الف

1 أَلِفَهُ, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) aor. ـَ (S, Msb, K,) inf. n. إِلُفٌ (S, M, Msb, K) and أَلْفٌ (K) and إِلَافٌ and وِلَافٌ, which is anomalous, and أَلَفَانٌ, (M, TA,) He kept, or clave, to it; (A'Obeyd, T, M, Msb, * TA;) namely, a thing, (A'Obeyd, T, M, TA,) or a place; (S, Msb, TA;) as also أَلَفَهُ, aor. ـِ (TA;) and ↓ آلفهُ, (A'Obeyd, T, S, M, Msb,) aor. ـْ (S, TA,) inf. n. إِيلَافٌ; (S, Msb, TA;) and ↓ آلفهُ, aor. ـَ inf. n. مُؤَالَفَةٌ and إِلَافٌ: (S, Msb, TA:) [he frequented it, or resorted to it habitually; namely, a place:] he became familiar with it; or accustomed, or habituated, to it; namely, a thing: (Az, T:) he became familiar, sociable, companionable, friendly, or amicable, with him: (Az, T, Msb:) he loved, or affected, him; liked, approved, or took pleasure in, him. (Msb.) You say, أَلِفَتِ الطَّيْرُ الحَرَمَ [The birds kept to the sacred territory], and البُيُوتَ [the houses]: and الظِّبَآءُ الرَّمْلِ ↓ آلَفَتِ The gazelles kept to the sands. (T.) b2: There are three manners of reading the passage in the Kur [evi. 1 and 2], CCC قُرَيْشٍ إِيلَافِهِمْ رِحْلَةَ الشِّتَآءِ وَ الصَّيْفِ ↓ لِإِيلَافِ; the second and third being لِإِلَافِ and لِإِلْفِ; the first and second of which have been adopted; (Aboo-Is-hák, T, TA;) and the third also; this being the reading of the Prophet [himself]: (TA:) [accord. to all these readings, the passage may be rendered, For the keeping of Kureysh, for their keeping to the journey of the winter and of the summer, or spring; the chapter going on to say, for this reason "let them worship the Lord of this House," &c. : or] the second and third readings are from أَلِفَ, aor. ـْ [and accord. to these readings, the passage may be rendered as above;] but accord. to the first reading, the meaning is, for the preparing and fitting out [&c.; i. e., preparing and fitting out men and beasts in the journey of the winter &c.]: so says IAmb; and Fr explains in the same manner the third reading: but IAar says that, accord. to this reading, the meaning is, the protecting [&c.]: he says that the persons who protected were four brothers, Háshim and 'Abd-Shems and El-Muttalib and Nowfal, the sons of 'Abd-Menáf: these gave protection to Kureysh in their procuring of corn: (T:) Háshim obtained a grant of security from the king of the Greeks, and Nowfal from Kisrà, and 'Abd-Shems from the Nejáshee, and ElMuttalib from the kings of Himyer; and the merchants of Kureysh used to go to and from the great towns of these kings with the grants of security of these brothers, and none opposed them: Háshim used to give protection (يُؤْلِفُ [in the copies of the K يُؤَلِّفُ]) [to those journeying] to Syria, and 'Abd-Shems to Abyssinia, and ElMuttalib to El-Yemen, and Nowfal to Persia: (T, K: *) or ↓ إِيلَاف in the Kur signifies a covenant, or an obligation; and what resembles permission, (إِجَازَة, as in some copies of the K and in the TA,) or protection, (إِجَارَة, as in the CK,) with an obligation involving responsibility for safety; first obtained by Háshim, from the kings of Syria; (K, * TA;) and the explanation is, that Kureysh were dwelling in the sacred territory, (K,) having neither seed-produce nor udders [to yield them milk], (TA,) secure in the procuring of their provisions from other parts, and in their changes of place, in winter and summer, or spring; the people around them having their property seized; whereas, when any cause of mischief occurred to them, they said, "We are people of the sacred territory," and then no one opposed them: (K:) so in the O: (TA:) or the ل is to denote wonder; and the meaning is, wonder ye at the ايلاف of Kureysh [&c.]: (K:) some say that the meaning is connected with what follows; i. e., let them worship the Lord of this House for the ايلاف [&c., agreeably with the first explanation which we have given]: others, that it is connected with what precedes; as J says; (TA;) the meaning being, I have destroyed the masters of the elephant to make Kureysh remain at Mekkeh, and for their uniting the journey of the winter and of the summer, or spring; that when they finished one, they should commence the other; (T, S;) and this is like the saying, ضَرَبْتُهُ لِكَذَا ضَرَبْتُهُ لِكَذَا لِكَذَا, with suppression of the [conjunctive] و: (S:) but Ibn-'Arafeh disapproves of this, for two reasons: first, because the phrase "In the name of God" &c. occurs between the two chapters: [Bd, however, mentions that in Ubeí's copy, the two compose one chapter:] secondly, because ايلاف signifies the covenants, or obligations, which they obtained when they went forth on mercantile expeditions, and whereby they became secure. (TA.) ↓ إِلَافٌ [in like manner] signifies A writing of security, written by the king for people, that they may be secure in his territory: and is used by Musáwir Ibn-Hind in the sense of اِيتِلَافٌ [as is also إِلْفٌ,] when he says, in satirizing Benoo-Asad, زَعَمْتُمْ أَنَّ إِخْوَتَكُمْ قُرَيْشٌ لَهُمْ إِلْفٌ وَ لَيْسَ لَكُمْ إِلَافُ meaning Ye asserted [that your brothers are Kureysh; i. e.,] that ye are like Kureysh: but how should ye be like them? for they have [an alliance whereby they are protected in] the trade of El-Yemen and Syria; and ye have not that [alliance]. (Ham p. 636.) [Hence,] إِلَافُ اللّٰهِ [a phrase used in the manner of an oath,] accord. to some, signifies The safeguard, or protection, of God: or, accord. to others, an honourable station from God. (TA.) A2: أَلَفَهُ, aor. ـِ He gave him a thousand; (S, K) of articles of property, and of camels. (TA.) 2 الّف بَيْنَهُمْ, inf. n. تَأْلِيفٌ, (T, Msb, K,) He united them, or brought them together, (T, Msb, TA,) after separation; (T, TA;) and made them to love one another; (Msb;) he caused union, or companionship, (أُلْفَة,) to take place between them. (K.) And أَلَّفْتُ بَيْنَ الشَّيْئَيْنِ, inf. n. as above, [I united, or put together, the two things.] (S.) and ألّف الشَّىْءَ He united, or connected, (T,) or gathered or collected or brought together, (M,) the several parts of the thing. (T, M.) b2: Hence, تَأْلِيفُ الكُتُبِ [The composition of books]. (T, TA.) b3: تَأْلِيفٌ is The putting many things into such a state that one name becomes applicable to them, whether there be to some of the parts a relation to others by precedence and sequence, or not: so that it is a more general term than تَرْتِيبٌ: (KT:) or the collecting together, or putting together, suitable things; from الالفة [i. e. الأُلْفَةُ]; and is a more particular term than تَرْكِيبٌ, which is the putting together things, whether suitable or not, or placed in order or not. (Kull p. 118.) A2: أَلَّفُوا إِلَى كَذَا: see 5.

A3: ألّف أَلِفًا He wrote an alif; (K;) like as one says جَيَّمَ جِيمًا. (TA.) A4: See also 4, in three places.3 آلفهُ: see 1, first sentence.

A2: آلف, (M, TA,) inf. n. مُؤَالَفَةٌ, (TA,) [app., He made a covenant with another to be protected during a journey for the purpose of trade, or traffic: (see 1:) and hence,] he (a man) traded, or trafficked. (M, TA.) A3: شَاَرَةٌ مُؤَالَفَةً He made a condition with him for a thousand: (IAar, M:) like as one says, شَارَطْتُهُ مُمَا آةً, meaning, for a hundred. (IAar, M, K, in art. مأى.) 4 آلفهُ, inf. n. إِيلَافٌ: see 1, in three places.

A2: آلفهُ الشَّىْءَ, (T, M,) or المَوْضِعَ, (S,) or مَكَانَ كَذَا, (K,) inf. n. as above, (T,) He made him to keep, or cleave, to the thing, or to the place, or to such a place. (T, S, * M, K. *) b2: آلَفْتُ الشَّىْءَ I joined, conjoined or united, the thing. (T.) A3: آلَفْتُ القَوْمَ, (T, * S, K, *) inf. n. as above, (S,) I made the people, or company of men, to be a thousand complete [by adding to them myself]; (T, S, K, TA;) they being before nine hundred and ninety-nine. (T, TA.) And آلف العَدَدَ He made the number to be a thousand; as also ↓ أَلَّفَهُ: (M:) or الأَلْفَ ↓ ألّف he completed the thousand. (K.) And in like manner, (S,) آلَفْتُ الدَّرَاهِمَ I made the dirhems to be a thousand (S, K) complete. (S.) And لَهُمُ الأَعْمَارَ ↓ أَلَّفُو They said to them, May you live a thousand years. (A in art. عمر.) A4: آلَفُوا They became a thousand (T, S, M) complete. (S.) And آلَفَتِ الدَّارَهِمُ The dirhems became a thousand (S K) complete. (S.) 5 تألّف القَوْمُ, (Msb, K,) and ↓ ائْتَلَفُوا [written with the disjunctive alif اِيْتَلَفُوا], (T, K,) The people, or party, became united, or came together, (Msb, K,) [after separation, (see 2, of which each is said in the TA to be quasi-pass.,)] and loved one another: (Msb:) or the meaning of ↓ ائْتِلَافٌ [and تَأَلُّفٌ also] is the being in a state of union, alliance, agreement, congruity, or congregation: (Msb:) and the being familiar, sociable, companionable, friendly, or amicable, one with another. (TA.) And تَأَلَّفَا is said of two things; [meaning They became united, or put together; (see 2;)] as also ↓ ائتلفا. (S.) And الشَّىْءُ ↓ ائتلف signifies The several parts of the thing kept, or clave, together. (M.) And تألّف It became put together in order. (M.) b2: تألّفوا They sought, desired, or asked, [a covenant to ensure them] protection, (IAar, T, M,) إِلَى كَذَا [meaning in a journey for the purpose of trade, or traffic, to such a place, as is shown in the T by an explanation of the words of IAar, كَانَ هَاشِمٌ يُؤْلِفُ إِلَى الشَّامِ, in a passage in which the foregoing signification is assigned to تألّفوا]; (M;) as also الى كذا ↓ أَلَّفُوا. (M.) A2: تألّفهُ He treated him with gentleness or blandishment, coaxed him, or wheedled him; (K;) behaved in a sociable, friendly, or familiar, manner with him; (TA;) attracted him, or allured him; and gave him a gift, or gifts; (T, K; *) in order to incline him to him: (K:) or he affected sociableness, friendliness, or familiarity, with him. (Mgh.) You say, تَأَلَّفْتُهُ عَلَى الإِسْلَامِ [I attracted him, or allured him; and gave him a gift, or gifts, in order to incline him; to embrace ElIslám]. (S.) 8 إِاْتَلَفَ see 5, in four places.

أَلْفٌ, meaning A certain number, (S, M, K,) well known, (M,) i. e. a certain round number, (Msb,) [namely a thousand,] is of the masc. gender: (T, S, Msb, K:) you say ثَلَاثَةُ آلَافٍ

[Three thousand], not ثَلَاثَ آلَافٍ; (TA;) and هٰذَا أَلْفٌ وَاحِدٌ [This is one thousand], not وَاحِدَةٌ; (S;) and أَلْفٌ أَقْرَعُ, [A complete thousand], (T, S,) not قَرْعَآءُ: (S:) it is not allowable to make it fem.: so say IAmb and others: (Msb:) or it is allowable to make it fem. as being a pl.: (T:) or, accord. to ISK, it is allowable to say, هٰذِهِ أَلْفٌ as meaning هٰذِهِ الدَّرَاهِمُ أَلْفٌ [These dirhems are a thousand]; (S, K; *) and Fr and Zj say the like: (Msb:) the pl. is آلُفٌ, applied to three, (M,) and آلَافٌ, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) applied to a number from three to ten, inclusively, (TA,) and أُلُوفٌ, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) used to denote more than ten; (T;) and الأَافُ [in the TA الأَلَفُ] is used by poetic licence for الآلَافُ, by suppression of the [radical] ل (M.) إِلْفٌ [originally an inf. n. of أَلِفَهُ, q. v.,] He with whom one is familiar, sociable, companionable, friendly, or amicable; he to whom one keeps or cleaves; [a constant companion or associate; a mate; a fellow; a yoke-fellow; one who is familiar, &c., with another or others; (see مُؤَلَّفٌ;)] (M;) i. q. ↓ أَلِيفٌ; (T, S, M, K;) which is an act. part. n. of أَلِفَهُ; (Msb;) as is also ↓ آلِفٌ; (Msb, K;) and ↓ أَلِفٌ also is syn. with أَلِيفٌ: (K:) the female is termed إِلْفَةٌ and إِلْفٌ; (M;) both of these signifying a woman with whom thou art familiar, &c., and who is familiar, &c., with thee: (K:) and the fem. of ↓ آلِفٌ is آلِفَةٌ: (K:) the pl. of إِلْفٌ is آلَافٌ; (T, M;) which is also pl. of ↓ أَلِفٌ: (TA:) and that of ↓ أَلِيفٌ is أَلَائِفُ (S, K, TA) and أُلَفَآءُ: (M, TA:) and that of ↓ آلِفٌ is أُلَّافٌ (T, S, Msb, K) and آلَافٌ, like as أَنْصَارٌ is pl. of نَاصِرٌ, (TA,) and so, (M, TA,) in my opinion, [says ISd,] (M,) is أُلُوفٌ, like as شُهُودٌ is pl. of شَاهِدٌ, (M, TA,) though some say that it is pl. of إِلْفٌ: (M:) and the pl. of ↓ آلِفَةٌ is أَوَالِفُ and آلِفَاتٌ. (K.) You say, فثلَانٌ إِلْفِى and ↓ أَلِيفِى

[Such a one is my constant companion or associate, &c.] (T.) And حَنَّتِ الإِلْفُ إِلَى إِلْفِ [The female mate yearned towards the mate]. (S.) And نَزَعَ البَعِيرُ إِلَى آلَافِهِ [The camel yearned towards his mates]. (T.) أُلَّافٌ, (T,) or آلَافٌ (TA,) is said by IAar to mean Persons who keep to the large towns, or cities. (T, TA.) أُلُوفٌ in the Kur ii. 244 is said by some to be pl. of إِلْفٌ or of ↓ آلِفٌ: but by others, to signify "thousands." (Bd, L, TA.) الطَّيْرِ ↓ أَوَالِفُ signifies The birds that keep to Mekkeh and the sacred territory: and الحَمَامِ ↓ أَوَالِفُ Domestic pigeons. (T.) أَلِفٌ: see إِلْفٌ, in two places. b2: As some say, (O,) it also signifies A man having no wife. (O, K.) A2: One of the letters of the alphabet; (M;) the first thereof; (K;) as also ↓ أَلِيفٌ: (M:) Ks says that, accord. to the usage of the Arabs, it is fem., and so are all the other letters of the alphabet; [and hence its pl. is أَلِفَاتٌ;] but it is allowable to make it masc.: Sb says that every one of them is masc. and fem., like as is لِسَانٌ. (M.) See art. ا. b2: (tropical:) A certain vein lying in the interior of the upper arm, [extending] to the fore arm: (K, TA:) so called as being likened to an ا: (TA:) the two are called الأَلِفَانِ. (K.) b3: (assumed tropical:) One of any kind of things: (K, TA:) as being likened to the ا; for it denotes the number one. (TA.) أُلْفَةٌ A state of keeping or cleaving [to a person or thing]: (M:) a state of union, alliance, agreement, congruity, or congregation; (Msb;) a subst. from الاِئْتِلَافُ: (Msb, K, TA:) and, as such, (TA,) signifying also familiarity, sociableness, socialness, companionableness, friendliness, fellowship, companionship, friendship, and amity. (Msb, TA. *) أَلْفِىٌّ Of, or relating to, or belonging to, the number termed أَلْفٌ [a thousand]. (TA.) قَامَةٌ أَلِفِيَّةٌ A stature resembling the letter alif. Often occurring in late works.]

إِلَافٌ an inf. n. of أَلِفَهُ: and used as a subst.: see 1. b2: بَرْقٌ إِلَافٌ Lightning of which the flashes are consecutive or continuous. (TA.) أَلُوفٌ Having much أُلْفَةٌ [meaning familiarity, sociableness, &c.]: pl. أُلُفٌ. (K.) أَلِيفٌ: see إِلْفٌ, in three places: A2: and see أَلِفٌ.

آلِفٌ and آلِفَةٌ; and أَوَالِفُ, the pl. of the latter: see إِلْفٌ, in seven places.

إِيْلَافٌ an inf. n.: and used as a subst.: see 1.

مَأْلَفٌ [An accustomed place;] a place to which a man keeps or cleaves; [which he frequents, or to which he habitually resorts;] with which he is familiar, or to which he is accustomed; (Msb;) a place with which men or camels [or birds and the like] are familiar, &c. (K, * TA.) b2: and hence, Leafy trees to which animals of the chase draw near. (Az, K.) مؤلفون, with fet-h, [i. e. مُؤْلَفُونَ or ↓ مُؤَلَّفُونَ,] Possessors of thousands; or men whose camels have become, to each, a thousand. (TA.) مُؤَلَّفٌ and ↓ مَأْلُوفٌ Kept to, or clove to; applied to a thing [and to a person; and meaning when applied to the latter, with whom one is familiar, sociable, &c.]. (T.) It is said in a trad., المُؤْمِنُ

↓ إِلْفٌ مَأْلُوفٌ [The believer is one who is familiar, or sociable, &c., with others, and with whom others are familiar, &c.]. (TA.) b2: المُؤَلَّفَةُ قُلُوبُهُمْ Those whose hearts are made to incline, or are conciliated, by beneficence and love or affection: (S, * Msb:) as used in the Kur [ix. 60], it is applied to certain chief persons of the Arabs, whom the Prophet was commanded to attract, or allure, and to present with gifts, (T, K,) from the poor-rates, (TA,) in order that they might make those after them desirous of becoming Muslims, (T, K,) and lest care for things which they deemed sacred, or inviolable, together with the weakness of their intentions, should induce them to combine in hostility with the unbelievers against the Muslims; for which purpose, he gave them, on the day of Honeyn, eighty [in the TA two hundred] camels: (T:) they were certain men of eminence, of the Arabs, to whom the Prophet used to give gifts from the poor-rates; to some of them, to prevent their acting injuriously; and to some, from a desire of their becoming Muslims, (Mgh, Msb,) and their followers also; (Msb;) and to some, in order that they might remain stedfast as Muslims, because of their having recently become such; but when Aboo-Bekr became appointed to the government, he forbade this practice. (Mgh, Msb.) A2: أَلْفٌ مُؤَلَّفَةٌ [These are a thousand] made complete. (S.) b2: See also مؤلفون.

مُؤَلِّفٌ A composer of a book or books; an author.]

مَأْلُوفٌ: see مُؤَلَّفٌ, in two places.

النُّجَيْرُ:
هو تصغير النجر، وقد تقدم اشتقاقه: حصن باليمن قرب حضرموت منيع لجأ إليه أهل الردّة مع الأشعث بن قيس في أيام أبي بكر، رضي الله عنه، فحاصره زياد بن لبيد البياضي حتّى افتتحه عنوة وقتل من فيه وأسر الأشعث بن قيس وذلك في سنة 12 للهجرة، وكان الأشعث بن قيس قد قدم على النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، في وفد كندة من حضرموت فأسلموا وسألوا أن يبعث عليهم رجلا يعلّمهم السنن ويجبي صدقاتهم، فأنفذ معهم زياد بن لبيد البياضي عاملا للنبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، يجبيهم، فلما مات النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم، خطبــهم زياد ودعاهم إلى بيعة أبي بكر، رضي الله عنه، فنكص الأشعث عن بيعة أبي بكر، رضي الله عنه، ونهاه ابن امرئ القيس بن عابس فلم ينته فكتب زياد إلى أبي بكر بذلك فكتب أبو بكر إلى المهاجر بن أبي أمية وكان على صنعاء بعد قتل العنسي أن يمدّ زيادا بنفسه ويعينه على مخالفي الإسلام بحضرموت، وكتب إلى زياد أن يقاتل مخالفي الإسلام بمن عنده من المسلمين، فجمع زياد جموعه وواقع مخالفيه فنصره الله عليهم حتى تحصنوا بالنّجير فحصرهم فيه إلى أن أعيوا عن المقام فيه فاجتمعوا إلى الأشعث وسألوه أن يأخذ لهم الأمان، فأرسل إلى زياد بن لبيد يسأله الأمان حتى يلقاه ويخاطبه فآمنه، فلما اجتمع به سأله أن يؤمّن أهل النّجير ويصالحهم فامتنع عليه ورادّه حتى آمن سبعين رجلا منهم وأن يكون حكمه في الباقي نافذا، فخرج سبعون فأراد قتل الأشعث وقال له: قد أخرجت نفسك من الأمان بتكملة عدد السبعين، فسأله أن يحمله إلى أبي بكر ليرى فيه رأيه فآمنه زياد على أن يبعث به وبأهله إلى أبي بكر ليرى فيه رأيه، وفتحوا له حصن النجير وكان فيه كثير فعمد إلى أشرافهم نحو سبعمائة رجل فضرب أعناقهم على دم واحد ولام القوم الأشعث وقالوا لزياد: إن الأشعث غدر بنا، أخذ الأمان لنفسه وأهله وماله ولم يأخذ لنا وإنما نزل على أن يأخذ لنا جميعا، وأبى زياد أن يواري جثث من قتل وتركهم للسباع، وكان هذا أشدّ على من بقي من القتل، وبعث السبي مع نهيك بن أوس بن خزيمة وكتب إلى أبي بكر: إنّا لم نؤمنه إلا على حكمك، وبعث الأشعث في وثاق وأهله وماله معه، فترى فيه رأيك، فأخذ أبو بكر يقرّع الأشعث ويقول له: فعلت وفعلت، فقال الأشعث: أيها الرجل استبقني لحربك وزوّجني أختك أمّ فروة بنت أبي قحافة، ففعل أبو بكر ذلك وكان الأشعث بالمدينة مقيما حتى ندب عمر الناس لقتال الفرس فخرج فيهم، وقال أبو صبيح السكوني:
ألا بلّغا عني ابن قيس وبرمة: ... أأنفذت قولي بالفعال المصدّق
أقلّت عديد الحارثيين بعد ما ... دعتهم سجوع ذات جيد مطوّق
فيا لهف نفسي، لهف نفسي على الذي ... سبانا بها من غيّ عمياء موبق
فأفنيت قومي في ألايا توكدت، ... وما كنت فيها بالمصيب الموفّق
وقال عرّام: حذاء قرية صفينة ماءة يقال لها النجير وبحذائها ماءة يقال لها النجارة بئر واحدة وكلاهما فيه ملوحة وليست بالشديدة، قال كثير:
وطبّق من نحو النجير كأنه ... بأليل لما خلّف النخل ذامر
وقال الأعشى ميمون بن قيس يمدح النبي، صلّى الله عليه وسلّم:
ألم تغتمض عيناك ليلة أرمدا، ... وبتّ كما بات السليم مسهّدا
وما ذاك من عشق النساء وإنما ... تناسيت قبل اليوم خلّا مهدّدا
ولكن أرى الدهر الذي هو خائن ... إذا أصلحت كفّاي عاد فأفسدا
كهولا وشبّانا فقدت وثروة، ... فلله هذا الدهر كيف تردّدا!
وما زلت أبغي المال مذ أنا يافع ... وليدا وكهلا، حين شبت، وأمردا
وأبتذل العيس المراقيل تغتلي ... مسافة ما بين النّجير وصرخدا
وقال أبو دهبل الجمحي:
أعرفت رسما بالنّجي ... ر عفا لزينب أو لساره
لعزيزة من حضرمو ... ت على محيّاها النضارة