خُوارِزْم:
أوله بين الضمة والفتحة، والألف مسترقة مختلسة ليست بألف صحيحة، هكذا يتلفظون به، هكذا ينشد قول اللحّام فيه:
ما أهل خوارزم سلالة آدم، ... ما هم، وحقّ الله، غير بهائم
أبصرت مثل خفافهم ورؤوسهم ... وثيابهم وكلامهم في العالم
إن كان يرضاهم أبونا آدم، ... فالكلب خير من أبينا آدم
قال ابن الكلبي: ولد إسحاق بن إبراهيم الخليل الخزر والبزر والبرسل وخوارزم وفيل، قال بطليموس في كتاب الملحمة: خوارزم طولها مائة وسبع عشرة درجة وثلاثون دقيقة، وعرضها خمس وأربعون درجة، وهي في الإقليم السادس، طالعها السماك ويجمعها الذراع، بيت حياتها العقرب، مشرقة في قبة الفلك تحت ثلاث وعشرين درجة من السرطان، يقابلها مثلها من الجدي، بيت ملكها مثلها من الحمل، بيت عاقبتها مثلها من الميزان، وقال أبو عون في زيجه: هي في آخر الإقليم الخامس، وطولها إحدى وتسعون درجة وخمسون دقيقة، وعرضها أربع وأربعون درجة وعشر دقائق، وخوارزم ليس اسما للمدينة إنما هو اسم للناحية بجملتها، فأما القصبة العظمى فقد يقال لها اليوم الجرجانية، وقد ذكرت في موضعها، وأهلها يسمونها كركانج، وقد ذكروا في سبب تسميتها بهذا الاسم أن أحد الملوك القدماء غضب على أربعمائة من أهل مملكته وخاصة حاشيته فأمر بنفيهم إلى موضع منقطع عن العمارات بحيث يكون بينهم وبين العمائر مائة فرسخ، فلم يجدوا على هذه الصفة إلا موضع مدينة كاث، وهي إحدى مدن خوارزم، فجاؤوا بهم إلى هذا الموضع وتركوهم وذهبوا، فلما كان بعد مدة جرى ذكرهم على بال الملك فأمر قوما بكشف خبرهم، فجاؤوا فوجدوهم قد بنوا أكواخا ووجدوهم يصيدون السمك وبه يتقوّتون وإذا حولهم حطب كثير، فقالوا لهم: كيف حالكم؟ فقالوا: عندنا هذا اللحم، وأشاروا إلى السمك، وعندنا هذا الحطب فنحن نشوي هذا بهذا ونتقوّت به، فرجعوا إلى الملك وأخبروه بذلك فسمى ذلك الموضع خوارزم لأن اللحم بلغة الخوارزمية خوار والحطب رزم، فصار خوارزم فخفف وقيل خوارزم استثقالا لتكرير الراء، وقد جاء به بعض العرب على الأصل، فقال الأسدي:
أتاني، عن أبي أنس، وعيد، ... فسلّ تغيّظ الضحّاك جسمي
ولم أعص الأمير، ولم أربه، ... ولم أسبق أبا أنس بوغم
ولكنّ البعوث جرت علينا، ... فصرنا بين تطويح وغرم
وخافت من رمال السّغد نفسي، ... وخافت من رمال خوارزم
فقارعت البعوث وقارعتني، ... ففاز بضجعة في الحيّ سهمي
وأعطيت الجعالة، مستميتا، ... خفيف الحاذ من فتيان جرم
وأقرّ أولئك الذين نفاهم بذلك المكان وأقطعهم إياه وأرسل إليهم أربعمائة جارية تركية وأمدهم بطعام من الحنطة والشعير وأمرهم بالزرع والمقام هناك، فلذلك في وجوههم أثر الترك وفي طباعهم أخلاق الترك وفيهم جلد وقوة، وأحوجهم مقتضى القضية للصبر على الشقاء، فعمّروا هناك دورا وقصورا وكثروا وتنافسوا في البقاع فبنوا قرى ومدنا وتسامع بهم من يقاربهم من مدن خراسان فجاؤوا وساكنوهم فكثروا وعزّوا فصارت ولاية حسنة عامرة، وكنت قد جئتها في سنة 616، فما رأيت ولاية قط أعمر منها، فإنها على ما هي عليه من رداءة أرضها وكونها سبخة كثيرة النزوز متصلة العمارة متقاربة القرى كثيرة البيوت المفردة والقصور في صحاريها، قلّ ما يقع نظرك في رساتيقها على موضع لا عمارة فيه، هذا مع كثرة الشجر بها، والغالب عليه شجر التوت والخلاف لاحتياجهم إليه لعمائرهم وطعم دود الإبريسم، ولا فرق بين المارّ في رساتيقها كلها والمارّ في الأسواق، وما ظننت أن في الدنيا بقعة سعتها سعة خوارزم وأكثر من أهلها مع أنهم قد مرنوا على ضيق العيش والقناعة بالشيء اليسير، وأكثر ضياع خوارزم مدن ذات أسواق وخيرات ودكاكين، وفي النادر أن يكون قرية لا سوق فيها مع أمن شامل وطمأنينة تامة.
والشتاء عندهم شديد جدّا بحيث أني رأيت جيحون نهرهم وعرضه ميل وهو جامد، والقوافل والعجل الموقرة ذاهبة وآتية عليه، وذلك أن أحدهم يعمد إلى رطل واحد من أرز أو ما شاء ويكثر من الجزر والسلجم فيه ويضعه في قدر كبيرة تسع قربة ماء ويوقد تحتها إلى أن ينضج ويترك عليه أوقية دهنا ثم يأخذ المغرفة ويغرف من تلك القدر في زبدية أو زبديتين فيقنع به بقية يومه، فإن ثرد فيه رغيفا لطيفا خبزا فهو الغاية، هذا في الغالب عليهم، على أن فيهم أغنياء مترفهين إلّا أن عيش أغنيائهم قريب من هذا ليس فيه ما في عيش غيرهم من سعة النفقة وإن كان النزر من بلادهم تكون قيمته قيمة الكثير من بلاد غيرهم، وأقبح شيء عندهم وأوحشه أنهم يدوسون حشوشهم بأقدامهم ويدخلون إلى مساجدهم على تلك الحالة لا يمكنهم التحاشي من ذلك لأن حشوشهم ظاهرة على وجه الأرض، وذلك لأنهم إذا حفروا في الأرض مقدار ذراع واحد نبع الماء عليهم، فدروبهم وسطوحهم ملأى من القذر، وبلدهم كنيف جائف منتن، وليس لأبنيتهم أساسات إنما يقيمون أخشابا مقفصة ثم يسدونها باللبن، هذا غالب أبنيتهم، والغالب على خلق أهلها الطول والضخامة، وكلامهم كأنه أصوات الزرازير، وفي رؤوسهم عرض، ولهم جبهات واسعة، وقيل لأحدهم: لم رؤوسكم تخالف رؤوس الناس؟ فقال: إن قدماءنا كانوا يغزون الترك فيأسرونهم وفيهم شية من الترك فما كانوا يعرفون، فربما وقعوا إلى الإسلام فبيعوا في الرقيق، فأمروا النساء إذا ولدن أن يربطن أكياس الرمل على رؤوس الصبيان من الجانبين حتى ينبسط الرأس، فبعد ذلك
لم يسترقّوا وردّ من وقع منهم إليهم إلى الكوفة، قال عبد الله الفقير إليه: وهذا من أحاديث العامة لا أصل له، هب أنهم فعلوا ذلك فيما مضى فالآن ما بالهم؟ فإن كانت الطبيعة ورثته وولدته على الأصل الذي صنعه بهم أمهاتهم كان يجب أن الأعور الذي قلعت عينه أن يلد أعور وكذلك الأحدب وغير ذلك، وإنما ذكرت ما ذكر الناس.
قال البشاري: ومثل خوارزم في إقليم الشرق كسجلماسة في الغرب، وطباع أهل خوارزم مثل طبع البربر، وهي ثمانون فرسخا في ثمانين فرسخا، آخر كلامه، قلت: ويحيط بها رمال سيّالة يسكنها قوم من الأتراك والتركمان بمواشيهم، وهذه الرمال تنبت الغضا شبه الرمال التي دون ديار مصر، وكانت قصبتها قديما تسمى المنصورة، وكانت على الجانب الشرقي فأخذ الماء أكثر أرضها فانتقل أهلها إلى مقابلها من الغربي، وهي الجرجانية، وأهلها يسمونها كركانج، وحوّطوا على جيحون بالحطب الجزل والطرفاء يمنعونه من خراب منازلهم يستجدّونه في كل عام ويرمّون ما تشعث منه، وقرأت في كتاب ألفه أبو الريحان البيروني في أخبار خوارزم ذكر فيه أنّ خوارزم كانت تدعى قديما فيل، وذكر لذلك قصة نسيتها فإن وجدها واحد وسهل عليه أن يلحقها بهذا الموضع فعل مأذونا له في ذلك عنّي، قال محمد بن نصر بن عنين الدمشقي:
خوارزم عندي خير البلاد، ... فلا أقلعت سحبها المغدقه
فطوبى لوجه امرئ صبّحت ... هـ، أوجه فتيانها المشرقة
وما ان نقمت بها حالة، ... سوى أن أقامت بها مقلقه
وكان المؤذّن يقوم في سحرة من الليل يقارب نصفه فلا يزال يزعق إلى الفجر قامت، وقال الخطيب أبو المؤيد الموفّق بن أحمد المكي ثم الخوارزمي يتشوّقها:
أأبكاك لمّا أن بكى في ربى نجد ... سحاب ضحوك البرق منتحب الرعد
له قطرات كاللآلئ في الثرى، ... ولي عبرات كالعقيق على خدّي
تلفّتّ منها نحو خوارزم والها ... حزينا، ولكن أين خوارزم من نجد؟
وقرأت في الرسالة التي كتبها أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حمّاد مولى محمد بن سليمان رسول المقتدر بالله إلى ملك الصقالبة ذكر فيها ما شاهده منذ خرج من بغداد إلى أن عاد إليها فقال بعد وصوله إلى بخارى، قال: وانفصلنا من بخارى إلى خوارزم وانحدرنا من خوارزم إلى الجرجانية، وبينها وبين خوارزم في الماء خمسون فرسخا، قلت: هكذا قال ولا أدري أي شيء عنى بخوارزم لأن خوارزم هو اسم الإقليم بلا شك، ورأيت دراهم بخوارزم مزيفة ورصاصا وزيوفا وصفرا، ويسمون الدرهم طازجه، ووزنه أربعة دوانق ونصف، والصيرفي منهم يبيع الكعاب والدوامات والدراهم، وهم أوحش الناس كلاما وطبعا، وكلامهم أشبه بنقيق الضفادع، وهم يتبرؤون من أمير المؤمنين علي بن أبي طالب، رضي الله عنه، في دبر كل صلاة، فأقمنا بالجرجانية أياما وجمد جيحون من أوله إلى آخره، وكان سمك الجمد تسعة عشر شبرا، قال عبد الله الفقير: وهذا كذب منه، فإنّ أكثر ما يجمد خمسة أشبار وهذا يكون نادرا، فأما العادة فهو شبران أو ثلاثة، شاهدته وسألت عنه أهل تلك البلاد، ولعله
ظنّ أنّ النهر يجمد كلّه وليس الأمر كذلك، إنما يجمد أعلاه وأسفله جار، ويحفر أهل خوارزم في الجليد ويستخرجون منه الماء لشربهم، لا يتعدّى الثلاثة أشبار إلّا نادرا، قال: وكانت الخيل والبغال والحمير والعجل تجتاز عليه كما تجتاز على الطريق، وهو ثابت لا يتحلحل، فأقام على ذلك ثلاثة أشهر فرأينا بلدا ما ظننا إلّا أنّ بابا من الزمهرير فتح علينا منه، ولا يسقط فيه الثلج إلّا ومعه ريح عاصف شديدة، قلت: وهذا أيضا كذب فإنه لولا ركود الهواء في الشتاء في بلادهم لما عاش فيها أحد، قال: وإذا أتحف الرجل من أهله صاحبه وأراد بره قال: تعال إليّ حتى نتحدّث فإن عندي نارا طيبة، هذا إذا بلغ في برّه وصلته، إلّا أنّ الله عز وجلّ قد لطف بهم في الحطب وأرخصه عليهم، حمل عجلة من حطب الطاغ وهو الغضا بدرهمين يكون وزنها ثلاثة آلاف رطل، قلت: وهذا أيضا كذب لأن العجلة أكثر ما تجرّ على ما اختبرته، وحملت قماشا لي عليها، ألف رطل لأن عجلتهم جميعها لا يجرها إلّا رأس واحد إما بقر أو حمار أو فرس، وأما رخص الحطب فيحتمل ان كان في زمانه بذلك الرخص، فأما وقت كوني بها فإن مائة من كان بثلث دينار ركنيّ، قال: ورسم سؤالهم أن لا يقف السائل على الباب بل يدخل إلى دار الواحد منهم فيقعد ساعة عند ناره يصطلي ثم يقول:
پكند، وهو الخبز، فإن أعطوه شيئا وإلّا خرج، قلت أنا: وهذا من رسمهم صحيح إلّا أنه في الرستاق دون المدينة شاهدت ذلك، ثم وصف شدة بردهم الذي أنا شاهدته من بردها أنّ طرقها تجمد في الوحول ثم يمشى عليها فيطير الغبار منها، فإن تغيّمت الدنيا ودفئت قليلا عادت وحولا تغوص فيها الدواب إلى ركبها، وقد كنت اجتهدت أن أكتب شيئا بها فما كان يمكنني لجمود الدواة حتى أقرّبها من النار وأذيبها، وكنت إذا وضعت الشربة على شفتي التصقت بها لجمودها على شفتي ولم تقاوم حرارة النفس الجماد، ومع هذا فهي لعمري بلاد طيبة وأهلها علماء فقهاء أذكياء أغنياء، والمعيشة بينهم موجودة وأسباب الرزق عندهم غير مفقودة، وأما الآن فقد بلغني أن التتر صنف من الترك وردوها سنة 618 وخرّبوها وقتلوا أهلها وتركوها تلولا، وما أظنّ أنه كان في الدنيا لمدينة خوارزم نظير في كثرة الخير وكبر المدينة وسعة الأهل والقرب من الخير وملازمة أسباب الشرائع والدين، فإنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون.
والذين ينسبون إليها من الأعلام والعلماء لا يحصون، منهم: داود بن رشيد أبو الفضل الخوارزمي، رحل فسمع بدمشق الوليد بن مسلم وأبا الزرقاء عبد الله بن محمد الصغاني، وسمع بغيرها خلقا، منهم بقية بن الوليد وصالح بن عمرو وحسان بن إبراهيم الكرماني وأبو حفص عمر بن عبد الرحمن الأمار وغيرهم، روى عنه مسلم بن الحجاج وأبو زرعة وأبو حاتم الرازيان وصالح بن محمد جزرة، روى البخاري عن محمد بن عبد الرحيم في كفّارات الأيمان، وقال البخاري:
مات في سنة 239، وآخر من روى عنه أبو القاسم البغوي.

جم

1 جَمَّ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) aor. ـِ inf. n. جَمٌّ, (Msb,) said of water, (S,) &c., (S, Msb,) It became much, or abundant; (S, Msb;) as also ↓ استجم; said of a thing: (TA:) and, said of water, aor. ـُ (S, K) and جَمِّ, (K,) the former of which is of the higher authority, (TA,) inf. n. جُمُومٌ, (S, Mgh, K,) it became much, or abundant, (S, Mgh, K,) in the well, (S,) and collected (S, K) after it had been drawn from; (S;) as also ↓ استجمّ. (K.) And جَمُّوا They became many. (TA.) b2: جَمَّتِ البِئْرُ, (K,) aor. ـُ and جَمِّ, inf. n. جُمُومٌ, (TA,) The water of the well returned by degrees, (K, TA,) and became much, or abundant, and collected; (TA;) and ↓ استجمّت signifies the same. (S.) b3: [Hence, جَمَّتْ مَثَابَةٌ جَهْلِهِ, a tropical phrase, explained in art. ثوب.] b4: جَمَّ الكَيْلُ, inf. n. جُمَامٌ, with damm, The measure became full or filled. (KL. [But only the inf. n. is there mentioned: so that the verb may be جُمَّ, which see below.]) b5: جَمَّ الفَرَسُ, (S, K,) aor. ـُ and جَمِّ, (S, TA,) inf. n. جَمَامٌ (S, K) and جَمٌّ; (S;) and ↓ استجمّ; (S;) The horse abstained from covering, (S, K,) so that his seminal fluid (مَاؤُهُ) collected. (K.) b6: Also, (aor. of the former verb as above, TA, and inf. n. جَمٌّ and جَمَامٌ, S, K,) The fatigue of the horse went away; (S;) [he recovered his strength after fatigue;] he recovered from his fatigue, being left unridden; (K, TA;) and so ↓ أَجَمَّ [of which see also the pass. form, below]. (M, K.) b7: [And hence,] جَمَّ, [inf. n. جَمَامٌ, q. v. infrà,] He rested; said of a man [as well as of a horse]; (TA;) and so ↓ استجمّ. (Har p. 324.) b8: Also, said of a bone, (K,) inf. n. جَمٌّ, (TA,) It had much flesh; its flesh became much, or abundant. (K.) b9: Also i. q. عَلَا [He, or it, became high, &c.: perhaps said of water in a well]. (T, TA.) b10: Also, inf. n. جُمُومٌ, He rose (اِرْتَفَعَ) in his pace, or going. (TA.) b11: Also, (S, K,) inf. n. جَمٌّ (TA) and جُمُومٌ, (S, TA,) said of an event, (K,) of the arrival of a person, (S,) It drew near; (S, K;) it came to pass: (S:) and ↓ اجمّ signifies the same, (S, Msb, K,) said of an event, of separation from another, (S, TA,) and of an object of want: (TA:) احمّ, [q. v.,] with the unpointed ح, in this sense, was not known to As. (TA.) b12: And, said of the نَصِىّ, and the صِلِّيَان, [two plants, inf. n. not mentioned,] It attained to the state of having a جُمَّة [app. meaning tuft, or flower-bud]. (TA.) A2: جَمَّ الكَبْشِ, (TA,) or جَمِمَتِ الشَّاةُ, [perhaps a mistranscription for جَمَّت,] aor. ـَ (Msb,) inf. n. جَمَمٌ, (S, Msb, TA,) The ram, (TA,) or sheep or goat, (S, Msb,) was hornless. (S, Msb, TA.) A3: جَمَّهُ, (K,) [aor. ـُ accord. to rule,] inf. n. جَمٌّ, (TA,) He left it (namely, water [in a well],) to collect; as also ↓ اجمّهُ. (K.) And جُمَّتِ البِئْرُ [The well was left for its water to collect]. (TA.) And البِئْرَ ↓ استجمّ He left the well for some days until its water should collect: whence the metaphorical phrase, مَثَابَةُ سَفَهِهِ ↓ كَانَ يَسْتَجِمُّ, [explained in art. ثوب,] occurring in a trad. (Har p. 68.) b2: Also He filled it (namely, a measure, S, such as is called مَكُّوك, K) so that it had what is termed جُمَامٌ; and so ↓ اجمّهُ; (S, K;) and ↓ جمّمهُ. (K.) and جُمَّ It was filled. (T, TA.) See also جَمٌّ, last sentence.2 جمّمت الأَرْضُ The جَمِيم [q. v.] of the land became full, or abundant. (ISh, TA.) b2: جمّم [in the CK جَمَمَ] It (herbage) became such as is termed جَمِيم; as also ↓ تجمّم. (K, TA.) b3: He made a جُمَّة [q. v.] of his hair. (Z, TA.) A2: See also 1, last sentence but two.4 اجمّ, as an intrans. verb: see 1, in two places.

A2: اجمّهُ: see 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places. b2: He left him unridden, so that he recovered from his fatigue; namely, a horse. (K.) And أُجِمَّ He (a horse) was left unridden. (S.) b3: [Hence, He rested him, or gave him rest.] You say, أَجْمِمْ نَفْسَكَ يَوْمًا أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ [Rest thyself a day, or two days]. (S.) And hence, in a trad. respecting the سَفَرْجَلَة [or quince], تُجِمُّ الفُؤَادَ, i. e. It rests the heart, and consolidates it, and completes its soundness and liveliness. (TA.) One says also, ↓ إِنِّى لَأَسْتَجِمُّ قَلْبِى بِشَّىْءٍ مِنَ اللَّهْوِ لِأَقْوَى بِهِ عَلَى الحَقِّ [Verily I relieve my heart with somewhat of diversion, in order that I may become strong thereby for that which is substantial, or solid, not vain or frivolous]. (S.) And اجمّ الأَرْضَ He gave the land rest from tilling. (TA in art. بخع.) b4: He gave him the جَمَّة [or supply of water, that had collected after drawing,] of the well. (Th. TA.) b5: أُجِمَّ العِنَبُ The grape-vine had all its branches that were above the ground cut off. (AHn, TA.) 5 تَجَمَّّ see 2.10 استجّم, as an intrans. verb: see 1, in five places. b2: It is said in a trad., مَنْ يُحِبُّ أَنْ يَسْتَجِمَّ لَهُ النَّاسُ قِيَامًا فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقْعَدَهُ مِنَ النَّارِ, i. e. [Whoso loveth that men] should collect themselves to him, standing in his presence, and confining themselves to him, [let him take his sitting-place in the fire of Hell:] or, accord. as some relate it, يستخمّ; see art. خم; (TA;) and, as some, يَسْتَخِيمَ. (TA in art. خيم, q. v.) b3: استجمّت الأَرْضُ The land put forth its plants, or herbage, (K, TA,) so that it became like the [hair termed]

جمّة [i. e. جُمَّة]. (TA.) A2: As a trans. verb: see 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places: b2: and see 4. b3: اُسْتُجِمَّتْ جَمَّةُ المَآءِ [The supply of water that had collected after drawing] was drunk. (TA.) R. Q. 1 جَمْجَمَ, (S, TA,) inf. n. جَمْجَمَةٌ, (K,) He spoke indistinctly, (S, K,) not from impotence, or, accord. to the T, from impotence; (TA;) and ↓ تَجَمْجَمَ signifies the same. (S, K.) b2: Also, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (Mgh, K,) with which مَجْمَجَةٌ is syn., accord. to Ez-Zowzanee, (Mgh,) He concealed (Mgh, K, TA) speech, (Mgh,) or a thing, (K, TA,) in his bosom. (Mgh, K, TA.) You say, جمجم شَيْئًا فِى صَدْرِهِ He concealed a thing in his bosom; did not reveal it. (TA.) b3: Also, (TA,) inf. n. as above, (Kr, K,) He destroyed, or killed, (Kr, K, TA,) another or others. (TA.) R. Q. 2 تَجَمْجَمَ: see R. Q. 1. b2: Hence, تجمجم عَنِ الأَمْرِ (tropical:) [He held back from the thing, not daring to do it;] he did not dare to do the thing. (Ham p. 240.) جَمٌّ, an inf. n. used as an epithet, (Msb,) Much, or many; (S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ جَمِيمٌ accord. to the copies of the K, but correctly ↓ جَمَمَ, as in the L. (TA.) You say مَالٌ جَمٌّ (Msb, TA) and ↓ جَمَمَ (TA) Muck property, or many cattle. (Msb.) And it is said in the Kur [lxxxix. 21], وَ يُحِبُّونَ المَالَ حُبًّا جَمًّا (S) And they love property with much love. (A'Obeyd, TA.) Aboo-Khirásh El-Hudhalee says, إِنْ تَغْفِرِ الّٰلهُمَ تَغْفِرْ جَمَّا (TA) i. c. [If thou forgive, O God, Thou forgivest] much sin. (Mgh.) جَمّٰ البُعَاقِ, in a trad. respecting prayer for rain, means Copious, abundant, extensive rain. (TA in art. بعق.) b2: The greater, or main, portion of the ظَهِيرَة [i. e. midday, or mid-day in summer, &c.]: and of water; as also ↓ جَمَّةٌ, (as in some copies of the K,) or ↓ جُمَّةٌ: (so in other copies of the K, and accord. to the TA: [the former app. the right: if it were the latter, the author of the K, accord. to a rule which he has seldom neglected, would have added بِالضَّمِّ; as SM has here done, unless his transcriber have thus written by mistake for بِالفَتْحِ:] or جَمٌّ signifies the water, of a well, that has collected [after it has been drawn from]: and ↓ جَمَّةٌ, the place in which the water collects: (S:) and also, this last, the water itself: (TA: [i. e. the supply of water that has collected after drawing: see 4, last sentence but one; and see 10, last sentence:]) the pl. (of جَمَّةٌ S [or of this and of جَمٌّ also]) is جِمَامٌ (S, K) and جُمُومٌ. (K.) b3: بِئْرٌ جَمَّةٌ: see جَمُومٌ. b4: جَاؤُوا جَمًّا غَفِيرًا, and الجَمَّ الغَفِيرَ, &c.; see أَجَمُّ, and art. غفر. b5: جَمٌّ also signifies People of the lowest, or basest, or meanest sort. (T, TA.) A2: Also The measuring to the head of the measure; [app. an inf. n., of which the verb is ↓ جَمَّ; see 1, last sentence but two; and so ↓ جَمَامٌ and ↓ جُمَامٌ and ↓ جِمَامٌ. (K.) جَمَّةٌ: see جَمٌّ, in two places. b2: Also The part, or place, of a ship, in which collects the water that leaks from its خُرُوز [or seams: in the CK خُرُور]: (K:) a genuine Arabic word. (TA.) b3: Also, (S, K,) and ↓ جُمَّةٌ, (S, K, and Ham p. 746,) A company demanding a bloodwit (S, K) or an obligation that must be discharged, (TA, and Ham ubi suprà,) or peace; or coming for some other purpose: (Ham:) pl. جمم [probably جُمَمٌ, pl. of the latter, or perhaps of both; or it may be جِمَمٌ, as pl. of both]. (TA.) You say, جَآءَ فِى جَمَّةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ and عظيمة ↓ جُمَّةٍ He came in a great company &c. (S, K.) جُمَّةٌ: see جَمٌّ: b2: and see also جَمَّةٌ, in two places. b3: Also The collective mass of the hair of the head, or the head of hair, (مُجْتَمَعَ شَعْرِ الرَّأْسِ S, Mgh, K,) when more in quantity than what is termed وَفْرَة: (S, Mgh:) or the collective mass of the hair (مُجْتَمَعُ الشَّعْرِ) when it hangs down from the head to the lobe of the ear, and to the two shoulder-joints, and more than that; what does not extend beyond the ears being termed وفرة: (TA:) or the collective mass (مُجْتَمَعَ) of the hair of the نَاصِيَة [or anterior part of the head]: accord. to some, what reaches to the two shoulder-joints: (Msb:) in the M it is said to signify the hair; and in like manner in the Deewán el-Adab: but ISd adds that it is also said to mean hair more in quantity than that which is termed لِمَّة: accord. to IAth, the hair of the head that falls upon the two shoulder-joints: in the Muhedhdhib, what extends beyond the ears: in the Mukaddameh of Z, what extends to the lobe of the ear: accord. to IDrd, much hair: (TA:) [see also لِمَّةٌ and وَفْرَةٌ:] pl. جُمَمٌ (Msb, TA) and جِمَامٌ: (TA:) dim. ↓ جُمَيْمَةٌ. (TA.) Hence, رَأَى لُمْعَةً فَغَسَلَهَا بِجُمَّتِهِ, meaning [He saw a spot, and washed it] by a moistening of his جمّة: or with the water of his جمّة: the prefixed noun being suppressed. (Mgh.) b4: Also [app. (assumed tropical:) A flower-bud;] the قبة [rendered by Golius “ nodosior pars ”] of a plant, from which the flower comes forth. (KL.) [See an ex. above, voce جَمَّ. If from جُمَّةٌ applied to hair, it would seem rather to mean A tuft.] b5: One says also, حَذَفَ جُمَّةُ الجَوْزَةِ ثُمَّ أَكَلَهَا (tropical:) [app. meaning He threw away the husk of the walnut: then ate it]. (TA.) جَمَمٌ: see جَمٌّ, in two places: b2: and see also جُمَامٌ.

جَمَامٌ A state of resting; (Fr, S, Msb, K;) as also ↓ جَمَامَةٌ: (TA:) particularly of a horse. (Fr, S, Msb.) [See جَمَّ, of which it is an inf. n.]

b2: See also جَمٌّ, last sentence: and see what next follows.

جُمَامٌ What has collected of the seminal fluid of a horse [after his resting from covering]; as also ↓ جِمَامٌ. (K.) b2: Also, and ↓ جِمَامٌ and ↓ جَمَامٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) [but see what follows,] The quantity [of flour or the like] that rises above the head of the [measure termed] مَكُّوك, (S, Mgh, K,) after the filling, (Mgh,) exceeding the طَفَاف thereof; (S, Mgh, K;) as also ↓ جَمَمٌ: (K:) or the fill of a bowl, without a head: accord. to ISk, only said of flour and the like: one says, أَعْطَانِى جمامَ القَدَحِ دَقِيقًا [He gave me the bowlful of flour]: but جمام meaning the “ resting ” of a horse is with fet-h only: (Msb:) or, accord. to Fr, one says القَدَحِ المَآءً ↓ جِمَامٌ, with kesr, meaning the bowlful of water; and جُمَامُ المَكُّوكِ دَقِيقًا, with damm; and جَمَامٌ الفَرَسِ, with fet-h only; and one does not say جُمَامٌ, with damm, except in relation to flour and the like, meaning the quantity that rises above the head of the مكّوك, after the being filled: one says, أَعْطِنِى جُمَامَ المَكُّوكِ when one puts what the head of the مكّوك will bear, and gives it: (S, TA:) in the T, it is said that أَعْطِهِ جمامَ المَكُّوكِ means Give thou him [the quantity of] a مكّوك without a head: but [SM says,] I have seen in its margin written that the right meaning is, the quantity borne by the head of the مكّوك. (TA.) b3: See also جَمٌّ, last sentence.

جِمَامٌ: see جُمَامٌ, in three places: b2: and جَمٌّ, last sentence: A2: and see also جُمْجُمَةٌ.

A3: It is also a pl. of جَمَّةٌ (S) [and perhaps of جَمٌّ likewise: (see this latter:)] and of جُمَّةٌ. (TA.) بِئْرٌ جَمُومٌ (S, K) and ↓ جَمَّةٌ (K) A well of much water. (S, K.) b2: فَرَسٌ جَمُومٌ A horse that, after any run, runs again; (T, S, K;) applied to the female as well as the male: (T, TA:) a horse that goes much. (KL.) جَمِيمٌ A plant, or herbage, that has grown somewhat, but not attained its full height: (S:) or much, or abundant, herbage: (K:) or herbage standing up and spreading: (AHn, K:) or that has grown up until it has become like the جُمَّة of hair: (TA:) a plant, or herbage, when it first appears in the ground is termed بَارِضٌ; then, جَمِيمٌ; then, بُسْرَةٌ; then, صَمْعَآءُ; and then, [when it is dry,] حَشِيشٌ: (S in art. بسر:) pl. أَجِمَّآءُ. (K.) And, with ة, A [plant of the kind termed]

نَصِيَّة that has become half a month old, so that it fills the mouth. (K.) b2: See also جَمٌّ.

جَمَامَةٌ: see جَمَامٌ. b2: Also The state of being satiated, or satisfied, with food, and with drink. (TA.) جُمَيْمَةٌ dim. of جُمَّةٌ, q. v. (TA.) جُمَّى The bean, or beans; syn. بَاقِلَّى. (AHn, K.) جُمِّى: see جُمَّانِىٌّ.

جَمَّامٌ: see what next follows.

جَمَّانٌ A measure, (S,) such as is called مَكُّوك, (K,) filled so as to have what is termed جُمَام; (S, K;) as also ↓ جَمَّامٌ: (K:) [fem. of the former جَمَّى. Hence,] جُمْجُمَةٌ جَمَّى [A] full [bowl]. (K. In the CK جَمْجَمَةٌ.) جُمَّانِىٌّ, with ن, (S,) an irreg. rel. n., applied to a man, (Sb, S,) Having a long جُمَّة: (S, K:) or having a great and long جُمَّة: (Sb, TA:) but if you name a person جُمَّة, the rel. n. formed from it is ↓ جُمِّىٌّ (Sb, S) only. (Sb, TA.) جُمْجُمٌ: see what next follows.

جُمْجُمَةٌ The skull; i. e. the bone that contains the brain: (S, Msb, K: *) or i. q. قِحْفٌ [i. e. the bone above the brain, or a separate portion of the skull, or a distinct bone of the skull]: (K:) or the bones of the head; (IAar, Mgh, TA;) all of them; the uppermost of them being the هَامَة; (IAar, TA;) or the هامة is the جمجمة altogether; (ISh, TA;) and the قحف is said to be a piece of the جمجمة: (TA:) pl. ↓ جُمْجُمٌ, (K,) [or this (in the CK, erroneously, جَمْجَمٌ) is a coll. gen. n.,] and جَمَاجِمُ [is the pl. properly so called, and that which is more commonly known]. (TA.) b2: Sometimes it is used to signify A man; so that one says, خُذُوا مِنْ كُلِّ جُمْجُمَةٍ دِرْهَمًا [Take ye from every man, or head, a dirhem]; like as one says, مِنْ كُلِّ رَأْسٍ: (Msb:) and وَضَعَ الإِمَامُ الخَرَاجَ عَلَى الجَمَاجِمِ عَلَى كُلِّ جُمْجُمَةٍ كَذَا [The Imám imposed the tax, or land-tax, upon the heads; upon every head so much]. (Mgh.) b3: A wooden bowl: (S, K:) a bowl of glass; as also قِحْفٌ. (Az, TA.) b4: A kind of measure for corn or the like. (K.) b5: Also (assumed tropical:) Chiefs, or lords, of the Arabs; because the جمجمة is the head, which is the most noble of the members: (TA:) also, (TA,) [the pl.] جَمَاجِمُ has this meaning. (T, K, TA.) And (assumed tropical:) Any sons of a father that are persons of might, or power, and eminence, or nobility: (T, TA:) and [the pl.]

جَمَاجِمُ the tribes (قَبَائِل) of the Arabs which comprise بُطُون, and in relation to which persons are called; as Kelb Ibn-Webreh; for when you say كَلْبِىٌّ, you do not need to call the person in relation to any of the بطون: (S:) or the tribes (قبائل) in relation to which the بطون are called; as also ↓ جِمَامٌ. (K.) A2: A well that is dug in salt ground. (S, K.) A3: Sixty head of camels. (IF, IB, TA.) A4: جَمَاجِمُ الحَارِثِ The piece of wood at the head of which is the ploughshare. (TA.) أَجَمُّ [Greater, and greatest, in quantity, and in number, &c.: fem. جَمَّآءُ. Hence,] وَالوَحْىُ

أَجَمُّ مَا كَانَ, in a trad. of Anas, means The revelation being the most that it used to be. (Sh, TA.) b2: A bone having much flesh. (K.) Yousay also اِمْرَأَةٌ جَمَّآءُ العِظَامِ A woman having much flesh (K, TA) on the bones. (TA.) And اِمْرَأَةٌ جَمَّآءُ المَرَافِقِ [A woman having much flesh on the elbows: or, as seems to be indicated by J, having no prominence of the elbows; and if so, from جَمَّآءُ applied to a ewe, in a sense explained in what follows]. (S.) b3: جَاؤُوا الجَمَّآءَ الغَفِيرَ, (S, * Msb, K,) [and جَمَّآءَ غَفِيرًا &c.,] and غَفِيرًا ↓ جَمًّا, (K,) [and الغَفِيرَ ↓ الجَمَّ, &c.,] They came all together, (S, * Msb, K,) high and low, none of them remaining behind, and they being many: (S, K, in art. غفر:) see art. غفر. (S, K.) A2: Hornless, applied to a ram (Mgh, Msb, K) or he-goat; (Msb;) and so جَمَّآءُ applied to a ewe (S, Mgh, Msb) or she-goat: (S, Msb:) pl. جُمٌّ. (Mgh, Msb.) b2: And [hence,] (tropical:) A man having no spear (S, K, TA) in war or battle: (S, TA:) pl. as above. (TA.) The pl. is also applied to horses, (S,) meaning (assumed tropical:) whose owners have no spears; the spears being regarded as the horses' horns. (Ham, p. 90.) b3: Also (assumed tropical:) A building having no [acroterial ornaments such as are termed] شُرَف: (S:) and the pl., (assumed tropical:) Mosques having no شُرَف (Mgh, TA) upon them, (TA,) [i. e.] upon their walls. (Mgh.) b4: (assumed tropical:) A flat house-top having no parapet, or surrounding wall. (TA.) b5: (assumed tropical:) Short; having no elevation. (TA.) b6: (assumed tropical:) A woman's anterior pudendum. (K.) b7: And, as being likened thereto, or the reverse may be the case, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) A bowl. (K.) b8: Also, the fem., (assumed tropical:) Smooth. (IAar, K.) b9: And hence, because of its smoothness, (IAar, TA,) (assumed tropical:) A helmet: (IAar, K:) to which the epithet غَفِيرٌ [q. v.] is applied because it covers the head: but this meaning of “ a helmet ” was not known to ISd on any other authority than that of IAar. (TA.) مَجَمٌّ A place where water remains: or to which it reaches, and where it ends. (TA.) b2: (assumed tropical:) The breast, or bosom, or mind: (K, TA:) because it is the place in which are collected the knowledge &c. that it retains. (TA.) You say, هُوَ وَاسِعُ المَجَمِّ, i. e. رَحْبُ الذِّرَاعِ وَاسِعُ الصَّدْرِ (tropical:) [He is possessed of ample power and might, and free from distress of mind or from narrowness of mind]. (IAar, K, TA.) And إِنَّهُ لَضَيِّقُ المَجَمِّ (tropical:) Verily he is contracted, or straitened, in mind by affairs, or events. (IAar, TA.) مَجَمَّةٌ A thing in which resting is usually known to take place. (TA.) مُجَمَّمٌ A boy (IDrd, TA) having a head of hair such as is termed a جُمَّة. (IDrd, K, TA.) مُجَمِّمَةٌ A woman who makes her hair to form a جُمَّة, to make herself like a man: the doing of which is forbidden. (TA.)

دُنْباوَنْد:
بضم أوله، وسكون ثانيه، وبعده باء موحدة، وبعد الألف واو ثم نون ساكنة، وآخره دال، لغة في دباوند: وهو جبل من نواحي الرّيّ، وقد ذكر في دباوند، ودنباوند في الإقليم الرابع، طولها خمس وسبعون درجة ونصف، وعرضها سبع وثلاثون درجة وربع. ودنباوند أيضا:
جبل بكرمان ذكرته في بلد يقال له دمندان، فأما الذي في الريّ فقال ابن الكلبي: إنما سمي دنباوند لأن أفريدون بن اثفيان الأصبهاني لما أخذ الضحّاك بيوراسف قال لأرمائيل وكان نبطيّا من أهل الزاب اتخذه الضحاك على مطابخه فكان يذبح غلاما ويستحيي غلاما ويسم على عنقه ثم يأمره فيأتي المغارة فيما بين قصران وخويّ ويذبح كبشا فيخلطه بلحم الغلام، فلما أراد أفريدون قتله قال:
أيها الملك إن لي عذرا، وأتى به المغارة وأراه صنيعه فاستحسن أفريدون ذلك منه وأراد قتله بحجة فقال: اجعل لي غذاء لا تجعل لي فيه بقلا ولا لحما، فجعل فيه أذناب الضأن وأحضر له وهو بدنباوند لحبس الضحّاك به، فاستحسن أفريدون ذلك منه وقال له: دنباوندى أي وجدت الأذناب فتخلّصت بها مني، ثم قال أفريدون: يا أرمائيل قد أقطعتك صداء الخيل ووهبت لك هؤلاء الذين وسمت، فأنت وسمان، وسمى الأرض التي وجد
فيها القوم دشت پي أي سمة وعقب، فسميت دست پي الكورة المعروفة بين الري وهمذان وقزوين، وقرأت في رسالة ألّفها مسعر بن مهلهل الشاعر ووصف فيها ما عاينه في أسفاره فقال: دنباوند جبل عال مشرف شاهق شامخ لا يفارق أعلاه الثلج شتاء ولا صيفا ولا يقدر أحد من الناس أن يعلو ذروته ولا يقاربها، ويعرف بجبل البيوراسف، يراه الناس من مرج القلعة ومن عقبة همذان، والناظر إليه من الرّيّ يظن أنه مشرف عليه، وأن المسافة بينهما ثلاثة فراسخ أو اثنان، وزعم العامّة أن سليمان بن داود، عليه السلام، حبس فيه ماردا من مردة الشياطين يقال له صخر المارد، وزعم آخرون أن أفريدون الملك حبس فيه البيوراسف، وأن دخانا يخرج من كهف في الجبل يقول العامة إنه نفسه، ولذلك أيضا يرون نارا في ذلك الكهف يقولون إنها عيناه وإن همهمته تسمع من ذلك الكهف، فاعتبرت ذلك وارتصدته وصعدت في ذلك الجبل حتى وصلت إلى نصفه بمشقّة شديدة ومخاطرة بالنفس وما أظن أن أحدا تجاوز الموضع الذي بلغت إليه بل ما وصل إنسان إليه فيما أظن، وتأملت الحال فرأيت عينا كبريتية وحولها كبريت مستحجر، فإذا طلعت عليه الشمس والتهبت ظهرت فيه نار، وإلى جانبه مجرى يمر تحت الجبل تخترقه رياح مختلفة فتحدث بينها أصوات متضادّة على إيقاعات متناسبة فمرّة مثل صهيل الخيل ومرّة مثل نهيق الحمير ومرّة مثل كلام الناس، ويظهر للمصغي إليه مثل الكلام الجمهوريّ دون المفهوم وفوق المجهول يتخيل إلى السامع أنه كلام بدويّ ولغة إنسيّ، وذلك الدخان الذي يزعمون أنه نفسه بخار تلك العين الكبريتية، وهذه حال تحتمل على ظاهر صورة ما تدعيه العامة، ووجدت في بعض شعاب هذا الجبل آثار بناء قديم، وحولها مشاهد تدل على أنها مصايف بعض الأكاسرة، وإذا نظر أهل هذه الناحية إلى النّمل يدّخر الحبّ ويكثر من ذلك علموا أنها سنة قحط وجدب، وإذا دامت عليهم الأمطار وتأذّوا بها وأرادوا قطعها صبّوا لبن المعز على النار فانقطعت، وقد امتحنت هذا من دعواهم دفعات فوجدتهم فيه صادقين، وما رأى أحد رأس هذا الجبل في وقت من الأوقات منحسرا عن الثلج إلّا وقعت الفتنة وهريقت الدماء من الجانب الذي يرى منحسرا، وهذه العلامة أيضا صحيحة بإجماع أهل البلد، وبالقرب من هذا الجبل معدن الكحل الرازي والمرتك والأسرب والزاج، هذا كله قول مسعر، وقد حكي قريبا من هذا علي بن زين كاتب المازيار الطبري، كان حكيما محصّلا وله تصانيف في فنون عدّة، قريبا من حكاية مسعر قال: وجّهنا جماعة من أهل طبرستان إلى جبل دنباوند وهو جبل عظيم شاهق في الهواء يرى من مائة فرسخ وعلى رأسه أبدا مثل السحاب المتراكم لا ينحسر في الصيف ولا في الشتاء ويخرج من أسفله نهر ماؤه أصفر كبريتي زعم جهال العجم أنه بول البيوراسف، فذكر الذين وجهناهم أنهم صعدوا إلى رأسه في خمسة أيام وخمس ليال فوجدوا نفس قلّته نحو مائة جريب مساحة، على أن الناظر ينظر إليها من أسفل الجبل مثل رأس القبة المخروطة، قالوا: ووجدنا عليها رملا تغيب فيه الأقدام، وإنهم لم يروا عليها دابة ولا أثر شيء من الحيوان، وإنّ جميع ما يطير في الجوّ لا يبلغها، وإنّ البرد فيها شديد والريح عظيمة الهبوب والعصوف، وإنهم عدّوا في كوّاتها سبعين كوّة يخرج منها الدخان الكبريتي، وإنه كان معهم رجل من أهل تلك الناحية فعرّفهم أنّ ذلك الدخان تنفس البيوراسف، ورأوا
حول كل نقب من تلك الكوى كبريتا أصفر كأنه الذهب، وحملوا منه شيئا معهم حتى نظرنا إليه، وزعموا أنهم رأوا الجبال حوله مثل التلال وأنهم رأوا البحر مثل النهر الصغير، وبين البحر وبين هذا الجبل نحو عشرين فرسخا.
ودنباوند من فتوح سعيد بن العاصي في أيام عثمان لما ولي الكوفة سار إليها فافتتحها وافتتح الرّويان، وذلك في سنة 29 أو 30 للهجرة، وبلغ عثمان بن عفّان، رضي الله عنه، أنّ ابن ذي الحبكة النّهدي يعالج تبريحا فأرسل إلى الوليد بن عقبة وهو وال على الكوفة ليسأله عن ذلك فإن أقرّ به فأوجعه ضربا وغرّبه إلى دنباوند، ففعل الوليد ذلك فأقرّ فغرّبه إلى دنباوند، فلما ولي سعيد ردّه وأكرمه فكان من رؤوس أهل الفتن في قتل عثمان، فقال ابن ذي الحبكة:
لعمري! إن أطردتني، ما إلى الذي ... طمعت به من سقطتيّ سبيل
رجوت رجوعي يا ابن أروى، ورجعتي ... إلى الحق دهرا، غال حلمك غول
وإنّ اغترابي في البلاد وجفوتي ... وشتمي في ذات الإله قليل
وإن دعائي، كلّ يوم وليلة، ... عليك بدنباوند كم لطويل
وقال البحتري يمدح المعتزّ بالله:
فما زلت حتى أذعن الشّرق عنوة، ... ودانت على ضغن أعالي المغارب
جيوش ملأن الأرض، حتى تركنها ... وما في أقاصيها مفرّ لهارب
مددن وراء الكوكبيّ عجاجة ... أرته، نهارا، طالعات الكواكب
وزعزعن دنباوند من كل وجهة، ... وكان وقورا مطمئنّ الجوانب

عق

1 عَقَّ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. ـُ (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (Mgh, O, Msb, TA,) He clave, split, slit, ripped, or rent; (Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA;) and he cut. (Mgh, O, TA.) You say, عَقَّ ثَوْبَهُ He slit, ripped, or rent, his garment. (Msb.) and عُقَّتْ تَمِيمَتُهُ فِى بَنِى فُلَانٍ [His amulet was cut off among the sons of such a one]; said of a boy when he has attained to the prime of manhood, and become strong, with a tribe; originating from the fact that as long as the boy was an infant, his mother hung upon him amulets to preserve him from the evil eye; and when he became full-grown, they were cut off from him: whence the saying of a poet, بِلَادٌ بِهَا عَقَّ الشَّبَابُ تَمِيمَتِى

وَأَوَّلُ أَرْضٍ مَسَّ جِلْدِى تُرَابُهَا [A country in which the attaining to the prime of manhood cut off my amulet, and the first land of which the dust touched my skin]. (TA.) b2: and [hence,] عَقَّتِ الرِّيحُ المُزْنَ, aor. and inf. n. as above, The wind drew forth a shower of fine rain from the مزن [or clouds containing water]; as though it rent them. (TA.) And عُقَّتِ السَّحَابَةُ The cloud poured forth its water; [as though it were rent;] and ↓ اِنْعَقَّت [means the same]; (TA;) and ↓ اعتقّت [likewise]. (O.) b3: and عَقَّ عَنْ وَلَدِهِ, (S, Msb,) or عَنِ المَوْلُودِ, (K,) aor. ـُ (S, Msb, TA) and عَقِّ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقٌّ, (S, Msb,) He slaughtered as a sacrifice (S, Msb, K, TA) for his child, (S, Msb,) or for the new-born child, (K,) a sheep or goat, (T, Msb, TA,) [generally the latter,] on the seventh day after the birth. (T, S, Msb, TA.) And He shaved the [hair termed] عَقِيقَة [q. v.] (S, TA) of his child, (S,) or of the new-born child. (TA.) b4: And عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ He shot the arrow towards the sky; and that arrow was called عَقِيقَةٌ; (S, O, K;) and it was the arrow of self-excuse: they used to do thus in the Time of Ignorance [on the occasion of a demand for blood-revenge]; and if the arrow returned smeared with blood, they were not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it returned clean, they stroked their beards, and made reconciliation on the condition of the bloodwit; the stroking of the beards being a sign of reconciliation: the arrow, however, as IAar says, did not [ever] return otherwise than clean: (S, O:) the origin was this: a man of the tribe was slain, and the slayer was prosecuted for his blood; whereupon a company of the chief men [of the family of the slayer] collected themselves together to the heirs [who claimed satisfaction for the blood] of the slain, and offered the bloodwit, asking forgiveness for the blood; and if the heir [who claimed satisfaction and who acted for himself and his coheirs] was a strong man, impatient of injury, he refused to take the bloodwit; but if weak, he consulted the people of his tribe, and then said to the petitioners, “We have, between us and our Creator, a sign denoting command and prohibition: we take an arrow, and set it on a bow, and shoot it towards the sky; and if it return to us smeared with blood, we are forbidden to take the bloodwit, and are not content save with the retaliation of slaughter; but if it return clean, as it went up, we are commanded to take the bloodwit: ” so they made reconciliation; for this arrow never returned otherwise than clean; and thus they had an excuse in the opinion of the ignorant of them. (L, TA.) A poet (S, O, TA) of the family of the slain, said by some to be of Hudheyl, by IB to be El-As'ar El-Joafee, who was absent from this reconciliation, (TA,) says, عَقُّوا بِسَهْمٍ ثُمَّ قَالُوا صَالِحُوا يَا لَيْتَنِى فِى القَوْمِ إِذْ مَسَحُوا الِلُّحَى

[They shot an arrow towards the sky; them they said, “Make ye reconciliation: ” would that I were among the party when they stroked the beards]: (S, O, TA:) or, as some relate it, the first word is عَقَّوْا, with fet-h to the ق; which belongs to the class of unsound verbs [i. e. to art. عقى]. (S, O.) b5: One says also, عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, (S, O, K,) or أَبَاهُ, (Msb,) aor. ـُ (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عُقُوقٌ (S, O, Msb, K) and مَعَقَّةٌ (S, O, K) and عَقٌّ, (TA,) He was undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, to his parent, or father; contr. of بَرَّهُ; (K;) he broke his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) he disobeyed his father; and failed, or neglected, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner. (Msb.) And عَقَّ الرَّحِمَ, (TA, and Ham p. 93,) like قَطَعَهَا [i. e. He severed the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred]. (Ham ib.) and عَقَّ [alone], aor. ـُ inf. n. عُقُوقٌ, [He was undutiful, &c.; or he acted undutifully, &c.; or] he contravened, or opposed, him whom he was under an obligation to obey. (Har p. 158.) عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment, &c., of the two parents] is said in a trad. to be one of the great sins. (O.) And it is said in a prov., العُقُوقُ

أَحَدُ الثُّكْلَيْنِ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is one of the two sorts of being bereft of a child]: or, as some relate it, العُقُوقُ ثُكْلُ مَنْ لَمْ يَثْكَلْ [Undutiful treatment of a parent is (like) the bereavement of him who is not (really) bereft of his child]: i. e. he whom his children have treated undutifully (مِنْ عَقَّهُ وَلَدُهُ) is as though he were bereft of his children although they are living. (O.) [See also 3: and 4.] b6: Hence, from عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ, the verb is metaphorically used in the saying, in a trad., مَثَلُكُمْ وَمَثَلُ عَائِشَةَ مَثَلُ العَيْنِ فِى الرَّأْسِ تُؤْذِى صَاحِبَهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَعُقَّهَا إِلَّا بِالَّذِى هُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهَا (tropical:) [The similitude of you and of 'Áïsheh is that of the eye in the head, when it hurts its owner, and he cannot treat it severely save with that which is good for it: app. meaning that her severity was for the good of the objects thereof]. (TA.) A2: عَقَّ, intrans., said of lightning: see 7.

A3: عَقَّتْ said of a mare, and of an ass: see 4.

A4: عَقَّتِ الدَّلْوُ, inf. n. عَقُّ, means The bucket came up full from the well; and some of the Arabs say عَقَّت as having تَعْقِيَةٌ for its inf. n.; but it is [said to be] originally ↓ عَقَّقَت, the third ق being changed into ى, [which is then in this case suppressed,] like as they said تَظَنَّيْتُ from الظَّنُّ: [it is, however, mentioned in the TA in art. عقو also, and there expl. as meaning it rose in the well turning round: and from what here follows, it appears to mean it rose swiftly, cleaving the air:] a poet, cited by IAar, says, of a bucket, عَقَّتْ كَمَا عَقَّتْ دَلُوفُ العِقْبَانٌ meaning It clave [the air of] the well, rising swiftly, like the hastening of the swift eagle in its flight towards the prey. (TA in the present art.) 2 عَقَّّ see above, last sentence.3 عَاقَقْتُ فُلَانًا, aor. ـَ inf. n. عِقَاقٌ, I contravened, or opposed, such a one. (TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.]4 اعقّ فُلَانٌ i. q. جَآءَ بِالعُقُوقِ [i. e. Such a one did that which was an act of undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to his father or the like]. (S, TA.) [See also عَقَّ وَالِدَهُ, in the latter half of the first paragraph.] b2: and you say, مَا أَعَقَّهُ لِوَالِدِهِ [How undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or ill-mannered, is he to his father!]. (TA.) A2: اعقّت She (a mare, S, O, K, and an ass, TA) conceived, or became pregnant; (S, O, K;) or she did not conceive, or become pregnant, after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) and ↓ عَقَّتْ, aor. ـِ (O, K, TA,) the verb being of the class of ضَرَبَ, (TA,) inf. n. عَقَاقٌ and عَقَقٌ (O, K, TA) and عُقُوقٌ, (CK, but not in other copies,) signifies the same, (O, * K, TA,) said of a mare, (O, K,) and of an ass; (O;) or عَقَاقٌ signifies pregnancy itself, as also عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and عَقَقٌ; (S, O;) or عَقَّتْ signifies she became pregnant; and اعقّت, the [hair called] عَقِيقَة grew in her belly upon the young one that she bore. (TA.) b2: Also It (a palm-tree, and a grape-vine) put forth what are termed عِقَّان [q. v.]. (S, O, K.) A3: اعقّهُ He made it bitter; (S, O, K;) namely, water; said of God; like اقعّهُ. (S, O.) and اعقّت الأَرْضُ المَآءَ The earth made the water bitter. (TA.) 7 انعقّ It became cloven, split, slit, ripped, or rent; or it clave, split, &c.; said of anything; (S, O, K, TA;) mentioned by Th as said of a garment. (TA.) b2: انعقّت السَّحَابَهُ The cloud became rent with the water. (S, O, K.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 8.] b3: انعقّ البَرْقُ and ↓ عَقَّ [of which latter the aor. is probably يَعَقُّ, and the inf. n. عَقَقٌ, said in the K to mean اِنْشِقَاقٌ,] signify تَشَقَّقَ and اِنْشَقَّ [as though meaning The lightning became cloven]; (TA;) [but] the former is expl. as signifying the lightning was, or became, in a state of commotion (تَضَرَّبَ) in the clouds. (S, O.) [Another meaning is suggested by an explanation of عَقِيقَةٌ (q. v.) in relation to lightning.] b4: انعقّ الغُبَارُ i. q. سَطَعَ [app. as meaning The dust spread, or diffused itself]: (IF, O, K:) or اِنْشَقَّ وَسَطَعَ [became cleft, and diffused itself]. (TA.) b5: انعقّ الوَادِى The valley was, or became, deep. (TA.) A2: انعقّت العُقْدَةُ The knot became strongly, or firmly, tied. (O, * K, * TA.) 8 اعتقّ السَّحَابُ The clouds became rent, (K, TA,) and their water poured forth. (TA.) See also 1, first quarter. [And see 7.]

A2: اعتقّ السَّيْفَ He drew the sword (O, K) from its scabbard. (O.) A3: And اعتقّ [probably from عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ, q. v.,] He exceeded the due bounds, or was immoderate, in excusing himself. (TA.) R. Q. 1 عَقْعَقَ بِصَوْتِهِ, (O, TA,) inf. n. عَقْعَقَةٌ, (S, O,) said of the عَقْعَق [or magpie], It uttered a [kind of chattering] cry, (S, * O, TA,) resembling the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, TA;) whence its name: and said of a bird [that utters a cry of this kind] when it comes and goes. (TA.) b2: And عَقْعَقَةٌ signifies also The shaking, or being in a state of commotion, [so as to produce a kind of crackling, or rustling, sound,] of paper, and of a new garment; like قَعْقَعَةٌ [q. v.]. (TA.) عَقٌّ Any cleft, or furrow, and any hole, in sand &c. (S, TA.) See also عَقَّةٌ.

A2: Also i. q. عَاقٌّ, q. v. (O, K.) A3: مَآءٌ عَقٌّ: see عُقٌّ.

مَآءٌ عُقٌّ, with damm, (K, TA,) or ↓ عَقٌّ, (thus written in my copies of the S and in the O,) and ↓ عُقَاقٌ, (O, K, TA,) Bitter water: (S, O, K:) or intensely bitter water: used alike as sing. and pl.: (TA:) like قُعٌّ, (TA,) or قَعٌّ, (S, O,) and قُعَاعٌ. (O, TA.) عِقٌّ: see what next follows.

عَقَّةٌ A deep excavation, hollow, cavity, trench, or the like, in the ground; (K, TA;) as also ↓ عِقٌّ, accord. to the K, there said to be with kesr, but correctly ↓ عَقٌّ, with fet-h, [q. v.,] which signifies an elongated excavation in the ground, and is originally an inf. n.; thus in the L. (TA.) b2: And A blaze of lightning extending in an elongated form in the sky, (IDrd, O, K,) or in the side of the clouds, (A, TA,) and said to be as though it were a drawn sword. (TA.) [See also عَقِيقَةٌ.]

عُقَّةٌ A certain thing with which boys play. (L, K, TA.) عِقَّةٌ: see عَقِيقَةٌ, in the former half.

عَقَقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ. b2: It is said in the K to be syn. with عَاقٌّ; but in this sense the correct word is عُقَقٌ. (TA.) عُقَقٌ: see عُقِيقَةٌ, latter half: A2: and see also عَاقٌّ, in two places.

عُقُقٌ, as a sing. and as a pl.: see عَاقٌّ.

عَقَاقٌ is an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ said of a mare (O, K) and of an ass: (O:) or it signifies Pregnancy (AA, S, K) itself; (K;) as also ↓ عِقَاقٌ, (K,) and ↓ عَقَقٌ [which is likewise said to be an inf. n. of عَقَّتْ]. (S.) You say, أَظْهَرَتِ الأَتَانُ عَقَاقًا The she-ass manifested pregnancy. (AA, S, O.) b2: And, accord. to Esh-Shafi'ee, An embryo; or a fœtus. (TA.) A2: عَقَاقِ, like قَطَامِ, [indecl.,] is a [proper] name for العُقُوقُ [Undutifulness, disobedience, refractoriness, or ill manners, to a parent, or the like]: (K, TA:) mentioned by IB, and in the O. (TA.) عُقَاقٌ, applied to water: see عُقٌّ.

عِقَاقٌ: see عَقَاقٌ.

عَقُوقٌ, applied to a mare, (S, O, K, TA,) and to an ass, (TA,) Pregnant: (S, O, K:) or not pregnant after having been covered by the stallion, or during a year or two years or some years; (K;) or it signifies thus also; (O;) having two contr. meanings; (K;) or it is applied to one in the latter state as implying a presage of good; (O, K;) so says AHát; (O, TA;) i. e., as though they meant that she would become pregnant: (TA:) it is extr.; [as being from أَعَقَّتْ;] and one should not say ↓ مُعِقٌّ; or this is a bad dial. var.; (S, O, K;) or, accord. to AA, it is from اعقّت, and عَقُوقٌ is from عَقَّتْ: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُقٌ, and عِقَاقٌ is a pl. pl., (S, O, K,) i. e. pl. of عُقُقٌ. (S, O.) It is said in a prov., طَلَبَ الأَبْلَقَ العَقُوقَ, meaning He sought an impossible thing; because ابلق is applied to a male, and عقوق means pregnant: (S, O, and K in art. بلق) or الابلق العقوق means the dawn, because it breaks, lit, cleaves. (O, and K in art. بلق.) b2: نَوَى

العَقُوقِ means Date-stones that are easily broken, (Lth, S, O, K,) soft to be chewed; (Lth, O, K;) which are given as provender to camels, (S,) or to the pregnant thereof, in consideration of her state, wherefore they are thus called; and which are eaten, or chewed, by the old woman; but this is of the speech of the people of El Basrah, and not known by the Arabs in their desert: (Lth, O:) and sometimes they called a single date-stone of this sort ↓ عَقِيقَةٌ. (S.) A2: See also عَاقٌّ.

عَقِيقٌ Cleft, split, slit, ripped, or rent; and cut; as also ↓ مَعْقُوقٌ. (TA.) b2: And [hence] Any channel which the water of a torrent has cloven (S, O, Msb, * K) of old (Msb) and made wide: (S, O:) and a valley: (O, K:) pl. أَعِقَّةٌ (S, O, Msb, K, TA) and عَقَائِقُ. (TA.) And عَقَائِقُ signifies also Pools of water in cleft furrows: (AHn, TA:) and some say, red sands. (TA.) b3: See also عَقِيقَةٌ, in two places.

A2: Also [Carnelian;] a species of فُصُوص [or stones that are set in rings]; (S;) a sort of stone, (Msb,) or red خَرَز [meaning precious stones], (O, K,) of which فُصُوص are made; (O, Msb;) existing in ElYemen, (K, TA,) near to Esh-Shihr, said by Et-Teefáshee to be brought from mines thereof at San'à, (TA,) and on the shores of the Sea of Roomeeyeh; one kind thereof is of a turbid appearance, like water running from salted flesh-meat, and having in it faint white lines, (K, TA,) and this, Et-Teefáshee says, is what is known by the appellation الرطبى [so in my original]; the best kind is the red; then, the yellow; then, the white; and the other kinds are bad: or, as some say, the streaked (المُشَطَّب) is the best: (TA:) [I omit some absurd assertions in the K and TA respecting various virtues supposed to be possessed by this stone:] the n. un. is with ة: and the pl. is عَقَائِقُ. (O, K.) [العَقِيقُ اليَمَانِىُّ is an appel-lation applied by some to The agate.]

عَقِيقَةٌ [a subst. from عَقِيقٌ, made so by the affix ة. Hence, because cleft, or furrowed, in the earth,] A river, or rivulet. (IAar, O, K.) b2: And A fillet, or bandage, (عِصَابَةٌ,) at the time of its being rent from a garment, or piece of cloth. (IAar, O, K.) b3: And The prepuce of a boy (AO, IAar, O, K) when he is circumcised. (TA.) b4: And [app. because made of cut pieces of skin,] A [leathern water-bag such as is commonly called]

مَزَادَة. (IAar, O, K.) b5: Also The wool of a جَذَع [or sheep in or before its second year]: (S, O, K, TA:) that of a ثَنِىّ [or sheep in its third year] is called جَنِيبَةٌ: (TA:) and the hair of a young one recently born, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) that comes forth upon his head in his mother's belly, (TA,) of human beings, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, TA,) because it is cut off on his seventh day, (Mgh,) and of others, (Msb,) [i. e.] of beasts likewise; (S, O, K, TA;) as also ↓ عَقِيقٌ and ↓ عِقَّةٌ; (S, O, Msb, K;) but A 'Obeyd says that he had not heard this last except in relation to human beings and asses: (S, O, K: *) its pl. (i. e. the pl. of عِقَّةٌ) is عِقَقٌ: (O, K:) [the pl. of عَقِيقَةٌ and عَقِيقٌ is عَقَائِقُ: a law of the Sunneh requires that the عَقِيقَة of an infant should be weighed, and its weight in silver be given to the poor: (and Herodotus, in ii. 65, mentions a similar custom as obtaining among the Ancient Egyptians:)] when the hair has once fallen from the young [by its being cut], the term عَقِيقَةٌ ceases to be applied to it: so says Lth: (O, TA:) but it occurs in a trad. applied to hair as being likened to the hair of a recently-born infant. (TA.) b6: Hence, (S, O,) it is applied also to The sheep, or goat, [generally the latter,] that is slaughtered (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) as a sacrifice for the recentlyborn infant (S, Mgh, Msb) on the occasion of the shaving of the infant's hair (O, K) on the seventh day after his birth, (S, Msb,) and of which the limbs are divided, and cooked with water and salt, and given as food to the poor: (Lth, TA:) Z holds it to be thus called from the same word as applied to the hair: but it is said [by some] to be so called because it is slaughtered by cutting the windpipe and gullet and the two external jugular veins: (TA:) the Prophet disallowed this appellation, (Mgh, Msb,) as being of evil omen, (Mgh,) or as though he saw them to regard it as of evil omen, (Msb,) and desired them to use نَسِيكَةٌ in its stead; (Mgh, Msb, TA;) saying I like not العُقُوق. (TA.) b7: عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies What remains [for an instant] in the clouds, of the rays, or beams, of lightning; (Lth, O, K;) as also ↓ العُقَقُ; (K;) which, as well as العَقِيقَةُ, is also expl. as meaning lightning which one sees in the midst of the clouds, resembling a drawn sword: (TA:) or عَقِيقَةُ البَرْقِ signifies lightning in a state of commotion in the clouds: (S, O:) or lightning extending in an elongated form in the side, or breadth, of the clouds: (TA:) or lightning that cleaves the clouds, and extends high, into the midst of the sky, without going to the right and left: (S in art. خفو:) or, as expl. by Aboo-Sa'eed, a flash of lightning that has spread in the horizon: (O, voce شَقِيقَةٌ:) a sword is likened thereto: (S, O, K:) and [the pl.] عَقَائِقُ is a name for swords: (O, K:) ↓ عَقِيقٌ, also, signifies lightning. (TA.) b8: And عَقِيقَةٌ signifies also An arrow shot towards the sky; (S, O, K;) the arrow of self-excuse; which was used in the manner described in the explanation of the phrase عَقَّ بِالسَّهْمِ [q. v.]. (S, O.) b9: See also عَقُوقٌ, last signification.

سَحَابَةٌ عَقَّاقَةٌ A cloud pouring forth its water: (TA:) or a cloud much rent by water. (T, TA voce هَيْدَبٌ.) عِقَّانٌ Shoots that come forth from the أُصُول [meaning trunks, or stems,] of palm-trees and of grape-vines; (S, O, K;) and which, if not cut off, cause the اصول to become vitiated, or unsound. (S, O.) [See also صُنْبُورٌ: and see عَوَاقٌّ, below.]

عَقْعَقٌ [The magpie, corvus pica; so called in the present day;] a certain bird, (S, O, Msb, K,) well known, (S, O,) of the size of the pigeon, (Msb,) party-coloured, black and white, (O, Msb, K,) having a long tail, (O, Msb,) said by Is-hák El-Mowsilee to be the same that is called شَجَجَى, (Th, IB, TA,) a species of crow, (IAth, Msb, TA,) wherefore it is said in a trad. that the man in the state of إِحْرَام may kill it; (IAth, TA;) its cry resembles the sound of ع and ق [or the repeated sound of عَقْ]; (O, K;) and the Arabs regard it as an evil omen. (Msb.) [See also صُرَدٌ.]

عَاقٌّ Undutiful, disobedient, refractory, or illmannered, to his parent, or father; (S, * O, * K;) breaking, or one who breaks, his compact of obedience to his parent, or father; (TA;) disobeying, or disobedient to, his father; and failing, or neglecting, to behave to him in a good, or comely, manner; (Msb;) [and severing, or one who severs, the tie, or ties, of relationship, by unkind behaviour to his kindred; (see its verb;)] and ↓ عَقٌّ signifies the same; (O, K;) as also ↓ عُقَقٌ, (S, O, TA,) but in an intensive sense, altered from عَاقٌّ, like غُدَر and فُسَق from غَادِر and فَاسِق, in the K erroneously said to be عَقَقٌ; (TA;) and ↓ عُقُقٌ; (L, and TA as from the K, but not in my MS. copy of the K nor in the CK;) which last signifies also [as a pl.] men severing, or who sever, the ties of relationship, by unkind behaviour to their kindred; and also remote, or distant, enemies: (TA:) [and ↓ عَقُوقٌ is app. used (as Freytag asserts it to be) in the sense of عَاقٌّ in the Fákihet el-Khulatà, p. 55, 1. 7 from the bottom:] the pl. of عَاقٌّ is عَقَقَةٌ, (S, O, Msb, K,) like كَفَرَةٌ, (S,) and عُقَّقٌ, like رُكَّعٌ, a form used by Ru-beh, (O,) and أَعِقَّةٌ, which is an extr. [meaning anomalous] pl. (Ham p. 93.) ↓ ذُقٌ عُقَقُ, (S, O,) in a trad., (S,) said by Aboo-Sufyán to Hamzeh on the day of Ohod, when he passed by him slain, (S, * O,) means ذُقٌ جَزَآءَ فِعْلِكَ [Taste thou the recompense of thy deed], (S,) or ذُقِ القَتْلَ [taste thou slaughter], (O,) يَا عَاقُّ [O undutiful, &c.; or, accord. to the explanation in the TA mentioned above, عُقَقُ, for يَا عُقَقُ, means O very undutiful, &c.]. (S, O.) عَوَاقُّ النَّخْلِ The shoots, or offsets, of the palmtrees, that grow forth therewith. (O, K.) [See also عِقَّانٌ.]

أَعَقُّ مِنْ ضَبٍّ [More undutiful, &c., to kindred, than a lizard of the species called ضبّ] is a prov. [mentioned, but not expl., in the O]: IAar says, the female [of the ضبّ] is meant; and its عُقُوق consists in its eating its young ones. (TA.) [See also Freytag's Arab. Prov. ii. 152-3. And see an ex. of أَعَقُّ in a verse cited in art. زهد, conj. 2.]

مُعِقٌّ: see عَقُوقٌ.

مَعْقُوقٌ: see عَقِيقٌ, first sentence.