علم اللغة
هو: علم باحث عن مدلولات جواهر المفردات وهيئاتها الجزئية التي وضعت تلك الجواهر معها لتلك المدلولات بالوضع الشخصي وعما حصل من تركيب كل جوهر وهيئاتها من حيث الوضع والدلالة على المعاني الجزئية.
وغايته: الاحتراز عن الخطأ في فهم المعاني الوضعية والوقوف على ما يفهم من كلمات العرب
ومنفعته: الإحاطة بهذه المعلومات وطلاقة العبارة وجزالتها والتمكن من التفنن في الكلام وإيضاح المعاني بالبيانات الفصيحة والأقوال البليغة. فإن قيل: علم اللغة عبارة عن تعريفات لفظية والتعريف من المطالب التصورية وحقيقة كل علم مسائله وهي قضايا كلية أو التصديقات بها وأيا ما كان فهي من المطالب التصديقية فلا تكون اللغة علماً.
أجيب: بأن التعريف اللفظي لا يقصد به تحصيل صورة غير حاصلة كما في سائر التعاريف من الحدود والرسوم الحقيقية أو الاسمية بل المقصود من التعريف اللفظي: تعيين صورة من بين الصور الحاصلة ليلتفت إليه ويعلم أنه موضوع له اللفظ فما له إلى التصديق بأن هذا اللفظ موضوع بإزاء ذلك المعنى فهو من المطالب التصديقية لكن يبقى أنه حينئذ يكون علم اللغة عبارة عن قضايا شخصية حكم فيها على الألفاظ المعينة المشخصة بأنها وضعت بإزاء المعنى الفلاني والمسئلة لا بد وأن تكون قضية كلية.
واعلم: أن مقصد علم اللغة مبني على أسلوبين.
لأن منهم: من يذهب من جانب اللفظ إلى المعنى بأن يسمع لفظا ويطلب معناه.
ومنهم: من يذهب من جانب المعنى إلى اللفظ فلكل من الطريقين قد وضعوا كتبا ليصل كل إلى مبتغاه إذ لا ينفعه ما وضع في الباب الآخر.
فمن وضع بالاعتبار الأول فطريقه ترتيب حروف التهجي.
إما باعتبار أواخرها أبوابا وباعتبار أوائلها فصولا تسهيلا للظفر بالمقصود كما اختاره الجوهري في الصحاح ومجد الدين في القاموس.
وإما بالعكس أي: باعتبار أوائلها أبوابا واعتبار أواخرها فصولا كما اختاره ابن فارس في المجمل والمطرزي في المغرب.
ومن وضع بالاعتبار الثاني فالطريق إليه أن يجمع الأجناس بحسب المعاني ويجعل لكل جنس بابا كما اختاره الزمخشري في قسم الأسماء من مقدمة الأدب.
ثم إن اختلاف الهمم قد أوجب أحداث طرق شتى:
فمن واحد أدى رأيه إلى أن يفرد لغات القرآن.
ومن آخر إلى أن يفرد غريب الحديث.
وآخر إلى أن يفرد لغات الفقه كالمطرزي في المغرب.
وأن يفرد اللغات الواقعة في أشعار العرب وقصائدهم وما يجري مجراها كنظام الغريب والمقصود هو الإرشاد عند مساس أنواع الحاجات.
والكتب المؤلفة في اللغة كثيرة ذكرها صاحب كشف الظنون على ترتيب حروف الهجاء وألفت كتابا في أصول اللغة سميته البلغة وذكرت فيه كل كتاب ألف في هذا العلم إلى زمني هذا وذكر صاحب مدينة العلوم كتاب في هذا العلم وأورد لكل كتاب ترجمة مؤلفه وبسط فيها فليراجعه.
قال ابن خلدون: علم اللغة هو بيان الموضوعات اللغوية.
وذلك أنه لما فسدت ملكة اللسان العربي في الحركات المسماة عند أهل النحو بالإعراب واستنبطت القوانين لحفظها كما قلناه ثم استمر ذلك الفساد بملابسة العجم ومخالطتهم حتى تأدى الفساد إلى موضوعات الألفاظ فاستعمل كثير من كلام العرب في غير موضوعه عندهم ميلاً مع هجنة المتعربين في اصطلاحاتهم المخالفة لصريح العربية فاحتيج إلى حفظ الموضوعات اللغوية بالكتاب والتدوين خشية الدروس وما ينشأ عنه من الجهل بالقرآن والحديث فشمر كثير من أئمة اللسان لذلك وأملوا فيه الدواوين وكان سابق الحلبة في ذلك الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي ألف فيها كتاب العين فحصر فيه مركبات حروف المعجم كلها من الثنائي والثلاثي والرباعي والخماسي وهو غاية ما ينتهي إليه التركيب في اللسان العربي وتأتي له حصر ذلك بوجوه عددية حاصرة.
وذلك أن جملة الكلمات الثنائية تخرج من جميع الأعداد على التوالي من واحد إلى سبعة وعشرين وهو دون نهاية حروف المعجم بواحد لأن الحرف الواحد منها يؤخذ مع كل واحد من السبعة والعشرين فتكون سبعة وعشرين كلمة ثنائية ثم يؤخذ الثاني مع الستة والعشرين كذلك ثم الثالث والرابع ثم يؤخذ السابع والعشرون مع الثامن والعشرين فيكون واحدا فتكون كلها أعدادا على توالي العدد من واحد إلى سبعة وعشرين فــتجمع كما هي بالعلم المعروف عند أهل الحساب ثم تضاعف لأجل قلب الثنائي لأن التقديم والتأخير بين الحروف معتبر في التركيب فيكون الخارج جملة الثنائيات وتخرج الثلاثيات من ضرب عدد الثنائيات فيما يجمع من واحد إلى ستة وعشرين لأن كل ثنائية يزيد عليها حرفا فتكون ثلاثية فتكون الثنائية بمنزلة الحرف الواحد مع كل واحد من الحروف الباقية وهي ستة وعشرون حرفا بعد الثنائية فــتجمع من واحد إلى ستة وعشرين على توالي العدد ويضرب فيه جملة الثنائيات ثم يضرب الخارج في ستة جملة مقلوبات الكلمة الثلاثية فيخرج مجموع تراكيبها من حروف المعجم وكذلك في الرباعي والخماسي فانحصرت له التراكيب بهذا الوجه ورتب أبوابه على حروف المعجم بالترتيب المتعارف واعتمد فيه ترتيب المخارج فبدأ بحروف الحلق ثم ما بعده من حروف الحنك ثم الأضراس ثم الشفة وجعل حروف العلة آخرا وهي: الحروف الهوائية.
وبدأ من حروف الحلق بالعين لأنه الأقصى منها فلذلك سمى كتابه بالعين لأن المتقدمين كانوا يذهبون في تسمية دواوينهم إلى مثل هذا وهو تسمية بأول ما يقع فيه من الكلمات والألفاظ ثم بين المهمل منها من المستعمل وكان المهمل في الرباعي والخماسي أكثر لقلة استعمال العرب له لثقله تلحق به الثنائي لقلة دورانه وكان الاستعمال في الثلاثي أغلب فكانت أوضاعه أكثر لدورانه.
وضمن الخليل ذلك في كتاب العين واستوعبه أحسن استيعاب وأوعاه وجاء أبو بكر الزبيدي وكتب لهشام المؤيد بالأندلس في المائة الرابعة فاختصر مع المحافظة على الاستيعاب وحذف منه المهمل كله وكثيرا من شواهد المستعمل ولخصه للحفظ أحسن تلخيص.
وألف الجوهري من المشارقة كتاب الصحاح على الترتيب المتعارف لحروف المعجم فجعل البداءة منها بالهمزة وجعل الترجمة بالحروف على الحرف الأخير من الكلمة لاضطرار الناس في الأكثر إلى أواخر الكلم وحصر اللغة اقتداء بحصر الخليل.
ثم ألف فيها من الأندلسيين ابن سيدة من أهل دانية في دولة علي بن مجاهد كتاب المحكم على ذلك المنحى من الاستيعاب وعلى نحو ترتيب كتاب العين وزاد فيه التعرض لاشتقاقات الكلم وتصاريفها فجاء من أحسن الدواوين. ولخصه محمد بن أبي الحسن صاحب المستنصر من ملوك الدولة الحفصية بتونس وقلب ترتيبه إلى ترتيب كتاب الصحاح في اعتبار أواخر الكلم وبناء التراجم عليها فكانا توأمي رحم وسليلي أبوة.
هذه أصول كتب اللغة فيما علمناه.
وهناك مختصرات أخرى مختصة بصنف من الكلم مستوعبة لبعض الأبواب أو لكلها إلا أن وجه الحصر فيها خفي ووجه الحصر في تلك جلي من قبل التراكيب كما رأيت.
ومن الكتب الموضوعة أيضا في اللغة: كتاب الزمخشري في المجاز بين فيه كل ما تجوزت به العرب من الألفاظ وفيما تجوزت به من المدلولات وهو كتاب شريف الإفادة.
ثم لما كانت العرب تضع الشيء على العموم ثم تستعمل في الأمور الخاصة ألفاظا أخرى خاصة بها فرق ذلك عندنا بين الوضع والاستعمال واحتاج إلى فقه في اللغة عزيز المأخذ كما وضع الأبيض بالوضع العام لكل ما فيه بياض ثم اختص ما فيه بياض من الخيل بالأشهب ومن الإنسان بالأزهر ومن الغنم بالأملح حتى صار استعمال الأبيض في هذه كلها لحنا وخروجا عن لسان العرب.
واختص بالتأليف في هذا المنحى الثعالبي وأفرده في كتاب له سماه فقه اللغة وهو من آكد ما يأخذ به اللغوي نفسه أن يحرف استعمال العرب عن مواضعه فليس معرفة الوضع الأول بكاف في التركيب حتى يشهد له استعمال العرب لذلك وأكثر ما يحتاج إلى ذلك الأديب في فني نظمه ونثره حذرا من أن يكثر لحنه في الموضوعات اللغوية في مفرداتها وتراكيبها وهو أشد من اللحن في الإعراب وأفحش.
وكذلك ألف بعض المتأخرين في الألفاظ المشتركة وتكفل بحصرها وإن لم يبلغ إلى النهاية في ذلك فهو مستوعب للأكثر.
وأما المختصرات الموجودة في هذا الفن المخصوصة بالمتداول من اللغة الكثير الاستعمال تسهيلا لحفظها على الطالب فكثيرة مثل: الألفاظ لابن السكيت والفصيح لثعلب وغيرهما وبعضها أقل لغة من بعض لاختلاف نظرهم في الأهم على الطالب للحفظ والله الخلاق العليم لا رب سواه انتهى.
وذكر في مدينة العلوم من المختصرات: كتاب العين للخليل بن أحمد والمنتخب والمجرد لعلي بن حسن المعروف بكراع النمل والمنضد في اللغة المجرد.
ومن المتوسطات: المجمل لابن حسن الفارس وديوان الأدب للفارابي.
ومن المبسوطات: المعلم لأحمد بن أبان اللغوي والتهذيب والجامع للأزهري والعباب الزاخر للصغاني والمحكم لابن سيدة والصحاح للجوهري واللامع المعلم العجاب الجامع بين المحكم والعباب والقاموس المحيط1 قال:
ومن الكتب الجامعة: لسان العرب جمع فيه بين التهذيب والمحكم والصحاح وحواشيه والجمهرة والنهاية للشيخ محمد بن مكرم بن علي وقيل: رضوان بن أحمد بن أبي القاسم.
ومن المختصرات: السامي في الأسامي للميداني والدستور ومرقاة الأدب والمغرب في لغة الفقهيات خاصة للمطرزي ومختصر الإصلاح لابن السكيت وكتاب طلبة الطلبة لنجم الدين أبي حفص عمر بن محمد ويختص بالفقهيات.
ومما يختص بغريب الحديث: نهاية الجزري والغريبين جمع فيه وبين غريب الحديث والقرآن
ومنهم من أفرد اللغات الواقعة في أشعار العرب وقصائدهم إلى غير ذلك انتهى.
وذكر تراجم اللغويين تحت الكتب المذكورة ومن أبسط الكتب في اللغة وأنفعها كتاب تاج العروس في شرح القاموس للسيد مرتضى الزبيدي المصري البلجرامي وبلجرام قصبة بنواحي قنوج موطن هذا العبد الضعيف. وكتاب المصباح ومختار الصحاح.
وفي كتابنا البلغة كفاية لمن يريد الإطلاع على كتب هذا العلم. 

عق

1 عَقَّ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (Mgh, O, Msb, TA,) He clave, split, slit, ripped, or rent; (Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA;) and he cut. (Mgh, O, TA.) You say, عَقَّ ثَوْبَهُ He slit, ripped, or rent, his garment. (Msb.) and عُقَّتْ تَمِيمَتُهُ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ [His amulet was cut off among the sons of such a one]; said of a boy when he has attained to the prime of manhood, and become strong, with a tribe; originating from the fact that as long as the boy was an infant, his mother hung upon him amulets to preserve him from the evil eye; and when he became full-grown, they were cut off from him: whence the saying of a poet, بِلَادٌ بِهَا عَقَّ الشَّبَابُ تَمِيمَتِى

وَأَوَّلُ أَرْضٍ مَسَّ جِلْدِى تُرَابُهَا [A country in which the attaining to the prime of manhood cut off my amulet, and the first land of which the dust touched my skin]. (TA.) b2: and [hence,] عَقَّتِ الرِّيحُ المُزْنَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, The wind drew forth a shower of fine rain from the مزن [or clouds containing water]; as though it rent them. (TA.) And عُقَّتِ السَّحَابَةُ The cloud poured forth its water; [as though it were rent;] and ↓ اِنْعَقَّت [means the same]; (TA;) and ↓ اعتقّت [likewise]. (O.) b3: and عَقَّ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ, (S, Msb,) or عَنِ المَوْلُودِ, (K,) aor. ـُ (S, Msb, TA) and عَقِّ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (S, Msb,) He slaughtered as a sacrifice (S, Msb, K, TA) for his child, (S, Msb,) or for the new-born child, (K,) a sheep or goat, (T, Msb, TA,) [generally the latter,] on the seventh day after the birth. (T, S, Msb, TA.) And He shaved the [hair termed] عَقِيقَة [q. v.] (S, TA) of his child, (S,) or of the new-born child. (TA.) b4: And عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ He shot the arrow towards the sky; and that arrow was called عَقِيقَةٌ; (S, O, K;) and it was the arrow of self-excuse: they used to do thus in the Time of Ignorance [on the occasion of a demand for blood-revenge]; and if the arrow returned smeared with blood, they were not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it returned clean, they stroked their beards, and made reconciliation on the condition of the bloodwit; the stroking of the beards being a sign of reconciliation: the arrow, however, as IAar says, did not [ever] return otherwise than clean: (S, O:) the origin was this: a man of the tribe was slain, and the slayer was prosecuted for his blood; whereupon a company of the chief men [of the family of the slayer] collected themselves together to the heirs [who claimed satisfaction for the blood] of the slain, and offered the bloodwit, asking forgiveness for the blood; and if the heir [who claimed satisfaction and who acted for himself and his coheirs] was a strong man, impatient of injury, he refused to take the bloodwit; but if weak, he consulted the people of his tribe, and then said to the petitioners, “We have, between us and our Creator, a sign denoting command and prohibition: we take an arrow, and set it on a bow, and shoot it towards the sky; and if it return to us smeared with blood, we are forbidden to take the bloodwit, and are not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it return clean, as it went up, we are commanded to take the bloodwit: ” so they made reconciliation; for this arrow never returned otherwise than clean; and thus they had an excuse in the opinion of the ignorant of them. (L, TA.) A poet (S, O, TA) of the family of the slain, said by some to be of Hudheyl, by IB to be El-As'ar El-Joafee, who was absent from this reconciliation, (TA,) says, عَقُّوا بِسَهْمٍ ثُمَّ قَالُوا صَالِحُوا يَا لَيْتَنِى فِى القَوْمِ إِذْ مَسَحُوا الِلُّحَى

[They shot an arrow towards the sky; them they said, “Make ye reconciliation: ” would that I were among the party when they stroked the beards]: (S, O, TA:) or, as some relate it, the first word is عَقَّوْا, with fet-h to the ق; which belongs to the class of unsound verbs [i. e. to art. عقى]. (S, O.) b5: One says also, عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, (S, O, K,) or أَبَاهُ, (Msb,) aor. ـُ (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عُقُوقٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and مَعَقَّةٌ (S, O, K) and عَقٌّ, (TA,) He was undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, to his parent, or father; contr. of بَرَّهُ; (K;) he broke his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) he disobeyed his father; and failed, or neglected, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner. (Msb.) And عَقَّ الرَّحِمَ, (TA, and Ham p. 93,) like قَطَعَهَا [i. e. He severed the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred]. (Ham ib.) and عَقَّ [alone], aor. ـُ inf. n. عُقُوقٌ, [He was undutiful, &c.; or he acted undutifully, &c.; or] he contravened, or opposed, him whom he was under an obligation to obey. (Har p. 158.) عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment, &c., of the two parents] is said in a trad. to be one of the great sins. (O.) And it is said in a prov., العُقُوقُ

أَحَدُ الثُّكْلَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is one of the two sorts of being bereft of a child]: or, as some relate it, العُقُوقُ ثُكْلُ مَنْ لَمْ يَثْكَلْ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is (like) the bereavement of him who is not (really) bereft of his child]: i. e. he whom his children have treated undutifully (مِنْ عَقَّهُ وَلَدُهُ) is as though he were bereft of his children although they are living. (O.) [See also 3: and 4.] b6: Hence, from عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ, the verb is metaphorically used in the saying, in a trad., مَثَلُكُمْ وَمَثَلُ عَائِشَةَ مَثَلُ العَيْنِ فِى الرَّأْسِ تُؤْذِى صَاحِبَهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَعُقَّهَا إِلَّا بِالَّذِى هُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهَا (tropical:) [The similitude of you and of 'Áïsheh is that of the eye in the head, when it hurts its owner, and he cannot treat it severely save with that which is good for it: app. meaning that her severity was for the good of the objects thereof]. (TA.) A2: عَقَّ, intrans., said of lightning: see 7.

A3: عَقَّتْ said of a mare, and of an ass: see 4.

A4: عَقَّتِ الدَّلْوُ, inf. n. عَقُّ, means The bucket came up full from the well; and some of the Arabs say عَقَّت as having تَعْقِيَةٌ for its inf. n.; but it is [said to be] originally ↓ عَقَّقَت, the third ق being changed into ى, [which is then in this case suppressed,] like as they said تَظَنَّيْتُ from الظَّنُّ: [it is, however, mentioned in the TA in art. عقو also, and there expl. as meaning it rose in the well turning round: and from what here follows, it appears to mean it rose swiftly, cleaving the air:] a poet, cited by IAar, says, of a bucket, عَقَّتْ كَمَا عَقَّتْ دَلُوفُ العِقْبَانٌ meaning It clave [the air of] the well, rising swiftly, like the hastening of the swift eagle in its flight towards the prey. (TA in the present art.) 2 عَقَّّ see above, last sentence.3 عَاقَقْتُ فُلَانًا, aor. ـَ inf. n. عِقَاقٌ, I contravened, or opposed, such a one. (TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.]4 اعقّ فُلَانٌ i. q. جَآءَ بِالعُقُوقِ [i. e. Such a one did that which was an act of undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to his father or the like]. (S, TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.] b2: and you say, مَا أَعَقَّهُ لِوَالِدِهِ [How undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, is he to his father!]. (TA.) A2: اعقّت She (a mare, S, O, K, and an ass, TA) conceived, or became pregnant; (S, O, K;) or she did not conceive, or become pregnant, after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) and ↓ عَقَّتْ, aor. ـِ (O, K, TA,) the verb being of the class of ضَرَبَ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقَاقٌ and عَقَقٌ (O, K, TA) and عُقُوقٌ, (CK, but not in other copies,) signifies the same, (O, * K, TA,) said of a mare, (O, K,) and of an ass; (O;) or عَقَاقٌ signifies pregnancy itself, as also عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and عَقَقٌ; (S, O;) or عَقَّتْ signifies she became pregnant; and اعقّت, the [hair called] عَقِيقَة grew in her belly upon the young one that she bore. (TA.) b2: Also It (a palm-tree, and a grape-vine) put forth what are termed عِقَّان [q. v.]. (S, O, K.) A3: اعقّهُ He made it bitter; (S, O, K;) namely, water; said of God; like اقعّهُ. (S, O.) and اعقّت الأَرْضُ المَآءَ The earth made the water bitter. (TA.) 7 انعقّ It became cloven, split, slit, ripped, or rent; or it clave, split, &c.; said of anything; (S, O, K, TA;) mentioned by Th as said of a garment. (TA.) b2: انعقّت السَّحَابَهُ The cloud became rent with the water. (S, O, K.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 8.] b3: انعقّ البَرْقُ and ↓ عَقَّ [of which latter the aor. is probably يَعَقُّ, and the inf. n. عَقَقٌ, said in the K to mean اِنْشِقَاقٌ,] signify تَشَقَّقَ and اِنْشَقَّ [as though meaning The lightning became cloven]; (TA;) [but] the former is expl. as signifying the lightning was, or became, in a state of commotion (تَضَرَّبَ) in the clouds. (S, O.) [Another meaning is suggested by an explanation of عَقِيقَةٌ (q. v.) in relation to lightning.] b4: انعقّ الغُبَارُ i. q. سَطَعَ [app. as meaning The dust spread, or diffused itself]: (IF, O, K:) or اِنْشَقَّ وَسَطَعَ [became cleft, and diffused itself]. (TA.) b5: انعقّ الوَادِى The valley was, or became, deep. (TA.) A2: انعقّت العُقْدَةُ The knot became strongly, or firmly, tied. (O, * K, * TA.) 8 اعتقّ السَّحَابُ The clouds became rent, (K, TA,) and their water poured forth. (TA.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 7.]

A2: اعتقّ السَّيْفَ He drew the sword (O, K) from its scabbard. (O.) A3: And اعتقّ [probably from عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ, q. v.,] He exceeded the due bounds, or was immoderate, in excusing himself. (TA.) R. Q. 1 عَقْعَقَ بِصَوْتِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. عَقْعَقَةٌ, (S, O,) said of the عَقْعَق [or magpie], It uttered a [kind of chattering] cry, (S, * O, TA,) resembling the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, TA;) whence its name: and said of a bird [that utters a cry of this kind] when it comes and goes. (TA.) b2: And عَقْعَقَةٌ signifies also The shaking, or being in a state of commotion, [so as to produce a kind of crackling, or rustling, sound,] of paper, and of a new garment; like قَعْقَعَةٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) عَقٌّ Any cleft, or furrow, and any hole, in sand &c. (S, TA.) See also عَقَّةٌ.

A2: Also i. q. عَاقٌّ, q. v. (O, K.) A3: مَآءٌ عَقٌّ: see عُقٌّ.

مَآءٌ عُقٌّ, with damm, (K, TA,) or ↓ عَقٌّ, (thus written in my copies of the S and in the O,) and ↓ عُقَاقٌ, (O, K, TA,) Bitter water: (S, O, K:) or intensely bitter water: used alike as sing. and pl.: (TA:) like قُعٌّ, (TA,) or قَعٌّ, (S, O,) and قُعَاعٌ. (O, TA.) عِقٌّ: see what next follows.

عَقَّةٌ A deep excavation, hollow, cavity, trench, or the like, in the ground; (K, TA;) as also ↓ عِقٌّ, accord. to the K, there said to be with kesr, but correctly ↓ عَقٌّ, with fet-h, [q. v.,] which signifies an elongated excavation in the ground, and is originally an inf. n.; thus in the L. (TA.) b2: And A blaze of lightning extending in an elongated form in the sky, (IDrd, O, K,) or in the side of the clouds, (A, TA,) and said to be as though it were a drawn sword. (TA.) [See also عَقِيقَةٌ.]

عُقَّةٌ A certain thing with which boys play. (L, K, TA.) عِقَّةٌ: see عَقِيقَةٌ, in the former half.

عَقَقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ. b2: It is said in the K to be syn. with عَاقٌّ; but in this sense the correct word is عُقَقٌ. (TA.) عُقَقٌ: see عُقِيقَةٌ, latter half: A2: and see also عَاقٌّ, in two places.

عُقُقٌ, as a sing. and as a pl.: see عَاقٌّ.

عَقَاقٌ is an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ said of a mare (O, K) and of an ass: (O:) or it signifies Pregnancy (AA, S, K) itself; (K;) as also ↓ عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and ↓ عَقَقٌ [which is likewise said to be an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ]. (S.) You say, أَظْهَرَتِ الأَتَانُ عَقَاقًا The she-ass manifested pregnancy. (AA, S, O.) b2: And, accord. to Esh-Shafi'ee, An embryo; or a fœtus. (TA.) A2: عَقَاقِ, like قَطَامِ, [indecl.,] is a [proper] name for العُقُوقُ [Undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to a parent, or the like]: (K, TA:) mentioned by IB, and in the O. (TA.) عُقَاقٌ, applied to water: see عُقٌّ.

عِقَاقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ.

عَقُوقٌ, applied to a mare, (S, O, K, TA,) and to an ass, (TA,) Pregnant: (S, O, K:) or not pregnant after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) or it signifies thus also; (O;) having two contr. meanings; (K;) or it is applied to one in the latter state as implying a presage of good; (O, K;) so says AHát; (O, TA;) i. e., as though they meant that she would become pregnant: (TA:) it is extr.; [as being from أَعَقَّتْ;] and one should not say ↓ مُعِقٌّ; or this is a bad dial. var.; (S, O, K;) or, accord. to AA, it is from اعقّت, and عَقُوقٌ is from عَقَّتْ: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُقٌ, and عِقَاقٌ is a pl. pl., (S, O, K,) i. e. pl. of عُقُقٌ. (S, O.) It is said in a prov., طَلَبَ الأَبْلَقَ العَقُوقَ, meaning He sought an impossible thing; because ابلق is applied to a male, and عقوق means pregnant: (S, O, and K in art. بلق) or الابلق العقوق means the dawn, because it breaks, lit, cleaves. (O, and K in art. بلق.) b2: نَوَى

العَقُوقِ means Date-stones that are easily broken, (Lth, S, O, K,) soft to be chewed; (Lth, O, K;) which are given as provender to camels, (S,) or to the pregnant thereof, in consideration of her state, wherefore they are thus called; and which are eaten, or chewed, by the old woman; but this is of the speech of the people of El Basrah, and not known by the Arabs in their desert: (Lth, O:) and sometimes they called a single date-stone of this sort ↓ عَقِيقَةٌ. (S.) A2: See also عَاقٌّ.

عَقِيقٌ Cleft, split, slit, ripped, or rent; and cut; as also ↓ مَعْقُوقٌ. (TA.) b2: And [hence] Any channel which the water of a torrent has cloven (S, O, Msb, * K) of old (Msb) and made wide: (S, O:) and a valley: (O, K:) pl. أَعِقَّةٌ (S, O, Msb, K, TA) and عَقَائِقُ. (TA.) And عَقَائِقُ signifies also Pools of water in cleft furrows: (AHn, TA:) and some say, red sands. (TA.) b3: See also عَقِيقَةٌ, in two places.

A2: Also [Carnelian;] a species of فُصُوص [or stones that are set in rings]; (S;) a sort of stone, (Msb,) or red خَرَز [meaning precious stones], (O, K,) of which فُصُوص are made; (O, Msb;) existing in ElYemen, (K, TA,) near to Esh-Shihr, said by Et-Teefáshee to be brought from mines thereof at San'à, (TA,) and on the shores of the Sea of Roomeeyeh; one kind thereof is of a turbid appearance, like water running from salted flesh-meat, and having in it faint white lines, (K, TA,) and this, Et-Teefáshee says, is what is known by the appellation الرطبى [so in my original]; the best kind is the red; then, the yellow; then, the white; and the other kinds are bad: or, as some say, the streaked (المُشَطَّب) is the best: (TA:) [I omit some absurd assertions in the K and TA respecting various virtues supposed to be possessed by this stone:] the n. un. is with ة: and the pl. is عَقَائِقُ. (O, K.) [العَقِيقُ اليَمَانِىُّ is an appel-lation applied by some to The agate.]

عَقِيقَةٌ [a subst. from عَقِيقٌ, made so by the affix ة. Hence, because cleft, or furrowed, in the earth,] A river, or rivulet. (IAar, O, K.) b2: And A fillet, or bandage, (عِصَابَةٌ,) at the time of its being rent from a garment, or piece of cloth. (IAar, O, K.) b3: And The prepuce of a boy (AO, IAar, O, K) when he is circumcised. (TA.) b4: And [app. because made of cut pieces of skin,] A [leathern water-bag such as is commonly called]

مَزَادَة. (IAar, O, K.) b5: Also The wool of a جَذَع [or sheep in or before its second year]: (S, O, K, TA:) that of a ثَنِىّ [or sheep in its third year] is called جَنِيبَةٌ: (TA:) and the hair of a young one recently born, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) that comes forth upon his head in his mother's belly, (TA,) of human beings, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) because it is cut off on his seventh day, (Mgh,) and of others, (Msb,) [i. e.] of beasts likewise; (S, O, K, TA;) as also ↓ عَقِيقٌ and ↓ عِقَّةٌ; (S, O, Msb, K;) but A 'Obeyd says that he had not heard this last except in relation to human beings and asses: (S, O, K: *) its pl. (i. e. the pl. of عِقَّةٌ) is عِقَقٌ: (O, K:) [the pl. of عَقِيقَةٌ and عَقِيقٌ is عَقَائِقُ: a law of the Sunneh requires that the عَقِيقَة of an infant should be weighed, and its weight in silver be given to the poor: (and Herodotus, in ii. 65, mentions a similar custom as obtaining among the Ancient Egyptians:)] when the hair has once fallen from the young [by its being cut], the term عَقِيقَةٌ ceases to be applied to it: so says Lth: (O, TA:) but it occurs in a trad. applied to hair as being likened to the hair of a recently-born infant. (TA.) b6: Hence, (S, O,) it is applied also to The sheep, or goat, [generally the latter,] that is slaughtered (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) as a sacrifice for the recentlyborn infant (S, Mgh, Msb) on the occasion of the shaving of the infant's hair (O, K) on the seventh day after his birth, (S, Msb,) and of which the limbs are divided, and cooked with water and salt, and given as food to the poor: (Lth, TA:) Z holds it to be thus called from the same word as applied to the hair: but it is said [by some] to be so called because it is slaughtered by cutting the windpipe and gullet and the two external jugular veins: (TA:) the Prophet disallowed this appellation, (Mgh, Msb,) as being of evil omen, (Mgh,) or as though he saw them to regard it as of evil omen, (Msb,) and desired them to use نَسِيكَةٌ in its stead; (Mgh, Msb, TA;) saying I like not العُقُوق. (TA.) b7: عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies What remains [for an instant] in the clouds, of the rays, or beams, of lightning; (Lth, O, K;) as also ↓ العُقَقُ; (K;) which, as well as العَقِيقَةُ, is also expl. as meaning lightning which one sees in the midst of the clouds, resembling a drawn sword: (TA:) or عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies lightning in a state of commotion in the clouds: (S, O:) or lightning extending in an elongated form in the side, or breadth, of the clouds: (TA:) or lightning that cleaves the clouds, and extends high, into the midst of the sky, without going to the right and left: (S in art. خفو:) or, as expl. by Aboo-Sa'eed, a flash of lightning that has spread in the horizon: (O, voce شَقِيقَةٌ:) a sword is likened thereto: (S, O, K:) and [the pl.] عَقَائِقُ is a name for swords: (O, K:) ↓ عَقِيقٌ, also, signifies lightning. (TA.) b8: And عَقِيقَةٌ signifies also An arrow shot towards the sky; (S, O, K;) the arrow of self-excuse; which was used in the manner described in the explanation of the phrase عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ [q. v.]. (S, O.) b9: See also عَقُوقٌ, last signification.

سَحَابَةٌ عَقَّاقَةٌ A cloud pouring forth its water: (TA:) or a cloud much rent by water. (T, TA voce هَيْدَبٌ.) عِقَّانٌ Shoots that come forth from the أُصُول [meaning trunks, or stems,] of palm-trees and of grape-vines; (S, O, K;) and which, if not cut off, cause the اصول to become vitiated, or unsound. (S, O.) [See also صُنْبُورٌ: and see عَوَاقٌّ, below.]

عَقْعَقٌ [The magpie, corvus pica; so called in the present day;] a certain bird, (S, O, Msb, K,) well known, (S, O,) of the size of the pigeon, (Msb,) party-coloured, black and white, (O, Msb, K,) having a long tail, (O, Msb,) said by Is-hák El-Mowsilee to be the same that is called شَجَجَى, (Th, IB, TA,) a species of crow, (IAth, Msb, TA,) wherefore it is said in a trad. that the man in the state of إِحْرَام may kill it; (IAth, TA;) its cry resembles the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, K;) and the Arabs regard it as an evil omen. (Msb.) [See also صُرَدٌ.]

عَاقٌّ Undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or illmannered, to his parent, or father; (S, * O, * K;) breaking, or one who breaks, his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) disobeying, or disobedient to, his father; and failing, or neglecting, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner; (Msb;) [and severing, or one who severs, the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred; (see its verb;)] and ↓ عَقٌّ signifies the same; (O, K;) as also ↓ عُقَقٌ, (S, O, TA,) but in an intensive sense, altered from عَاقٌّ, like غُدَر and فُسَق from غَادِر and فَاسِق, in the K erroneously said to be عَقَقٌ; (TA;) and ↓ عُقُقٌ; (L, and TA as from the K, but not in my MS. copy of the K nor in the CK;) which last signifies also [as a pl.] men severing, or who sever, the ties of relationship, by unkind behaviour to their kindred; and also remote, or distant, enemies: (TA:) [and ↓ عَقُوقٌ is app. used (as Freytag asserts it to be) in the sense of عَاقٌّ in the Fákihet el-Khulatà, p. 55, 1. 7 from the bottom:] the pl. of عَاقٌّ is عَقَقَةٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) like كَفَرَةٌ, (S,) and عُقَّقٌ, like رُكَّعٌ, a form used by Ru-beh, (O,) and أَعِقَّةٌ, which is an extr. [meaning anomalous] pl. (Ham p. 93.) ↓ ذُقٌ عُقَقُ, (S, O,) in a trad., (S,) said by Aboo-Sufyán to Hamzeh on the day of Ohod, when he passed by him slain, (S, * O,) means ذُقٌ جَزَآءَ فِعْلِكَ [Taste thou the recompense of thy deed], (S,) or ذُقِ القَتْلَ [taste thou slaughter], (O,) يَا عَاقُّ [O undutiful, &c.; or, accord. to the explanation in the TA mentioned above, عُقَقُ, for يَا عُقَقُ, means O very undutiful, &c.]. (S, O.) عَوَاقُّ النَّخْلِ The shoots, or offsets, of the palmtrees, that grow forth therewith. (O, K.) [See also عِقَّانٌ.]

أَعَقُّ مِنْ ضَبٍّ [More undutiful, &c., to kindred, than a lizard of the species called ضبّ] is a prov. [mentioned, but not expl., in the O]: IAar says, the female [of the ضبّ] is meant; and its عُقُوق consists in its eating its young ones. (TA.) [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 152-3. And see an ex. of أَعَقُّ in a verse cited in art. زهد, conj. 2.]

مُعِقٌّ: see عَقُوقٌ.

مَعْقُوقٌ: see عَقِيقٌ, first sentence.