ا

ى2 أَيَّا آيَةً, [inf. n., by rule, as below,] He put, or set, a sign, token, or mark, by which a person or thing might be known. (M.) A2: أَيَّا بِلإِبِلِ, (inf. n. تَأْييَةٌ, Lth, T,) He chid the camels, saying to them أَيَايَا, (Lth, T, M, and K in art. أَيَا,) or أَيَايَهْ, (M,) or يَايَا, (K,) or يَايَهْ. (M, K.) 5 تأيّا, as a trans. verb: see 6.

A2: He paused, stopped, stayed, remained, or tarried, (T, S, M, K, *) بِا لمَكَانِ in the place; (M, K; * [in the latter explained by تَلَبَّثَ عَلَيْهِ; but this seems to be a mistake, arising from the omission of part of a passage in the M, (one of the chief sources of the K,) running thus; تَأَيَّا بِا لمَكَانِ تَلَبَّثَ وَتَمَكَّثَ وَتَأَيَّا عَلَيْهِ انْصَرَفَ فِى تُؤَدَةٍ;]) and confined, restricted, limited, restrained, or withheld, himself. (T.) In the sense of its inf. n., [by rule تَأَىّ, originally تَأَيُّىٌ,] they said ↓ تَأَيَّةٌ, or تَإِيَّةٌ or تَئِيَّةٌ; [thus differently written in different places in copies of the T and S;] as in the ex. لَيْسَ مَنْزِلُكُمْ بِدَارِ تَأَيَّةٍ or تَإِيَّةٍ, (IAar, T,) or لَيْسَ مَنْزِلُكُمْ هٰذَا بِمَنْزِلِ تَأَيَّةٍ or تَإِيَّةٍ, (S,) i. e. Your abode, or this your abode, is not an abode of tarriance and confinement. (IAar, T, S.) b2: He expected, or waited for, a thing: (Lth, T:) and he acted with moderation, gently, deliberately, or leisurely; without haste; or with gravity, staidness, sedateness, or calmness; (Lth, T, K;) فِى الأَمْرِ in the affair; inf. n. تَأىٍ. (Lth, T.) تَأَيَّيْتُ عَلَيْهِ, in a verse of Lebeed, means I acted with moderation, &c., as above, and paused, stopped, stayed, remained, or tarried, upon him, i. e., upon my horse: (T:) or I remained firm upon him: (TA, as on the authority of Az:) but it is explained by Lth as meaning I turned away, or back, deliberately, or leisurely, upon him. (T: and the like is said in the M.) 6 تَآيَيْتُهُ, (T, S, M, * K,) and ↓ تَأَيَّيْتُهُ, (S, K,) I directed my course, or aim, to, or towards, (T, S, M, * K,) his آيَة, (S, M,) i. e., (M,) his شَخْص [or body, or corporeal form or figure or substance, seen from a distance; or person]. (T, M, K.) The following is an ex., as some relate it, of the former verb; and as others relate it, of the latter: اَلْحُصْنُ أَوْلَى لَوْ تَآيُيْتِهِ مِنْ حَثْيِكِ التُّرْبَ عَلَى الرَّاكِبِ [Modest behaviour were more proper, if thou directedst thy course towards his person, than thy throwing dust upon the rider]: (S, TA: [in two copies of the former of which, for أَوْلَى, I find أَدْنَى:]) said by a woman to her daughter, on the latter's relating, in a couplet, that a rider, passing along, had seen her, and she had thrown dust in his face, purposely. (IB.) أَىْ a vocative particle (حرف نداء)) , (S, M, Mughnee, K,) addressed to the near, (S, K,) not to the distant: (S:) or to the near, or the distant, or the intermediate; accord. to different authorities. (Mughnee.) You say, أَىْ زَيْدُ أَقْبِلْ [O Zeyd, advance: or, if it may be used in addressing one who is distant, ho there, soho, or holla: and if used in addressing one who is between near and distant, ho, or what ho]: (S:) and أَىْ رَبِّ [O my Lord]; occurring in a trad.: and sometimes it is pronounced ↓ آىْ. (Mughnee.) A2: Also an explicative particle. (S, M, Mughnee, K.) You say, أَىْ كَذَا in the sense of يُرِيدُ كَذَا [He means such a thing, or يَعْنِى كَذَا, which has the same signification; or أُرِيدُ, or أَعْنِى, I mean; or the like; for all of which, we may say, meaning; or that is]; (S;) as in عِنْدِى عَسْجِدٌ أَىْ ذَهَبٌ [I have عَسْجَد, that is, (I have) ذَهَبَ, or gold]. (Mughnee.) What follows it is an adjunct explicative of what precedes it, or a substitute. (Mughnee.) AA says that he asked Mbr respecting what follows it, and he answered that it may be a substitute for what precedes, and may be a word independent of what precedes it, and may be a noun in the accus. case: and that he asked Th, and he answered that it may be an explicative, or a word independent of what precedes it, or a noun governed in the accus. case by a verb suppressed: you say, جَآءَنِى أَخُوكَ أَىْ زَيْدٌ [Thy brother came to me; that is, Zeyd]; and you may say, أَىْ زَيْدًا [I mean Zeyd]: and رَأَيْتُ أَخَاكَ أَىْ زَيْدًا [I saw thy brother; I mean, or that is, Zeyd]; and you may say, أَىْ زَيْدٌ [that is, Zeyd]: and مَرَرْتُ بِأَخِيكَ أَىْ زَيْدٍ [I passed by thy brother; that is, by Zeyd]; and you may say, أَىْ زَيدًا [I mean, Zeyd]; and أَىْ زَيْدٌ [that is, Zeyd]. (T, TA.) When it occurs after تَقُولُ, in a case like the following, [i. e., when a verb following it explains a verb preceding it,] one says, تَقُولُ اِسْتَكْتَمْتُهُ الحَدِيثَ

أَىْ سَأَلْتُهُ كِتْمَانَهُ [Thou sayest, استكتمته الحديث, meaning سألته كتمانه I asked of him the concealment of it, namely, the discourse, or story; and so when تَقُولُ is understood, as is often, or generally, the case in lexicons]; with damm to the ت: but if you put إِذَا in the place of أَىْ, you say, إِذَا سَأَلْتَهُ, with fet-h, because أَذا is an adverbial noun relating to تَقُولُ. (Mughnee.) A3: See also أَىٌّ, near the beginning of the paragraph, in three places.

إِىْ is a particle denoting a reply, meaning نَعَمْ [Yes, or yea]; importing acknowledgment of the truth of an enunciation; and the making a thing known, to him who asks information; and a promise, to him who seeks or demands; therefore it occurs after such sayings as “Zeyd stood” and “Did Zeyd stand.?” and “Beat thou Zeyd,” and the like; as does نَعَمْ: Ibn-El-Hájib asserts that it occurs only after an interrogation; as in the saying [in the Kur x. 54], وَيَسْتَنْبِؤُنَكَ أَحَقٌّ هُوَ قُلٌ

إِ ىْ وَرَبِىّ [And they will ask thee to inform them, saying, Is it true? Say, Yea, by my Lord!]: but accord. to all, it does not occur otherwise than before an oath: and when one says, إِ ىْ وَاللّٰهِ [Yea, by God!], and then drops the و the ى may be quiescent, and with fet-h, and elided; [so that you say, إِ ىْ اللّٰهِ, and إِ ىَ اللّٰهِ, and إِ اللّٰهِ;] in the first of which cases, two quiescent letters occur together, irregularly. (Mughnee.) Lth says, إِ ىْ is an oath, as in إ ِىْ وَرَبِّى meaning, says Zj, نَعَمْ وَرَبِّى: IAar is also related to have said the like; and this is the correct explanation. (T.) [J says,] It is a word preceding an oath, meaning بَلَى [q. v.]; as in إِ ىْ وَرَبِّى and إِ ىْ وَاللّٰه. (S.) [ISd and F say,] It is syn. with نَعَمْ, and is conjoined with an oath: and one says also هِىْ. (M, K.) أَىٌّ is a noun, used in five different manners. (Mughnee.) One of its meanings is that of an interrogative, (T, S, M, Mughnee, K,) relating to intellectual beings and to non-intellectual things; [meaning Who? which? and what?] (S, M, K;) and as such, it is a decl. noun: (S:) it is said in the K to be a particle; (MF;) and so in the M; (TA;) but this is wrong: (MF:) and it is added in the K that it is indecl.; (MF;) and it is said to be so in the M, accord. to Sb, in an instance to be explained below; (TA;) but this is only when it is a conjunct noun [like الَّذِى], or denotes the object of a vocative: (MF:) or, accord. to some, it is decl. as a conjunct noun also. (Mughnee.) You say, أَيُّهُمْ أَخُوكَ [Who, or which, of them, is thy brother?]. (S.) Another ex. is the saying [in the Kur vii. 184, and last verse of lxxvii.], فَبِأَىِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَهُ يُؤْمِنُونَ [And in what announcement, after it, will they believe?]. (Mughnee.) Sometimes it is without teshdeed; as in the saying (of El-Farezdak, M), ↓ تَنَظَّرْتُ نَصْرًا وَالسِّمَاكَيْنِ أَيْهُمَا عَلَىَّ مِنَ الغَيْثِ اسْتَهَلَّتْ مَوَاطِرُهْ [I looked for rain, or aid from the clouds, and the two Simáks (stars so called). Of which of them two did the rains pour vehemently upon me from the clouds?]: (M, Mughnee, K: * [in the last of which, only the former hemistich is given, with نَسْرًا (meaning the star or asterism so called) instead of نَصْرًا:]) so by poetic licence: (M:) IJ says that for this reason the poet has elided the second ى, but should have restored the first ى to و, because it is originally و. (TA. [But this assertion, respecting the first ى, I regard as improbable.]) ↓ أَيْمَ, also, is a contraction of أَىُّ مَا, meaning أَىُّ شَىْءٍ: so in the saying, أَيْمَ هُوَ يَا فُلَانُ [What thing is it, O such a one?]: and أَيْمَ تَقُولُ [What thing sayest thou?]. (TA in art. ايم.) In like manner, also, ↓ أَيْشَ is used as a contraction of أَىُّ شَىْءٍ. (Ks, TA in art. جرم.) A poet speaks of his companions as being بِأَىَ وَأَيْنَمَا; making أَىّ the name of the quarter (جِهَة); so that, being determinate and of the feminine gender, it is imperfectly declinable. (M. [See أَينٌ; under which head two other readings are given; and where it is said that the verse in which this occurs is by Homeyd Ibn-Thowr.]) أَىّ is never without a noun or pronoun to which it is prefixed, except in a vocative expression and when it is made to conform with a word to which it refers, as in cases to be exemplified hereafter. (Mughnee.) Being so prefixed, it is determinate; but sometimes, [as in the latter of the cases just mentioned,] it is not so prefixed, yet has the meaning of a prefixed noun. (S.) When used as an interrogative, it is not governed, as to the letter, though it is as to the meaning, by the verb that precedes it, but by what follows it; as in the saying in the Kur [xviii. 11], لِنَعْلَمَ أَىُّ الحِزْبَيْنِ

أَحْصَى [That we might know which of the two parties was able to compute]; and in the same [xxvi. last verse], وَسَيَعْلَمُ الَّذَينَ ظَلَمُوا أَىَ مُنْقَلَبٍ

يَنْقَلِبُونَ [And they who have acted wrongly shall know with what a translating they shall be translated]: (Fr, * Th, Mbr, T, S: *) when it is governed by the verb before it, it has not the interrogative meaning, as will be shown hereafter. (Fr, T.) In the saying of the poet, تَصِيحُ بِنَا حَنِيفَةُ إذْ رَأَتْنَا وَأَىَّ الأَرْضِ تَذْهَبُ لِلصِّيَاحِ [Haneefeh (the tribe so named) shout to us when they see us. And to what place of the earth, or land, will they go for the shouting?], أَىّ is in the accus. case because the prep. إِلَى is suppressed before it. (S.) When they separate it [from what follows it, not prefixing it to another noun], the Arabs say أَىٌ, and in the dual أَيَّانِ, and in the pl. أَيُّونَ; and they make it fem., saying أَيَّةٌ, and [in the dual] أَيَّتَانِ, and [in the pl.] أَيَّاتٌ: but when they prefix it to a noun, properly so called, not a pronoun, they make it sing. and masc., saying أَىُ الرَّجُلَيْنِ [Who, or which, of the two men?], and أَىُ المَرْأَتَيْنِ [Who, or which, of the two women?], and أَىُّ الّرِجَالِ [Who, or which, of the men?], and أَىُّ النِّسَآءِ [Who, or which, of the women?]: and when they prefix it to a fem. pronoun, they make it masc. [as when they prefix it to a masc. pronoun] and fem., saying أَيُّهُمَا and أَيَّتُهُمَا [Who, or which, of them two?], meaning women; (Fr, T;) [the latter of which seems to be the more common; for ISd says,] sometimes they said أَيُّهُنَّ [Who, or which, of them? referring to women], meaning أَيَّتُهُنَّ. (M.) It is said in the Kur [xxxi. last verse], وَمَا تَدْرِى نَفْسٌ بِأَىِّ أَرضٍ

تَمُوتُ [And a person knoweth not in what land he will die]: (S:) but some read بِأَيَّةِ أَرْضٍ; and Sb compares this fem. form to كُلَّتُهُنَّ. (Bd.) When it is used as an interrogative relating to an indeterminate noun in a preceding phrase, أَىّ is made to conform with that indeterminate noun in case-ending and in gender and in number; and this is done [alike, accord. to some,] in the case of its connexion with a following word and in the case of a pause; so that, [in the case of a pause,] to him who says, جَآءَنِى رَجُلٌ [A man came to me], you say, [accord. to the authorities alluded to above,] أَىٌّ [Who?]; and to him who says, رَأَيْتُ رَجُلًا [I saw a man], أَيَّا [Whom?]; and to him who says, مَرَرْتُ بِرَجلٍ [I passed by a man], أَىٍّ

[Whom?]: and in like manner, [accord. to all authorities,] in the case of its connexion with a following word; as أَىُّ يَا فَتَى [Who, O young man?], and أَيَّا يَا فَتَى [Whom, O young man?], and أَىٍ يَا فَتَى [Whom, O young man?]: and in the case of the fem. you say, أَيَّةٌ and أَيَّةً and أَيَّةٍ

[in the nom. and accus. and gen. respectively]; and in the dual, أَيَّانِ and أَيَّتَانِ in the nom. case [masc. and fem. respectively], and أَيَّيْنِ and أَيَّتَيْنِ in the accus. and gen. cases [masc. and fem. respectively]; and in the pl., [with the like distinction of genders,] أَيُّونَ and أَيَّاتٌ in the nom. case, and أَيِّينَ and أَيَّاتٍ in the accus. and gen. cases. (I' Ak p. 319.) [Exs. in cases of pause, agreeing with the foregoing rules, are given in the T; and exs. in cases of connexion with following words, agreeing with the foregoing, are given in the Mughnee: but J gives rules differing from the foregoing in some respects; and IB gives rules differing in some points both from the foregoing and from those of J.] It is said in the S, أَىّ is made to conform with indeterminate nouns significant of intellectual beings and of nonintellectual things, and is used as an interrogative; and when it is thus used in reference to an indeterminate noun, you make it to have a caseending like that of the noun respecting which it demands positive information; so that when it is said to you, مَرَّبِى رَجُلٌ [A man passed by me], you say, أَىٌّ يَا فَتَى [Who, O young man?], thus giving it a case-ending [like that of رَجُلٌ] when it is in connexion with a following word; and you indicate the case-ending [by the pronunciation termed الرَّوْمُ, saying أَىُّ, with a somewhat obscure utterance of the final vowel,] in pausing; and if one says, رَأَيْتُ رَجُلًا [I saw a man], you say, أَيَّا يَافَتَى [Whom, O young man?], giving it a case-ending [like that of رَجُلًا], with tenween, when it is [thus] in connexion with a following word; and you pause upon the ا, saying أَيَّا; and when one says, مَرَرْتُ بِرَجُلٍ [I passed by a man], you say, أَىٍّ يَافَتَى [Whom, O young man? in a case of connexion with a following word; and أَىِّ in a case of pausing]: you conform with what the other has said, in the nom. and accus. and gen. cases, in the case of connexion with a following word and in that of pausing: but IB says that this is correct only in the case of connexion with a following word; for in the case of a pause, you say only أَىّْ, in the nom. and gen., with sukoon; and you imitate in both of these cases only when you use the dual form or the pl.: it is added in the S, you say in the cases of the dual and pl. and fem. like as we have said respecting مَنْ: when one says, جَآءَنِى رِجَالٌ [Men came to me], you say, أَيُّونْ [Who?], with the ن quiescent; and أَيِينْ in the accus. and gen.: but IB says, the correct mode is to say, أَيُّونَ and أَيِّنَ, with fet-h to the ن in both; [meaning that this is the only allowable mode in the case of connexion with a following word, and app. that it is the preferable mode in the case of a pause;] the quiescent ن being allowable only in the case of a pause, and with respect to مَنْ, for you say مَنُونْ and مَنِينْ with the quiescent ن only: it is then added in the S, you say, also, أَيَّهْ [Who? and whom?] in using the fem. [in a case of pause]; but in a case of connexion with a following word, [when referring to a noun in the accus.,] you say, أَيَّةً

يَا هٰذَا [Whom, O thou? in the sing.], and أَيَّاتٍ

[in the pl.; and in like manner, أَيَّةٌ in the nom. sing., and أَيَّةٍ in the gen. sing.; and أَيَّاتٌ in the nom. pl., and أَيَّاتٍ in the gen. pl.]: but when the interrogation refers to a determinate noun, أَىّ is in the nom. case (with refa) only. (TA.) [See also أَيَّانَ, below.] b2: [In other cases, now to be mentioned, it is used alike as sing., dual, and pl.] b3: It also denotes a condition; (T, S, M, Mughnee;) in which case, also, it is a decl. noun, applied to an intellectual being and to a non-intellectual thing. (S.) So in the saying, أَيُّهُمْ يُكْرِمْنِى أُكْرِمْهُ [Whichever of them treats me with honour, I will treat him with honour]. (S.) So, too, in the saying [in the Kur xvii. 110], أَيًّا مَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الأَسْمَآءُ الحُسْنَى [Whichever ye call Him, He hath the best names]. (T, * Mughnee.) And in the saying [in the same, xxviii. 28], أَيَّمَا الْأَجَلَيْنِ قَضَيْتُ فَلَا عُدْوَانَ عَلَىَّ [Whichever of the two terms I fulfil, there shall be no wrongdoing to me]. (Mughnee.) One says also, صَحِبَهُ اللّٰهُ أَيَّا مَا تَوَجَّهَ, meaning أَيْنَمَاتَوَجَّهَ [May God accompany him wherever he goeth]. (Az, T.) and Zuheyr uses the expression أَيَّةً سَلَكُوا for أَيَّةَ وِجْهَةٍ

سَلَكُوا [Whatever tract they travelled, or travel]. (T.) The saying, أَيِّى وَأَيُّكَ كَانَ شَرَّا فَأَخْزَاهُ اللّٰهُ [Whichever of me and thee be evil, may God abase him !] was explained by Kh to Sb as meaning أَيُّنَا كَانَ شَرًّا [whichever of us two be evil]; and as being like the saying, أَخْزَى اللّٰهُ الكَاذِبَ مِنِىّ وَمِنْكَ, meaning مِنَّا. (M. [And in a similar manner, the former clause of that saying, occurring in a verse, with مَا after أَيِّى, is said in the T to have been explained by Kh to Sb.]) b4: It is also a conjunct noun; (Mughnee;) [i. e.] it is sometimes used in the manner of الَّذِى, and therefore requires a complement; as in the saying, أَيُّهُمْ فِى الدَّارِ أَخُوكَ [He, of them, who is in the house is thy brother]: (S:) [i. e.] it is syn. with الَّذِى. (M, Mughnee.) So in the saying [in the Kur xix. 70], ثُمَّ لَنَنْزِعَنَّ مِنْ كُلِّ شِيعَةٍ أَيُّهُمْ أَشَدُّ عَلَى الرَّحْمٰنِ عُتِيَّا [Then we will assuredly draw forth, from every sect, him, of them, who is most exorbitantly rebellious against the Compassionate]: so says Sb: but the Koofees and a number of the Basrees disagree with him, holding that the conjunct noun أَىّ is always decl., like the conditional and the interrogative: Zj says, “It has not appeared to me that Sb has erred except in two instances, whereof this is one; for he has conceded that it is decl. when separate, and how can he say that it is indecl. when it is a prefixed noun?” and El-Jarmee says, “I have gone forth from El-Basrah, and have not heard, from my leaving the Khandak to Mekkeh, any one say, لَأَضْرِبَنَّ أَيُّهُمْ قَائِمٌ [as meaning I will assuredly beat him, of them, who is standing], with damm:” these assert, that it is, in the verse above, an interrogative, and that it is an inchoative, and اشد is an enunciative: but they differ as to the objective complement of the verb: Kh says that this is suppressed, and that the implied meaning is, we will assuredly draw forth those of whom it will be said, Which of them is most &c.? and Yoo says that it is the proposition [ايهّم &c.], and that the verb is suspended from governing, as in the instance in the Kur xviii. 11, cited above: and Ks and Akh say that it is كلّ شيعة, that من is redundant, and that the interrogative proposition is independent of what precedes it; this being grounded on their saying that the redundance of مِنْ is allowable in an affirmative proposition: but these [following] facts refute their sayings; viz. that the suspension of government is peculiar to verbs significant of operations of the mind; and that it is not allowable to say, لَأَضْرِبَنَّ الفَاسِقُ, with refa, as meaning by implication “I will assuredly beat him of whom it is said, He is the transgressor;” and that the redundance of مِنْ in an affirmative proposition is not correct. (Mughnee. [Some further remarks on the same subject, in that work, mentioning other opinions as erroneous, I omit. Another reading of the passage in the Kur cited above (xix. 70) will be found in what here follows.]) [ISd states that] they said, لَأَضْربَنَّ أَيُّهُمْ أَفْضَلُ [I will assuredly beat him, of them, who is most excellent], and أَىٌّ أَفْضَلُ [him who is most excel-lent]; اىّ being indecl., accord. to Sb, and therefore the verb does not govern it [save as to the meaning]. (M.) And [that] you say, اِضْرِبْ أَيُّهُمْ

أَفْضَلُ [Beat thou him, of them, who is most excellent], and أَيَّهُمْ أَفْضَلُ [meaning the same, or whichever of them, &c.]; suppressing the relative هُوَ after ايّهم. (M in a later part of the same art.) Fr says that when أَىّ is governed by the verb before it, it has not the interrogative meaning; and you may say, لَأَضْرِبَنَّ أَيَّهُمْ يَقُولُ ذٰلِكَ [I will assuredly beat him, of them, or whichever of them, says that]: and he says that he who reads أَيَّهُمْ, in the accus. case, in the passage of the Kur cited above (xix. 70) makes it to be governed by لَنَنْــرِعَنَّ. (T.) Ks says, you say, لَأَضْرِبَنَّ أَيَّهُمْ فِى الدَّارِ [I will assuredly beat him, of them, or whichever of them, is in the house]; but you may not say, ضَرَبْتُ أَيَّهُمْ فِى الدَّارِ: thus he distinguishes between the actual occurrence and that which is expected. (S.) Akh says, also, that it may be indeterminate and qualified by an epithet; as when one says, مَرَرْتُ بِأَىٍّ

مُعْجِبٍ لَكَ, like as one says, بِمَنْ مُعْجِبٍ لَكَ [I passed by one pleasing to thee]: but this has not been heard [from the Arabs]. (Mughnee.) b5: It also denotes perfection, or consummateness: and in this case it is an epithet applying to an indeterminate noun; as in زَيْدٌ رَجُلٌ أَىُّ رَجُلٍ (tropical:) [Zeyd is a man; what a man!], meaning that he is complete, or consummate, in the qualities of men: and it is a denotative of state relating to a determinate noun; as in مَرَرْتُ بِعَبْدِ اللّٰهِ أَىَّ رَجُلٍ (tropical:) [I passed by 'Abd-Allah; what a man was he!]: (Mughnee:) and used in this sense, it is tropical. (Har p. 534.) [J says,] it is sometimes an epithet applying to an indeterminate noun: you say, مَرَرْتُ بِرَجُلٍ أَىِّ رَجُلٍ and أَيِّمَارَجُلٍ (assumed tropical:) [I passed by a man; what a man!]; and مَرَرْتُ بِامْرَأَةٍ أَيَّةِ امْرَأَةٍ (assumed tropical:) [I passed by a woman; what a woman!], and بِامْرَأَتَيْنِ أَيَّتِمَا امْرَأَتَيْنِ [by two women; what two women!]; and هٰذِهِ امْرَأَةٌ أَيَّةُ امْرَأَةٍ (assumed tropical:) [This is a woman; what a woman!]: and أَيَّتُمَا امْرَأَ أَيَّةُ امْرَأَةٍ (assumed tropical:) [What two women!]; ما being redundant: and in the case of a determinate noun, you say, هٰذَا زَيْدٌ أَيَّمَا رَجُلٍ (assumed tropical:) [This is Zeyd; what a man is he!]; putting it in the accus. case as a denotative of state; and هٰذِهِ أَمَةُ اللّٰهِ أَيَّتَمَا جَارِيّةٍ (assumed tropical:) [This is the handmaid of God; what a girl, or young woman, is she!]: you say, also, [in using an indeterminate noun,] أَىُّ امْرَأَةٍ جَآءَتْكَ and جَآءَكَ, and أَيَّةُ امْرَأَةٍ جَآءَتْكَ (assumed tropical:) [What a woman came to thee!]; and مَرَرْتُ بِجَارِيَةٍ أَىِّ جَارِيَةٍ (assumed tropical:) [I passed by a girl, or young woman; what a girl, or young woman!]; and جِئْتُكَ بِمُلَآءَةٍ أَىِّ مُلَآءَةٍ and أَيَّةِ مُلَآءِةٍ (assumed tropical:) [I brought thee a body-wrapper; what a body-wrapper!]: all are allowable. (S.) [In all these it evidently denotes admiration, or wonder, at some good or extraordinary quality in the person or thing to which it relates; notwithstanding that J says afterwards,] and sometimes it is used to denote wonder; as in the saying of Jemeel, بُثَيْنَ الْزَمِى لَا إَنَّ لَا إِنْ لَزِمْتِهِ عَلَى كَثْرَةِ الوَاشِينَ أَىُّ مَعُونِ (assumed tropical:) [O Butheyneh, (بُثَيْنَ being a curtailed form of بُثَيْنَة, a woman's name,) adhere thou to “No:”

verily “No,” if thou adhere to it, notwithstanding the numbers of the slanderers, what a help will it be!]: (S:) i. e., an excellent help will be thy saying “No” in repelling, or rebutting, the slanderers, though they be many. (TA in art. عون.) Fr gives as exs. of its use to denote wonder the sayings, أَىُّ رَجُلٍ زَيْدٌ [What a man is Zeyd!], and أَىُّ جَارِيَهٍ زَيْنَبُ [What a girl, or young woman, is Zeyneb!]. (T.) It denotes wonder at the sufficiency, and great degree of competence, of the person [or thing] to whom [or to which] it relates. (M.) El-Kattál El-Kilábee says, وَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُ أَنَّنِى قَدْ قَتَلْتُهُ نَدِمْتُ عَلَيْهِ أَىَّ سَاعَةِ مَنْدَمِ [And when I saw that I had slain him, I repented of it; in what an hour, or time, of repentance!]: i. e., when I slew him, I repented of it, in a time when repentance did not profit: اىّ being here in the accus. case as an adv. n.; for, as it denotes the part of a whole, its predicament is made to be the same as that of the affixed noun, of whatever kind this may be. (Ham p. 95.) b6: It also has ك prefixed to it; and thus it becomes changed in signification so as to denote numerousness, being syn. with the enunciative كَمْ [How many!]; (S, K;) or syn. with رُبَّ [as meaning many]: (Sb, M:) [and sometimes it is syn. with the interrogative كَمْ, meaning how many? or how much? as will be shown below:] thus it is written كَأَىٍّ, (M,) or كَأَيِّنْ, (S, M, K,) its tenween being written ن; (S, K;) and كَآءٍ, (M,) or [more commonly] كَائِنْ, (S, M, K, [in some copies of the S and K كَايِنْ,]) like كَاعِنْ, (S,) said by IJ, on the authority of Aboo-'Alee, to be formed from كَأَيِّنْ, by putting the double ى before the ء, after the manner of the transposition in قِسِىٌّ and a number of other words, so that it becomes كَيَّأٍ [or كَيَّئِنْ], then suppressing the second ى, as is done in مَيِّتٌ and هَيِّنٌ and لَيِّنٌ, so that it becomes كَىْءٍ [or كَىْءِنْ], and then changing the [remaining] ى into ا, as in [طَيْئِىٌّ, which becomes] طَادِىٌّ, and in [حِيرِىٌّ, which becomes]

حَارِىٌّ, so that it becomes كَآءٍ [or كَائِنْ]; (M;) and it has other dial. vars.; namely كَيْئِنٌ [one of the intermediate forms between كَأَيِّنْ and كَائِنْ mentioned above]; (K; [in one copy of the K written كَيَيِّنْ, and so accord. to the TK;]) and كَأْىٍ, (M, K,) of the measure of رَمْىٍ, and most probably formed by transposition from كَىْءٍ, mentioned above; (M;) and كَأ, of the measure of عَمٍ, (M, TA,) incorrectly written in the copies of the K كَاءٍ, i. e. like كَاعٍ, (TA,) formed by the suppression of ى in كَىْءٍ; a change not greater than that from أَيْمُنُ اللّٰهِ to مُ اللّٰهِ and مِ اللّٰهِ. (M.) You say, كَأَيِّنْ رَجُلًا لَقِيتُ [How many a man have I met! or many a man &c.], (S, K, *) putting the noun following كأيّن in the accus. case as a specificative; (S;) and كَأَيِّنْ مِنْ رَجُلٍ

لَقِيتُ; (S, K; *) and the introduction of مِنْ after كَأيّن is more common, and better. (S. [And Sb, as cited in the M, says the like.]) You say also, كَأَيِّنْ قَدْ أَتَانِى رَجُلًا [How many a man has come to me! or many a man &c.]. (Sb, M.) And بِكَأَيِّنْ تَبِيعُ هٰذَا الثَّوْبَ, i. e. بِكَمْ تبيع [For how much wilt thou sell this garment, or piece of cloth?]. (S.) Kh says that if any one of the Arabs made it to govern the gen. case, perhaps he did so by making مِنْ to be implied, as is allowable with كَمْ: (M:) [so that you may say, بِكَأَيِّنْ دِرْهَمٍ

اشْتَرَيْتَ هٰذَا For how many a dirhem didst thou buy this? for] it is allowable to make the noun that follows كَمْ to be governed in the gen. case by منْ implied, when كم immediately follows a preposition; as in بِكضمْ دِرْهَمٍ اشْتَرَيْتَ هٰذَا; but when it is not thus preceded by a preposition, the noun after it must be in the accus. case. (I 'Ak p. 317.) It always holds the first place in a proposition, like كَمْ. (Idem, next p.) b7: It is also a connective of the vocative يَا with the noun signifying the person or persons or thing called, when this noun has the article ال prefixed to it; (S, M, Mughnee, K;) and with a noun of indication, as ذَا; and with a conjunct noun having ال prefixed to it, as الذِّى: (I 'Ak p. 268:) it is a noun formed for serving as such a connective; (M, K;) and has هَا affixed to it. (S, M, &c.) You say, يَا أَيُّهَا الرَّجُلُ [which seems to be best rendered O thou man; more agreeably with the original, O thou, the man; or, accord. to Akh, O thou who art the man; lit., O he who is the man; often written يَأَيُّهَا]; (T, S, M, Mughnee, K;) and يَاأَيُّهَا الرَّجُلَانِ [O ye two men]; and يَاأَيُّهَا الرِّجَالُ [O ye men]; (M;) and يَاأَيَّتُهَاالمَرْأَةُ [O thou woman]; (S, M;) and يَا أَيَّتُهَا المَرْأَتَانِ [O ye two women]; and أَيَّتُهَا النّسْوَةُ [O ye women]; and يَاأَيُّهَا المَرْأَةُ, and المَرْأَتَانِ, and النِّسْوَةُ; (M;) and يَاأَيُّهَا ذَا [O thou, this person or thing]; and يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِى فَعَلَ كَذَا [O thou who didst, or hast done, thus]. (I 'Ak p. 267.) In the first of the exs. here given, أَىّ is a noun of vague signification, (Zj, T, S,) denoting the person called, (Zj, T,) of the sing. number, (Zj, T, S,) rendered determinate by the vocative [يا], (S,) indecl., with damm for its termination; (Zj, T, S;) and هَا is a particle employed to rouse attention, or to give notice, a substitute for the noun to which أَىّ is in other cases prefixed; and الرَّجُلُ is a qualificative to أَىّ, (Zj, T, S,) wherefore it is in the nom. case. (S.) Akh asserts, [as we have indicated above,] that أَىّ is here the conjunct noun, and that the first member of its complement, namely the relative هُوَ, is suppressed; the meaning being, يَا مَنْ هُوَ الرَّجُلُ: but this assertion is refuted by the fact that there is no relative pronoun that must be suppressed, nor any conjunct noun that necessarily requires that its complement should be a nominal proposition: though he might reply to these two objections by arguing that ما in the saying لَا سِيَّمَا زَيْدٌ is in like manner [virtually] in the nom. case [as a conjunct noun syn. with الَّذِى, and that the first member of its complement, namely هُوَ, an inchoative of which زَيْدٌ is the enunciative, is suppressed]. (Mughnee.) The putting of the qualificative of أَىّ in the accus. case, as in the saying يَا أَيُّهَا الرَّجُلَ

أَقْبِلْ [O thou man, advance], is allowed (M, K) by El-Mázinee; but it is not known [as heard from the Arabs]. (M.) أَيُّهَا and أَيَّتُهَا are also used for the purpose of particularizing; [in which case they are not preceded by يا;] as when one says, أَمَّا أَنَا فَأَفْعَلُ كَذَا أَيُّهَا الرَّجُلُ [As for me, I will do thus, or such a thing, thou man], meaning himself; and as in the saying of Kaab Ibn-Málik, related in a trad., فَتَخَلَّفْنَا أَيَّتُهَا الثَّلَاثَهُ [And we remained behind, or held back, ye three], meaning, by the three, those particularized as remaining behind [with him], or holding back. (TA.) أَيَا: see art. ايا.

A2: أَيًا: see the next paragraph.

إِيَا الشَّمْسِ, [the former word, when alone and indeterminate, perhaps (as when determinate) without tenween, for it is-explained (with its dial. vars.) in the S and K in باب الالف الليّنة, though it is also explained in some copies of the S in the present art.,] and الشمس ↓ أَيَاةُ, (T, S, M, Mgh, K,) and الشمس ↓ أَيَاةُ, (S, M, K,) and ↓ أَيَآءُ الشمس, (T, M, Mgh, K, and in a copy of the S,) with fet-h and medd, (T, Mgh, K, and so in a copy of the S,) The light of the sun, (S, M, Mgh, K,) and its beauty: (M, K:) or its rays, and its light: (T:) or, as some say, الشمس ↓ اياة signifies the halo of the sun; that, with respect to the sun, which is like the هَالَة with respect to the moon; i. e. the دَارَة around the sun: (S:) the pl. [of أَيَاةٌ] is ↓ أَيًا and إِيَآءٌ; [or rather the former is a coll. gen. n.;] like أَكَمٌ and إِكَامٌ in relation to أَكَمَةٌ. (M.) Tarafeh says, (T, S, Mgh,) describing the fore teeth (ثَغْر) of his beloved, (EM p. 62,) الشَّمْسِ إِلَّا لِثَاتِهِ ↓ سَقَتْهُ إِيَاةُ [The light of the sun has shed its lustre upon them, except their gums]. (T, S, Mgh.) b2: and hence, by way of comparison, (M,) إِيَا النَّبَاتِ, and ↓ أَيَاؤُهُ, (M, K,) and ↓ إِيَاتُهُ, and ↓ أَيَاتُهُ, (K,) (tropical:) The beauty of herbage, (M, K,) and its blossoms, (M,) and brightness, (K, TA,) in its verdure and growth. (TA.) A2: أَيَا إِيَاهُ أَقْبِلْ: see أَيَا, in art. ايا.

أَيَآء: see the next preceding paragraph, throughout.

أَيَاةٌ: se the next preceding paragraph, throughout.

إِيَاةٌ: see the next preceding paragraph, throughout.

أُيَيَّةٌ dim. of آءٌ: see the letter ا.

إِيَيَّةٌ dim. of آيَةٌ, q. v. (T.) أَيَّا: see إِيَّا, in art. ايا.

إِيَّا: see art. ايا. [Az says,] I have not heard any derivation of إِيَّا; but I think, without being certain, that it is from تَآيَيْتُهُ as explained above; as though it were a noun from that verb, of the measure فِعْلَى, like ذِكْرَى from ذَكَرْتُ; so that the meaning of إِيَّاكَ is I direct myself, or my aim, to, or towards, thee, and thy person. (T.) أَيِّىٌّ [a rel. n. of أَىٌّ]. When you ask a man respecting his كُورَة [i. e. district, or city, or town], you say, اَلْأَيِّىُّ [The person of what district, &c., art thou?]; like as you say, in asking him respecting his قَبِيلَة [or tribe], اَلْمَنِىُّ [from مَنْ]: and you say also, أَيِّىٌّ أَنْتَ [A person of what district, &c., art thou?]; and مَنىٌّ (T.) [See also مَنِىٌّ, in art. من.]

أَيَّانَ: see art. اين. Lth says that it is used in the manner of مَتَى; [signifying When?]; and that some say its ن is radical; others, that it is augmentative: (T:) IJ says, it must be from أَىٌّ, not from أَيْنَ, for two reasons: first, because أَيْنَ denotes place; and أَيَّانَ, time: and secondly, because nouns of the measure فَعَّال are few; and those of the measure فَعْلَان, many: so that if you name a man أَيَّان, it is imperfectly decl.: and he adds, that أَىٌّ means a part of a whole; so that it applies as properly to times as it does to other things: (TA:) Fr says that it is originally أَىَّ أَوَانٍ

[at what time?]. (T.) One says, of a stupid, or foolish, person, لَا يَعْرَفُ أَيَّانَ [He knows not when]. (IB.) آىْ: see أَىْ: A2: and see also 2 in art. اوى.

A3: ىٌ: see what next follows, in two places.

آيَةٌ A sign, token, or mark, by which a person or thing is known; syn. عَلَامَةٌ (IAar, T, S, M, Msb, K) and أَمَارَةٌ: (M, K:) it properly signifies any apparent thing inseparable from a thing not equally apparent, so that when one perceives the former, he knows that he perceives the other, which he cannot perceive by itself, when the two things are of one predicament; and this is apparent in the object of sense and in that of the intellect: (Er-Rághib, TA:) it is of the measure فَعْلَةٌ, (M, K,) originally أَيَّةٌ; the [former] ى being changed to ا because the letter before it is with fet-h, though this is an extraordinary change: (M:) this is related as on the authority of Sb: (TA:) or it is of the measure فَعَلَةٌ, (M, K,) accord. to Kh; (M;) originally أَوَيَةٌ; (S;) [for, accord. to J and Fei,] Sb said that its medial radical letter is و, and that the final is ى, because words of this class are more common than those of which the medial and final radical letters are both ى; (S, Msb;) and the rel. n. is أَوَوِىُّ: (S:) but IB says, Sb did not state that the medial radical letter of آيَةٌ is و, as J states; but he said that it is originally أَيَةٌ, and that the quiescent و is changed into ا; and he relates of Kh, that he allowed the rel. n. of آيَةٌ to be ↓ آئِىٌّ and ↓ آيِىٌّ and آوِىٌّ; but as to أَوَوِىٌّ, he says, I know not any one who has said it except J: (TA:) or it is of the measure فَاعِلَةٌ, (S, Msb, K,) originally آيَيَةٌ, contracted by the suppression of its final radical letter [with the preceding kesreh]: so accord. to Fr: [but see what follows (after the pls.), where this is said to be the opinion of Ks, and disallowed by Fr:] (S, Msb:) the pl. is آيَاتٌ and ↓ آىٌ, (S, M, Msb, K,) [or the latter is rather a coll. gen. n.,] and pl. pl. آيَآءٌ: (M, K:) J says that one of its pls. is آيَاىٌ; [and we find the same also in some copies of the K;] but this is a mistake for آيَآءٌ, which is pl. of آىٌ, not of آيَةٌ: (IB, TA:) and this pl., being of the measure أَفْعَالٌ, has been adduced as evidence that the medial radical letter is ى, not و: (TA:) the dim. is ↓ إِيَيَّةٌ, [of the measure فُعَيلَةٌ changed to فعَيْلَةٌ because of the medial radical ى,] which, accord. to Fr, shows the opinion of Ks, that آيَةٌ is of the measure فَاعِلَةٌ rendered defective by the suppression of its final radical letter, to be incorrect, because [Fr holds, in opposition to some others, that] a noun of this measure has not its dim. formed on the measure فُعَيْلَةٌ unless it is a proper name. (T.) They said, اِفْعَلْهُ بِآيَةِ كَذَا [Do thou it at the sign of such a thing]; like as you say, بِعَلَامَةِ كَذَا and بِأَمَارَةِ. (M.) And [in this sense, as is indicated by the context in the M,] it is one of the nouns that are prefixed to verbs [as virtually governing the gen. case], (M, K, *) because of the nearness of its meaning to the meaning of time: (K:) as in the saying [of a poet], بِآيَةِ تُقْدِمُونَ الخَيْلَ شُعْثًا [At the sign of your urging forward the horses, unsmoothed in their coats, or not curried; which means nearly the same as “at the time of your urging” &c.]. (M.) b2: A sign as meaning an indication, an evidence, or a proof. (TA.) b3: A sign as meaning a miracle; [and a wonder; for]

آيَاتُ اللّٰهِ means the wonders of God. (TA.) b4: An example, or a warning; (Fr, T, M, Msb, K;) as, for instance, the case of Joseph and his brethren, related in the Kur: (Fr, T:) pl. ↓ آىٌ (M, K) and آيَاتٌ. (Fr, T.) b5: A message, or communication sent from one person or party to another; syn. رِسَالَةٌ. (TA.) b6: The body, or corporeal form or figure or substance, (S, M, K,) of a man, (S,) which one sees from a distance; [as being a kind of sign;] or a person, or an individual; syn. شَخْصٌ. (S, M, K.) b7: A whole company of people: as in the saying, خَرَجَ القَوْمُ بِآيَتِهِمْ The people, or party, went forth with their whole company, not leaving behind them anything. (AA, S, M.) b8: [Hence, accord. to some, A verse of the Kur-án; as being] a collection of words of the Book of God: (S:) or a connected form of words of the Kur-án continued to its breaking off; (K, TA;) accord. to Aboo-Bekr, so called because it is a sign of the breaking off: (TA:) or a portion of the Kur-án after which a suspension of speech is approvable: (Msb:) or a portion of the Kur-án denoting any statute, or ordinance, of God, whether it be [what is generally termed] an آيَة, [i. e. a verse,] or a chapter (سُورَة), or an aggregate [and distinct] portion of the latter. (Er-Rághib, Kull, TA. *) [الآيَةَ, written after a quotation of a part of a verse of the Kur-án, means اِقْرَأِ الآيَةض Read thou the verse.]

آيَا: see أَيَا, in art. ايا.

آئِىٌّ and آيِىٌّ, accord. to Kh, rel. ns. of آيَةٌ, q. v. (IB.) تَأَيَّةٌ, or تَإِيَّةٌ or تَئِيَّةٌ: see 5.

الإِيْوَانُ:
آخره نون: وهو إيوان كسرى، قال النحويون: الهمزة في إيوان أصل غير زائدة ولو كانت زائدة لوجب إدغام الياء في الواو وقلبها إلى الياء كما في أيّام، فلما ظهرت الياء ولم تدغم دل على أن الياء عين وإن الفاء همزة وقلبت ياء لكسرة الفاء وكراهية التضعيف، كما قلبت في ديوان وقيراط، وكما أن الدال والقاف فاءان والياءين عينان كذلك التي في إيوان.
وإيوان كسرى الذي بالمدائن، مدائن كسرى:
زعموا أنه تعاون على بنائه عدة ملوك، وهو من أعظم الأبنية وأعلاها، رأيته وقد بقي منه طاق الإيوان حسب، وهو مبنيّ بآجرّ طول كل آجرّة نحو ذراع في عرض أقلّ من شبر وهو عظيم جدا، قال حمزة بن الحسن: قرأت في الكتاب الذي نقله ابن المقفع أن الإيوان الباقي بالمدائن هو من بناء سابور ابن أردشير، فقال لي الموبذان، موبذان أميد ابن أشوهست: ليس الأمر كما زعم ابن المقفّع، فان ذلك الإيوان خرّبه المنصور أبو جعفر وهذا الباقي هو من بناء كسرى أبرويز. وقد حكي أن المنصور لما أراد بناء بغداد استشار خالد بن برمك في هدم الإيوان وإدخال آلته في عمارة بغداد، فقال له: لا تفعل يا أمير المؤمنين، فقال: أبيت إلا التّعصّب للفرس! فقال: ما الأمر كما ظن أمير المؤمنين ولكنه أثر عظيم يدلّ على أنّ ملّة ودينا وقوما أذهبوا ملك بانيه لدين وملك عظيم، فلم يصغ إلى رأيه وأمر بهدمه فوجد النفقة عليه أكثر من الفائدة بنقضه فتركه، فقال خالد: الآن أرى يا أمير المؤمنين أن تهدمه لئلا يقال إنك عجزت عن خراب ما عمره غيرك ومعلوم ما بين الخراب والعمارة، فعلى قول الموبذان: إنه خرّب إيوان سابور بن أردشير، وعلى قول غيره: إنه خرّب إيوان سابور بن أردشير، وعلى قول غيره: إنه لم يلتفت إلى قوله أيضا وتركه.
وما زلت أسمع أن كسرى لما أراد بناء إيوانه هذا أمر بشراء ما حوله من مساكن الناس وإرغابهم بالثمن الوافر وإدخاله في الإيوان، وأنه كان في جواره عجوز لها دويرة صغيرة فأرادوها
على بيعها فامتنعت وقالت: ما كنت لأبيع جوار الملك بالدنيا جميعها، فاستحسن منها هذا الكلام وأمر ببناء الإيوان وترك دارها في موضعها منه وإحكام عمارتها، ولما رأيت الإيوان رأيت في جانب منه قبّة صغيرة محكمة العمارة يعرفها أهل تلك الناحية بقبّة العجوز، فعجبت من قوم كان هذا مذهبهم في العدل والرفق بالرعية كيف ذهبت دولتهم لولا النبوّة التي شرّفها الله تعالى وشرف بها عباده، وقال ابن الحاجب يذكر الإيوان:
يا من بناه بشاهق البنيان! ... أنسيت صنع الدهر بالإيوان؟
هذي المصانع والدساكر والبنا ... وقصور كسرانا أنو شروان
كتب الليالي، في ذراها، أسطرا ... بيد البلى وأنامل الحدثان
إنّ الحوادث والخطوب، إذا سطت ... أودت بكل موثّق الأركان
قلت: ومن أحسن ما قيل في الإيوان قول أبي عبادة البحتري:
حضرت رحلي الهموم، فوجّهت ... إلى أبيض المدائن عنسي
أتسلّى عن الحظوظ، وآسى ... لمحلّ، من آل ساسان درس
ذكّرتنيهم الخطوب التّوالي، ... ولقد تذكر الخطوب وتنسي
وهم خافضون في ظلّ عال ... مشرف، يحسر العيون ويخسي
مغلق بابه، على جبل القبق، ... إلى دارتي خلاط ومكس
حلل، لم تكن كأطلال سعدى، ... في قفار من البسابس ملس
ومساع، لولا المحاباة منّي، ... لم تطقها مسعاة عنس وعبس
نقل الدّهر عهد هنّ عن الجدّة، ... حتّى غدون أنضاء لبس
فكأنّ الجرماز، من عدم الأنس ... وإخلاقه، بنيّة رمس
لو تراه، علمت أنّ اللّيالي ... جعلت فيه مأتما، بعد عرس
وهو ينبيك عن عجائب قوم، ... لا يشاب البيان فيهم بلبس
فإذا ما رأيت صورة أنطا ... كيّة ارتعت بين روم وفرس
وقد كان في الإيوان صورة كسرى أنوشروان وقيصر ملك أنطاكية وهو يحاصرها ويحارب أهلها:
والمنايا مواثل، وأنوشر ... وان يزجي الصّفوف تحت الدّرفس
في اخضرار من اللّباس، على أصفر ... يختال في صبيغة ورس
وعراك الرّجال، بين يديه، ... في خفوت منهم وإغماض جرس
من مشيح، يهوي بعامل رمح، ... ومليح من السّنان، بترس
تصف العين أنّهم جدّ أحياء، ... لهم، بينهم، إشارة خرس
يغتلي فيهم ارتيابي، حتّى ... تتقرّاهم يداي بلمس
قد سقاني، ولم يصرّد، أبو الغوث، ... على العسكرين، شربة خلس
من مدام، تقولها هي نجم ... أضوأ اللّيل، أو مجاجة شمس
وتراها، إذا أجدّت سرورا ... وارتياحا للشّارب المتحسّي
أفرغت في الزّجاج، من كلّ قلب، ... فهي محبوبة إلى كلّ نفس
وتوهّمت أنّ كسرى أبرويز ... معاطيّ، والبلهبذ أنسي
حلم مطبق على الشّكّ عيني، ... أم أمان غيّرن ظنّي وحدسي؟
وكأنّ الإيوان من عجب الصّنعة ... جوب، في جنب أرعن جلس
يتظنّى، من الكآبة، أن يبدو ... لعيني مصبّح أو ممسّ
مزعجا بالفراق عن أنس إلف، ... عزّ، أو مرهقا بتطليق عرس
عكست حظّه اللّيالي، وبات ال ... مشتري فيه، وهو كوكب نحس
فهو يبدي تجلّدا، وعليه ... كلكل من كلاكل الدّهر مرس
لم يعبه أن بزّ من بسط الدّي ... باج، واستلّ من ستور الدّمقس
مشمخرّ، تعلو له شرفات، ... رفعت في رؤوس رضوى وقدس
لابسات من البياض، فما تبصر ... منها إلّا فلائل برس
ليس يدرى: أصنع إنس لجنّ ... سكنوه، أم صنع جنّ لإنس؟
غير أنّي أراه يشهد أن لم ... يك بانيه، في الملوك، بنكس
فكأنّي أرى المراتب والقو ... م، إذا ما بلغت آخر حسّي
وكأنّ الوفود ضاحين حسرى، ... من وقوف خلف الزّحام، وخنس
وكأنّ القيان، وسط المقاصير، ... يرجّحن بين حوّ ولعس
وكأنّ اللّقاء أوّل من أمس ... ووشك الفراق أوّل أمس
وكأنّ الّذي يريد اتّباعا، ... طامع في لحوقهم صبح خمس
عمرت للسّرور دهرا، فصارت ... للتّعزّي، رباعهم، والتّأسّي
فلها أن أعينها بدموع ... موقفات على الصّبابة حبس
ذاك عندي، وليست الدّار داري، ... باقتراب منها، ولا الجنس جنسي
غير نعمى لأهلها عند أهلي، ... غرسوا من ذكائها خير غرس
أيّدوا ملكنا وشدّوا قواه ... بكماة، تحت السّنوّر، حمس
وأعانوا على كتائب أريا ... ط بطعن على النّحور، ودعس
وأراني، من بعد، أكلف بالأشراف ... طرّا، من كلّ سنخ واسّ
واجتاز الملك العزيز جلال الدولة البويهي على إيوان كسرى فكتب عليه بخطه من شعره:
يا أيّها المغرور بالدنيا اعتبر ... بديار كسرى، فهي معتبر الورى
غنيت زمانا بالملوك وأصبحت ... من بعد حادثة الزمان كما ترى

جُرْجانُ:
بالضم، وآخره نون قال صاحب الزيج:
طول جرجان ثمانون درجة ونصف وربع، وعرضها ثمان وثلاثون درجة وخمس عشرة دقيقة، في الإقليم الخامس، وروى بعضهم أنها في الإقليم الرابع، وفي كتاب الملحمة المنسوب إلى بطليموس: طول مدينة جرجان ست وثمانون درجة وثلاثون دقيقة، وعرضها أربعون درجة، في الإقليم الخامس، طالعها النور ولها شركة في كف الخضيب ثلاث درج وست عشرة دقيقة وشركة في مرفق الدب الأصغر تحت سبع عشرة درجة وست عشرة دقيقة من السرطان، يقابلها مثلها من الجدي بيت ملكها مثلها من الحمل بيت عاقبتها مثلها من الميزان. وجرجان: مدينة مشهورة عظيمة بين طبرستان وخراسان، فبعض يعدها من هذه وبعض يعدّها من هذه، وقيل: إن أول من أحدث بناءها يزيد بن المهلّب بن أبي صفرة، وقد خرج منها خلق من الأدباء والعلماء والفقهاء والمحدثين، ولها تاريخ ألفه حمزة بن يزيد السّهمي.
قال الإصطخري: أما جرجان فإنها أكبر مدينة بنواحيها، وهي أقل ندّى ومطرا من طبرستان، وأهلها أحسن وقارا وأكثر مروءة ويسارا من كبرائهم، وهي قطعتان: إحداهما المدينة والأخرى بكراباذ، وبينهما نهر كبير يجري يحتمل أن تجري فيه السفن، ويرتفع منها من الإبريسم وثياب الإبريسم ما يحمل إلى جميع الآفاق، قال: وإبريسم جرجان بزر دودة يحمل إلى طبرستان، ولا يرتفع من طبرستان بزر إبريسم، ولجرجان مياه كثيرة وضياع عريضة، وليس بالمشرق بعد أن تجاوز العراق مدينة أجمع ولا أظهر حسنا من جرجان على مقدارها، وذلك أن بها الثلج والنخل، وبها فواكه الصرود والجروم، وأهلها يأخذون أنفسهم بالتأنى والأخلاق
المحمودة قال: وقد خرج منها رجال كثيرون موصوفون بالسّتر والسخاء، منهم: البرمكي صاحب المأمون، ونقودهم نقود طبرستان الدنانير والدراهم، وأوزانهم المنّ ستمائة درهم، وكذلك الري وطبرستان.
وقال مسعر بن مهلهل: سرت من دامغان متياسرا إلى جرجان في صعود وهبوط وأودية هائلة وجبال عالية، وجرجان مدينة حسنة على واد عظيم في ثغور بلدان السهل والجبل والبر والبحر، بها الزيتون والنخل والجوز والرمان وقصب السكر والأترج، وبها إبريسم جيد لا يستحيل صبغه، وبها أحجار كبيرة، ولها خواصّ عجيبة، وبها ثعابين تهول الناظر لكن لا ضرر لها ولأبي الغمر في وصف جرجان:
هي جنّة الدّنيا التي هي سجسج، ... يرضى بها المحرور والمقرور
سهليّة جبليّة بحريّة، ... يحتلّ فيها منجد ومغير
وإذا غدا القنّاص راح بما اشتهى ... طبّاخه، فملهّج وقدير
قبج ودرّاج وسرب تدارج، ... قد ضمّهن الظبي واليعفور
غربت بهنّ أجادل وزرازر ... وبواشق وفهودة وصقور
ونواشط من جنس ما هي أفتنت ... رأي العيون بها، وهنّ النور
وكأنما نوّارها برياضها، ... للمبصريه، سندس منشور
وللصاحب كافي الكفاة أبي القاسم في كتابه كافي الرسائل في ذمّ جرجان:
نحن والله من هوائك، يا جر ... جان، في خطّة وكرب شديد
حرّها ينضج الجلود، فإن هبّت ... شمالا تكدّرت بركود
كحبيب منافق، كلما همّ ... بوصل أحاله بالصّدود
وقال أبو منصور النيسابوري يذكر اختلاف الهواء بها في يوم واحد:
ألا ربّ يوم لي بجرجان أرعنــ، ... ظللت له من حرقه أتعجّب
وأخشى على نفسي اختلاف هوائها، ... وما لامرئ عما قضى الله مهرب
وما خير يوم أخرق متلوّن ... ببرد وحرّ، بعده يتلهّب
فأوّله للقرّ والجمر ينقب، ... وآخره للثلج والخيش يضرب
وكان الفضل بن سهل قد ولى مسلم بن الوليد الشاعر ضياع جرجان وضمّنه إياها بخمسمائة ألف وقد بذل فيها ألف ألف درهم، وأقام بجرجان إلى أن أدركته الوفاة ومرض مرضه الذي مات فيه فرأى نخلة لم يكن في جرجان غيرها فقال:
ألا يا نخلة بالسف ... ح من أكناف جرجان
ألا إني وإياك ... بجرجان غريبان
ثم مات مع تمام الإنشاد وقد نسب الأقيشر اليربوعي، وقيل ابن خزيم، إليها الخمر فقال:
وصهباء جرجانية لم يطف بها ... حنيف، ولم ينفر بها ساعة قدر
ولم يشهد القسّ المهيمن نارها ... طروقا، ولم يحضر على طبخها حبر
أتاني بها يحيى وقد نمت نومة، ... وقد لاحت الشّعرى وقد طلع النّسر
فقلت اصطبحها أو لغيري فأهدها، ... فما أنا بعد الشيب ويحك والخمر!
تعفّفت عنها في العصور التي مضت، ... فكيف التصابي بعد ما كمل العمر؟
إذا المرء وفّى الأربعين، ولم يكن ... له دون ما يأتي حياء ولا ستر
فدعه ولا تنفس عليه الذي أتى، ... وإن جرّ أسباب الحياة له الدهر
وكان أهل الكوفة يقولون: من لم يرو هذه الأبيات فإنه ناقص المروءة وأما فتحها فقد ذكر أصحاب السير أنه لما فرغ سويد بن مقرّن من فتح بسطام في سنة 18 كاتب ملك جرجان ثم سار إليها وكاتبه روزبان صول وبادره بالصلح على أن يؤدي الجزية ويكفيه حرب جرجان، وسار سويد فدخل جرجان وكتب لهم كتاب صلح على الجزية وقال أبو نجيد:
دعانا إلى جرجان، والرّيّ دونها، ... سواد فأرضت من بها من عشائر
وقال سويد بن قطبة:
ألا ابلغ أسيدا، إن عرضت، بأننا ... بجرجان في خضر الرياض النواضر
فلما أحسونا وخافوا صيالنا ... أتانا ابن صول، راغما، بالجرائر
وممن ينسب إليها من الأئمة أبو نعيم عبد الملك بن محمد بن عدي الجرجاني الأسترآباذي الفقيه أحد الأئمة، سمع يزيد بن محمد بن عبد الصمد وبكار بن قتيبة وعمار بن رجاء وغيرهم، قال الخطيب: وكان أحد أئمة المسلمين والحفّاظ بشرائع الدين مع صدق وتورّع وضبط وتيقظ، سافر الكثير وكتب بالعراق والحجاز ومصر، وورد بغداد قديما وحدث بها، فروى عنه من أهلها يحيى بن محمد بن صاعد وغيره، وقال أبو علي الحافظ: كان أبو نعيم الجرجاني أوحد ما رأيت بخراسان بعد أبي بكر محمد بن إسحاق بن خزيمة مثله وأفضل منه، وكان يحفظ الموقوفات والمراسيل كما نحفظ نحن المسانيد، وقال الخليلي القزويني: كان لأبي نعيم تصانيف في الفقه وكتاب الضعفاء في عشرة أجزاء، وقال حمزة بن يوسف السّهمي في تاريخ جرجان:
عبد الملك بن محمد بن عدي بن زيد الأسترآباذي سكن جرجان وكان مقدما في الفقه والحديث وكانت الرّحلة إليه في أيامه، روى عن أهل العراق والشام ومصر والثغور، ومولده سنة 242، وتوفي بأسترآباذ في ذي الحجة سنة 323 ومنها أبو أحمد عبد الله بن عدي بن عبد الله بن محمد بن المبارك الجرجاني الحافظ المعروف بابن القطان أحد أئمة الحديث والمكثرين منه والجامعين له والرّحالين فيه، رحل إلى دمشق ومصر، وله رحلتان أولاهما في سنة 297 والثمانية في سنة 305، سمع الحديث بدمشق من محمد بن خزيم وعبد الصمد بن عبد الله بن أبي زيد وإبراهيم بن دحيم وأحمد بن عمير بن جوصا وغيرهم، وسمع بحمص هبيل بن محمد وأحمد بن أبي الأخيل وزيد بن عبد الله المهراني، وبمصر أبا يعقوب إسحق المنجنيقي، وبصيدا أبا محمد المعافى بن أبي كريمة، وبصور أحمد بن بشير بن حبيب الصوري، وبالكوفة أبا العباس بن عقدة ومحمد بن الحصين بن حفص، وبالبصرة أبا خليفة الجمحي، وبالعسكر عبدان الأهوازي،
وببغداد أبا القاسم البغوي وأبا محمد بن صاعد، وببعلبكّ أبا جعفر أحمد بن هاشم وخلقا من هذه الطبقة كثيرا، وروى عنه أبو العباس بن عقدة، وهو من شيوخه، وحمزة بن يوسف السّهمي وأبو سعد الماليني وخلق في طبقتهم، وكان مصنّفا حافظا ثقة على لحن كان فيه وقال حمزة: كتب أبو محمد بن عدي الحديث بجرجان في سنة 290 عن أحمد بن حفص السعدي وغيره، ثم رحل إلى الشام ومصر وصنف في معرفة ضعفاء المحدّثين كتابا في مقدار مائتي جزء سماه الكامل قال: وسألت الدارقطني أبا الحسن أن يصنف كتابا في ضعفاء المحدثين فقال: أليس عندكم كتاب ابن عدي؟ قلت: بلى، قال: فيه كفاية لا يزاد عليه، وكان ابن عدي جمع أحاديث مالك بن أنس والأوزاعي وسفيان الثوري وشعبة وإسماعيل ابن أبي خالد وجماعة من المتقدّمين وصنف على كتاب المزني كتابا سماه الأبصار، وكان أبو أحمد حافظا متقنا لم يكن في زمانه مثله، تفرّد بأحاديث فكان قد وهب أحاديث له يتفرّد بها لبنيه عدي وأبي زرعة وأبي منصور تفرّدوا بروايتها عن أبيهم، وابنه عدي سكن سجستان وحدث بها، قال ابن عدي:
سمع مني أبو العباس بن عقدة كتاب الجعفرية عن أبي الأشعث، وحدث به عندي فقال: حدّثني عبد الله بن عبد الله، وكان مولده في ذي القعدة سنة 277، ومات غرّة جمادى الآخرة سنة 365 ليلة السبت، فصلى عليه أبو بكر الإسماعيلي ودفن بجنب مسجد كوزين، وقبره عن يمين القبلة مما يلي صحن المسجد بجرجان ومنها حمزة بن يوسف بن إبراهيم بن موسى بن إبراهيم ابن محمد، ويقال ابن إبراهيم بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن عبد الله بن هشام بن العباس بن وائل أبو القاسم السهمي الجرجاني الواعظ الحافظ، رحل في طلب الحديث فسمع بدمشق عبد الوهاب الكلابي، وبمصر ميمون بن حمزة وأبا أحمد محمد بن عبد الرحيم القيسراني، وبتنيس أبا بكر بن جابر، وبأصبهان أبا بكر المقري، وبالرّقة يوسف بن أحمد بن محمد، وبجرجان أبا بكر الإسماعيلي وأبا أحمد بن عدي، وببغداد أبا بكر بن شاذان وأبا الحسن الدارقطني، وبالكوفة الحسن بن القاسم، وبعكبرا أحمد بن الحسن بن عبد العزيز، وبعسقلان أبا بكر محمد بن أحمد بن يوسف الخدري، روى عنه أبو بكر البيهقي وأبو صالح المؤدّب وأبو عامر الفضل بن إسماعيل الجرجاني الأديب وغير هؤلاء سمعوا ورووا قال أبو عبد الله الحسين بن محمد الكتبي الهروي الحاكم: سنة 427 ورد الخبر بوفاة الثّعلبي صاحب التفسير وحمزة بن يوسف السّهمي بنيسابور ومنها أبو إبراهيم إسماعيل بن الحسن بن محمد بن أحمد العلوي الحسيني من أهل جرجان، كان عارفا بالطبّ جدّا، وله فيه تصانيف حسنة مرغوب فيها بالعربية والفارسية، انتقل إلى خوارزم وأقام بها مدة ثم انتقل إلى مرو فأقام بها، وكان من أفراد زمانه، وذكر أنه سمع أبا القاسم القشيري، وحدث عنه بكتاب الأربعين له، وأجاز لأبي سعد السمعاني، وتوفي بمرو سنة 531 وغير هؤلاء كثير.