرِبَتْ نَحْرُكَ [May the uppermost part of thy breast cleave to the dust, or earth], and the man was [afterwards] slain a martyr: therefore this is to be understood in its obvious sense. (TA.) A2: See also 4, in four places.2 ترّب, inf. n. تَتْرِيبٌ: see 1, in three places: A2: and see also 4, in four places.3 تَارَبَتْهَا She became her تِرْب; (M, K;) [i. e.] she (a girl) matched her, namely, another girl; she was, or became, her match, fellow, or equal; syn. حَاذَتْهَا. (A, TA.) b2: [The inf. n.] مُتَارَبَةٌ also signifies The associating, or consorting, of أَتْرَابٌ [pl. of تِرْبٌ, q. v.]. (K.) 4 اترب: see 1, in three places.

A2: اتربهُ He put dust, or earth, upon it, (S, M, A, K,) namely, a thing; (S, M;) as also ↓ ترّبهُ: (A, K:) or the latter, inf. n. تَتْرِيبٌ, signifies he defiled it, or soiled it, (namely, a thing,) with dust, or earth: (S:) or you say, ↓ تَرَبَهُ, (TA,) or تَرَبَهُ بِالتُّرَابِ, (Msb,) aor. ـِ (Msb, TA,) inf. n. تَرْبٌ, (TA,) [meaning he sprinkled it with dust,] namely, a writing [for the purpose of drying up the ink], (Msb,) or a paper; (TA;) and ↓ ترّبهُ, (T, Msb, TA,) with teshdeed, (Msb,) [meaning he sprinkled much dust upon it; or sprinkled it much with dust;] namely, a writing; (T, Msb, TA;) the latter having an intensive signification: (Msb:) or ↓ the former of the last two verbs is used in speaking of anything that is improved, or put into a right or proper state [by means of dust or earth]; and ↓ the latter of them, in speaking of anything that is injured or marred or spoiled [thereby]: you say, الإِهَابَ ↓ تَرَبَتِ [She sprinkled, or put, dust, or earth, upon the hide], to prepare it properly for use; and so of a skin for water or milk. (TA.) It is said in a trad., [accord. to one reading,] اتْرِبُوا الكِتَابَ [Sprinkle ye the writing with dust]. (S. [So in three copies of that work: probably أَتْرِبُوا; but perhaps ↓ اِتْرِبُوا: the reading commonly known is ↓ تَرِّبُوا.]) A3: اترب also signifies He possessed a slave who had been possessed three times. (T, K.) 5 تترّب He, (T,) or it, (S,) became defiled, or soiled, (T, S,) in the dust, or earth, (T,) or with dust, or earth: (S:) it had dust, or earth, sticking to it. (M.) تَرْبٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تُرْبٌ: see تُرَابٌ, in three places.

تِرْبٌ One born at the same time with thee; (M, K;) a coëtanean; a contemporary in birth; an equal in age: an equal; a match; a fellow; a peer, or compeer: syn. لِدَةٌ: (T, S, M, A, K:) and سِنٌّ: (M, A, K:) applied to a male and to a female; (TA;) but mostly to a female; (M;) or, accord. to an opinion confirmed by [most of] the leading lexicologists, only to a female; and سِنٌّ is applied, as also قَرْنٌ, to a male; and لِدَةٌ, to a male and a female: (TA:) pl. أَتْرَابٌ. (S, M, A.) [The following exs. are given.] Yousay, [applying it to a female,] هٰذِهِ تِرْبُ هٰذِهِ, (T, S,) and هِىَ تِرْبُهَا, (M,) and هِىَ تِرْبِى; (K;) and [applying it to females and males,] هُمَا تِرْبَانِ, (T, A,) and هُنَّ أَتْرَابٌ, (S, A,) and هُمْ أَتْرَابٌ. (A.) Accord. to Th, عُرُبًا أَتْرَبًا, in the Kur [lvi. 36], means [Showing love to their husbands;] like, or equal, unto them, or resembling them: which is a good rendering, as there is no begetting or bearing of children, [or rather as the latter word does not apply to females born or generated,] in that case. (TA.) تَرِبٌ, applied to a place, (M, TA,) and to soil, (TA,) Abounding with dust; dusty: (T, M, TA:) and to food, (T,) or flesh-meat, (A,) defiled, or soiled, (T, A,) in the dust, (T,) or with dust. (A.) You say also ↓ أَرْضٌ تَرْبَآءُ meaning Land in which are dust and moist earth. (M.) And رِيحٌ تَرِبَةٌ, (T, S, M,) and تَرِبٌ, (T,) A wind that carries with it dust: (T:) or that brings dust: (S:) or that drives along the dust: [or having dust: for] thus used it is a possessive epithet. (M.) b2: Also Cleaving to the dust by reason of want; having nothing between him and the earth: (IAar, T:) [cleaving to the dust by reason of poverty; see 1:] poor, as though cleaving to the dust: (Msb:) and [simply,] poor: (IAar, T, TA:) or needy, or in want. (M.) [See also مُتْرِبٌ.]

تُرْبَةٌ: see تُرَابٌ, in seven places. b2: Also A man's رَمْس [i. e. his grave: so in the present day: pl. تُربٌ: or the earth, or dust, thereof]: (M:) or a cemetery, burial-place, or place of graves or of a grave: [so, too, in the present day:] pl. تُرَبٌ. (Msb.) تَرَبَةٌ: see the word next following.

تَرِبَةٌ The end of a finger; i. e. the joint in which is the nail; syn. أَنْمَلَةٌ: (S, K:) pl. تَرِبَاتٌ. (S.) A2: Also, (S, M, K,) and ↓ تَرَبَةٌ, and ↓ تَرْبَآءُ, (M, K,) A certain plant, (S, M, K,) growing in the plains, or in soft land, having serrated leaves: or, as some say, a certain thorny tree, of which the fruit is like a suspended unripe date, growing in the plains, or in soft land, and in rugged ground, and in Tihámeh: accord. to AHn, the تَرِبَة is a green herb, or leguminous plant, that has a purging effect upon camels: (M:) [accord. to Meyd, as stated by Golius, what is called in Persian خنفج; i. e. the plant thlaspi; and to this it is applied in the present day.]

تَرْبَآءُ: see تُرَابٌ, in five places: A2: and see تَرِبٌ: A3: and تَرِبَةٌ.

تُرَبَآءُ: see تُرَابٌ.

تَرَبُوتٌ A submissive, or tractable, camel; applied to the male (T, S, M, K) and to the female: (T, S, K:) from تُرَابٌ, (S, M,) because of the abasement thereof; or, as Sb holds it to be, for دَرَبُوتٌ, by the change of د into ت: accord. to Lh, a [camel such as is termed] بَكْر that is trained, or rendered submissive or tractable; and in like manner a she-camel, one that will follow a person if he takes hold of her lip or her eyelash: and As, who derives it from تٌرَابٌ, says that this epithet is applied to land, or ground, and any other thing, that is ذَلُول [i.e. easy to walk or ride upon, &c.]. (M.) تُرَابٌ and ↓ تُرْبٌ (Lth, T, S, M, A, Msb, K) and ↓ تَرْبٌ (CK [but this I do not find elsewhere]) and ↓ تُرْبَةً (S, A, * K) and ↓ تَرْبَآءُ (Lth, T, S, A, * K) and ↓ تُرَبَآءُ (S, M, K) and ↓ تَوْرَابٌ and ↓ تَوْرَبٌ and ↓ تَيْرَابٌ and ↓ تَيْرَبٌ [and ↓ تَيرَبٌ as will be seen below] and ↓ تَرِيبٌ (S, M, K) and ↓ تِرْيَبٌ, (M, K) accord. to MF ↓ تَرْيَبٌ, which is perhaps a dial. var., and accord. to some ↓ تِرْيِبٌ, and ↓ تَرْيَابٌ, (TA,) signify the same, (Lth, T, S, M, A, K,) and are words of which the meaning is well known: (A, K:) [i. e. Dust: and earth: generally the former; i. e. fine, dry, particles of earth; as when we say, الرِّيحُ تَسُوقُ التُّرَابَ The wind drives along the dust: but we also use the expression تُرَابٌ نَدٍ, meaning moist earth, the explanation, in Lexicons, of the word ثَرًى:] ?ثَرًى is تُرَابٌ; and when it ceases to be moist, it is still تراب, but is not then called ثرى: (Msb voce ثرى:) accord. to Fr, تُرَابٌ is a gen. n., from which is formed neither dual nor pl.: and its rel. n. is ↓ تُرَابِىٌّ: (TA:) [but when it means a kind of dust or earth, as ↓ تُرْبَةٌ also does sometimes, it has a pl.: in this case,] accord. to Lh, (M,) its pl. is أَتْرِبَةٌ [a pl. of pauc.] and تِرْبَانٌ [a pl. of mult.]; (S, M, K) and some add تُرْبَانٌ: (TA:) [and when ↓ تُرْبَةٌ has this, or a similar, meaning, it has for its pl. تُرَبٌ; as in the phrase أَطْيَبُ التُّرَبِ the best of the kinds of earth, occurring in this art. in the A:] but no pl. of any of the other syn. words mentioned above has been heard: (M, K:) AAF says that تراب is the pl. of ترب; [app. meaning that تُرَابٌ is a quasi-pl. n. (which is often called in lexicons a pl.) of تُرْبٌ;] but MF observes that this requires consideration: (TA:) Lth says that ↓ تُرْبٌ and تُرَابٌ are syn.; but when the fem. forms of these words are used, they say, ↓ أَرْضٌ طَيّبَةُ التُّرْبَة meaning Land that is good in respect of the natural constitution of its dust or earth; and ↓ تُرَابَةٌ when meaning A layer, or lamina, of dust or earth, such as is not perceived by the sight, but only by the imagination: (T:) or this last word and ↓ تُرْبَةٌ signify a portion of dust or earth: and الأَرْضِ ↓ تُرْبَةُ signifies the exterior, or external part, of the earth: (M:) and ↓ التَّرْبَآءُ, the earth (S, K) itself. (S.) The Arabs said, التُّرَابُ لَكَ [Dust, or earth, be thy lot]; using the nom. case, although meaning an imprecation, because the word is a simple subst., not an inf. n.: but Lh mentions the phrase التُّرَابَ لِلْأَبْعَدِ [Dust, or earth, be the lot of the remote from good]; saying that the accus. case is used, as though the phrase were an imprecation [of the ordinary kind, in which an inf. n. is used in the accus. case as the absolute complement of its own verb understood]. (M.) And لَهُ التُّرَابُ is a phrase used as meaning (assumed tropical:) [He has, or shall have, or may he have,] disappointment, (Msb in art. عهر,) or, nothing. (A 'Obeyd, Mgh in art. فرش.) لَهُ وَجَنْدَلًا ↓ تُرْبًا is also a form of imprecation, in which substs. in the proper sense of the term are used in the manner of inf. ns., put in the accus. case by reason of a verb unexpressed; as though it were for تَرِبَتْ يَدَاهُ وَجُنْدِلَتْ [May his arms, or his hands, cleave to the dust, or earth, and the stones, by reason of poverty]: and some of the Arabs put the nouns in the nom. case, still using the phrase in the same sense, as though they were in the accus. (M.) One says also, ↓ بِفِيهِ التَّوْرَبُ and ↓ التَّيْرَبُ and ↓ التِّيِرَبُ and ↓ التَّرْبَآءُ and ↓ التَّوْرَابُ [In his mouth is dust, or earth: or may dust, or earth, be in his mouth; i. e. may he die, or be in his grave]. (T.) It is said in a trad. that God created the ↓ تُرْبَة [meaning the dust, or soil, or, accord. to the TA the earth (أَرْض),] on the seventh day of the week; and created upon it the mountains on the first day; and the trees, on the second day. (T.) and one says, ↓ لَأَضْرِبَنَّهُ حَتَّى يَعَضَّ بِالتَّرْبَآءِ, (Lth, T, A,) meaning [I will assuredly beat him so that he shall bite] the dust, or earth. (Lth, T.) and ↓ بَيْنَهُمَا مَا بَيْنَ الجَرْبَآءِ وَالتَّرْبَآءِ, meaning [Between them two is the space that is between] the heaven and the earth. (A.) تَرِيبٌ: see تُرَابٌ: A2: and see also تَرِيبَةٌ, in two places.

تَرْيَبٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تَرْيَبٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تِرْيِبٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تُرَابَةٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تَرِيبَةٌ, (S, M, TA,) or ↓ تَرِيبٌ, (TA,) sing. of تَرَائِبُ, (S, M, TA,) which signifies The part of the breast which is the place of the collar, or necklace: (T, M, K:) so by the common consent of the lexicologists: (T:) or the bones of the breast: (M, A, K:) or the bones of the breast that are between the collar-bone and the pap: (S:) or the part of the breast, or chest, that is next to the two collar-bones: or the part that is between the two breasts and the collar-bones: or four ribs of the right side of the chest and four of the left thereof: (M, K:) or the two arms and two legs and two eyes: (T, M, K:) it is also said that the تَرِيبَتَانِ are the two ribs that are next to the two collar-bones: IAth says that the تَرِيبَة is the uppermost part of the human breast, beneath the chin; and its pl. is as above: accord. to IF, in the Mj, the ↓ تريب is the breast, or chest: MF says that ترائب relates to males and females in common; but most of the authors on strange words affirm decidedly that it is peculiar to women: (TA:) the تَرِيبَة of the camel is the part in which it is stabbed, or stuck; syn. مَنْحَر. (M.) تُرَابىُّ rel. n. of تُرَابٌ, q. v. (Fr, TA.) تَرْيَابٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

تَوْرَبٌ: see تُرَابٌ, first sentence, and near the end of the paragraph.

تَيْرَبٌ: see تُرَابٌ, first sentence, and near the end of the paragraph.

تِيرَبٌ: see تُرَابٌ, first sentence, and near the end of the paragraph.

تَوْرَابٌ: see تُرَابٌ, first sentence, and near the end of the paragraph.

تَيْرَابٌ: see تُرَابٌ.

أَتْرَبُ: see what next follows.

مُتْرِبٌ Possessing much wealth; (T, K;) rich; without want; or having wealth like the dust, or earth: (Lh and M: [in the TA, اترب is mentioned as having this meaning; perhaps by a mistranscription: if not, it must be ↓ أَتْرَبُ:]) and having little wealth: thus it bears two contr. significations: (K:) but the former is the more known. (TA.) مَتْرَبَةٌ The suffering loss, and becoming poor, so as to cleave to the dust, or earth; an inf. n. of تَرِبَ: (M:) or poverty, or neediness: (S, TA:) [or (as a word of the same class as مَجْبَنَةُ and مَبْخَلَةٌ) a cause of cleaving to the dust, or earth: and hence,] ذُومَتْرَبَةٍ Poor, so as to be cleaving to the dust, or earth: (T:) or [simply] cleaving to the dust, or earth. (S.) Quasi ترث تُرَاثٌ: see وَرِثَ and وِرْثٌ.