طلم

1 طَلَمَ الخُبْزَةَ, (K,) aor. ـُ (TK,) inf. n. طَلْمٌ, (TA,) He made the cake of bread even, or equable. (K.) 2 طلّم, inf. n. تَطْلِيمٌ, He beat a cake of bread baked in hot ashes with his hand, (K, TA) in order that it might become cool. (TA.) Hence the saying of Hassán.

تَظَلُّ جِيَادُنَا مُتَمَطِّرَاتٍ

يُطَلِّمُهُنَّ بِالخُمُرِ النِّسَآءُ (K, * TA:) or, as some relate it, يُلَطِّمُهُنَّ; but this is weak, or repudiated: (K:) or this is the correct reading, and the more obviously appropriate in meaning, accord. to MF; and accord. to IAth, it is the reading commonly known, and the same as the former in meaning: (TA:) the meaning is, [Our coursers passing the day running like the pouring of rain,] the women wiping the sweat from them with the mufflers: (K, TA:) or, as some say, [the women with the mufflers] beating them with the hands in removing the dust that was upon them. (TA.) طُلْمٌ A table upon which the bread is expanded [previously to the baking]. (K.) طَلَمٌ Dirt of the teeth in consequence of neglect [of the use] of the سِوَاك [or tooth-stick]. (K.) طُلْمَةٌ A خُبْزَة, (S, K, TA,) [i. e. a cake of bread, or lump of dough,] baked in hot ashes in a hollow in the ground; what people [now] call a مَلَّة; but this is the name of the hollow itself: what is baked in this is [properly called] the طُلْمَة and خُبْزَة and مَلِيل: (S, TA:) pl. طُلَمٌ. (L, TA.) It is said in a prov., إِنَّ دُونَ الطَّلْمَةِ خَرْطَ قَتَادِ هُوْبَرَ (Meyd, TA) [i. e. Before the attainment of the cake of bread baked in hot ashes is the stripping of the leaves, by grasping each branch and drawing the hand down it, of the tragacanth of Howbar]: the طُلْمَة is the cake of bread that is put in hot ashes; and Howbar is a place abounding with the tragacanth: the prov. is applied in relation to a thing that is unattainable. (Meyd.) طُلَّامٌ The [tree called] تَنُّوم [q. v.]; which is [erroneously said to be] hemp-seed (حَبُّ الشَّهْدَانِجِ). (K.) مِطْلَمَةٌ The implement with which bread is expanded. (KL.) طلو and طلى 1 طَلَوْتُ الطّلَا, (S, TA,) or الطَّلِىَّ, aor. ـْ (TA;) and طَلَيْتُهُ, (S, K, TA,) aor. ـْ inf. n. طَلْىٌ; (TA;) I tied the young lamb or kid, (S, K, * TA,) by its leg, (S, TA,) to a peg, or stake; (TA;) and confined, restrained, or withheld, it. (S.) And طَلَيْتُ الشَّىْءَ I confined, restrained, or withheld, the thing. (S, K, * TA.) A2: طَلَيْتُهُ بِهِ, (S, Mgh, Msb,) aor. ـْ (Msb,) inf. n. طَلْىٌ, (S, Msb,) I daubed, bedaubed, smeared, or besmeared, it; (Mgh;) [rubbed, or did, it over; anointed, painted, varnished, plastered, coated, overspread, or overlaid, it; with it; i. e. with any fluid, semifluid, liniment, unguent, or the like; as, for instance,] with oil, (S,) or tar, (Mgh,) or clay, or mud, (Msb,) &c. (S, Mgh, Msb.) You say, طَلَى البَعِيرَ الهِنَآءَ, and بِالهِنَآءِ, [the latter of which is the more common,] aor. ـْ (K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) He daubed, bedaubed, smeared, or besmeared, the camel with tar; as also ↓ طلّاهُ, [but app. in an intensive sense, or relating to several objects,] (K, TA,) inf. n. تَطْلِيَةٌ. (TA.) [And طَلَاهُ بِالذَّهَبِ He gilded it. And طَلَاهُ بِالفِضَّةِ He silvered it.] b2: Hence, طَلَى اللَّيْلُ الآفَاقَ (tropical:) The night covered [with its darkness] the adjacent regions, or the tracts of the horizon; like as when a camel is daubed with tar. (TA.) b3: And طَلَى, aor. ـْ (assumed tropical:) He reviled [another], or vilified [him]; (TA;) as also ↓ طلّى, (K, * TA,) inf. n. تَطْلِيَةٌ; (K;) or تَطْلِيَةٌ signifies the reviling, or vilifying, in a foul manner. (IAar, TA.) b4: And طَلَى

البَقْلُ (assumed tropical:) The herbs, or leguminous plants, appeared upon the surface of the earth [as though they overspread it with a coating of colour]. (TA.) A3: طَلِىَ فُوهُ, aor. ـْ inf. n. طَلًا, His mouth had a yellowness in the teeth. (S, TA.) طَلًا [in relation to the mouth but in a somewhat different sense] is mentioned in the K in art. طلو and not in art. طلى; but it belongs to both of these. (TA.) 2 1َ2َّ3َ see the preceding paragraph, in two places. b2: طَلَّيْتُ فُلَانًا, (S,) inf. n. تَطْلِيَةٌ, (S, K,) signifies also I tended, or took care of, such a one in his sickness; undertook, or managed, or superintended, the treatment of him therein. (S, K, * TA.) A2: And التَّطْلِيَةُ also signifies The act of singing. (AA, K.) 4 اطلت She (a wild animal) had with her a young one, which is termed طَلًا. (IKtt, TA.) A2: اطلى (said of a man, S, TA, and of a camel, TA) He had an inclining of the neck (S, K, TA) towards one side when said of a man, (TA,) on the occasion of death, (S, K, TA,) or on some other occasion. (S, TA.) b2: Hence, (IAth, TA,) مَا أَطْلَى نَبِىٌّ قَطُّ, (K, TA,) occurring in a trad., (TA,) means مَا مَالَ إِلَى هَوَاهُ [i. e. (assumed tropical:) No prophet ever inclined to his natural desire]: (K, TA:) as some relate it, مَا اطَّلَى; but this is a mistake. (TA.) 5 تطلّى: see 8. b2: Also, (said of a man, TA,) He kept to diversion, sport, or play, and mirth. (K, TA.) 8 اِطَّلَى, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) of the measure اِفْتَعَلَ, (S, Mgh, Msb,) and ↓ تطلّى, (S, K,) [He, or it, was, or became, daubed, bedaubed, smeared, or besmeared; rubbed, or done, over; anointed, painted, varnished, plastered, coated, overspread, or overlaid: or] he daubed, &c., himself: (S, * Mgh, Msb, K: *) بِهِ [with it]; (S, K;) i. e. [with any fluid, semifluid, liniment, unguent, or the like; as, for instance,] with oil, (S,) or tar, (Mgh, K,) or clay, or mud, (Msb,) &c. (S, Mgh, Msb.) 12 اِطْلَوْلَى He was good in speech: A2: and He was defeated, or put to flight. (IAar, TA in art. خلى.) طَلًا The young one of any of the cloven-hoofed animals: (S, TA: [in the latter of which is added, as from the S, وَالخُفِّ; but this is app. a mistake:]) or the young one of the gazelle, when just born: (M, Msb, K: [see شَصَرٌ:]) and the youngling, of any kind; as also ↓ طَلْوٌ; (K, TA;) which latter is mentioned by IDrd; but expl. by him as meaning the young one of a wild animal: (TA:) and ↓ طِلْوَةٌ has this last meaning (K, TA) likewise accord. to IDrd: (TA:) the pl. [of pauc.] of طَلًا is أَطْلَآءٌ (S, Msb, K) and [of mult.] طِلَآءٌ (K) and طُلِيٌّ (K, TA, but omitted in the CK) and طِلِىٌّ (Lth, TA) and طُلْيَانٌ (K) and طِلْيَانٌ. (Lth, K.) [See also طَلِىٌّ.]

b2: [And, accord. to Freytag (in art. طلى), An infant until a month old or more: but for this he has named no authority.]

A2: And The person; syn. شَخْصٌ. (S, K.) So in the saying, إِنَّهُ لَجَمِيلُ الطَّلَا [Verily he is goodly, or comely, in person]. (S.) A3: Also Daubed, or smeared, (↓ مَطْلِىٌّ,) with tar. (S, K.) [See also طَلْيَآءُ.]

b2: And A man having a severe disease: (K, TA:) having no dual nor pl., or, as some say, (TA,) the pl. is أَطْلَآءٌ, and the dual is طَلَيَانِ. (K, TA.) [See also مُطَلًّى.]

A4: And Desire; syn. هَوًى. (K, TA.) So in the saying, قَضَى

طَلَاهُ مِنْ حَاجَتِهِ [He accomplished his desire of that which he wanted]. (K, TA.) [Or, as Freytag says, on the authority of the Deewán of the Hudhalees, accord. to some it signifies Pleasure (voluptas): and accord. to others, thirst. But see طِلًا.] b2: See also طُلَاوَةٌ, in two places.

A5: And see also طِلَآء, last sentence.

طِلًا Pleasure, or delight. (K.) A2: See also طِلَآءٌ.

طَلْوٌ: see طَلًا, first sentence.

طِلْوٌ The wolf. (K.) b2: And A hunter, or pursuer of wild animals or the like, slender in body: (Aboo-Sa'eed, K, TA: [in the CK, القابِضُ is erroneously put for القَانِصُ:]) said to be [so called as being] likened to the wolf. (Aboo-Sa'eed, TA.) Et-Tirimmáh says, صَادَفَتْ طِلْواً طَوِيلَ الطَّوَى

حَافِظَ العَيْنِ قَلِيلَ السَّآمْ [She, or they, (app. referring to one or more of the objects of the chase,) encountered a hunter slender in body, a long endurer of hunger, one whom sleep did not overcome, little, or seldom, subject to disgust]. (Aboo-Sa'eed, TA.) A2: See also طِلَآءٌ, last sentence.

طُلَاةٌ (S, K, TA) accord. to AA and Fr, (S, TA,) and so says Sb on the authority of Abu-lKhattáb, (TA,) or ↓ طُلْيَةٌ (S, K, TA) accord. to As, (S, TA,) each with damm, (TA,) is sing. of طُلًا or طُلًى; which signifies Necks: (S, K:) or the bases of the necks: (M, K:) or the broad part [or parts] beneath the protuberant bone behind the ear: or, accord. to ISk, the sides of the neck: Sb says that طُلَاةٌ and طُلًا are of the class of رُطَبَةٌ, and رُطَبٌ, not of the class of تَمْرَةٌ and تَمْرٌ: (TA:) [but see art. رطب, in which it is said, as on the authority of Sb, that رُطَبٌ is not a broken pl. of رُطَبَةٌ, being masc. like تَمْرٌ:] ↓ طُلْوَةٌ, also, signifies the side of the neck, as a dial. var. of [طُلَاةٌ or of] طُلْيَةٌ. (TA.) طُلْوَةٌ The whiteness of the dawn, (K, TA,) and of blossoms, or flowers. (TA.) A2: See also طُلَاةٌ.

طِلْوَةٌ: see طَلًا: A2: and see also طِلآءٌ, last sentence.

طَلْيَةٌ A single act of daubing or smearing or the like: pl. طَلَيَاتٌ. (Mgh.) b2: See also طِلَآءٌ, last sentence.

طُلْيَةٌ: see طُلَاةٌ.

A2: Also A portion, tuft, or wisp, of wool, with which mangy camels are daubed [with tar]; also called رِبْذَةٌ: whence the saying, مَا يُسَاوِى طُلْيَةً [It is not worth a طلية]. (TA.) b2: See also طَلْيَآءُ. b3: And see طِلَآءٌ, last sentence.

طَلْيَآءُ A she-camel daubed, or smeared, (↓ مَطْلِيَّةٌ, K, TA,) with tar. (TA.) [See also طَلًا.] b2: And A mangy she-camel: (K:) app. so called because the she-camel is not daubed, or smeared, [with tar] unless mangy. (TA.) b3: And The rag of a menstruous woman: (K, TA:) whence the prov., أَهْوَنُ مِنَ الطَّلْيَآءِ [More despicable than the طلياء]: or, accord. to IAar, this is called ↓ طُلْيَةٌ. (TA.) b4: [In some copies of the K, this word is erroneously put for طَلِيَّا, q. v.]

طُلَوَآءُ: see طُلْوَانٌ.

A2: Also [The green substance that overspreads stale water, called]

طُحْلُب; and so ↓ طُلَاوَةٌ. (Sgh, TA.) طَلْوَانٌ: see طُلَاوَةٌ.

طُلْوَانٌ and ↓ طَلَوَانٌ and ↓ طُلَوَآءُ [or app. the last only accord. to some copies of the K] Expectation: and slowness, or tardiness; as also ↓ طَلَاوَةٌ, (K, TA,) with fet-h. (TA.) See also طُلَاوَةٌ.

طَلَوَانٌ: see the next preceding paragraph: and see also طُلَاوَةٌ.

طِلْيَانٌ: see طَلِىٌّ.

طَلَيَانٌ: see طُلَاوَةٌ.

طُلَآءٌ The coat upon the surface of blood. (K.) [See also طُلَاوَةٌ. And see طُلَّآءٌ.]

طِلَآءٌ Tar: and anything (S, Mgh, Msb, K) of the like kind (Mgh, Msb) with which one daubs or smears or the like; [i. e. any fluid, semifluid, liniment, unguent, oil, varnish, plaster, or the like, with which a thing is daubed, smeared, rubbed or done over, anointed, painted, varnished, plastered, coated, overspread, or overlaid;] (S, Mgh, Msb, K;) as also ↓ طُلَاوَةٌ, which by rule should be ↓ طُلَايَةٌ, for it is from طَلَيْتُ. (TA, in which طُلَايَةٌ is afterwards mentioned as having the same meaning.) b2: And, as being likened thereto, (assumed tropical:) Any thick beverage or wine: (Mgh:) expressed juice of grapes cooked until the quantity of two thirds has gone by evaporation; (S, A, Mgh;) called by the Persians مَيْبُخْتَج [or مَىْ

پُخْتَه]; called by the Arabs طِلَآء as being likened to tar: (A, Mgh: *) or thick expressed juice, or wine, cooked until half of it has gone: (K:) in a verse of Ibn-Sukkarah, shortened to ↓ طِلًا, for the sake of the metre. (Har p. 302.) b3: and (assumed tropical:) Wine [in an absolute sense] (S, K) is thus called by some of the Arabs, for the purpose of euphemism. (S.) 'Obeyd Ibn-El-Abras said to El-Mundhir when he [the latter] desired to slay him, هِىَ الخَمْرُ تُكْنَى الطِّلَآءَ كَمَا الذِّئْبُ يُكْنَى أَبَا جعْدَةَ [It is wine: it is surnamed الطلآء like as the wolf is surnamed ابو جعدة]: i. e. thou pretendest to show honour to me while desiring to slay me; like the wolf, whose acting is not good though his surname is good: (S:) or, as cited by IKt, عَنِ الخَمْرِ تَكْنِى الطِّلَآءَ: and in the M, هَىِ الخَمْرُ يَكْنُونَهَا بِالٰطِّلَآءِ [forming a hemistich; the words كَمَا الذِّئْبُ الخ, cited above, completing the verse]. (TA.) b4: And (assumed tropical:) The ashes between the three stones upon which the cooking-pot is placed: so called by way of comparison [to tar]. (TA.) b5: And Pure silver. (TA.) b6: And (assumed tropical:) Revilement, or reproach. (K.) A2: Also The cord with which the leg of the lamb, or kid, is tied (S, K) to a peg, or stake; (S;) and so ↓ طِلْوٌ and ↓ طِلْوَةٌ: (TA:) or the string with which the leg of the kid is tied as long as he is little; (Lh, TA;) and so ↓ طُلْيَةٌ and ↓ طَلْيَةٌ and ↓ طَلًى [or طَلًا]. (TA.) طَلِىٌّ Confined, restrained, or withheld; [and particularly tied by the leg, as is shown by what follows;] as also ↓ مَطْلِىٌّ. (S. b2: And A young lamb or kid: (ISk, S, K:) so called because it is tied by the leg for some days to a peg, or stake: (ISk, S:) pl. طُلْيَانٌ; like رُغْفَانٌ, (ISk, S, K,) pl. of رَغِيفٌ: (ISk, S:) it is thus pluralized like a subst. because it is an epithet in which the quality of a subst. is predominant. (AAF, TA.) [See also طَلًا.] b3: [Hence الطَّلِىُّ meaning (assumed tropical:) The sign of Aries: see an ex. voce حَمَلٌ.]

A2: Also A yellowness in the teeth; and so ↓ طِلْيَانٌ: like صَبِىٌّ and صِبْيَانٌ [in form]. (S.) [See also طُلَاوَةٌ.]

طَلَاوَةٌ: see the next paragraph, in two places: A2: and see also طُلْوَانٌ.

طُلَاوَةٌ, and ↓ طَلَاوَةٌ, (Az, S, ISd, Msb, K,) the former preferred by Az, (TA, and this, only, mentioned in the Mgh,) and ↓ طِلَاوَةٌ, (K,) Beauty, goodliness, grace, comeliness, or pleasingness: (Az, * ISd, * S, Mgh, Msb, * K:) ISd says, it is in that which has growth and that which has not growth. (TA.) One says, عَلَيْهِ طُلَاوَةٌ [Upon him, or it, is an appearance of beauty, &c.]. (Msb.) and مَا عَلَيْهِ طُلَاوَةٌ [There is not upon him, or it, &c.]. (S.) And إِنَّ لِلْقُرْآنِ لَطُلَاوَةً [Verily to the Kur-án pertains beauty, &c.]. (Mgh, from a trad.) and مَاعَلَى وَجْهِهِ حَلَاوَةٌ وَلَا طُلَاوَةٌ [There is not upon his face an appearance of sweetness nor an appearance of beauty, &c.]. (TA.) b2: Also, (K,) or the first, with damm, (TA,) Enchantment, or fascination: (K:) a meaning mentioned by ISd. (TA.) A2: And (the first, TA) The thin skin that overspreads the surface of milk, (T, ISd, K, TA,) as also ↓ طُلَايَةٌ, (Kr, TA,) or of blood. (ISd, K, TA. [See also طُلَآءٌ.]) b2: And Remains of food in the mouth. (Lh, K, TA.) b3: And Saliva becoming dry (K, TA) and thick (TA) in the mouth, by reason of some accident, (K, TA,) or, as in the M, from thirst, (TA,) or disease; (K, TA;) the first and ↓ second have this meaning; (TA;) as also ↓ طَلًا (K) [and app. ↓ طُلْوَانٌ and ↓ طَلَوَانٌ also accord. to the copies of the K followed in the TA; but see طُلْوَنٌ above]: it is also said that ↓ طَلْوَانٌ, with fet-h, signifies saliva becoming dry upon the teeth from hunger; and has no pl.: ↓ طَلًا is the inf. n. of طَلِىَ فُوهُ: and signifies also a whiteness that comes upon the teeth from disease or thirst; and so ↓ طَلَيَانٌ. (TA.) [See also طَلِىٌّ.] b4: For other meanings of طُلَاوَةٌ, see طُلَوَآءُ, b5: and طِلَآءٌ. b6: It signifies also A small quantity of herbage or pasture. (TA.) طِلَاوَةٌ: see طُلَاوَةٌ, first sentence.

طُلَايَةٌ: see طِلَآءٌ: b2: and see also طُلَاوَةٌ.

طَلِيَّا, thus correctly, as written by Sgh in the TS, not, as in the copies of the K, طَلْيَا [or طَلْيَآء], (TA,) The mange, or scab. (K, TA.) And A certain purulent pustule, [or eruption,] resembling the قُوبَآء [or ringworm], (K, TA,) that comes forth in a man's side; whereupon one says to him, “It is only قوبآء, and not طليّا; ” thus making light of it to him. (TA.) طُلَّى A draught of milk: (K:) but this is of the measure فُعْلَى, belonging to art. طل. (TA. [See طُلَّةٌ in that art.]) طَلَّآءٌ A seller of the thickened juice called طِلَآء. (MA.) طُلَّآءٌ Blood, (A'Obeyd, S, K, TA,) itself; applied to that of a slain person: or, accord. to Aboo-Sa'eed, a thing [or fluid] that comes forth after the flow of the blood, differing from blood in colour, on the occasion of the exit of the soul of the slaughtered animal: and the blood with which one daubs, or smears. (TA.) [See also طُلَآءٌ.]

طَالٍ A water to which camels come to drink overspread with [the green substance called] طُحْلُب [and طُلَوَآء]. (K, TA.) b2: And (tropical:) A dark night: (AA, K, TA:) as though it smeared [with tar] the forms, or persons, of men, and obscured them. (AA, TA.) مِطْلًى: see what next follows.

مِطْلَآءٌ (S, K) and ↓ مِطْلًى (K) A narrow tract of ground in which water flows: (K:) or soft ground that gives growth to the trees called عِضَاه, (as in the S and in some copies of the K,) or غَضًا: (so in other copies of the K and in copies of the T and M:) and المَطَالِى, which is the pl. [of the latter, or المَطَالِىُّ pl. of the former], signifies the soft places: (TA:) or the places in which the wild animals feed their younglings: (S, K, TA:) so it is said. (S.) مَطْلِىٌّ: see طَلِىٌّ: A2: see also طَلًا; and see the fem., with ة, voce طَلْيَآءُ. b2: [Hence,] أَمْرٌ مَطْلِىٌّ (assumed tropical:) A dubious and obscure affair, or case: as though it were smeared over with that which involved it. (TA.) b3: And عُودٌ مَطْلِىٌّ (assumed tropical:) A stick, or rod, or branch, not stript of the peel or bark. (TA.) مُطَلًّى Having a constant, or chronic, disease, (K, TA,) and bent thereby. (TA.) [See also طَلًا.] b2: And Imprisoned without hope of liberation. (K.)

المدَائِنُ:
قال بطليموس: طول المدائن سبعون درجة وثلث، وعرضها ثلاث وثلاثون درجة وثلث، بالفتح جمع المدينة، تهمز ياؤها ولا تهمز، إن أخذت من دان يدين إذا أطاع لم تهمز إذا جمع على مــداين لأنه مثل معيشة وياؤه أصلية، وإن أخذت من مدن بالمكان إذا أقام به همزت لأن ياءها زائدة فهي مثل قرينة وقرائن وسفينة وسفائن، والنسبة إليها مدائنيّ وإنما جاز النسبة إلى الجمع بصيغته لأنه صار علما بهذه الصيغة وإلّا فالأصل أن يردّ المجموع إلى الواحد ثم ينسب إليه، والنسبة إلى مدينة الرسول، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، مدنيّ وربما قيل مدينيّ، والنسبة إلى مدينة أصبهان مدينيّ لا غير وربما نسب إلى غيرها هذه النسبة كبغداد ومرو ونيسابور والمدائن العظام، قال يزدجرد بن مهبندار الكسروي في رسالة له عملها في تفضيل بغداد فقال في تضاعيفها ولقد كنت أفكر كثيرا في نزول فقال في نزول الأكاسرة بين أرض الفرات ودجلة فوقفت على أنهم توسطوا مصبّ الفرات في دجلة هذا ان الإسكندر لما سار في الأرض ودانت له الأمم وبنى المدن العظام في المشرق والمغرب رجع إلى المدائن وبنى فيها مدينة وسوّرها وهي إلى هذا الوقت موجودة الأثر وأقام بها راغبا عن بقاع الأرض جميعا وعن بلاده ووطنه حتى مات، قال يزدجرد: أما أنوشروان بن قباذ وكان أجلّ ملوك فارس حزما ورأيا وعقلا وأدبا فإنه بنى المدائن وأقام بها هو ومن كان بعده من ملوك بني ساسان إلى أيام عمر بن الخطّاب، رضي الله عنه، وقد ذكر في سير الفرس أن أول من اختطّ مدينة في هذا الموضع أردشير بن بابك، قالوا: لما ملك البلاد سار حتى نزل في هذا الموضع فاستحسنه فاختطّ به مدينة، قال: وإنما سميت المدائن لأن زاب الملك الذي بعد موسى، عليه السّلام، ابتناها بعد ثلاثين سنة من ملكه وحفر الزوابي وكوّرها وجعل المدينة العظمى المدينة العتيقة، فهذا ما وجدته مذكورا عن القدماء ولم أر أحدا ذكر لم سمّيت بالجمع والذي عندي فيه أن هذا الموضع كان مسكن الملوك من الأكاسرة الساسانية وغيرهم فكان كلّ واحد منهم إذا ملك بنى لنفسه مدينة إلى جنب التي قبلها وسماها باسم، فأولها المدينة العتيقة التي لزاب، كما ذكرنا، ثم مدينة الإسكندر ثم طيسفون من مدائنها ثم اسفانبر ثم مدينة يقال لها رومية فسميت المدائن بذلك، والله أعلم، وكان فتح المدائن كلها على يد سعد بن أبي وقّاص في صفر سنة 16 في أيام عمر بن الخطاب، رضي الله عنه، قال حمزة: اسم المدائن بالفارسية توسفون وعرّبوه على الطيسفون والطيسفونج وإنما سمّتها العرب المدائن لأنها سبع مدائن بين كل مدينة إلى الأخرى مسافة قريبة أو بعيدة، وآثارها واسماؤها باقية، وهي: اسفابور ووه أردشير وهنبو شافور ودرزيندان ووه جنديوخسره ونونيافاذ وكردافاذ، فعرّب اسفابور على اسفانبر، وعرّب وه أردشير على بهرسير، وعرب هنبو شافور على جنديسابور، وعرب درزيندان على درزيجان، وعرب وه جنديوخسره على رومية، وعرب السادس والسابع على اللفظ، فلما ملك العرب ديار الفرس واختطت الكوفة والبصرة انتقل إليهما الناس عن المدائن وسائر مدن العراق ثم اختط الحجاج واسطا فصارت دار الإمارة، فلما زال ملك بني أميّة اختط المنصور بغداد فانتقل إليها الناس ثم اختط المعتصم سامرّا فأقام الخلفاء بها مدّة ثم رجعوا إلى بغداد فهي الآن أم بلاد العراق، فأما في وقتنا هذ فالمسمى بهذا الاسم بليدة شبيهة بالقرية بينها وبين بغداد ستة فراسخ وأهلها فلّاحون يزرعون ويحصدون والغالب على أهلها التشيّع على مذهب الإمامية، وبالمدينة الشرقية قرب الإيوان قبر سلمان الفارسي، رضي الله عنه، وعليه مشهد يزار إلى وقتنا هذا، وقال رجل من مراد:
دعوت كريبا بالمدائن دعوة، ... وسيرت إذ ضمّت عليّ الأظافر
فيال بني سعد علام تركتما ... أخا لكما يدعوكما وهو صابر
أخا لكما إن تدعواه يجبكما، ... ونصركما منه إذا ريع فاتر
وقال عبدة بن الطيب:
هل حبل خولة بعد الهجر موصول، ... أم أنت عنها بعيد الدار مشغول؟
وللأحبّة أيّام تذكّرها، ... وللنّوى قبل يوم البين تأويل
حلّت خويلة في دار مجاورة ... أهل المدائن فيها الديك والفيل
يقارعون رؤوس العجم ظاهرة ... منها فوارس لا عزل ولا ميل
من دونها، لعتاق العيس إن طلبت، ... خبت بعيد نياط الماء مجهول
وقال رجل من الخوارج كان مع الزبير بن الماخور وكانوا أوقعوا بأهل المدائن فقال:
ونجّى يزيدا سابح ذو علالة، ... وأفلتنا يوم المدائن كردم
وأقسم لو أدركته إذ طلبته ... لقام عليه من فزارة مأتم
والمدائن أيضا: اسم قريتين من نواحي حلب في نقرة بني أسد، إليها فيما أحسب ينسب أبو الفتح أحمد ابن علي المدائني الحلبي، قرأت بخط عبد الله بن محمد ابن سنان الخفاجي الحلبي على جزء من كتاب الحيوان للجاحظ: ابتعته من تركة أبي الفتح أحمد المدائني في جمادى الآخرة سنة 459.

افك

1 أَفَكَهُ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَفْكٌ, (with fet-h, S, TA, its only form, TA, [in the CK اِفْك,]) He changed his, or its, manner of being, or state; (S, K;) and he turned him, or it, (i. e., anything, Msb,) away, or back; (S, Msb, K;) عَنِ الشَّىْءِ [from the thing]; (S;) or عَنْ وَجْهِهِ [from his, or its, mode, or manner, of being, &c.]: (Msb:) so in the Kur xlvi. 21, أَجِئْتَنَا لِتَأْفِكَنَا عَنْ آلِهَتِنَا Hast thou come to us to turn us away, or back, from our gods? (Bd:) or he turned him away, or back, by lying: (TA:) or he changed, or perverted, his judgment, or opinion: (K:) or he deceived him, or beguiled him, and so turned him away, or back: and simply he deceived him, or beguiled him: and أُفِكَ signifies he was turned from his judgment, or opinion, by deceit, or guile. (TA.) It is said in the Kur [li. 9], يُؤْفَكُ عَنْهُ مَنْ

أُفِكَ, i. e., He will be turned away from it (namely, the truth,) who is turned away in the foreknowledge of God: (TA:) or, accord. to Mujáhid, يُؤْفَنُ عَنْهُ مَنْ أُفِنَ [he will be weak in intellect and judgment so as to be thereby turned away from it who is weak in intellect and judgment]. (S, TA.) You say also, أُفِكَ الرَّجُلُ عَنِ الخَيْرِ The man was turned away, or back, from good, or prosperity. (Sh.) And أَفَكَهُ, (K, TA,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) He forbade him what he wished, (K, TA,) and turned him away, or back, from it. (TA.) b2: أَفَكَ, aor. ـِ (Msb, K;) and أَفِكَ, aor. ـَ (IAar, K;) inf. n. إِفْكٌ (Msb, K) and أَفْكٌ and أَفَكٌ and أُفُوكٌ; (K;) He lied; uttered a falsehood; said what was untrue; (Msb, K;) as also ↓ أفّك, (K,) inf. n. تَأْفِيكٌ: (TA:) because a lie is a saying that is turned from its proper way, or mode. (Bd in xxiv. 11.) b3: أَفَكَ النَّاسَ, aor. ـِ inf. n. أَفْكٌ, He told the people what was false; أَفَكَ and أَفَكْتُهُ being like كَذَبَ and كَذَبْتُهُ. (Az, TA.) b4: أَفَكَ فُلَانًا, (K,) inf. n. أَفْكٌ; (TA;) or the verb is ↓ آفَكَ; (so in the printed edition of Bd, xlvi. 27;) He, or it, made such a one to lie, or say what was untrue. (K.) b5: أُفِكَ He was weak [as though perverted] in his intellect and judgment or opinion. (K,* TA.) But أَفَكَهُ اللّٰهُ as meaning God rendered weak his intellect is not used. (L, TA.) b6: (tropical:) It (a place) was not rained upon, and had no vegetation, or herbage. (K, TA.) 2 اَفَّكَ see 1.4 آفَكَ see 1.8 ائْتَفَكَتِ البَلْدَةُ [written with the disjunctive alif اِيتَفَكَت], (S, K,) بِأَهْلِهَا, (S,) The land, or district, or the town, or the like, was, or became, overturned, or subverted, (S, K,) with its inhabitants: (S:) as were the towns of the people of Lot. (TA.) b2: Hence it is said of El-Basrah, قَدِ ائْتَفَكَتْ بِأَهْلِهَا مَرَّتَيْنِ, meaning (tropical:) It has been submerged with its inhabitants twice; as though subverted. (Sh.) b3: You say also, اِيتَفَكَتْ تِلْكَ الأَرْضُ (tropical:) That land has been burnt up by drought. (IAar.) إِفْكٌ [an inf. n. used as a subst.;] A lie; a falsehood; (S, TA;) as also ↓ أَفِيكَةٌ: pl. (of the latter, K) أَفَائِكُ. (S, K.) You say, ↓ يَا لَلْأَفِيكَةِ, and ↓ يَا لِلْأَفِيكَةِ; [and ↓ لَلْأَفَيِّكَةِ, using the dim. form for the purpose of enhancement; i. e. O the lie! and O the great lie!] the ل with fet-h denoting calling to aid; and with kesr denoting wonder, as though the meaning were, O man, wonder thou at this great lie. (TA.) افكة [so in the TA, without any syll. signs; app. either أَفْكَةٌ, an inf. n. of un., or ↓ آفِكَةٌ, like دَاهِيَةٌ;] A punishment sent by God, whereby the dwellings of a people are overturned: occurring in a trad. relating to the story of the people of Lot. (TA.) سَنَةٌ أَفِكَةٌ (tropical:) A year of drought or sterility: (K, TA:) pl. أَوَافِكُ [contr. to rule, as though the sing. were ↓ آفِكَةٌ]. (Z, TA.) أَفُوكٌ: see أَفَّاكٌ.

أَفِيكٌ One who is turned from his judgment, or opinion, by deceit, or guile; as also ↓ مَأْفُوكٌ. (K.) b2: Lacking strength or power or ability, and having little prudence and artifice. (Lth, K.) A2: See also أَفَّاكٌ.

أُفَيِّكَةٌ: see إِفْكٌ, in three places. b2: Also A severe, or distressing, calamity. (Ibn-Abbád.) أُفَيِّكَةٌ: see إِفْكٌ.

أَفَّاكٌ A great, or habitual, liar; (S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ أَفُوكُ, (Msb, K,) and ↓ أَفِيكٌ: (K:) fem. of the first [and last] with ة: but the second is both masc. and fem.: (Msb:) the pl. of the second is افك with damm [i. e. أُفْكٌ, accord. to the rule of the K, but the TA seems to indicate that it is أُفُكٌ, by likening it to the pl. of صَبُورٌ]. (K.) آفِكَةٌ: see افكة: b2: and see سَنَةٌ أَفِكةٌ.

أَفِيكٌ [Changed in his, or its, manner of being, or state: turned away, or back, from a thing: &c.]: see مَأْفُونٌ. b2: Weak [as though perverted] in his intellect (Az, S, K) and judgment or opinion; as also ة: (Az, S:) accord. to A'Obeyd, (or AA, as in one copy of the S,) a man who does not attain, or obtain, good, or prosperity. (S.) b3: Also, (K,) fem. with مَأْفُونٌ, (S, K,) (tropical:) A place, (K,) or land, (أَرْضٌ, S, Z,) not rained upon, and having no vegetation, or herbage. (S, Z, K.) المُؤْتَفِكَاتُ (S, K) and المُوْتَفِكَةٌ, (TA,) both occurring in the Kur, [the former in ix. 71 and lxix. 9, and the latter in liii. 54,] The cities overthrown, or subverted, by God, upon the people of Lot. (S, K.) b2: The former also signifies The winds that turn over [the surface of] the earth, or ground: (K:) or the winds that blow from different quarters: it is said (by the Arabs, S) that when these winds blow much, the earth (i. e. its seed-produce, TA) thrives, or yields increase. (S, K, TA.)