الله
صور القرآن الله المثل الأعلى في جميع صفات الكمال، فهو السميع الخبير، على كل شىء قدير، غفور رحيم، عزيز حكيم، حى قيوم، واسع عليم، بصير بالعباد، يحب المحسنين والصابرين، ولا يحب الظالمين، ويمحق الكافرين، غنى حميد، واحد قهار، نور السموات والأرض، قوى، شديد العقاب، خالق كل شىء، لا إله إلا هو، على كلّ شىء شهيد، عالم الغيب والشهادة، هو الرحمن الرحيم، الملك القدوس السلام المؤمن المهيمن العزيز الجبار المتكبر، الخالق البارئ المصور، له الأسماء الحسنى، يسبح له ما في السموات والأرض وهو العزيز الحكيم، الأول والآخر، والظاهر والباطن، الصمد، لم يلد، ولم يولد، ولم يكن له كفوا أحد، سريع الحساب، غنى عن العالمين، عليم بذات الصدور، بكل شىء محيط، علىّ كبير، عفو غفور، شاكر حليم، ليس بظلام للعبيد، يجزى المتصدقين، ولا يهدى كيد الخائنين، لا يخلف الميعاد، عزيز ذو انتقام، خير الرازقين، لطيف خبير، ذو القوة المتين. أوليس من يتصف بهذه الصفات المثالية جديرا بالعبادة والتقديس، وألا يتخذ له شريك، ولا من دونه إله.
ومن بين ما عنى القرآن به أكبر عناية إبراز صفة الإنعام التى يتصف بها الله سبحانه؛ فيوجه أنظارهم إلى النعمة الكبرى التى أودعها قلوبهم وهى نعمة الهدوء والسكينة يحسون بها، عند ما يعودون إلى بيوتهم، مكدودين منهوكى القوى، وإلى هدايتهم إلى بناء بيوت من جلود الأنعام، يجدونها خفيفة المحمل في الظعن
والإقامة، وإلى اتخاذ أثاثهم وأمتعتهم من أصوافها وأوبارها، وإلى نعمة الظل يجدون عنده الأمن والاستقرار، وإن للشمس وحرارتها لوقعا مؤلما في النفوس وعلى الأجسام، ومن أجمل وسائل الاستتار هذه الثياب تقى صاحبها الحر، وبها تتم نعمة الله، فيقول: وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ بُيُوتِكُمْ سَكَناً وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنْ جُلُودِ الْأَنْعامِ بُيُوتاً تَسْتَخِفُّونَها يَوْمَ ظَعْنِكُمْ وَيَوْمَ إِقامَتِكُمْ وَمِنْ أَصْوافِها وَأَوْبارِها وَأَشْعارِها أَثاثاً وَمَتاعاً إِلى حِينٍ وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِمَّا خَلَقَ ظِلالًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ مِنَ الْجِبالِ أَكْناناً وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ سَرابِيلَ تَقِيكُمُ الْحَرَّ وَسَرابِيلَ تَقِيكُمْ بَأْسَكُمْ كَذلِكَ يُتِمُّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُسْلِمُونَ (النحل 79 - 81).
ويوجه أنظارهم إلى ما في خلق الزوج من نعمة تسكن إليها النفس، وتجد في ظلها الرحمة والمودة، فيقول: وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْواجاً لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْها وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ (الروم 21). وهو الذى يرزقهم، ويرزق ما على الأرض من دواب، لا تستطيع أن تتكفل برزق نفسها، وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ دَابَّةٍ لا تَحْمِلُ رِزْقَهَا اللَّهُ يَرْزُقُها وَإِيَّاكُمْ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (العنكبوت 60). وينبههم إلى ما في اختلاف الليل والنهار من تجديد النشاط للجسم، وبعث القوة في الأحياء وما في الفلك المسخرة تنقل المتاجر فوق سطح البحر، فتنفع الناس، وفي الماء ينزل من السماء فيحيى الأرض بعد موتها، وفي الرياح تحمل السحاب المسخر بين السماء والأرض، ينبههم إلى نفع ذلك كله فيقول: إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلافِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهارِ وَالْفُلْكِ الَّتِي تَجْرِي فِي الْبَحْرِ بِما يَنْفَعُ النَّاسَ وَما أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ السَّماءِ مِنْ ماءٍ فَأَحْيا بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِها وَبَثَّ فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ دَابَّةٍ وَتَصْرِيفِ الرِّياحِ وَالسَّحابِ الْمُسَخَّرِ بَيْنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ (البقرة 164). ويسأل عمن يلجئون إليه، حين يملأ قلبهم الرعب من ظلمة البر البحر، أليس الله هو الذى ينجيهم منه ومن كل كرب، فيقول:
قُلْ مَنْ يُنَجِّيكُمْ مِنْ ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ تَدْعُونَهُ تَضَرُّعاً وَخُفْيَةً لَئِنْ أَنْجانا مِنْ هذِهِ لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الشَّاكِرِينَ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُنَجِّيكُمْ مِنْها وَمِنْ كُلِّ كَرْبٍ ثُمَّ أَنْتُمْ تُشْرِكُونَ (الأنعام 63 - 64).
ويحدثهم عن نعمة تبادل الليل والنهار، وعما خلق له الليل من نعمة الهدوء والسكون، وعن الشمس والقمر يجريان في دقة ونظام، فيحسب الناس بهما حياتهم، وينظمون أعمالهم، وعن النجوم في السماء تزينها كمصابيح، ويهتدى بها السائر في ظلمات البر والبحر، وعن المطر ينزل من السماء، فتحيا به الأرض وتنبت به الجنات اليانعة، ذات الثمار المشتبهة وغير المشتبهة، وكان للمطر في الحياة العربية قدره وأثره، فعليه حياتهم، فلا جرم أكثر القرآن من الحديث عنه نعمة من أجلّ نعمه عليهم، فيقول: فالِقُ الْإِصْباحِ وَجَعَلَ اللَّيْلَ سَكَناً وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ حُسْباناً ذلِكَ تَقْدِيرُ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ وَهُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ النُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُوا بِها فِي ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ قَدْ فَصَّلْنَا الْآياتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْشَأَكُمْ مِنْ نَفْسٍ واحِدَةٍ فَمُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمُسْتَوْدَعٌ قَدْ فَصَّلْنَا الْآياتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَفْقَهُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَخْرَجْنا بِهِ نَباتَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَأَخْرَجْنا مِنْهُ خَضِراً نُخْرِجُ مِنْهُ حَبًّا مُتَراكِباً وَمِنَ النَّخْلِ مِنْ طَلْعِها قِنْوانٌ دانِيَةٌ وَجَنَّاتٍ مِنْ أَعْنابٍ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالرُّمَّانَ مُشْتَبِهاً وَغَيْرَ مُتَشابِهٍ انْظُرُوا إِلى ثَمَرِهِ إِذا أَثْمَرَ وَيَنْعِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكُمْ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ (الأنعام 96 - 99)، وتحدث عن هذه النعم نفسها مرارا أخرى كقوله:
اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَأَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَخْرَجَ بِهِ مِنَ الثَّمَراتِ رِزْقاً لَكُمْ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الْفُلْكَ لِتَجْرِيَ فِي الْبَحْرِ بِأَمْرِهِ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الْأَنْهارَ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ دائِبَيْنِ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ وَآتاكُمْ مِنْ كُلِّ ما سَأَلْتُمُوهُ وَإِنْ تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ لا تُحْصُوها إِنَّ الْإِنْسانَ لَظَلُومٌ كَفَّارٌ (إبراهيم 32 - 34). وتحدث إليهم عما أنعم به عليهم من أنعام، فيها دفء ومنافع، وجمال، وعاد فذكرهم بنعمة المطر وإنباته الزرع، وخص البحر بالحديث عن تسخيره، وما نستخرجه منه من اللحم والحلى، وما يجرى فوقه من فلك تمخر عبابه، فقال: وَالْأَنْعامَ خَلَقَها لَكُمْ فِيها دِفْءٌ وَمَنافِعُ وَمِنْها تَأْكُلُونَ وَلَكُمْ فِيها جَمالٌ حِينَ تُرِيحُونَ وَحِينَ تَسْرَحُونَ وَتَحْمِلُ أَثْقالَكُمْ إِلى بَلَدٍ لَمْ تَكُونُوا بالِغِيهِ إِلَّا بِشِقِّ الْأَنْفُسِ إِنَّ رَبَّكُمْ لَرَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوها وَزِينَةً وَيَخْلُقُ ما لا تَعْلَمُونَ وَعَلَى اللَّهِ قَصْدُ الــسَّبِيلِ وَمِنْها جائِرٌ وَلَوْ شاءَ لَهَداكُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً لَكُمْ مِنْهُ شَرابٌ وَمِنْهُ شَجَرٌ فِيهِ تُسِيمُونَ يُنْبِتُ لَكُمْ بِهِ الزَّرْعَ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالنَّخِيلَ وَالْأَعْنابَ وَمِنْ كُلِّ الثَّمَراتِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآيَةً لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ وَالنُّجُومُ مُسَخَّراتٌ بِأَمْرِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ وَما ذَرَأَ لَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُخْتَلِفاً أَلْوانُهُ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآيَةً لِقَوْمٍ يَذَّكَّرُونَ وَهُوَ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ الْبَحْرَ لِتَأْكُلُوا مِنْهُ لَحْماً طَرِيًّا وَتَسْتَخْرِجُوا مِنْهُ حِلْيَةً تَلْبَسُونَها وَتَرَى الْفُلْكَ مَواخِرَ فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ وَأَلْقى فِي الْأَرْضِ رَواسِيَ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ وَأَنْهاراً وَسُبُلًا لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ وَعَلاماتٍ وَبِالنَّجْمِ هُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ أَفَمَنْ يَخْلُقُ كَمَنْ لا يَخْلُقُ أَفَلا تَذَكَّرُونَ وَإِنْ تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ لا تُحْصُوها إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَغَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (الأنعام 5 - 18)، وللأنعام في حياة العرب بالبادية ما يستحق أن يذكروا به، وأن يسجل فضله عليهم بها. ويوجه القرآن نظرهم إلى خلقهم وما منحهم الله من نعمة السمع والبصر والعقل، فيقول: قُلْ هُوَ الَّذِي أَنْشَأَكُمْ وَجَعَلَ لَكُمُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَالْأَفْئِدَةَ قَلِيلًا ما تَشْكُرُونَ (الملك 23). وكثيرا ما امتنّ عليهم بنعمة الرزق، فيقرّرها مرة، ويقررهم بها أخرى، فيقول حينا: اللَّهُ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ قَراراً وَالسَّماءَ بِناءً وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ وَرَزَقَكُمْ مِنَ الطَّيِّباتِ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ فَتَبارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعالَمِينَ (غافر 64). ويقول حينا: قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَمَنْ يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَمَنْ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ فَسَيَقُولُونَ اللَّهُ فَقُلْ أَفَلا تَتَّقُونَ (يونس 31). ويسترعى انتباههم إلى طعامهم الذى هو من فيض فضله، فيقول: فَلْيَنْظُرِ الْإِنْسانُ إِلى طَعامِهِ أَنَّا صَبَبْنَا الْماءَ صَبًّا ثُمَّ شَقَقْنَا الْأَرْضَ شَقًّا فَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها حَبًّا وَعِنَباً وَقَضْباً وَزَيْتُوناً وَنَخْلًا وَحَدائِقَ غُلْباً وَفاكِهَةً وَأَبًّا مَتاعاً
لَكُمْ وَلِأَنْعامِكُمْ
(عبس 24 - 32).
وإن في إكثار القرآن من الحديث عن هذه النعم، وتوجيه أنظارهم إليها، وتقريرهم بها، ما يدفعهم إلى التفكير في مصدرها، وأنه جدير بالعبادة، وما يثير في أنفسهم شكرها وتقديس بارئها، ولا سيما أن تلك النعم ليست في طاقة بشر، وأنها باعترافهم أنفسهم من خلق العلىّ القدير. وهكذا يتكئ القرآن على عاطفة إنسانية يثيرها، لتدفع صاحبها عن طريق الإعجاب حينا، والاعتراف بالجميل حينا، إلى الإيمان بالله وإجلاله وتقديسه. كما أن ذلك الوصف يبعث في النفس حب الله المنعم، فتكون عبادته منبعثة عن حبه وشكر أياديه.
ومما عنى القرآن بإبرازه من صفات الله وحدانيته، لم يلد، ولم يولد، ولم يكن له كفوا أحد، وقد أبرز القرآن في صورة قاطعة أنه لا يقبل الشرك ولا يغفره: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ ما دُونَ ذلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشاءُ وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدِ افْتَرى إِثْماً عَظِيماً (النساء 48)؛ ويعد الإشراك رجسا فيقول: يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرامَ بَعْدَ عامِهِمْ هذا (التوبة 28).
أوليس في هذا التصوير ما يبعث في النفس النفور منه والاشمئزاز؟!
والقرآن يعرض لجميع ألوان الإشراك، فيدحضها ويهدمها من أساسها، فعرض لفكرة اتخاذ ولد، فحدثنا في صراحة عن أنه ليس في حاجة إلى هذا الولد، يعينه أو يساعده، فكل من في الوجود خاضع لأمره، لا يلبث أن ينقاد إذا دعى، وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ بَلْ لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ كُلٌّ لَهُ قانِتُونَ بَدِيعُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَإِذا قَضى أَمْراً فَإِنَّما يَقُولُ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ (البقرة 116، 117). وحينا يدفع ذلك دفعا طبيعيا بأن الولد لا يكون إلا إذا كان ثمة له زوجة تلد، أما وقد خلق كل شىء، فليس ما يزعمونه ولدا سوى خلق ممن خلق:
بَدِيعُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَنَّى يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَمْ تَكُنْ لَهُ صاحِبَةٌ وَخَلَقَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ خالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ وَهُوَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ (الأنعام 101، 102).
ويعرض مرة أخرى لهذه الدعوى، فيقرر غناه عن هذا الولد، ولم يحتاج إليه، وله ما في السموات وما في الأرض، فيقول: قالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ لَهُ ما فِي السَّماواتِ وَما فِي الْأَرْضِ إِنْ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطانٍ بِهذا أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ ما لا تَعْلَمُونَ قُلْ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لا يُفْلِحُونَ مَتاعٌ فِي الدُّنْيا ثُمَّ إِلَيْنا مَرْجِعُهُمْ ثُمَّ نُذِيقُهُمُ الْعَذابَ الشَّدِيدَ بِما كانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ (يونس 68 - 70). ويعجب القرآن كيف يخيل للمشركين عقولهم أن يخصوا أنفسهم بالبنين ويجعلوا البنات لله، فيقول:
أَفَأَصْفاكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ بِالْبَنِينَ وَاتَّخَذَ مِنَ الْمَلائِكَةِ إِناثاً إِنَّكُمْ لَتَقُولُونَ قَوْلًا عَظِيماً (الإسراء 40).
ويصور القرآن- فى أقوى صور التعبير- موقف الطبيعة الساخطة المستعظمة نسبة الولد إلى الله، فتكاد- لشدة غضبها- أن تنفجر غيظا، وتنشق ثورة، وتخر الراسيات لهول هذا الافتراء، وضخامة هذا الكذب، وأصغ إلى تصوير هذا الغضب فى قوله: وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمنُ وَلَداً لَقَدْ جِئْتُمْ شَيْئاً إِدًّا تَكادُ السَّماواتُ يَتَفَطَّرْنَ مِنْهُ وَتَنْشَقُّ الْأَرْضُ وَتَخِرُّ الْجِبالُ هَدًّا أَنْ دَعَوْا لِلرَّحْمنِ وَلَداً (مريم 88 - 91). أما هؤلاء الذين دعوهم أبناء الله، فليسوا سوى عباد مكرمين، خاضعين لأمره، ولن يجرؤ واحد منهم على ادعاء الألوهية، أما من تجرأ منهم على تلك الدعوى فجزاؤه جهنم، لأنه ظالم مبين، وهل هناك أقوى في هدم الدعوى من اعترف هؤلاء العباد أنفسهم الذين يدعونهم أبناء، بأنهم ليسوا سوى عبيد خاضعين، ومن جرؤ منهم على دعوى الألوهية كان جزاؤه عذاب جهنم خالدا فيها، قال تعالى: وَقالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمنُ وَلَداً سُبْحانَهُ بَلْ عِبادٌ مُكْرَمُونَ لا يَسْبِقُونَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ وَهُمْ بِأَمْرِهِ يَعْمَلُونَ يَعْلَمُ ما بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَما خَلْفَهُمْ وَلا يَشْفَعُونَ إِلَّا لِمَنِ ارْتَضى وَهُمْ مِنْ خَشْيَتِهِ مُشْفِقُونَ وَمَنْ يَقُلْ مِنْهُمْ إِنِّي إِلهٌ مِنْ دُونِهِ فَذلِكَ نَجْزِيهِ جَهَنَّمَ كَذلِكَ نَجْزِي الظَّالِمِينَ (الأنبياء 26 - 29).
وعلى هذا النسق نفسه جرى في الرد على من زعم ألوهية المسيح، فقد جعل المسيح نفسه يتبرأ من ذلك وينفيه، إذ قال: وَإِذْ قالَ اللَّهُ يا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ أَأَنْتَ قُلْتَ لِلنَّاسِ اتَّخِذُونِي وَأُمِّي إِلهَيْنِ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ قالَ سُبْحانَكَ ما يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أَقُولَ ما لَيْسَ لِي بِحَقٍّ إِنْ كُنْتُ قُلْتُهُ فَقَدْ عَلِمْتَهُ تَعْلَمُ ما فِي نَفْسِي وَلا أَعْلَمُ ما فِي نَفْسِكَ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ عَلَّامُ الْغُيُوبِ ما قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا ما أَمَرْتَنِي بِهِ أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ وَكُنْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهِيداً ما دُمْتُ فِيهِمْ فَلَمَّا تَوَفَّيْتَنِي كُنْتَ أَنْتَ الرَّقِيبَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَنْتَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (المائدة 116، 117).
وتعرض القرآن مرارا لدعوى ألوهية عيسى، وقوض هذه الدعوى من أساسها بأن هذا المسيح الذى يزعمونه إلها، ليس لديه قدرة يدفع بها عن نفسه إن أراد الله أن يهلكه، وأنه لا امتياز له على سائر المخلوقات، بل هو خاضع لأمره، مقر بأنه ليس سوى عبد الله، وليس المسيح وأمه سوى بشرين يتبوّلان ويتبرّزان، أو تقبل الفطرة الإنسانية السليمة أن تتخذ لها إلها هذا شأنه، لا يتميز عن الناس في شىء، ولا يملك لهم شيئا من الضر ولا النفع، ولننصت إلى القرآن مهاجما دعوى ألوهية عيسى قائلا: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قُلْ فَمَنْ يَمْلِكُ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيْئاً إِنْ أَرادَ أَنْ يُهْلِكَ الْمَسِيحَ ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ وَأُمَّهُ وَمَنْ فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعاً وَلِلَّهِ مُلْكُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَما بَيْنَهُما يَخْلُقُ ما يَشاءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (المائدة 17). لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا
إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ وَقالَ الْمَسِيحُ يا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُ مَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ الْجَنَّةَ وَمَأْواهُ النَّارُ وَما لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ أَنْصارٍ لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ ثالِثُ ثَلاثَةٍ وَما مِنْ إِلهٍ إِلَّا إِلهٌ واحِدٌ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهُوا عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ لَيَمَسَّنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْهُمْ عَذابٌ أَلِيمٌ أَفَلا يَتُوبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَهُ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ مَا الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ وَأُمُّهُ صِدِّيقَةٌ كانا يَأْكُلانِ الطَّعامَ انْظُرْ كَيْفَ نُبَيِّنُ لَهُمُ الْآياتِ ثُمَّ انْظُرْ أَنَّى يُؤْفَكُونَ قُلْ أَتَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ ما لا يَمْلِكُ لَكُمْ ضَرًّا وَلا نَفْعاً وَاللَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ
(المائدة 72 - 76).
وإن الغريزة لتنأى عن عبادة من لا يملك الضرر ولا النفع. وتأمل جمال الكناية في قوله: يَأْكُلانِ الطَّعامَ. والمسيح مقر- كما رأيت- بعبوديته ولا يستنكف أن يكون لله عبدا، لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْداً لِلَّهِ وَلَا الْمَلائِكَةُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ وَمَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفْ عَنْ عِبادَتِهِ وَيَسْتَكْبِرْ فَسَيَحْشُرُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ جَمِيعاً (النساء 172).
وهاجم القرآن بكل قوة الإشراك بالله، وهو يهاجم ببلاغته العقل والوجدان معا فيأخذ في نقاش المشركين، ليصلوا إلى الحق بأنفسهم، ويلزمهم الحجة، ويقودهم إلى الصواب، فيسألهم عمن يرزقهم، ومن يملك سمعهم وأبصارهم، ومن يخرج الحى من الميت، ويخرج الميت من الحى، ومن يدبر أمر العالم، ومن يبدأ الخلق ثمّ يعيده، ومن يهدى إلى الحق، وإذا كان المشركون أنفسهم يعترفون بأن ذلك إنما هو من أفعال الله، فما قيمة هؤلاء الشركاء إذا، وما معنى إشراكهم لله في العبادة، أو ليس من يهدى إلى الحق جديرا بأن يعبد ويتّبع، أما من لا يهتدى إلا إذا اقتيد فمن الظلم عبادته، ومن الجهل اتباعه، وليست عبادة هؤلاء الشركاء سوى جرى وراءه وهم لا يغنى من الحق شيئا، وتأمل جمال هذا النقاش الذى يثير التفكير والوجدان معا: يثير التفكير بقضاياه، ويثير الوجدان بهذا التساؤل عن الجدير بالاتباع، وتصويره المشرك، مصروفا عن الحق، مأفوكا، ظالما، يتبع الظن الذى لا يغنى عن الحق شيئا، وذلك حين يقول: قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصارَ وَمَنْ يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَمَنْ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ فَسَيَقُولُونَ اللَّهُ فَقُلْ أَفَلا تَتَّقُونَ فَذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمُ الْحَقُّ فَماذا بَعْدَ الْحَقِّ إِلَّا الضَّلالُ فَأَنَّى تُصْرَفُونَ كَذلِكَ حَقَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ فَسَقُوا أَنَّهُمْ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ قُلْ هَلْ مِنْ شُرَكائِكُمْ مَنْ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ قُلِ اللَّهُ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ فَأَنَّى تُؤْفَكُونَ قُلْ هَلْ مِنْ شُرَكائِكُمْ مَنْ يَهْدِي إِلَى الْحَقِّ قُلِ اللَّهُ يَهْدِي لِلْحَقِّ أَفَمَنْ يَهْدِي إِلَى الْحَقِّ أَحَقُّ أَنْ يُتَّبَعَ أَمَّنْ لا يَهِدِّي إِلَّا أَنْ يُهْدى فَما لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ وَما يَتَّبِعُ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِلَّا ظَنًّا إِنَّ الظَّنَّ لا يُغْنِي مِنَ الْحَقِّ شَيْئاً إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِما يَفْعَلُونَ (يونس 31 - 36). وفي التحدث إليهم عن الرزق، وهدايتهم إلى الحق، ما يثير في أنفسهم عبادة هذا الذى يمدهم بالرزق، ويهديهم إلى الحق، واستمع إلى هذا النقاش الذى يحدثهم فيه عن نعمه عليهم، متسائلا:
أله شريك في هذه النعم التى أسداها، وإذا لم يكن له شريك فيما أسدى، فكيف يشرك به غيره في العبادة؟ فقال مرة: قُلِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَسَلامٌ عَلى عِبادِهِ الَّذِينَ اصْطَفى آللَّهُ خَيْرٌ أَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ أَمَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَأَنْزَلَ لَكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَنْبَتْنا بِهِ حَدائِقَ ذاتَ بَهْجَةٍ ما كانَ لَكُمْ أَنْ تُنْبِتُوا شَجَرَها أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ بَلْ هُمْ قَوْمٌ يَعْدِلُونَ أَمَّنْ جَعَلَ الْأَرْضَ قَراراً وَجَعَلَ خِلالَها أَنْهاراً وَجَعَلَ لَها رَواسِيَ وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ حاجِزاً أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يَعْلَمُونَ أَمَّنْ يُجِيبُ الْمُضْطَرَّ إِذا دَعاهُ وَيَكْشِفُ السُّوءَ وَيَجْعَلُكُمْ خُلَفاءَ الْأَرْضِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ قَلِيلًا ما تَذَكَّرُونَ أَمَّنْ يَهْدِيكُمْ فِي ظُلُماتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَمَنْ يُرْسِلُ الرِّياحَ بُشْراً بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَحْمَتِهِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ تَعالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ أَمَّنْ يَبْدَؤُا الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ وَمَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَإِلهٌ مَعَ اللَّهِ قُلْ هاتُوا بُرْهانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ قُلْ لا يَعْلَمُ مَنْ فِي السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ الْغَيْبَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَما يَشْعُرُونَ أَيَّانَ يُبْعَثُونَ بَلِ ادَّارَكَ عِلْمُهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ بَلْ هُمْ فِي شَكٍّ مِنْها بَلْ هُمْ مِنْها عَمُونَ وَقالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَإِذا كُنَّا تُراباً وَآباؤُنا أَإِنَّا لَمُخْرَجُونَ لَقَدْ وُعِدْنا هذا نَحْنُ وَآباؤُنا مِنْ قَبْلُ إِنْ هذا إِلَّا أَساطِيرُ الْأَوَّلِينَ قُلْ سِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَانْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كانَ عاقِبَةُ الْمُجْرِمِينَ وَلا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا تَكُنْ فِي ضَيْقٍ مِمَّا يَمْكُرُونَ وَيَقُولُونَ مَتى هذَا الْوَعْدُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ (النمل 59 - 71). أو ليس في إنبات الحدائق ذات البهجة، وتسيير الأنهار خلال الأرض، وإجابة المضطر إذا دعا، وكشف السوء، وجعلهم خلفاء الأرض، ما يبعث الابتهاج في النفس، والحب لله، ويدفع إلى عبادته وتوحيده ما دام هو الملجأ في الشدائد، والهادى في ظلمات البر والبحر، ومرسل الرياح بشرا بين يدى رحمته؟ ومرة يسائلهم قائلا: وَهُوَ اللَّهُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ لَهُ الْحَمْدُ فِي الْأُولى وَالْآخِرَةِ وَلَهُ الْحُكْمُ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ اللَّيْلَ سَرْمَداً إِلى يَوْمِ الْقِيامَةِ مَنْ إِلهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِضِياءٍ أَفَلا تَسْمَعُونَ قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ النَّهارَ سَرْمَداً إِلى يَوْمِ الْقِيامَةِ مَنْ إِلهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِلَيْلٍ تَسْكُنُونَ فِيهِ أَفَلا تُبْصِرُونَ وَمِنْ رَحْمَتِهِ جَعَلَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهارَ لِتَسْكُنُوا فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (القصص 70 - 73). أوليس في الليل السرمد والنهار السرمد ما يبعث الخوف في النفس، والحب لمن جعل الليل والنهار خلفة؟!
وكثيرا ما تعجب القرآن من عبادتهم ما لا يضر ولا ينفع. والقرآن يبعث الخوف من سوء مصير هؤلاء المشركين يوم القيامة، فمرة يصورهم محاولين ستر جريمتهم بإنكارهم، حين لا يجدون لها سندا من الحق والواقع، فيقول:
وَيَوْمَ نَحْشُرُهُمْ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ نَقُولُ لِلَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا أَيْنَ شُرَكاؤُكُمُ الَّذِينَ كُنْتُمْ تَزْعُمُونَ ثُمَّ لَمْ تَكُنْ فِتْنَتُهُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ قالُوا وَاللَّهِ رَبِّنا ما كُنَّا مُشْرِكِينَ انْظُرْ كَيْفَ كَذَبُوا عَلى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَضَلَّ عَنْهُمْ ما كانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ (يونس 22 - 24).
وحينا يصورهم، وقد تبرأ شركاؤهم من عبادتهم، فحبطت أعمالهم، وضل سعيهم، وذلك حين يقول: وَيَوْمَ نَحْشُرُهُمْ جَمِيعاً ثُمَّ نَقُولُ لِلَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا مَكانَكُمْ أَنْتُمْ وَشُرَكاؤُكُمْ فَزَيَّلْنا بَيْنَهُمْ وَقالَ شُرَكاؤُهُمْ ما كُنْتُمْ إِيَّانا تَعْبُدُونَ فَكَفى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً بَيْنَنا وَبَيْنَكُمْ إِنْ كُنَّا عَنْ عِبادَتِكُمْ لَغافِلِينَ هُنالِكَ تَبْلُوا كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ما أَسْلَفَتْ وَرُدُّوا إِلَى اللَّهِ مَوْلاهُمُ الْحَقِّ وَضَلَّ عَنْهُمْ ما كانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ (يونس 28 - 30).
وحينا يصورهم هلكى في أشد صور الهلاك وأفتكها، إذ يقول: وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَكَأَنَّما خَرَّ مِنَ السَّماءِ فَتَخْطَفُهُ الطَّيْرُ أَوْ تَهْوِي بِهِ الرِّيحُ فِي مَكانٍ سَحِيقٍ (الحج 31). أما المصير المنتظر لمن يشرك بالله فأن يلقى في جهنم ملوما مدحورا.
ومن أبرز صفات الله في القرآن قدرته، يوجّه النظر إلى مظاهرها، ويأخذ بيدهم ليدركوا آثار هذه القدرة، مبثوثة في أرجاء الكون وفي أنفسهم، فهذه الأرض هو الذى بسطها فراشا، وتلك السماء رفعها بناء، وهذه الجبال بثها في الأرض أوتادا، وهذه الشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بأمره، ووجه النظر إلى هذه الحبوب فلقها بقدرته، كما فلق النوى ليخرج منه النخل باسقات، ويوجه أنظارهم إلى ألوان المخلوقات وأنواعها وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَ كُلَّ دَابَّةٍ مِنْ ماءٍ فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى بَطْنِهِ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى رِجْلَيْنِ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشِي عَلى أَرْبَعٍ يَخْلُقُ اللَّهُ ما يَشاءُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (النور 45). وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ تُرابٍ ثُمَّ إِذا أَنْتُمْ بَشَرٌ تَنْتَشِرُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْواجاً لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْها وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوانِكُمْ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِلْعالِمِينَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ مَنامُكُمْ بِاللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهارِ وَابْتِغاؤُكُمْ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَسْمَعُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفاً وَطَمَعاً وَيُنَزِّلُ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَيُحْيِي بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِها إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ وَمِنْ آياتِهِ أَنْ تَقُومَ السَّماءُ وَالْأَرْضُ بِأَمْرِهِ ثُمَّ إِذا دَعاكُمْ دَعْوَةً مِنَ الْأَرْضِ إِذا أَنْتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ (الروم 20 - 25). خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ بِغَيْرِ عَمَدٍ تَرَوْنَها وَأَلْقى فِي الْأَرْضِ رَواسِيَ أَنْ تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ وَبَثَّ فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ دابَّةٍ وَأَنْزَلْنا مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ كَرِيمٍ (لقمان 10). ويوجّه النظر إلى توالى الليل والنهار، وتسخير الشمس والقمر، فيقول: أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُولِجُ اللَّيْلَ فِي النَّهارِ وَيُولِجُ النَّهارَ فِي اللَّيْلِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ كُلٌّ يَجْرِي إِلى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ بِما تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ ذلِكَ بِأَنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْحَقُّ وَأَنَّ ما يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِهِ الْباطِلُ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْعَلِيُّ الْكَبِيرُ (لقمان 29، 30)؛ وكرر ذلك مرارا عدة، كقوله: أَفَلَمْ يَنْظُرُوا إِلَى السَّماءِ فَوْقَهُمْ كَيْفَ بَنَيْناها وَزَيَّنَّاها وَما لَها مِنْ فُرُوجٍ وَالْأَرْضَ مَدَدْناها وَأَلْقَيْنا فِيها رَواسِيَ وَأَنْبَتْنا فِيها مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ بَهِيجٍ تَبْصِرَةً وَذِكْرى لِكُلِّ عَبْدٍ مُنِيبٍ وَنَزَّلْنا مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً مُبارَكاً فَأَنْبَتْنا بِهِ جَنَّاتٍ وَحَبَّ الْحَصِيدِ وَالنَّخْلَ باسِقاتٍ لَها طَلْعٌ نَضِيدٌ رِزْقاً لِلْعِبادِ وَأَحْيَيْنا بِهِ بَلْدَةً مَيْتاً كَذلِكَ الْخُرُوجُ (ق 6 - 11).
ويوجّه أنظارهم إلى قدرته في خلقهم، إذ يقول: هُوَ الَّذِي يُصَوِّرُكُمْ فِي الْأَرْحامِ كَيْفَ يَشاءُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ (آل عمران 6). ويقول: يَخْلُقُكُمْ فِي بُطُونِ أُمَّهاتِكُمْ خَلْقاً مِنْ بَعْدِ خَلْقٍ فِي ظُلُماتٍ ثَلاثٍ ذلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لَهُ الْمُلْكُ لا إِلهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَأَنَّى تُصْرَفُونَ (الزمر 6).
صوّر القرآن قدرة الله الباهرة التى لا يعجزها شىء، والتى يستجيب لأمرها كل شىء، بهذا التّصوير البارع إذ قال: إِنَّما أَمْرُهُ إِذا أَرادَ شَيْئاً أَنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ (يس 82).
ولما وجّه النظر إلى مظاهر قدرته، اتخذ ذلك ذريعة إلى إقناعهم بأمر البعث، فحينا يتساءل أمن خلق السموات والأرض، ولم يجد مشقة في خلقها يعجز عن إحياء الموتى، فيقول: أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَلَمْ يَعْيَ بِخَلْقِهِنَّ بِقادِرٍ عَلى أَنْ يُحْيِيَ الْمَوْتى بَلى إِنَّهُ عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (الأحقاف 33). ويقرر أن خلق السموات والأرض أكبر من خلق الناس، لَخَلْقُ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ خَلْقِ النَّاسِ وَلكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ (غافر 57). ولذا صح هذا التساؤل ليقروا: أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقاً أَمِ السَّماءُ بَناها رَفَعَ سَمْكَها فَسَوَّاها وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَها وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحاها وَالْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ دَحاها أَخْرَجَ مِنْها ماءَها وَمَرْعاها وَالْجِبالَ أَرْساها مَتاعاً لَكُمْ وَلِأَنْعامِكُمْ (النازعات 27 - 33). وسوف نكمل الحديث عن ذلك في فصل اليوم الآخر.
ومن أظهر صفات الله في القرآن علمه، وإحاطة علمه بكل شىء في الأرض وفي السماء وَما يَعْزُبُ عَنْ رَبِّكَ مِنْ مِثْقالِ ذَرَّةٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلا فِي السَّماءِ وَلا أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ إِلَّا فِي كِتابٍ مُبِينٍ (يونس 61). ويقول على لسان لقمان لابنه: يا بُنَيَّ إِنَّها إِنْ تَكُ مِثْقالَ حَبَّةٍ مِنْ خَرْدَلٍ فَتَكُنْ فِي صَخْرَةٍ أَوْ فِي السَّماواتِ أَوْ فِي الْأَرْضِ يَأْتِ بِهَا اللَّهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَطِيفٌ خَبِيرٌ (لقمان 16). أرأيت هذا التصوير المؤثر لإحاطة علم الله بكل شىء، فلا يغيب عنه موضع ذرّة بين طيات صخرة أو في طبقات السموات، أو في أعماق الأرض، ويعلم الله الغيب، ومن ذلك ما يرونه بأعينهم في كل يوم من أمور غيبيّة، يدركون أنها مستورة عليهم، مع قرب بعضها منهم، إذ يقول: إِنَّ اللَّهَ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ السَّاعَةِ وَيُنَزِّلُ الْغَيْثَ وَيَعْلَمُ ما فِي الْأَرْحامِ وَما تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ ماذا تَكْسِبُ غَداً وَما تَدْرِي نَفْسٌ بِأَيِّ أَرْضٍ تَمُوتُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ (لقمان 34). وَإِنْ تَجْهَرْ بِالْقَوْلِ فَإِنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ السِّرَّ وَأَخْفى (طه 7). واقرأ هذا التصوير الشامل لعلمه في قوله: وَعِنْدَهُ مَفاتِحُ الْغَيْبِ لا يَعْلَمُها إِلَّا هُوَ وَيَعْلَمُ ما فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَما تَسْقُطُ مِنْ وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا يَعْلَمُها وَلا حَبَّةٍ فِي ظُلُماتِ الْأَرْضِ وَلا رَطْبٍ وَلا يابِسٍ إِلَّا فِي كِتابٍ مُبِينٍ (الأنعام 59). وهكذا يصور القرآن شمول علم الله تصويرا ملموسا محسا.
ومن أظهر صفاته كذلك شدة قربه إلى الناس، ما يَكُونُ مِنْ نَجْوى ثَلاثَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ رابِعُهُمْ وَلا خَمْسَةٍ إِلَّا هُوَ سادِسُهُمْ وَلا أَدْنى مِنْ ذلِكَ وَلا أَكْثَرَ إِلَّا هُوَ مَعَهُمْ أَيْنَ ما كانُوا ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِما عَمِلُوا يَوْمَ الْقِيامَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ (المجادلة 7). وأمر الرسول بأن يخبر الناس بقربه، يسمعهم ويصغى إليهم إذا دعوا، فقال: وَإِذا سَأَلَكَ عِبادِي عَنِّي فَإِنِّي قَرِيبٌ أُجِيبُ دَعْوَةَ الدَّاعِ إِذا دَعانِ (البقرة 186). ولا يستطيع فرد أن يعيش بعيدا عن عينه، يَعْلَمُ ما يَلِجُ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَما يَخْرُجُ مِنْها وَما يَنْزِلُ مِنَ السَّماءِ وَما يَعْرُجُ فِيها وَهُوَ مَعَكُمْ أَيْنَ ما كُنْتُمْ وَاللَّهُ بِما تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ (الحديد 4). بل هو أقرب شىء إلى الإنسان، يعلم خلجات نفسه، ويدرك أسراره وخواطره لا يغيب عنه منها شىء، وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسانَ وَنَعْلَمُ ما تُوَسْوِسُ بِهِ نَفْسُهُ وَنَحْنُ أَقْرَبُ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ حَبْلِ الْوَرِيدِ (ق 16).
والعدل، وقد أطال القرآن في تأكيد هذه الصفة، وأكثر من تكريرها، فكل إنسان مجزى بعمله وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْماً لِلْعِبادِ (غافر 31). مَنْ عَمِلَ صالِحاً فَلِنَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ أَساءَ فَعَلَيْها وَما رَبُّكَ بِظَلَّامٍ لِلْعَبِيدِ (فصلت 146). ويقرر في صراحة إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَظْلِمُ النَّاسَ شَيْئاً وَلكِنَّ النَّاسَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ (يونس 44). وإِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يَظْلِمُ مِثْقالَ ذَرَّةٍ (النساء 40).
وإن في تقرير هذه الصفات وتأكيدها لدفعا للمرء إلى التفكير قبل العمل، كى لا يغضب الله العالم بكل صغيرة وكبيرة تصدر منه، والقريب إليه قربا لا قرب أشد منه، وفي تأكيد صفتى العلم والقرب ما يبعث الخجل في الإنسان من أن يعمل ما يغضب الله وما حرمه، وفي تأكيد صفة العدل ما يبعث على محاسبة النفس لأن الخير سيعود إليها ثوابه، والشر سيرجع عليها عقابه.
وكان وصف القرآن لله بالرحمة والرأفة والحلم والغفران والشكر، أكثر من وصفه بالانتقام وشدّة العذاب، بل هو عند ما يوصف بهما، تذكر إلى جانبهما أحيانا صفات الرحمة؛ فكثيرا ما يكرر القرآن معنى قوله: إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِالنَّاسِ لَرَؤُفٌ رَحِيمٌ (البقرة 143). وقوله: وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءاً أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ يَجِدِ اللَّهَ غَفُوراً رَحِيماً (النساء 110). وأكّد هذا الوصف حتى قال: كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلى نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ أَنَّهُ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنْكُمْ سُوءاً بِجَهالَةٍ ثُمَّ تابَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (الأنعام 54). وَقُلْ رَبِّ اغْفِرْ وَارْحَمْ وَأَنْتَ خَيْرُ الرَّاحِمِينَ (المؤمنون 118). أَنْتَ وَلِيُّنا فَاغْفِرْ لَنا وَارْحَمْنا وَأَنْتَ خَيْرُ الْغافِرِينَ (الأعراف 155). ويفتح باب رحمته وغفرانه، حتى لمن أسرف ولج في العصيان، إذ يقول: قُلْ يا عِبادِيَ الَّذِينَ أَسْرَفُوا عَلى أَنْفُسِهِمْ لا تَقْنَطُوا مِنْ رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعاً إِنَّهُ هُوَ الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ (الزمر 53). وبذلك كانت الصورة التى رسمها القرآن مليئة بالأمل والرجاء، تحيى في النفس التفاؤل، كما أن كثرة وصفه بالرحمة وأخواتها، تجعل عبادة الله منبعثة عن الحب، أكثر منها منبعثة عن الرهبة والخوف، ولكن لما كان كثير من النفوس يخضع بالرهبة دون الرغبة وصف القرآن الله بالعزة والانتقام وشدة العذاب، يقرن ذلك بوصفه بالرحمة حينا، ولا يقرنها بها حينا آخر، فيقول مرة: اعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (المائدة 98). غافِرِ الذَّنْبِ وَقابِلِ التَّوْبِ شَدِيدِ الْعِقابِ ذِي الطَّوْلِ (غافر 3). إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَذُو مَغْفِرَةٍ وَذُو عِقابٍ أَلِيمٍ (فصلت 43). ويقول أخرى: وَما آتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَما نَهاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقابِ (الحشر 7). عَفَا اللَّهُ عَمَّا سَلَفَ وَمَنْ عادَ فَيَنْتَقِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقامٍ (المائدة 95). إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِآياتِ اللَّهِ لَهُمْ عَذابٌ شَدِيدٌ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقامٍ (آل عمران 4). وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَما لَهُ مِنْ هادٍ وَمَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَما لَهُ مِنْ مُضِلٍّ أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِعَزِيزٍ ذِي انْتِقامٍ (الزمر 37). وبرغم وصفه بالعزّة والانتقام والجبروت كانت الصفة الغالبة في القرآن هى الإنعام والرحمة والتّفضّل وأنه الملجأ والوزر، يجيب المضطرّ إذا دعاه، ويكشف السوء، وينجّى في ظلمات البرّ والبحر، فهى صورة محبّبة إلى النفوس، تدفع إلى العبادة، عبادة من هو جدير بها، لكثرة فضله وخيره وإنعامه.
وأفحم القرآن من ادّعى الألوهية من البشر إفحاما لا مخلص له منه، وذلك في الحديث الذى دار بين إبراهيم وهذا الملك الذى ادعى أنه إله، إذ يقول: أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِي حَاجَّ إِبْراهِيمَ فِي رَبِّهِ أَنْ آتاهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ إِذْ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ رَبِّيَ الَّذِي يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ قالَ أَنَا أُحْيِي وَأُمِيتُ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْتِي بِالشَّمْسِ مِنَ الْمَشْرِقِ فَأْتِ بِها مِنَ الْمَغْرِبِ فَبُهِتَ الَّذِي كَفَرَ وَاللَّهُ لا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ (البقرة 258).
وأرشد ــالقرآن إلى أن العقل السليم والفطرة المستقيمة يرشدان إلى وجود الله ويدلّان على وحدانيته، فهذا إبراهيم قد وجد قومه يتخذون أصناما آلهة، فلم ترقه عبادتهم، فمضى إلى الكون يلتمس إلهه، فلما رأى نورا يشع ليلا من كوكب في الأفق ظنه إلها، ولكنه لم يلبث أن رآه قد أفل، فأنكر على نفسه اتخاذ كوكب يأفل إلها، إذ الإله يجب أن يكون ذا عين لا تغفل ولا تنام، وهكذا أعجب بالقمر، واستعظم الشمس، ولكنهما قد مضيا آفلين، فأدرك إبراهيم أن ليس في كل هؤلاء من يستحق عبادة ولا تقديسا، وأنّ الله الحق هو الذى فطر السموات والأرض، واستمع إلى القرآن يصوّر تأمل إبراهيم في قوله: وَإِذْ قالَ إِبْراهِيمُ لِأَبِيهِ آزَرَ أَتَتَّخِذُ أَصْناماً آلِهَةً إِنِّي أَراكَ وَقَوْمَكَ فِي ضَلالٍ مُبِينٍ وَكَذلِكَ نُرِي إِبْراهِيمَ مَلَكُوتَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَلِيَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُوقِنِينَ فَلَمَّا جَنَّ عَلَيْهِ اللَّيْلُ رَأى كَوْكَباً قالَ هذا رَبِّي فَلَمَّا أَفَلَ قالَ لا أُحِبُّ الْآفِلِينَ فَلَمَّا رَأَى الْقَمَرَ بازِغاً قالَ هذا رَبِّي فَلَمَّا أَفَلَ قالَ لَئِنْ لَمْ يَهْدِنِي رَبِّي لَأَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الضَّالِّينَ فَلَمَّا رَأَى الشَّمْسَ بازِغَةً قالَ هذا رَبِّي هذا أَكْبَرُ فَلَمَّا أَفَلَتْ قالَ يا قَوْمِ إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ إِنِّي وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّماواتِ وَالْأَرْضَ حَنِيفاً وَما أَنَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (الأنعام 74 - 79).

ثنى: ثنى لفلان وسادةً: من مظاهر الأدب والاحترام للزائر. وتثنى له الوسادة ليرتاح في جلسته (ابن خلكان 10: 108، وانظر كوسج مختارات 133).
وثنى الثوب: عطفه ورد بعضه على بعض لتقصيره وخبنه - وثنى كعب الصرمة: طوى طرف الحذاء عند الكعب - وثنى حافية برنيطة: رفع حافتها وجدّدها (بوشر).
وثنى إليه: انعطف واتجه إليه (عباد 1: 57) وثنى بالشيء: فعله مرة ثانية، وأتبعه أمرا قبله (عباد 2: 103 وانظر 3: 206) غير أن لين لم يذكر إلا ثنىّ بتشديد النون في هذا المعنى. لكن ما جاء في بيت الشعر الذي ذكره ابن عباد هو ثنى الثلاثي كما يدل عليه الوزن.
ثَنَّى: حرث الأرض مرة ثانية (الكالا، انظره في ثلّث، ابن العوام 1: 66، 2: 128).
ثنّى به: سماه بعد الأول (المقري 2: 204) وهي ضد بدا التي وردت في السطر الذي قبله.
وثنّى بفلان: عامله كما عامل الأول قبله، ففي فريتاج مختارات (ص122): وكان السلطان قد قتل بالسيف أحد الأسيرين ولم يشك (الآخر) في إنه يثنّى به.
وثنّى له الوزارة: لقبه بذي الوزارتين ففي حيان - بسام (1: 192ق): كان له بسليمان اتصال فثنى له الوزارة مَثنْى.
وثنّى: قذف، قدح فيه، شنع عليه (الكالا)، وقد ذكرت في معجم فوك في مادة lascivire أي عبث، لها، نزق.
أثنى، يقال أثنى بفلان (؟) ففي ابن حيان (ص49 ق): فكان أول من أظهر الخلعان بها وأثنى بأهل المعصية وسعى في تفريق الكلمة كريب بن عثمان بن خلدون.
وأثنى: كان ذا سمعة حسنة.
تَثَنّى: ذكرت في معجم فوكفي مادة duale بمعنى انثنى.
انثنى: تغضن، وانعطف وارتد بعضه على بعض (بوشر) وذكرت في معجم فوك في مادة lascivire أي عبث، ولها ونزق.
ثنية: طية، - وثنية الركبة أو الذراع: الموضع الذي تثنى (تطوى) منه الركبة أو الذراع. - وطية مضاعفة. وكفة الثوب ونحوه وهو ما ثنى وكف من أطرافه لتقصيره أو خبنه. وهدب الثوب يضاف إليه (بوشر).
ثَنَاء: صيت، شهرة حسنة (فوك) ثَنِيّ: مُهر بلغ السنة الثانية من العمر (ونزشتاين في زيشر 22: 74) - ومن له ثنيّان أي سنّان (فوك).
ثَنِيَّة: ترجمنا هذه الكلمة بلفظة- col ولو إنها تعني عادة محل مرور الطريق في شعاف الجبل (دوماس قبيل 316).
وثنية= عقبة، يقول بلجراف (1: 341): إنها عقبة أو منعرج، فحين يرتفع الجبل لا بد أن يكون الطريق في منعرج للمرور فيه.
وثنية: البرُت أو البرُتات في جبال الييرنية، وهي المواضع المنخفضة التي تتخذ طريقا بين أسبانيا وفرنسا، ويبلغ متوسط ارتفاعها 2766 مترا فوق مستوى سطح البحر، وهي ثنايا هذه السلسلة من الجبال (المقدمة 1: 119)، وأبن خلدون طبعة تورمبرج وفيه (ص9: (غربا والمفضية) وفي ص6 (الثنايا البقايا).
والثنية: الطريق، الدرب (همبرت 41 الجزائر).
والثنايا: أسنان مقدم الفم وأسنان اللبن وأول ما في الفم (بوشر).
ثُنَائِيّ. حديث ثنائي الإسناد: حديث نقل عن الرسول بواسطة سلسلتين من رواة الحديث، ففي العبدري (ص28 ق): قرأت عليه بعض الأحاديث الثنائية الإسناد من حديث مالك.
ثانٍ: من قِبَله (معجم هابشت ألف ليلة 3: 32، وأقرأ فيه 386 بدل 336؟ وثانٍ: مقابل، مواجه، ففي ألف ليلة (3: 56) في الكلام عن شاطئ نهر وغيره: الساقية الثانية أي الساقية المقابلة للجدول. وفيها (1: 771، 795): البر الثاني وفي (4: 674) منها: حتى وصل إلى البر من الجهة الثانية.
ثاني حشيش: خلف، رجيع (كلأ من الحشة الثانية).
ثاني عمارة: عمارة أعيد بناؤها.
ثاني مرة: ثانية، مجددا.
ثاني نبيذ: نطل، نبيذ العنب يصب عليه الماء، نبيذ دون.
كل يوم وثانيه: يوميا (بوشر)؟ قرأ ثانيا: قرأ حتى النهاية (الكالا).
ثانية: جمعها ثوان وثواني: جزء من ستين من الدقيقة (بوشر، محيط المحيط).
وفي كتاب عن الإسطرلاب يعود تاريخه إلى ما قبل القرن السابع للهجرة (مخطوطة 591، فهرست 3: 98): وتنقسم دوائرها إلى دقائق وثواني (المقري 1: 765، راجع إضافات وتصحيحات).
إثْنَيْنِيَّة ثنوية (المقدمة 3: 75) تَثْنِيَة (من مصطلح الجراحة) ويراد به إنه حين يوقف سحب الدم من فتحة الوريد، يعاد بعد ذلك إلى سحبه ثانية دون أن يبضع الوريد. ففي معجم المنصوري: تثنية: (كذا) هو المعاودة، والمراد بها في العضد وهو أن يقطع استخراج الدم قبل استيفاء الغرض ثم يترك ساعة أو يوما ثم يحل الموضع من غير تكرار بضع ثم يرسل الدم.
مثنى، يوم مثنى (تاريخ البربر 2: 395؟ ولا بد أن المراد به اليوم الثلاثين من شهر ذي الحجة، الذي تزيد أيامه في السنة الكبيسة يوما عنه في السنين الأخرى (تعليق الترجمة 4: 245 رقم 1).
المثاني: عند الكلام عن المثاني في القرآن قارن ما ذكره لين مع ما جاء في المقدمة (3: 323).
مَثْنِىّ: في حيان - بسام (1: 114ق) فتسمى بالوزارة في أيامه منفردة ومَثْنِيَّة ارذل الدائرة (الحرس) وأخابث النظار وهذا يعني تلقبوا بلقب الوزير وبلقب ذي الوزارتين. (أنظر ثنّى).
مثنية: نصف قطعة من البز (هوست 269).
استثناء: تقادم، حق اكتساب الملكية بمرور الزمن أو عدم النظر في الطلب وإقصاؤه في القضاء. وسقوط الدين لعدم المطالبة بدفعه في موعده المحدد (بوشر).

ثن

ى1 ثَنَاهُ, (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) said in the K to be like سَعَى, implying that the aor. is ثَنَىَ, but this is a mistake, (MF, TA,) [for it is well known that] the aor. is ثَنِىَ, (Msb,) inf. n. ثَنْىٌ, (S, M, Msb, &c.,) He doubled it, or folded it; (T;) he turned one part of it upon another; (M, K;) he bent it; (T, S, Mgh, Msb, TA;) he drew, or contracted, one of its two extremities to [or towards] the other; or joined, or adjoined, one of them to the other; thus bending it; (Mgh;) namely, a stick, or branch, or twig, (Mgh,) or a thing, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) of any kind. (T.) One says of a man with the mention of whom one begins, in relation to an honourable or a praiseworthy quality, or in relation to science or knowledge, بِهِ تُثْنَى الخَنَاصِرُ, (T,) meaning With [the mention of] him, (T, and Msb in art. خصر,) among others of his class, (Msb ib.,) the little fingers are bent. (T, and Msb ubi suprá. [For the Arabs, in counting with the fingers, first bend the tip of the little finger down to the palm of the hand; then, the tip of the next; and so on; bending the thumb down upon the other fingers for five; and then continue by extending the fingers, one after another, again commencing with the little finger.]) And a poet says, فَإِنْ عُدَّ مَجْدٌ أَوْ قَدِيمٌ لِمَعْشَرٍ

فَقَوْمِى بِهِمْ تُثْنَى هُنَاكَ لأَصَابِعُ [And if glory, or any old ground of pretension to honour, be reckoned as belonging to a body of men, it is my people, with the mention of them, in that case, the fingers are bent]; meaning that they are reckoned as the best; (IAar, M;) for the best are not many. (M.) One says also, ثَنَى وَرِكَهُ فَنَزَلَ [lit. He bent his hip, and alighted], meaning he alighted from his beast. (T.) and ثَنَى رِجْلَهُ عَنْ دَابَّتِهِ, meaning He drew up his leg to his thigh, and alighted. (M.) But قَبْلَ أَنْ يَثْنِىَ رِجْلَهُ, occurring in a trad., means Before he turned his leg from the position in which it was in the pronouncing of the testimony of the faith. (IAth.) ثَنَى صَدْرَهُ, aor. and inf. n. as above, [lit. He folded his breast, or bosom,] means (assumed tropical:) he concealed enmity in his breast, or bosom: or he folded up what was in it, in concealment. (TA.) It is said in the Kur [xi. 5], أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ يَثْنَونَ صُدُورَهُمْ, meaning [Now surely] they infold and conceal [in their bosoms] enmity and hatred: (Fr, T:) or they bend their breasts, or bosoms, and fold up, and conceal, what is therein: (Zj, T:) I'Ab read, صُدُورُهُمْ ↓ تَثْنَوْنِى: you say, اِثْنَوْنَى صَدْرُهُ عَلَى البَغْضَآءِ, meaning his breast, or bosom, infolded, or concealed, vehement hatred: (T:) or the phrase in the Kur, accord. to the former reading, means they bend, or turn, their breasts, or bosoms, from the truth; they turn themselves away therefrom: or they incline their breasts, or bosoms, to unbelief, and enmity to the Prophet: or they turn their backs: (Bd:) [for] b2: ثَنَاهُ, (T, S, Msb, TA,) aor. as above, (Msb,) and so the inf. n., (T, Msb, TA,) also signifies He turned him, or it, away or back. (T, S, Msb, TA.) Also He turned him, or turned him away or back, (Lth, T, S,) from the course that he desired to pursue, (Lth, T,) or from the object of his want: (S:) or you say, ثَنَاهُ عَنْ وَجْهِهِ, (Mgh,) and عَنْ حَاجَتِهِ, (TA,) and عَنْ مُرَادِهِ, (Msb,) he turned him, or turned him away or back, (Mgh, Msb, TA,) from his course, (Mgh,) and from the object of his want, (TA,) and from the object of his desire. (Msb.) One says also, فُلَانٌ لَا يُثْنَى عَنْ قِرْنِهِ وَلَا عَنْ وَجْهِهِ [Such a one will not be turned, or turned away or back, from his antagonist, nor from his course]. (T.) b3: Also He tied it; or tied it in a knot or knots; or tied it firmly, fast, or strongly. (TA.) You say, ثَنَيْتُ البَعِيرَ بِثِنَايَيْنِ, meaning, accord. to As, as related by A'Obeyd, I bound both the fore legs of the camel with two bonds: but correctly, I bound the two fore legs of the camel with the two ends of a rope; the last word meaning a single rope: (T:) عَقَلْتُهُ بِثَنْيَيْنِ means I bound one of his fore shanks to the arm with two ties, or tyings. (T, M.) b4: ثَنْىٌ [as inf. n. of ثَنَى] also signifies The act of drawing, or joining, or adjoining, one [thing] to another; (Lth, T, Mgh;) and so ↓ تَثْنِيَةٌ [inf. n. of ثنّى]. (Mgh.) b5: [As ثَلَثَهُمْ signifies “ he took the third of their property,” and “ he made them, with himself, three,” and other verbs of number are used in similar senses, so] ثَنَاهُ signifies He took the half of their property: or he drew, or adjoined, to him what became with him two: (TA:) or ثَنَيْتُهُ, (S, Msb,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (Msb,) signifies I became (S, Msb) to him, (S,) or with him, (Msb,) a second; (S, Msb;) or I was a second to him, or it: (Er-Rághib:) or one should not say thus, but that Az says, (M,) هُوَ وَاحِدٌ فَاثْنِهِ (M, K [but in the latter, هٰذَا in the place of هُوَ, and in the CK, ↓ فأَثْنِه,]) he is one, and be thou a second to him. (M, K.) b6: ثَنَى, aor. as above, also signifies He made eleven to be twelve. (T in art. ثلث.) b7: ثَنَى الأَرْضَ, inf. n. as above, He turned over the land, or ground, twice for sowing, or cultivating: (Mgh, and A * and TA * in art. ثلث:) and ↓ تَثْنِيَةٌ [inf. n. of ثنّى] and ثُنُيَانٌ [app. another inf. n. of ثَنَى, and app. correctly written ثُنْيَانٌ] are often used by [the Imám] Mohammad in the sense of ثَنْىٌ: he who explains تَثْنِيَةٌ as signifying the turning over [the land, or ground,] for sowing, or cultivating, after the harvest, or as signifying the restoring land to its owner turned over for sowing, or cultivating, commits an inadvertence. (Mgh.) b8: فَاثْنِنِى, occurring in a poem of Kutheiyir 'Azzeh, is explained as meaning Then give thou to me a second time: (M, TA:) but this is strange: (TA:) [ISd says,] I have not seen it in any other instance. (M.) b9: لَا يَثْنِى وَلَا يَثْلِثُ, (a phrase mentioned by IAar, M,) or وَلَا يُثَلِّثُ ↓ لَا يُثَنِّى, or وَلَا يُثْلِثُ ↓ لَا يُثْنِى: see 1 in art. ثلث.2 ثنّاهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَثْنِيَةٌ, (S, K,) He made it two; or called it two. (S, M, MS b, K.) [Hence,] ثَنَّى means also He counted two; whence the saying, فُلَانٌ يُثَنِّى وَلَا يُثَلِّثُ; see art. ثلث: (A and TA in art. ثلث:) [and so, app., ↓ اِثَّنَى; for] a poet says, بَدَا بِأَبِى ثُمَّ اثَّنَى بِأَبِى أَبِى

[which seems plainly to mean He began with my father; then counted two with the father of my father]. (M.) b2: [He dualized it, namely, a word; made it to have a dual. b3: He marked it with two points, namely, a ت or a ى.] b4: He repeated it; iterated it. (Mgh.) See 1, in three places. b5: ثنّى لِامْرَأَتِهِ, or عِنْدَهَا, He remained two nights with his wife: and in like manner the verb is used in relation to any saying or action. (TA voce سَبَّعَ.) b6: ثنّى بِالأَمْرِ He did the thing immediately after another thing. (T.) b7: تَثْنِيَةٌ also signifies A man's requesting others [who are playing with him at the game called المَيْسِر] to return, for [a chance of] the stakes, his arrow, when it has been successful, and he has been secure, and has won. (Lh, M.) A2: See also 4.4 أَثْنَتْ, or ↓ اِثْتَنَتْ, She brought forth her second offspring. (TA in art. بكر.) b2: See also 1, in two places. b3: اثنى, (inf. n. إِثْنَآءٌ, TA,) He shed his tooth called the ثَنِيَّة; (S, Mgh, Msb;) he became what is termed ثُنِىّ; said of a camel [&c.]: (M, K:) he shed his رَوَاضِع [pl. of رَاضِعَة which is the same, in this case, as ثَنِيَّة]; said of a horse [&c.]. (IAar, T.) A2: اثنى عَلَيْهِ, (T, S, M, Msb, K, &c.,) inf. n. إِثْنَآءٌ; (T;) and ↓ ثنّى, inf. n. تَثْنِيَةٌ, accord. to the K, but this is a mistake for ↓ ثبّى, inf. n. تَثْبِيَةٌ; (TA;) He praised, eulogized, commended, or spoke well of, him: and he dispraised, censured, discommended, or spoke ill of, him: (T, * M, Msb, K:) the object is either God or a man: (T:) or it has the former meaning only: (M, K;) or the former meaning is the more common: (Msb:) accord. to IAar, اثنى signifies he spoke, or said, well, or good; and ill, or evil; and انثى, “he defamed,” or “did so in the absence of the object;” and “he disdained, scorned, shunned, disliked, or hated,” a thing: (T:) and you say, اثنى عَلَيْهِ خَيْرًا [He spoke, or said, well, or good, of him]; (S, and TA from a trad.;) and شَرًّا [ill, or evil], also. (TA from the same trad.) One says also, أَثْنَيْتُ فِعْلَهُ [I praised his deed]; meaning عَلَى فِعْلِهِ; or because أَثْنَى means مَدَحَ. (Ham p. 696.) 5 تثنّى: see 7. b2: Also He affected an inclining of his body, or a bending, or he inclined his body, or bent, from side to side; syn. تَمَايَلَ: (Har pp. 269 and 271:) and he walked with an elegant and a proud and self-conceited gait, with an affected inclining of the body from side to side; or with a twisting of the back, and with extended steps; syn. تَبَخْتَرَ. (Idem p. 271.) Yousay, تثنّى فِى مِشْيَتِهِ (S, and Har p. 269) He affected an inclining of his body, or a bending, or he inclined his body, or bent, from side to side, in his gait. (Har ib.) [And in like manner, and more commonly, one says of a woman.]7 انثنى, (T, S, M, K,) and ↓ تثنّى, and ↓ اِثَّنَى, of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ, (M, K,) originally اِثْتَنَى, (M,) and ↓ اِثْنَوْنَى, (T, S, K,) of the measure اِفْعَوْعَلَ, (T, S,) It was, or became, doubled, or folded; (T;) it had one part turned upon another; (M, K;) it was, or became, bent. (T, S.) b2: [Hence,] انثنى signifies also He turned, or turned away or back, (Har pp. 44 and 120,) عَنْ أَمْرٍ from an affair, after having determined to do it. (Lth in TA art. زمع.) 8 إِثْتَنَىَ see 7, and 4: b2: and see also 2.10 استثناهُ He set it aside as excluded; or he excluded it, or excepted it; مِنْ شَىْءٍ from a thing; syn. حَاشَاهُ: (M:) or he set it aside, or apart, for himself: and in the conventional language of the grammarians, [he excepted it; i. e.] he excluded it from the predicament in which another thing was included, or in which other things were included: (Mgh:) الاِسْتِثْنَآءُ [in grammar] is the turning away the agent from reaching the object of the اِسْتِثْنَآء: (Msb:) in the case of an oath [and the like], it means the saying إِنْ شَآءَ اللّٰهُ [If God will]. (Mgh.) [See ثُنْيَا.]12 اثنونى: see 7; and see also 1.

ثِنْىٌ A duplication, or doubling, of a thing: (T, * S, Msb:) pl. أَثْنَآءٌ; (S, Msb;) or the sing. may be ↓ ثَنًى. (Msb.) b2: A folding: so in the saying, أَنْفَذْتُ كَذَا ثِنْىَ كِتَابِى, (S, TA,) or فِى ثِنْىِ كِتَابِىِ (so in a copy of the S,) i. e., فِى طَيِّهِ [lit. I sent, or transmitted, such a thing within the folding of my writing, or letter; meaning infolded, or enclosed, in it; and included in it]. (S, TA.) b3: A duplicature, or fold, of a garment, or piece of cloth: (TA:) or what is turned back of the extremities thereof: (T:) pl. as above: whence, in a trad. of Aboo-Hureyreh, كَانَ يَثْنِيهِ عَلَيْهِ أَثْنَآءً مِنْ سَعَتِهِ [He used to fold it upon him in folds by reason of its width]; meaning the garment. (TA.) [Hence the saying,] وَكَانَ ذٰلِكَ فِى أَثْنَآءِ كَذَا, i. e., فى غُضُونِهِ [lit and that was in the folds, meaning, in the midst, of such a thing, or such an affair, or event]. (TA.) And جَاؤُوا فِى أَثْنَآءِ الأَمْرِ They came in the midst of the affair, or event. (Msb.) [And hence, app.,] مَضَى ثِنْىٌ مِنَ اللَّيْل An hour, or a period, or a short portion, of the night passed; (M, K; *) syn. سَاعَةٌ, (Th, M, K,) or وَقْتٌ. (Lh, M, K.) [See also what is said below respecting its pl. in relation to a night.] b4: Also sing. of أَثْنَآءٌ meaning The parts of a thing that are laid together like the strands of a rope, or that are laid one upon another as layers or strata, or side by side as the things that compose a bundle; (قُوَاهُ, and طَاقَاتُهُ; [rendered by Freytag “ virtutes, facultates rei; ”]) and ↓ مَثَانٍ, of which the sing. is ↓ مَثْنَاةٌ and ↓ مِثْنَاةٌ, signifies the same. (M, K.) b5: Also A bending of the neck of a sheep, or goat, not in consequence of disease: (K: but in the M, ثَنْىٌ [inf. n. of 1]:) and a serpent's bending, or folding, of itself: (M, K:) and also (thus in the M, but in the K “or”) a curved part of a serpent that has folded itself; (M, K;) pl. أَثْنَآءٌ, (M,) i. e. the folds of a coiled serpent. (T.) The pl. is used metaphorically [as though meaning (tropical:) The turns] of a night. (M. [But see explanations of the sing. as used in relation to a night in what precedes.] b6: A part that is bent, or folded, or doubled, of a وِشَاح [q. v.]; (TA;) pl. as above: (T, TA:) and so of a rope: (S:) or a portion of the extremity of a rope folded, or doubled, [so as to form a loop,] for binding therewith the pastern of the fore leg of a beast, to serve as a tether. (T.) Tarafeh says, لَعَمْرُكَ إِنَّ المَوْتَ مَا أَخْطَأَ الفَتَى

لَكَالطِّوَلِ المُرْخَى وَثِنْيَاهُ بِالْيَدِ [By thy life, death, while missing the strong young man, is like the tether that is slackened while the two folded extremities thereof are upon the fore leg, or in the hand: see طِوَلٌ]: (T, S:) he means that the young man must inevitably die, though his term of life be protracted; like as the beast, though his tether be lengthened and slackened, cannot escape, being withheld by its two extremities: (so in a copy of the T:) or by ثنياه he means its extremity; using the dual form because it is folded, or doubled, upon the pastern, and tied with a double tie: (so in another copy of the T:) or he means, while its two extremities are in the hand of its owner: (EM p. 91:) by ما اخطأ, he means فِى إِخْطَائِهِ, (S in art. طول,) or مُدَّةَ إِخْطَائِهِ: and the ل [prefixed to the ك of comparison] is for corroboration. (EM ubi suprá.) You say also, رَبَّقَ أَثْنَآءَ الحَبْلِ, meaning He made loops in the middle of the rope to put upon the necks of the young lambs or kids. (T.) b7: Also A bend, or place of bending, of a valley, (S, M, * K,) and of a mountain: (S:) pl. as above: (M, K:) and ↓ مَثَانٍ [likewise] signifies the bends of a valley. (T, K.) A2: A she-camel that has brought forth twice, (S,) or two, (M,) or a second time: (K:) or, as some say, that has brought forth once: but the former is more analogical: (M:) one does not say ثِلْثٌ [as meaning “ that has brought forth thrice ”], nor use any similar epithet above this: (S, TA:) pl. ثُنَآءٌ, like ظُؤَارٌ pl. of ظِئْرٌ, accord. to Sb, (M, TA,) and أَثْنَآءٌ accord. to others: (TA:) in like manner it is applied to a woman, (S, M,) metaphorically: (M:) and to the she-camel's second young one: (S, M:) accord. to As, as related by A'Obeyd, a she-camel that has brought forth once: also that has brought forth twice: [so says Az, but he adds,] but what I have heard from the Arabs is this; that they term a she-camel that has brought forth her first young one بِكْر; and her first young one, her بِكْر; and when she brought forth a second, she is termed ثِنْىٌ; and her young one, her ثِنْى: and this is what is correct. (T.) [Hence the saying,] مَا هٰذَا الأَمْرُ مِنْكَ بِكْرًا وَلَا ثِنْيًا (tropical:) This thing, or affair, is not thy first nor thy second. (A and TA in art. بكر.) b2: See also ثُنْيَانٌ.

ثَنًى: see ثِنْىٌ, first sentence.

ثُنًى: see ثِنًى: b2: and see also ثُنْيَانٌ: b3: and اِثْنَانِ.

ثِنًى The repetition of a thing; doing it one time after another: (Aboo-Sa'eed, TA:) or a thing, or an affair, done twice: (S, Msb, TA:) this is the primary signification: (TA:) and ↓ ثُنًى signifies the same. (IB, TA.) It is said in a trad., لَا ثِنَى فِى الصَّدَقَةِ There shall be no repetition in the taking of the poor-rate; (IAth, TA;) [i. e.] the poor-rate shall not be taken twice in one year: (As, Ks, T, S, M, Mgh, K:) or two she-camels shall not be taken in the place of one for the poor-rate: (M, IAth, K: *) or there shall be no retracting of an alms; or no revoking it: (Mgh, K, * TA:) this last is the meaning accord. to Aboo-Sa'eed, (Mgh, TA,) i. e. Ed-Dareeree, (Mgh,) who, in explaining this trad., as relating to the giving an alms to a man and then desiring to take it back, says he does not deny that ثِنًى

has the meaning first assigned to it above in this paragraph. (TA.) b2: See also ثُنْيانٌ: b3: and اِثْنَانِ.

ثَنْوَى and ثُنْوَى: see ثُنْيَا, in four places.

ثُنْيَةٌ: see ثُنْيَا, in three places.

ثِنْيَةٌ The lowest, most ignoble, or meanest, of the people of his house; applied to a man. (S, TA.) b2: Also pl. of ثُنْيَانٌ, q. v. (S, K.) ثُنْيَا a subst. from اِسْتِثْنَآءٌ; (S, Mgh, Msb;) as also ↓ ثَنْوَى; the former with damm, and the latter with fet-h: (S, Msb:) both are syn. with اِسْتِثْنَآءٌ [used as a subst., meaning An exception]; (T;) as also ↓ ثَنِيَّةٌ, (T, K,) or ↓ ثُنْيَةٌ, (accord. to one copy of the T,) and ↓ مَثْنَوِيَّةٌ: (T:) so in the saying, حَلَفَ يَمِينًا لَيْسَ فِيهَا ثُنْيَا and ↓ ثُنْوَى and ↓ ثَنِيَّةٌ or ↓ ثُنْيَةٌ and ↓ مَثْنَوِيَّةٌ [he swore an oath in which there was not an exception]; for when the swearer says, “By God I will not do such and such things unless God will otherwise,” he reverses what he [first] says by God's willing otherwise: (T: [see 10:]) [and so in the saying,] ↓ حَلْفَةٌ غَيْرُ ذَاتِ مَثْنَوِيَّةٍ a swearing not made lawful [by an exception]: (M:) [so too in the saying,] ↓ بَيْعٌ مَا فِيهِ مَثْنَوِيَّةٌ [and ثُنْيَا &c.] (K in art. لحج) a sale in which there is not an exception: (TA in that art.:) or ثُنْيَا signifies a thing excepted, (M, Mgh, K,) whatever it be; (K) as also ↓ ثَنْوَى, (M, K,) with و substituted for ى, (M,) or ↓ ثُنْوَى, (so in the TA, [but probably through inadvertence,]) and ↓ ثَنِيَّةٌ, (M, K,) or ↓ ثُنْيَةٌ. (TA.) In a sale, it is unlawful when it is the exception of a thing unknown; and when one sells a slaughtered camel for a certain price and excepts the head and extremities: (T, TA:) or when an exception is made from things sold without measuring or weighting or numbering: and in a contract with another for labour upon land on the condition of sharing the produce, it is when one excepts a certain measure after the half or the third. (IAth, TA.) The saying of Mo-hammad, مَنِ اسْتَثْنَى فَلَهُ ثُنْيَاهُ means Whoso maketh an exception, his shall be what he excepteth: (M, TA: *) as, for instance, when one says, “I divorce her thrice, save once: ” or “ I emancipate them, except such a one. ” (TA.) b2: It also means particularly The head and legs of a slaughtered camel; (T, M, * K;) because the seller of the camel used, in the Time of Ignorance, to except them; (T;) and IF adds, but incorrectly, the back-bone: (Sgh, TA:) whence, applied to a she-camel, مُذَكَّرَةُ الثُّنْيَا, (T, M,) meaning Resembling the make of the male in [the largeness of] her head and legs; (Th, M;) or جُمَالِيَّةُ الثُّنْيَا, having thick legs, like those of the male camel in thickness. (T.) [Also, app., The exception, or omission, of a day, in irrigation: see 3 in art. ثلث, and ثِلْثٌ in the same art.] and ↓ ثَنِيَّةٌ signifies also A palm-tree that is excepted from a bargain. (M, K.) And The martyrs whom God has excepted from those who shall fall down dead or swooning: (M, K:) these, accord. to Kaab, are اللّٰهِ فِى الأَرْضِ ↓ ثَنِيّةُ [those whom God has excepted on the earth]; (T, M;) alluded to in the Kur [xxxix. 68], where it is said, “and the horn shall be blown, and those who are in the heavens and those on the earth shall fall down dead, or swooning, except those whom God shall please [to except]. ” (T.) ثُنْيَانٌ The second chief; the person who comes second as a chief; (A'Obeyd, T;) the person who is [next] below the سَيِّد, (S, M, K, [in some copies of the K, erroneously, سيل,]) in rank; (S;) as also ↓ ثِنًى (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, K) and ↓ ثُنًى (A'Obeyd, T, S, K) and ↓ ثِنْىٌ: (K:) pl. (of the first, S) ثِنْيَةٌ [which is also a sing., mentioned above]. (S, K.) [See an ex. in a verse cited voce بَدْءٌ.] b2: A man having no judgment nor intelligence, or understanding. (M, K.) b3: Applied to judgment, or an opinion, (M, K,) (tropical:) Wrong, or having a wrong tendency; (M;) bad, corrupt, unsound, or wrong. (K, TA.) A2: Also a pl. of ثَنِىٌّ [q. v.]. (S, M, &c.) ثَنَوِىٌّ rel. n. of اِثْنَانِ, and of اِثْنَا عَشَرَ, when either or these is used as the proper name of a man; as also ↓ اِثْنِىٌّ [with ا when connected with a preceding word]; like بِنَوِىٌّ and اِبْنِىٌّ as rel. ns. of اِبْنٌ. (S.) b2: And الثَّنَوِيَّةُ [The Dualists;] the sect who assert the doctrine of Dualism [الاِثْنَيْنِيَّة]. (TA.) ثَنَآءٌ, [and accord. to the CK, ثَنِيَّةٌ, but this is a mistranscription for تَثْنِيَة, inf. n. of ثَنَّى, and تَثْنِيَة is a mistake for تَثْبِيَة, inf. n. of ثَبَّى, (see 4,)] Praise, eulogy, or commendation, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) of a man, (T, M,) and of God: (T:) and dispraise, censure, or discommendation, (T, M, Msb, K,) of a man: (T, M:) or the former only: (M, K:) or more frequently the former: (Msb:) so termed because it is repeated: (Ham p. 696:) that it relates to good speech and evil is asserted by many. (TA.) ثُنَآءُ and ثُنَآءَ: see مَثْنَى.

ثِنَآءٌ The cord, or rope, with which a camel's fore shank and his arm are bound together; (S, K;) and the like; consisting of a folded, or doubled, cord, or rope: each of the folds, or duplicatures, thereof would be thus termed if the word were used in the sing. form: (S:) Ibn-EsSeed [in the CK, erroneously, Ibn-Es-Seedeh] allows it; and therefore it is given as on his authority in the K: (TA:) and Lth allows it; but in this instance he allows what the Arabs do not allow: (T:) you say, عَقَلْتُ البَعِيرَ بِثِنَايَيْنِ, meaning I bound together the fore shanks and the arms of the camel with a rope, (S,) or with two ropes, (M, [but this is probably a mistake of a copyist,]) or with the two ends of a rope; (Az, T, S, M;) without ء because the word has no sing.: (Kh, Sb, T, S:) Lth allows one's saying بِثِنَآءَيْنِ also; but the Basrees and Koofees [in general] agree that it is without ء: (T:) IB says that it has no sing. because it is a single rope, with one end of which one fore leg is bound, and with the other end the other leg; and IAth says the like: (TA:) this rope is also called ↓ ثِنَايَةٌ; but a single rope for binding one fore shank and arm is not thus called. (T.) See also ثِنَايَةٌ. b2: And see ثَانٍ.

A2: The فِنَآء [or court, or open or wide space, in front, or extending from the sides,] (M, K,) of a house: (M:) [in the CK, الغِناءُ is erroneously put for الفِناءُ:] accord. to IJ, from ثَنَى, aor. ـْ because there one is turned back, by its limits, from expatiating; but A'Obeyd holds the ث to be a substitute for ف. (M.) ثَنِىٌّ Shedding his tooth called the ثَنِيَّة [q. v.]: (S, M, Msb:) or that has shed the tooth so called: (T, Mgh:) applied to a camel &c., as follows: (T, S, M, &c.:) or, as some say, to any animal that has shed that tooth, except man: (M:) fem. with ة: (T, S, M, Msb, K:) a camel in the sixth year; (T, S, M, IAth, Mgh, Msb, K;) the least age at which he may be sacrificed: (T:) and a horse in the fourth year; (IAar, T, Mgh, K;) or in the third year: (S, Msb:) and a cloven-hoofed animal, (S, Mgh, Msb,) or a sheep or goat and an animal of the bovine kind, [respecting which last see عَضْبٌ,] (T, IAth, K,) in the third year: (T, S, IAth, Mgh, Msb, K:) or a sheep and a goat, (M,) the latter accord. to the persuasion of Ahmad [Ibn-Hambal], (TA,) in the second year: (M:) and a gazelle after the age at which he is termed جَذَعٌ: (M: [see شَصَرٌ:]) in all cases, after what is termed جَذَعٌ and before what is termed رَبَاعٍ: (Mgh:) pl. (masc., S, TA) ثُنْيَانٌ and ثِنَآءٌ (S, M, Mgh, Msb) and ثُنَآءٌ, and, accord. to Sb, ثُنٍ; (M;) and pl. fem. ثَنِيَّاتٌ. (S.) الثُّنَىُّ, or الثُّنِىُّ: see اِثْنَانِ.

ثَنِيَّةٌ I. q. عَقَبَةٌ: (AA, M, Mgh, K:) or the latter means a long mountain that lies across the road, and which the road traverses; and the former, any such mountain that is traversed: (T:) so called because it lies before the road, and crosses it; or because it turns away him who traverses it: (Mgh:) or the road of what is termed عَقَبَة: (S; and so in copies of the K:) or a high road of what is thus termed: (K accord. to the TA:) or a road in, or upon, a mountain, (M, K,) like that which is termed نَقْبٌ [q. v.]: (M:) or a road to a mountain: (M, K:) or a mountain (M, K) itself: (M:) or a part of a mountain that requires one, in traversing it, to ascend and descend; as though it turned the course of journeying: (Er-Rághib, TA:) pl. ثَنَايَا: (T, S:) which signifies also [such roads as are termed] مَدَارِج. (T.) Hence the phrase, فُلَانٌ طَلَّاعُ الثَّنَايَا Such a one rises to eminences, or to lofty things or circumstances, or to the means of attaining such things; like the phrase طَلَّاعُ أَنْجُدٍ

[q. v.]: (S:) or, like the latter phrase, is accustomed to embark in, or undertake, or to surmount, or master, lofty and difficult things: (Mgh:) or is hardy, strong, or sturdy; one who embarks in, or undertakes, great affairs. (TA. [See an ex. under the heading of اِبْنُ جَلَا, in art. جلو: and see also art. طلع.]) b2: Also, (T, S, M, &c.,) pl. ثَنَايَا (T, S, Mgh, Msb) and ثَنِيَّاتٌ, (Msb,) One of certain teeth, (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K,) the foremost in the mouth, (M,) [namely, the central incisors,] four in number, (T, M, Mgh, Msb,) to man, and to the camel, (T, M, &c.,) and to the wild beast, (M,) in the fore part of the mouth, (T, Mgh, K,) two above and two below: (T, M, Mgh, K:) so called as being likened to the ثَنِيَّة of a mountain, in form and hardness; (TA;) or because each of them is placed next to its fellow. (Mgh.) A2: Also fem. of ثَنِىٌّ [q. v.]. (T, S, M, &c.) A3: See also ثُنْيَا, in five places.

ثِنَايَةٌ A cord, or rope, of goats' hair (شَعَر), or of wool, (S, K,) or of other material; (K;) as also ↓ ثِنَآءٌ (K) and ↓ مِثْنَاةٌ and ↓ مَثْنَاةٌ; (M, K;) which last is explained by IAar as signifying [simply] a cord, or rope: (M:) [or] the first has the meaning assigned to it above, voce ثِنَآءٌ; syn. with ثِنَايَانِ: and signifies also a long rope; whence the saying of Zuheyr, describing the [she-camel termed] سَانِيَة, تَمْطُو الرِّشَآءَ وَتُجْرِى فِى ثِنَايَتِهَا مِنَ المَحَالَةِ قَبًّا رَائِدًا قَلِقَا (T,) meaning [She draws the well-rope, and causes to run,] with her ثناية upon her, (ISk, T,) [a wabbling, unsteady, sheave (?) of the large pulley;] the ثناية here being a rope of which the two ends are tied to the saddle (قَتَب) of the سانية; the [upper] end of the well-rope being tied to its ↓ مِثْنَاة [which here means the folded middle part]: (T:) but Aboo-Sa'eed says that it [here] means a piece of wood by which are connected the two extremities of the cheeks, or side-pieces, (طرفا الميلين, [the latter of which words I here render conjecturally, supposing it to be similar in meaning to القَعْوِ or القَعْوَيْنِ,]) above the محالة, and a similar piece below; the محالة and [qu. or] the sheave turning between the tow pieces thus called. (T, in a later portion of the art.) ثُنَائِىٌّ [a rel. n. from اِثْنَانِ, anomalously formed, but analogous with other rel. ns. from ns. of number, as رُبَاعِىٌّ ثُلَاثِىٌّ, &c., Of, or relating to, two things]. b2: كَلِمَةٌ ثُنَائِيَّةٌ A word comprising, or composed of, two letters; as يَدٌ, and دُمْ [or دَمٌ?]. (TA.) ثِنْتَانِ a fem of اِثْنَانِ, q. v.

ثَانٍ [act. part. n. of 1; Doubling, or folding; &c.]. Hence, هُوَ ثَانٍ رِجْلَهُ While he was bending his leg before rising, or standing up. (TA from a trad.) [And جَآءَ ثَانِىَ عِطْفِهِ: see art. عطف.] One says of a horseman who has bent the neck of his beast on the occasion of his vehement running, جَآءَ ثَانِىَ العِنَانِ [He came bending the rein by pulling it with both hands a little apart]: (T:) or جَآءَ ثَانِيًا مِنْ عِنَانِهِ [he came bending a part of his rein]. (S.) And of the horse himself, one says, جَآءَ سَابِقًا ثَانِيًا, i. e. He came outstripping, with bent neck, by reason of briskness; because when he is fatigued, he stretches out his neck; and when he is not fatigued nor jaded by running, but comes in his first run, he bends his neck: and hence the saying of the poet, وَمَنْ يَفْخَرْ بِمِثْلِ أَبِى وَجَدِّى

يَجِئْ قَبْلَ السَّوَابِقِ وَهُوَ ثَانِى

i. e. [And he who glories in the like of my father and my grandfather, let him come before the mares that outstrip,] he being like the horse that outstrips [all others], with bent neck; or it may mean, he bending the neck of his horse which has outstripped the others. (T.) [Hence also,] شَاةٌ ثَانِيَةٌ A sheep, or goat, bending the neck, not in consequence of disease. (M, K.) b2: [Also Second; the ordinal of two: fem. with ة.] You say, هٰذَا ثَانِى هٰذَا [This is the second of this]; i. e. this is what has made this a pair, or couple: (M:) and فُلَانٌ (T) or هٰذَا (S) ثَانِى اثْنَيْنِ, (T, S,) i. e. Such a one, or this, is [the second of two, or] one of the two; (T, S;) like as you say ثَالِتُ ثَلَاثَةٍ; and so on to عَشَرَة: but not with tenween: (S:) [i. e.,] you may not say ثانٍ اثْنَيْنِ: (T: [see ثَالِثٌ:]) but if the two [terms] disagree, you may use either mode; (S;) you may say, هٰذَا (S) or هُوَ (Mgh) ثَانِى وَاحِدٍ and ثَانٍ وَاحِدًا, (S, Mgh,) i. e. This has become a second to one, (S,) [or rather, becomes &c. (i. e. يَثْنِى rather than ثَنَى),] or he, or it, makes one, with himself, or itself, to be two. (Mgh.) ↓ ثِنَآء also signifies the same in a trad. respecting the office of commander, or governor, or prince; where it is said, أَوَّلُهَا مَلَامَةٌ وَثِنَاؤُهَا نَدَامَةٌ وَثِلَاثُهَا عَذابُ يَوْمِ القِيَامَةِ إِلَّا مَنْ عَدَلَ, i. e. [The first result thereof is blame, and] the second [is regret, and] the third [is the punishment of the day of resurrection, except in the case of him who acts equitably]: so says Sh. (T.) b3: And الثَّوَانِى [pl. of الثَّانِيَةُ] signifies [The second horns;] the horns that are [next] after the أَوَائِل. (M.) b4: [ثَانِىَ عَشَرَ and ثَانِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ, the former masc. and the latter fem., meaning Twelfth, are subject to the same rules as ثَالِثَ عَشَرَ and its fem., explained in art. ثلث.]

أَثْنَآءٌ pl. of ثِنْىٌ and of اِثْنَانِ: and also syn. with this latter, q. v.

اِثْنِىٌّ: see ثَنَوِىٌّ.

اِثْنَانِ a noun of number; (S, Msb;) applied to the dual number; (Msb;) meaning [Two;] the double of وَاحِدٌ; (M, K;) with a conjunctive ا [when not immediately preceded by a quiescence, written اثْنَانِ]; (T, S, Msb;) but this is sometimes made disjunctive when connected with a preceding word by poetic license: (T, S:) of the masc. gender: (S:) fem. اِثْنَتَانِ, (T, S, Msb,) in which, also, the ا is conjunctive; (T, Msb;) and ↓ ثِنْتَانِ; (T S, M, Msb, K;) the latter sometimes used, (T,) [much less frequently than the former, though the only fem. form mentioned in the M and K,] and of the dial. of Temeem; (Msb;) like as one says, هِىَ ابْنَةُ فُلَانٍ and هِىَ بِنْتُهُ: (T:) the ت in the dual is a substitute for the final radical, ى, (M, TA,) as it is in أَسْنَتُوا, the only other instance of this substitution except in words of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ: (Sb, M, TA:) in اِثْنَانِ, the final radical, ى is suppressed: (Msb:) it has no sing.: (Lth, T:) if it were allowable to assign to it a sing., it would be اِثْنٌ [for the masc.] and اِثْنَةٌ [for the fem.], like اِبْنٌ and اِبْنَةٌ: (S:) accord. to some, (Msb,) it is originally ثِنْىٌ; (T, Msb, CK;) and hence the dual ثِنْتَانِ: (Msb:) or it is originally ثَنَىٌ, (M, Msb, and so in a copy of the K,) the conjunctive ا being then substituted for the ى whence the dual اثْنَانِ, like ابْنَانِ: (Msb:) this is shown by the form of its pl., which is أَثْنَآءٌ, (M, K,) like أَبْنَآءٌ [pl. of ابْنٌ, which is originally بَنَىٌ or بَنَوٌ,] and آخَآءٌ [pl. of أَخٌ, which is originally أَخَوٌ]. (M.) In the saying in the Kur [xvi. 53], لَا تَتَّخِذُوا إِٰلهَيْنِ اثْنَيْنِ [Take not to yourselves two gods], the last word is added as a corroborative. (M.) The phrase ثِنْتَا حَنْظَلٍ occurs, by poetic license, for اِثْنَتَانِ مِنْ حَنْظَلٍ, meaning حَنْظَلَتَانِ [Two colo-cynths]. (S.) You say also, القَدَحِ ↓ شَرِبْتُ أَثْنَآءَ, and شَرِبْتُ اثْنَىْ هٰذَا القَدَحِ, meaning [I drank] twice as much as the bowl, and as this bowl: and in like manner, شَرِبْتُ اثْنَىْ مُدِّ البَصْرَةِ and اثْنَيْنِ بِمُدِّ البَصْرَةِ [I drank twice the quantity of the مُدّ of El-Basrah]. (M.) And a poet says, ↓ فَمَا حُلِبَتْ إِلَّا الثَّلَاثَةَ وَالثُّنَى

وَلَا قُيِّلَتْ إِلَّا قَرِيبًا مَقَالُهَا meaning [And she was not milked save] three vessels and two, [nor was she given her middaydrink save when her midday-resting was near.] (IAar, M.) b2: Hence, (Msb,) يَوْمُ الاِثْنَيْنِ, (S, Msb,) or الاِثْنَانِ alone, (M, K,) One of the days of the week; [the second; namely, Monday;] because the first, with the Arabs, is الأَحَدُ; (M;) as also ↓ الثِّنَى, like إِلَى; (K;) so in the copies of the K; [or,] accord. to some, ↓ الثُّنِىُّ, [originally الثُّنُوىُ,] of the measure فُعُول, like ثُدِىٌّ [pl. of ثَدْىٌ], is used in this sense; (TA;) or ↓ اليَوْمُ الثُّنَىُّ, [so in the M, accord. to the TT,] mentioned by Sb, on the authority of certain of the Arabs: (M:) the pl. is أَثْنَآءٌ and أَثَانِينُ, (M, K,) the latter mentioned on the authority of Th: but it has no dual: and those who say أَثْنَآءٌ form this pl. from الاِثْنُ, although this has not been in use: (M:) or it has neither dual nor pl., (S, Msb,) being itself a dual; (S;) but if you would form a pl. from it, you would regard it as itself a sing., and make its pl. أَثَانِينُ: (S, Msb:) IB says that أَثَانِينُ has not been heard [from the Arabs], and is only mentioned by Fr, on the ground of analogy; that it is far-fetched in respect of analogy; and that the pl. heard is أَثْنَآءٌ: Seer and others mention, as heard from the Arabs, إِنَّهُ لَيَصُومُ الأَثْنَآءَ [Verily he fasts on the Mondays]. (TA.) الثنين in يوم الثنين has no dim. (Sb, S in art. امس.) IJ says that the article ال in الثنين is not redundant, though the word is not an epithet: Abu-l-'Abbás says that the prefixing of the article in this case is allowable because the virtual meaning is اليَوْمُ الثَّانِى [the second day]. (M.) The saying اليَوْمُ الاِثْنَانِ means The name of to-day [is الاثنان]; and is like the saying اليَوْمُ يَوْمَانِ [to-day is two days] and اليَوْمُ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ مِنَ الشَّهْرِ [to-day is fifteen of the month]. (Sb, M.) Sometimes, يَوْمُ اثْنَيْنِ, without the article ال, occurs in poetry. (M, K.) When a pronoun refers to الاثنان [as meaning Monday], this word may be treated in two ways, [as a sing. and as a dual,] but the more chaste way is to treat it as a sing., as meaning the day: (Msb:) [thus,] Aboo-Ziyád used to say, مَضَى الاِثْنَانِ بِمَا فِيهِ [Monday passed with what occurred in it]; making it sing. and masc.; and thus he did in the case of every day of the week, except that he made الجُمْعَة fem.: Abu-I-Jarráh used to say, مَضَى الاِثْنَانِ بِمَا فِيهِمَا, treating the word as a numeral; and thus he treated the third and fourth and fifth days, saying in each of these cases بِمَا فِيهِنَّ. (M.) b3: [اِثْنَا عَشَرَ, fem. اِثْنَتَا عَشْرَةَ; respectively, in a case of nasb and khafd, اِثْنَىْ عَشَرَ and اِثْنَتَىْ عَشْرَةَ; and with ا when not immediately preceded by a quiescence; mean Twelve: see عَشَرَةٌ.]

اِثْنَوِىٌّ, [with ا when not immediately preceded by a quiescence, in the CK erroneously written اَثْنَوِىّ,] One who fasts alone on the second day of the week. (IAar, Th, M, K.) الاِثْنَيْنِيَّةُ [The doctrine of dualism: see ثَنَوِىٌّ]. (TA.) مَثْنَى (S, Mgh) and ↓ ثُنَآءُ (T, S) [Two and two; two and two together; or two at a time and two at a time]: they are imperfectly decl., in like manner as [مَثْلَثُ and] ثُلَاثُ, as explained in art. ثلث; (S, TA;) [because] changed from the original form of اِثْنَانِ اثْنَانِ; (T, Mgh, TA;) or because of their having the quality of epithets and deviating from the original form of اِثْنَانِ; (Sb, S in art. ثلث, q. v.;) or because they deviate from their original as to the letter and the meaning; the original word being changed as above stated, and the meaning being changed to اِثْنَانِ اثْنَانِ. (S ibid.) You say, جَاؤُوا مَثْنَى and ↓ ثُنَآءَ (M, K) or مَثْنَى مَثْنَى, (S,) but this is a repetition of the word only, not of the meaning, (Mgh,) and in like manner one says of women, (M, K, *) i. e. They came two [and] two. (S, M, K.) And it is said in a trad., صَلَاةُ اللَّيْلِ مَثْنَى مَثْنَى, i. e. The prayer of night is two rek'ahs [and] two rek'ahs (رَكْعَتَانِ رَكْعَتَانِ). (TA.) [See also other exs. voce ثُلَاثُ.] b2: مَثْنَى الأَيَادِى The repeating a benefit, or benefaction; or reiterating it; conferring it twice, or thrice; (As, T, K;) or twice, or more than twice: (K:) or the shares remaining of the slaughtered camel (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, K) in the game called المَيْسِر, (A'Obeyd, T, S, K,) which shares a bountiful man used to purchase, and give for food to the أَبْرَام, (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, K,) i. e., those who took no part in the game, not contributing: (M:) or the taking a portion time after time. (AA, T, S, M.) b3: مَثَانٍ [is pl. of مَثْنًى as signifying A place of doubling, or folding &c.: and hence means b4: ] The knees and elbows of a horse or similar beast. (T, K.) b5: And The bends of a valley. (T, K. See ثِنْىٌ.) b6: And, as pl. of مَثْنًى, The chords of the lute that are after the first: (M, K:) or مثنى signifies a chord [of a lute] composed of two twists: or, as some say, the second chord. (Har p. 244. See مَثْلَثٌ.) b7: مَثْنًى also signifies The زِمَام [or noserein] of a she-camel: and Er-Rághib says that the مثناة [i. e. ↓ مَثْنَاة or ↓ مِثْنَاة] is the doubled, or folded, part of the extremity of the زِمَام. (TA.) b8: المَثَانِى as relating to the Kur-án is pl. of مَثْنًى, (Mgh,) or of ↓ مَثْنَاةٌ: (AHeyth, T, Mgh:) it has three applications, accord. to A'Obeyd: (T, Mgh:) it signifies The Kur-án altogether; (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, Mgh, K;) so in the Kur xxxix 24; (A'Obeyd, T, Mgh;) meaning that the mention of reward and punishment is repeated, or reiterated, in it; (Fr, T;) or so called because the verse of mercy is conjoined with that of punishment; (S;) or because narratives and promises and threats are repeated in it; or because one peruses it repeatedly without being wearied: (Mgh:) or it signifies, (M, K,) or signifies also, (A'Obeyd, T, S, Mgh,) [the first chapter, called] the فَاتِحَة, (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, Mgh,) or الحَمْدُ, (K,) which means the same; (TA;) so in the Kur xv. 87; (A'Obeyd, T, Mgh;) because it is repeated, or recited twice, in every [act of prayer termed a] رَكْعَة, (Fr, Zj, AHeyth, T, S,) or with every chapter, (Th, M,) or in every prayer; (Mgh;) or because containing praise of God: (Zj, T, Mgh:) [but see السَّبْعُ المَثَانِى voce سَبْعَةٌ:] or it signifies, (M, K,) or signifies also, (A'Obeyd, T, S, Mgh,) the chapters that are less than those containing a hundred verses, (S, M, Mgh,) or that are less than the long ones (الطُّوَل, q. v.), and less than those containing a hundred verses, (A'Obeyd, T, K, but in [most of] the copies of the K دُونَ المِأَتَيْنِ is put in the place of دُونَ المِئِينَ, which is the right reading, TA,) and more than [those of the portion called] the مُفَصَّل, (A'Obeyd, T, Mgh, K,) as is related on the authority of the Prophet by Ibn-Mes'ood and 'Othmán and Ibn-'Abbás; (AHeyth, T;) because, (Mgh,) or as though, (T,) occupying the second place after those containing a hundred verses: (T, Mgh:) or the chapters, (T, K,) six and twenty in number, (T,) entitled الحَجّ and القَصَص and النَّمْل and النُّور and الأَنْفَال and مَرْيَم and العَنْكَبُوت and الرُّوم and يَاسِين and الفُرْقَان and الحِجْر and الرَّعْد and سَبَا and المَلَائِكَة and إِبْرَاهِيم and صَاد and مُحَمَّد and لُقْمٰن and الغُرَف and المُؤْمِن and الزُّخْرُف and السَّجْدَة and الأَحْقَاف and الجَاثِيَة and الدُّخَان (T, K) and الأَحْزَاب, (K,) which last has been omitted by the copyists of the T: (TA:) or the chapters of which the first is the بَقَرَة, and the last is بَرَآءَة: or what is repeated, of the Kur-án, time after time. (M, K.) مَثْنَاةٌ; pl. مَثَانٍ: see ثِنْىٌ: and ثِنَايَةٌ: and مَثْنًى; the last in two places. b2: It is said in a trad. that one of the signs of the resurrection will be the public reading, or reciting, of the مَثْنَاة, (T, S,) which means That which has been desired to be transcribed from a source other than the Book of God: (T:) or a certain book, (T, K,) [the Mishna,] which the learned men, and the recluses, of the Children of Israel, after Moses, composed after their own desire, from a source other than the Book of God, as A'Obeyd says on the authority of a man learned in the books of the earlier times, (T,) containing the histories of the Children of Israel after Moses, in which they allowed and disallowed what they pleased: (K:) or what is sung: (K:) or what is called in Persian دُو بَيْتِى, (S, K,) which means two verses, each composed of a pair of hemistichs; (TA;) i. e. what is sung; but A'Obeyd explains it otherwise than thus: (S:) it is what is known among the 'Ajam by the term ↓ مَثْنَوِىٌّ, as though this were a rel. n. from مَثْنَاةٌ: the vulgar say [erroneously] ذُو بَيْت, with the pointed ذ. (TA.) مِثْنَاةٌ; pl. مَثَانٍ: see ثِنْىٌ: and ثِنَايَةٌ; the latter in two places: and see also مَثْنًى.

مُثَنًّى [pass. part. n. of 2. b2: Dualized: a dual. b3: مُثَنَّاةٌ فَوْقِيَّةٌ Marked with two points above: an epithet added to تآء to prevent its being mistaken for بآء or ثآء or يآء. And مُثَنَّاةٌ تَحْتِيَّةٌ Marked with two points below: an epithet added to يآء to prevent its being mistaken for بآء or تآء or ثآء.]

b4: الطَّويلُ المُثَنَّى (assumed tropical:) That which passes away [out of sight, or disappears,] by length; mostly used of a thing that is long without breadth. (TA.) مَثْنِىٌّ [pass. part. n. of 1; Doubled or folded &c.] b2: أَرْضٌ مَثْنِيَّةٌ Land, or ground, turned over twice for sowing, or cultivating. (Mgh, and A and TA in art. ثلث.) مَثْنَوِىٌّ: see مَثْنَاةٌ.

مَثْنَوِيَّةٌ: see ثُنْيَا, in four places.

قد

1 قَدَّهُ, aor. ـُ (S, M, O, L, Msb,) inf. n. قَدٌّ; (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K;) and ↓ قدّدهُ, (M, L,) [but this app. has an intensive signification, or denotes repetition of the action, or its relation to several objects,] inf. n. تَقْدِيدٌ; (L, K;) and ↓ اقتدّهُ, (M, L,) inf. n. اِقْتِدَادٌ; (K;) He cut it in an enlongated form; or lengthwise: (IDrd, M, L, K:) or slit, split, clave, rent, or divided, it, (namely, a thong, &c., S, O, L, and a garment, or piece of cloth, L,) lengthwise: (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K:) and he cut it off entirely: (M, L, K:) or he cut it, or cut it off, in an absolute sense: (TA:) he cut it, namely, a skin: and he rent it, namely, a garment, or piece of cloth, or the like. (L.) One says, ضَرَبَهُ بِالسَّيْفِ فَقَدَّهُ بِنِصْفَيْنِ [He smote him with the sword and clave him in halves,] (L, Msb, *) or قَدَّهُ نِصْفَيْنِ. (A.) And قَدَّ القَلَمَ وَقَطَّهُ [He slit the writing-reed, and nibbed it, or cut off its point breadthwise, or crosswise]: (A, TA:) [for] قَطَّهُ is opposed to قَدَّهُ: (S and TA in art. قط:) and both of these verbs occur in a trad. describing 'Alee's different modes of cutting [with the sword] when contracting himself and when stretching himself up. (TA.) b2: And [hence] قَدَّ, (S, M, A, L,) inf. n. قَدٌّ, (M, L, K,) (tropical:) He clave, cut through by journeying, or passed through, the desert, (S, M, A, O, L, K,) and the night. (M, L) b3: and قَدَّ بِهِ الطَّرِيقُ, (so in a copy of the M,) or قَدَّتْهُ الطَّرِيقُ, (so in the L and TA,) aor. and inf. n. as above, (M, L, TA,) i. q. قَطَعَهُ (M) or قَطَعَتْهُ (L, TA) (tropical:) [The road cut him off, app. from his companions, or from the object of his journey: compare قَطَعَ بِهِ and قُطِعَ بِهِ]. b4: And قَدَّ الكَلَامَ, (M, L,) inf. n. as above, (M, L, K,) i. q. قَطَعَهُ (M, L, K *) and شَقَّهُ (M, L) [both of which explanations may here mean, as قَطَعَ الكَلَامَ generally does, (assumed tropical:) He cut short, or broke off, the speech; or ceased from speaking: or both may here mean, as قَطَعَ الكَلَامَ sometimes does, he articulated speech, or the speech: compare this latter rendering with an explanation of شَقَّقَ الكَلَامَ]. b5: [قَدَّهُ also signifies He cut it out, or shaped it, in any manner, whether lengthwise or otherwise; like قَتَّهُ: see this latter, and a verse cited as an ex. of its inf. n.: and see also a saying near the end of the first paragraph of art. فرى. Hence] قُدَّ فُلَانٌ قَدَّ السَّيْفِ [Such a one was shaped with the shaping of the sword] means (tropical:) such a one was made goodly, or beautiful, in respect of التَّقْطِيع [i. e. conformation, or proportion, &c., like as is the sword]. (S, O, L, TA.) [See also قَدٌّ, below.] b6: And قُدّ means also (assumed tropical:) He suffered a pain [app. what may be termed a cutting pain] in the belly, called قُدَاد. (M, L, K.) 2 قَدَّّ see 1, first sentence. b2: [Hence,] قدّد, (as implied in the L,) or قدّد اللَّحْمَ, (A, O, *) inf. n. تَقْدِيدٌ, (O, L,) He made قَدِيد [i. e. he cut flesh-meat into strips, or oblong pieces, and spread them in the sun, or salted them and spread them in the sun, to dry]. (L.) A2: قدّد عَلَيهِ, said of a garment, It fitted him, or suited him, in size and length. (L, from a trad.) 4 اقدّ عَلَيْهِ, said of food, (assumed tropical:) It occasioned him a pain in the belly, termed قُدَاد. (IKtt, TA.) 5 تَقَدَّّ see 7. b2: تقدّد said of a garment, or piece of cloth, It was, or became, much slit or rent. or ragged, or tattered, (O, K, TA,) and old and worn out. (TA.) b3: And, said of flesh-meat, quasi-pass. of 2, [i. e. It was, or became, cut into strips, or oblong pieces, and spread in the sun, or salted and spread in the sun, and so dried.]. (O.) b4: And, said of a company of men (قَوْمٌ), It became separated (S, M, O, L, K) into قِدَد [or parties, &c., pl. of قِدَّةٌ, q. v.]. (M, L.) b5: Also, said of a thing, (TA,) [perhaps from the same v. said of flesh-meat,] It was, or became, dry; or it dried, or dried up. (K, TA.) b6: And تقدّدت said of a she-camel, She became somewhat lean (O, K) after having been fat: (O:) or she became fat, (TA,) or began to become fat, after having been lean. (K, TA.) 7 انقدّ, (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K,) and ↓ تقدّد, (M, L, K,) [but the latter app. has an intensive signification, or is said of a number of things,] the former said of a skin, and of a garment, or piece of cloth, (A,) not said of aught except some such thing as a bag for travelling-provisions and for goods or utensils &c., and such as clothing, (O,) It became cut in an elongated form; or lengthwise: (L, K:) or became slit, split, cloven, rent, or divided, lengthwise: (S, M, A, O, L, Msb, K:) or became cut off entirely: (M, L, K:) or became cut, or cut off. (TA.) 8 إِقْتَدَ3َ see 1, first sentence. b2: اقتدّ الأُمُورَ means (tropical:) He considered the affairs, forcasting their issues, or results, and discriminated them: (S, O, K:) or he devised the affairs, and considered what would be their issues, or results. (M.) 10 استقدّ (tropical:) It contained, or continued in one manner, or state. (Ibn-'Abbád, A, O, K,) لَهُ to him. (A.) And (assumed tropical:) It (an affair, TA) was, or became, uniform, or even in its tenour. (Ibn-'Abbád, O, K, TA.) And استقدّت الإِبِلُ (assumed tropical:) The camels went on undeviatingly, in one course, way, or manner: (O, K:) so says AA. (O.) قَدْ is a noun and a particle: (S, O, Mughnee, K:) and as a noun it is used in two ways. (Mughnee, K.) b2: (I) It is a noun syn. with حَسْبُ; (S, O, Mughnee, K;) generally used indeclinably; (Mughnee, K;) thus accord. to the Basrees; with the د quiescent; (TA;) because resembling قَدْ the particle in respect of the letters composing it, and many other particles in respect of its form, (Mughnee, TA,) such as عَنْ and بَلْ &c.: (TA:) one says, قَدْ زَيْدٍ دِرْهَمٌ [The sufficiency of Zeyd (i. e. what is sufficient for Zeyd) is a dirhem], (Mughnee, K,) with the د quiescent; (Mughnee, * K, * TA;) and قَدِى (S, O) and قَدْنِى (S, O, Mughnee) [both] meaning حَسْبِى [My sufficiency (i. e. what is sufficient for me)]; (S, O;) the ن in قَدْنِى being inserted in order to preserve the quiescence [of the final letter of the noun] because this is the original characteristic of what they make indeclinable; (Mughnee;) but the insertion of the ن in this case is anomalous, for it is [by rule] only added in verbs, by way of precaution, [to prevent the confusion of the pronominal affix of the verb and that of the noun,] as in ضَرَبَنِى: (S, O:) [see, however, in the next sentence, an explanation of قَدْنِى accord. to which the ن is inserted regularly:] accord. to Yaakoob, using قَدْ in the sense of حَسْبُ, one says, مَا لَكَ عِنْدِى إِلَّا هٰذَا فَقَدْ i. e. فَقَطْ [There is nothing for thee with me, or nothing due to thee in my possession, except this, and it is a thing sufficient, or it is enough, فَقَطْ being held to signify properly فَحَسْبُ, but it is commonly used as meaning and no more]; and he asserts it [i. e. قَدْ] to be a substitute [for قَطْ]: (M:) and it is also used declinably; (Mughnee, K;) thus accord. to the Koofees; (TA;) but this is rare: (Mughnee:) one says قَدُ زَيْدٍ, making it marfooa, (Mughnee, K,) like as one says حَسْبُهُ; and قَدِى without ن [as mentioned above,] like as one says حَسْبِى. (Mughnee.) b3: (2) It is also a verbal noun, syn. with يَكْفِى: one says, قَدْ زَيْدًا دِرْهَمٌ [A dirhem suffices, or will suffice, Zeyd], and قَدْنِى دِرْهَمٌ [A dirhem suffices, or will suffice, me]; (Mughnee, K;) like as one says يَكْفِى زَيْدًا دِرْهَمٌ, and يَكْفِيْنِى دِرْهَمٌ. (Mughnee, K. *) A2: As a particle, it is used peculiarly with a verb, (Mughnee, K,) [i. e.] as such it is not preposed to anything except a verb, (S, O,) either a pret. or an aor. , (TA,) from which it is not separated unless by an oath, (Mughnee,) such as is perfectly inflected, enunciative, (Mughnee, K,) not an imperative, (TA,) affirmative, and free from anything that would render it mejzoom or man-soob, and from what is termed حَرْف تَنْفِيس [i. e.

سَوْفُ and its variants]: and it has six meanings. (Mughnee, K.) b2: (1) It denotes expectation: (M, Mughnee, K:) and when it is with an aor. , this is evident; (Mughnee;) one says قَدْ يَقْدَمُ الغَائِبُ, (Mughnee, K,) meaning It is expected that the absent will come: (TA:) and most affirm that it is thus used with a pret.: (Mughnee:) accord. to some, (M,) it is used in reply to the saying لَمَّا يَفْعَلْ [i. e. “ He has not yet done ” such a thing, which implies expectation that he would do it]; (S, M, O;) the reply being, قَدْفَعَلَ [Already he has done the thing]: (M:) and Kh asserts that it is used in reply to persons expecting information; (S, M, * O, Mughnee;) [for to such] you say, قَدْ مَاتَ فَلَانٌ [Already such a one has died]; but if one inform him who does not expect it, he does not say thus, but he says [merely] مَاتَ فُلَانٌ: (S, O:) thus some say قَدْ رَكِبَ الأَمِيرُ [Already the commander has mounted his horse] to him who expects his mounting: some, however, disallow that قَدْ is used to denote expectation with the pret. because the pret. denotes what is already past; and hence it appears that those who affirm it to be so used mean that the pret. denotes what was expected before the information: (Mughnee: [in which it is added, with some other observations, that, in the opinion of its author, it does not denote expectation even with the aor. ; because the saying يَقْدَمُ الغَئِبُ denotes expectation without قَدْ:]) MF says, What we have been orally taught by the sheykhs in ElAndalus is this, that it is a particle denoting the affirmation of truth, or certainty, when it occurs before a pret., and a particle denoting expectation when it occurs before a future. (TA.) b3: (2) It denotes the nearness of the past to the present: (O, Mughnee, K:) so in the saying قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd has just, or just now, stood; a meaning often intended by saying merely, has stood]; (Mughnee, K;) for this phrase without قد may mean the near past and the remote past; (Mughnee;) and so in the saying of the muëdhdhin, قَدْ قَامَتِ الصَّلَاةُ [The time of the rising to prayer has just come, or simply has come]: (O:) [and, when thus used, it is often immediately preceded by the pret. or aor. of the verb كَانَ; thus you say, كَانَ قَدْ ذَهَبَ He had just, or simply had, gone away; and يَكُونُ قَدْ ذَهَبَ He will, or shall, have just, or simply have gone away:] and accord. to the Basrees, except Akh, it must be either expressed or understood immediately before a pret. used as a denotative of state; as in [the saying in the Kur ii. 247,] وَمَا لَنَا أَلَّا نُقَاتِلُ فِى سَبِيلِ اللّٰهِ وَقَدْ أُخْرِجْنَا مِنْ دِيَارِنَا وَأَبْنَائِنَا [And what reason have we that we should not fight in the cause of God when we have been expelled from our abodes and our children?]; and in [the saying in the Kur iv. 92,] أَوْ جَاؤُوكُمْ حَصِرَتْ صُدُورُهُمْ أنْ يُقَاتِلُوكَمْ [Or who come to you, their bosoms being contracted so that they are incapable of fighting you, or their bosoms shrinking from fighting you]; but the Koofees and Akh says that this is not required, because of the frequent occurrence of the pret. as a denotative of state without قَدْ, and [because] the primary rule is that there should be no meaning, or making, anything to be understood, more especially in the case of that which is in frequent use: (Mughnee:) Sb [however] does not allow the use of the pret. as a denotative of state without قَدْ; and he makes حصرت صدورهم to be an imprecation [meaning may their bosoms become contracted]: (S in art. حصر; in which art. in the present work see more on this subject:) and the inceptive لَ is prefixed to it like of the saying, إِنَّ زَيْدًا لَقَدْ قَامَ [Verily Zeyd has just stood, or has stood]; because the primary rule is that it is to be prefixed to the noun, and it is prefixed to the aor. because it resembles the noun, and when the pret. denotes a time near to the present it resembles the aor. and therefore it is allowable to prefix it thereto. (Mughnee.) [See also the two sentences next after what is mentioned below as the sixth meaning.] b4: (3) It denotes rareness, or paucity; (Mughnee, K;) either of the act signified by the verb, (Mughnee,) as in [the saying], قَدْ يَصْدُقُ الكَذُوبُ [In some few instances the habitual liar speaks truth]; (Mughnee, K;) or of what is dependent upon that act, as in [the saying in the Kur xxiv. last verse,] قَدْ يَعْلَمُ مَا

أَنْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ [as though] meaning أَنَّ مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ هُوَ

أَقَلُّ مَعْلُومَاتِهِ [so that it should be rendered At least He knoweth that state of conduct and mind to which ye are conforming yourselves]: but some assert that in these exs. and the like thereof it denotes the affirmation of truth, or certainty; [as will be shown hereafter;] and that the denoting of rareness, or paucity, in the former ex. is not inferred from قَدْ, but from the saying الكَذُوبُ يَصْدُقٌ. (Mughnee.) b5: (4) It denotes frequency; (Mughnee, K;) [i. e.] sometimes (S, O) it is used as syn. with رُبَّمَا [as denoting frequency, as well as with رُبَّمَا in the contr. sense, mentioned in the next preceding sentence]: (S, M, O:) thus in the saying (S, M, O, Mughnee, K) of the Hudhalee, (M, Mughnee,) or 'Abeed Ibn-El-Abras, (IB, TA,) قَدْ أَتْرُكُ القِرْنَ مُصْفَرًّا أَنَامِلُهُ [Often I leave the antagonist having his fingers' ends become yellow]. (S, M, O, Mughnee, K.) b6: (5) It denotes the affirmation of truth, or certainty: thus in [the saying in the Kur xci. 9,] قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ زَكَّاهَا [Verily, or certainly, or indeed, or really, he prospereth, or will prosper, who purifieth it; (namely, his soul;) each pret. here occupying the place of a mejzoom aor. ]: (Mughnee, K:) and thus accord. to some in [the saying in the Kur xxiv. last verse, of which another explanation has been given above,] قَدْ يَعْلَمُ مَا أَنْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ [Verily, or certainly, &c., He knoweth that state of conduct and mind to which ye are conforming yourselves]. (Mughnee.) b7: (6) It denotes negation, (Mughnee, K,) accord. to ISd, (Mughnee,) occupying the place of مَا, (M,) in the saying, قَدْ كُنْتَ فِى خَيْرٍ فَتَعْرِفَهُ, (M, Mughnee, K,) with تعرف mansoob, [as though meaning Thou wast not in prosperity, that thou shouldst know it,] (Mughnee, K,) heard from one of the chaste in speech: (M:) but this is strange. (Mughnee.) b8: [When it is used to denote the nearness of the past to the present, as appears to be indicated by the context in the O,] قَدْ may be separated from the verb by an oath; as in قَدْ وَاللّٰهِ أَحْسَنْتَ [Thou hast, by God, done well] and قَدْ لَعَمْرِى بِتُّ سَاهِرًا [I have, by my life, or by my religion, passed the night sleepless]. (O, Mughnee. [In the latter, this and what here next follows are mentioned before the explanations of the meanings of the particle; probably because the meaning in these cases can hardly be mistaken.]) And the verb may be suppressed after it, (M, * O, Mughnee,) when its meaning is apprehended, (O,) or because of an indication; (Mughnee;) as in the saying of En-Nábighah (M, O, Mughnee) Edh-Dhubyánee, (O,) أَفِدَ التَّرَحُّلُ غَيْرَ أَنَّ رِكَابَنَا لَمَّا تَزُلْ بِرِحَالِنَا وَكَأَنْ قَدِ [The time of departure has drawn near, though the camels that we ride have not left with our utensils and apparatus for travelling, but it is as though they had (left)]; meaning كَأَنْ قَدْ زَالَتْ. (M, O, Mughnee.) b9: If you make قَدْ an اِسْم [i. e. a subst. or a proper name], you characterize it by teshdeed: therefore you say, كَتَبْتُ قَدًّا حَسَنَةً [I wrote a beautiful قد]; and so you do in the case of كَىْ and هُوَ and لَوْ; because these words have no indication of what is deficient in them [supposing them to be originally of three radical letters], therefore it is requisite to add to the last letter of each what is of the same kind as it, and this is incorporated into it: but not in the case of ا; for in this case you add ء; thus if you name a man لَا, or مَا, and then add at the end of it ا, you make it ء; for you make the second ا movent, and ا when movent becomes ء: (S, O:) so says J, [and Sgh has followed him in the O,] and such is the opinion of Akh and of a number of the grammarians of El-Basrah [and of El-Koofeh (MF)], and F has quoted this passage in the B and left it uncontradicted: but IB says, (TA,) [and after him F in the K,] this is a mistake: that only is characterized by teshdeed of which the last letter is infirm: you say, for هُوَ, (IB, K,) used as the name of a man, (IB,) هُوٌّ, (IB, K,) and for لَوْ you say لَوٌّ, and for فِى you say فِىٌّ; (IB;) and such is characterized by teshdeed only in order that the word may not be reduced to one letter on account of the quiescence of the infirm letter [which would disappear] with tenween [as it does in دَمٌ and يَدٌ &c.]: (K:) but as to قَدْ, if you use it as a name, you say قَدٌ; (IB, K;) and for مَنْ you say مَنٌ, and for عَنْ you say عَنٌ; (K;) like يَدٌ (IB, K) and دَمٌ &c.: (K:) F, however, [following IB,] is wrong in calling J's statement a mistake; though the rule given by him [and IB] is generally preferred. (MF, TA.) قَدٌّ The skin of a lamb or kid: (M, A, L, Msb, K:) or [only] of a kid: (S, O, L:) or, accord. to IDrd, a small skin, but of what kind he does not say: (M, L:) pl. (of pauc., S) أَقُدٌّ and (of mult., S) قِدَادٌ (ISk, S, M, L, Msb, K) and [of pauc. also] أَقِدَّةٌ, which is extr. (M, L.) Hence the saying, ↓ فُلَانٌ مَا يَعْرِفُ القَدَّ مِنَ القِدِّ Such a one knows not the skin of a lamb, or kid, from the thong. (A.) And hence, (O, K,) it is said in a prov., (S, M, A, O,) مَا يَجْمَلُ قَدَّكَ إِلَى أَدِيمِكَ (S, M, A, O, K) What approximates thy skin of a lamb, or kid, to thy hide [of a full-grown beast]? meaning, accord. to Th, (assumed tropical:) what makes the great to be like the little? (M: [or the little to be like the great?]) or meaning what induces thee to make thy small affair [appear] great? (S:) or what approximates thy small [affair] to thy great? (O, K:) applied to him who transgresses his proper limit; (M, O, K;) and to him who compares the contemptible with the noble. (O, K.) b2: See also قِدٌّ, in two places.

A2: Also (assumed tropical:) The measure, quantity, size, or bulk, (M, L, Msb, K,) of a thing: (M, L:) (tropical:) the conformation, or proportion, syn. تَقْطِيع, (S, M, A, O, L, K,) of a thing, (M, L,) or of a young woman, (A,) or of a man: (K:) (tropical:) the stature, syn. قَامَة, (S, A, O, L, K,) of a man: (K:) (assumed tropical:) his justness of form, or symmetry: (M, L, K:) and (assumed tropical:) his figure, person, or whole body: (M, L:) pl. [of pauc.] أَقُدٌّ (M, L, K) and أَقِدَّةٌ, (K,) which is extr., (TA,) and [of mult.] قُدُودٌ (M, L, K) and قِدَادٌ. (K.) One says, هٰذَا عَلَى قَدِّ ذَاكَ (assumed tropical:) This is equal in measure, quantity, size, or bulk, to that; is like that. (Msb.) And شَىْءٌ حَسَنُ القَدِّ (assumed tropical:) A thing goodly, or beautiful, in respect of conformation, or proportion. (L.) And جَارِيَةٌ حَسَنَةُ القَدِّ (tropical:) A young woman goodly, or beautiful, in respect of stature, and of conformation, or proportion. (A.) And غُلَامٌ حَسَنُ القَدِّ (assumed tropical:) A young man goodly, or beautiful, in respect of justness of form, or symmetry, and in person, or the whole of his body. (M, L.) A3: See, again, قِدٌّ.

A4: By the phrase يَا وَيْلَ قَدٍّ, addressed to Mikdád, in a verse of Jereer, is meant يَا وَيْلَ مِقْدَادٍ [O, woe to thee Mikdád]; the poet restricting himself to some of the letters [of the name]: an instance [more obviously] of a similar kind is سَلَّام used by El-Hoteiäh for سُلَيْمَان. (O.) قُدٌّ A certain marine fish, (O, K,) the eating of which is said to increase [the faculty of] الجِمَاع. (O.) قِدٌّ A thing that is مَقْدُود [i. e. cut in an elongated form, &c.]. (M, L.) b2: [And hence] A thong cut from an untanned skin, (S, M, * A, O, * L, Msb, K,) with which sandals or shoes are sewed, (M, * L, Msb,) and with which a captive is bound; (A;) pl. أَقُدٌّ: (S, O, L:) and [as a coll. gen. n.] thongs, cut from an untanned skin, with which camels' saddles and [the vehicles called]

مَحَامِل are bound: (M, L:) and ↓ قِدَّةٌ [of which the pl. is قِدَدٌ] is a more special term, (S, O, L,) signifying a single thong of this kind. (K.) See an ex. voce قَدٌّ. b3: And (hence, L) A whip; (O, L, K;) as also ↓ قَدٌّ. (K.) Thus in the trad., لَقَابُ قَوْسِ أَحَدِكُمْ وَمَوْضِعُ قِدِّهِ فِى الجَنَّةِ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا وَمَا فِيهَا, (O, * L,) or ↓ قَدِّهِ, (K,) i. e. Verily the space that would be occupied by the bow of any one of you, and the place that would be occupied by his whip, in Paradise, are better than the present [sublunary] world and what is in it: or قِدّه may here have the meaning next following. (L.) b4: A sandal; because cut in an elongated form from the skin: (O, L:) or a sandal not stripped of the hair, in order that it may be more pliant. (IAar, O, L.) b5: And A vessel of skin. (S, O, K.) One says, مَا لَهُ قِدٌّ وَلَا قِحْفٌ He has not a vessel of skin nor a vessel of wood: (S, O, M:) or a skin nor a fragment of a drinking-cup or bowl. (M.) b6: شَدِيدُ القِدِّ occurs in a trad. as some relate it, meaning Having a strong bowstring: but accord. to others, it is ↓ شَدِيدُ القَدِّ, meaning strong in pulling the bow. (L.) قِدَّةٌ: see قِدٌّ. b2: Also A piece of a thing. (M, L.) b3: And hence, (M,) A party, division, sect, or distinct body or class, of men, holding some particular tenet, or body of tenets, creed, opinion, or opinions, (S, M, O, L, Msb, K,) accord. to some, (Msb,) of whom each has his own, (S, O, L, K,) or of which each has its own, (Msb,) erroneous opinion: (S, O, L, Msb, K:) pl. قِدَدٌ. (Msb.) Hence, كُنَّا طَرَائِقَ قِدَدًا, (S, L, O, K,) in the Kur [lxxii. 11], (L, O,) said by the Jinn, (Fr, L,) We were parties, or sects, differing in their erroneous opinions, or in their desires: (Fr, O, L, K:) or separate [sects]; Muslims and not Muslims: (Zj:) or diverse, or discordant, or various, sects; Muslims and unbelievers. (Jel.) And one says, صَارَ القَوْمُ قِدَدًا The people became divided, or different, in their states, or conditions, and their desires, or erroneous opinions. (L.) قَدَادٌ The hedge-hog: b2: and The jerboa. (O, K.) قُدَادٌ A pain [app. what may be termed a cutting pain] in the belly. (S, M, O, L, K.) حَبَنًا وَقُدَادًا is a form of imprecation, meaning [May God inflict upon thee] dropsy, and a pain in the belly. (L.) قَدِيدٌ, (S, M, O, L, K,) or لَحْمٌ قَدِيدٌ, (Msb,) Flesh-meat cut into strips, or oblong pieces: (M, L, K:) or cut, (M,) or cut into oblong pieces, and spread, or spread in the sun, to dry: (M, L, K:) or salted, and dried in the sun: (L:) i. q. لَحْمٌ مُقَدَّدٌ: (S, O, L:) قَدِيدٌ is of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ. (L.) b2: ثَوْبٌ قَدِيدٌ A garment, or piece of cloth, [slit, or rent, and] old and worn out. (S, O, L, K.) قُدَيْدٌ A small مِسْح [or garment of thick, or coarse, hair-cloth], (M, * K, * TA,) such as is worn by persons of low condition. (TA.) قَدِيدِيُّونَ, (IAth, O, K, TA,) thus accord. as a trad., in which it occurs is related, (IAth, TA,) not to be pronounced with damm, (K,) or, as some say, it is [قُدَيْدِيُّونَ, i. e.] with damm to the ق and fet-h to the [first] د, (IAth, TA,) and thus in the handwriting of Z in the “ Fáïk,” (O,) [and thus I find it in a copy of the A,] The followers of an army, consisting of handicraftsmen, (A, IAth, O, K, TA,) such as the repairer of cracked wooden bowls, and the farrier, (O, K, TA,) and the blacksmith: (O, TA:) of the dial. of the people of Syria: as though they were called by the former appellation because of the tattered state of their clothing; (O;) or by the latter as though, by reason of their low condition, they wore the small مِسْح called قُدَيْد; or from التَّقَدُّدُ, because they disperse themselves in the provinces on account of need, and because of the tattered state of their clothing; and the diminutive form denotes mean estimation of their condition: (IAth, TA:) a man (IAth, O, TA) of them (O) is reviled by its being said to him يَا قَدِيدىُّ (IAth, O, TA) and يا قُدَيْدِىُّ: (IAth, TA:) and it is commonly used in the language of the Persians also. (O.) قَيْدُودٌ A she-camel long in the back: (O, K:) but this is said to be derived from القَوْدُ, like الكَيْنُونَةُ from الكَوْنُ: (L:) [see art. قود:] pl. قَيَادِيدُ. (K. [In the O the pl. is written قَنَادِيدُ.]) مَقَدٌّ (tropical:) A road: (A, K, TA:) because it is cut: so in the phrase مَفَازَةٌ مُسْتَقِيمَةُ المَقَدِّ (tropical:) [A desert, or waterless desert, whereof the road is straight, or direct]. (A, TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) The rima vulvæ of a woman. (M, L.) b3: (assumed tropical:) The part of the back of the neck that is between the ears. (K, L.) [A dial. var. of, or a mistake for, مَقَذٌّ.]) b4: And i. q. قَاعٌ, i. e. (assumed tropical:) An even, or a plain, place. (S, M, O, L.) مِقَدٌّ, like مِدَقٌّ [in measure], (K, [in a copy of the M, erroneously, مَقَدّ,]) or ↓ مِقَدَّةٌ, (L,) The iron instrument with which skin is cut (يُقَدُّ). (L, * K, * TA.) مِقَدَّةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph.

مَقَدِّىٌّ Wine of El-Makadd, a town of the region of the Jordan, (K,) or, as is said in the Marásid and the Moajam, near Adhri'át, in the Howrán; (TA;) wrongly said by J to be without teshdeed to the د, for the wine called مَقَدَىٌّ is different from that called مَقَدِّىٌّ: (K:) or it is wine boiled until it is reduced to half its original quantity; likened to a thing that is divided (قُدَّ) in halves; so accord. to Rejá Ibn-Selemeh, and in the Nh and Ghareebeyn; and sometimes it is pronounced without teshdeed to the د. (TA.)